LEMPRIERE'S 


CLASSICAL     DICTIONARY, 


SCHOOLS   AND    ACADEMIES. 


CONTAINING 


EVERY    NAME  AND    ALL    THAT    IS    EITHER    IMPORTANT    OR 
USEFUL    IN    THE    ORIGINAL    WORK. 


Z«aeher$  Library, 


BOSTON: 

CARTER,    HENDEE    &    CO. 


Frattleboro'  Power  Press  Office. 

1832. 


S"Hra* 


7 


\9    ft, 


Entered,  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1832,  by 

S.  G.  Goodrich, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


STEREOTYPED  BY  LYMAN  TIIURS/50.N  AND   CO. 
BOSTON. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

This  edition  contains  every  name  in  the  best  revised  Eng- 
lish edition  of  Lempriere's  original  work.  It  also  contains  all 
the  matter  that  is  either  important  or  useful  for  families  and 
young  persons.  The  original  work  is  full  of  indelicate  pas- 
sages, which  necessarily  exclude  it  from  the  multitude  of 
schools  for  young  persons,  to  which  it  would  otherwise  be 
of  the  greatest  importance.  In  the  present  edition,  all  such 
passages  are  excluded,  and  nothing  is  introduced  which  may 
render  it  improper  for  youth  of  either  sex.  The  abridgements 
consist  in  the  rejection  of  references  to  ancient  authors,  biblio- 
graphical notices  of  the  best  editions,  matter  which  is  repeated 
under  several  different  heads,  and  exceptionable  or  unim- 
portant passages.  It  is  obvious  therefore  that  the  work  not 
only  contains  all  that  is  essentia]  in  the  octavo  edition,  (except 
to  merely  classical  scholars,)  while  it  is  free  from  the  blem- 
ishes which  have  hitherto  prevented  the  work  from  being 
used,  in  the  numerous  schools  and  academies  for  youth  in  our 
country. 


ENTERTAINING  AND  USEFUL  BOOKS  FOR  YOUTH. 


ILLUSTRATED    BY    MANY    ENGRAVINGS. 


Peter  Parley's  Stories  about  An- 
cient and  Modern  Greece,  illustrated 
by  a  map  and  many  engravings.  This 
work  is  carefully  adapted  to  the  use  of 
schools.    208  pages  16mo. 

Peter  Parley's  Tales  about  Ancient 
Rome  with  an  Account  of  ?yIodern  It- 
aly, illustrated  by  a  map  and  numerous 
engravings.  This  work  is  also  adapted  to 
the  use  of  schools.    200  pages  16mo. 

Peter  Parley's  Tales  of  Remarka- 
ble Animals,  illustrated  by  numerous  en- 
gravings, and  a  plate  exhibiting  the  com- 
parative size  of  various  animals  from  the 
whale  to  the  mouse.  Second  edition,  with 
many  new  engravings,  and  numerous  ad- 
ditions and  improvements.  This  work  is 
now  particularly  adapted  to  the  use  of 
schools,  and  young  readers  generally.  300 
pages,  large  18mo. 

Peter  Parley's  Book  of  Curiosities, 
containing  descriptions  of  the  most  re- 
markable wonders  of  nature  and  art  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  embellished  with  100 
engravings.     18mo. 

Peter  Parley's  Book  of  the  United 
States,  with  many  engravings,  contain- 
ing an  account  of  the  mountains,  rivers, 
lakes,  cataracts,  mineral  springs,  burning 
springs,  minerals,  plants,  trees,  quadru- 
peds, birds,  fishes,  insects  and  reptiles  of 
the  United  States.  Also  an  account  of 
the  manufactures,  with  remarks  showing 
their  utility  ;  of  the  commerce,  with  ex- 
planations of  the  advantage  derived  from 
it ;  of  agriculture,  with  observations  upon 
its  nature  and  benefits  ;  of  the  govern- 
ment, with  explanations  of  its  principles  ; 
of  the  Indian  tribes,  with  descriptions  of 
their  manners  and  customs,  and  history 
of  the  United  States,  from  its  first  settle- 
ment to  the  present  time.  This  work  is 
designed  for  the  use  of  schools,  and  is 
written  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  youth 
of  our  country  a  familiar  knowledge  of  the 
geography,  natural  history,  political  sys- 
tem and  history  of  our -country.  This 
work  is  in  a  course  of  preparation. 


Peter  Parley's  Tales  about  Ameri- 
ca, translated  into  familiar  French  by  M. 
Surault,  and  designed  for  the  use  of  be- 
ginners in  the  study  of  the  French  lan- 
guage.    16mo. 

The  First  Book  of  History  for 
Youth,  with  sixty  engravings  and  sixteen 
maps.  By  the  author  of  Peter  Parley's 
Tales.     180  pages  large  12mo. 

***  This  work  has  been  introduced  into 
the  first  schools  in  New  England  and  the 
Middle  States,  and  has  been  recommend- 
ed by  various  reviews  as  the  best  book  of 
History  for  children  and  youth  from  the 
age  of  nine  to  sixteen  years  that  has  ever 
been  published. 

Second  Book  of  History,  embracing 
the  history  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa, 
from  the  commencement  of  the  Christian 
era  to  the  present  time,  illustrated  by  six- 
teen maps  and  numerous  engravings.  220 
pages,  square  12mo. 

***  This  work  is  on  the  same  plan  as 
the  First  Book  of  History,  and  is  designed 
to  be  used  after  it. 

The  Child's  Book  of  American  Ge- 
ography, with  seventy  fine  engravings 
and  sixteen  maps ;  designed  as  an  easy 
and  entertaining  introduction  to  the  study 
of  geography,  for  the  use  of  beginners. 
Square  12mo. 

The  Universal  School  Atlas,  con- 
taining thirty -four  maps  arranged  on  the 
inductive  plan  with  questions  for  the  ex- 
amination of  pupils.    Square  12  mo. 

A  Familiar  Treatise  on  the  Fine 
Arts,  Painting,  Sculpture  and  Music, 
including  the  history  of  these  arts,  sketch- 
es of  the  lives  of  celebrated  masters,  and 
notices  of  their  most  celebrated  works  ; 
adapted  to  the  use  of  schools,  and  design- 
ed to  enable  the  reader  to  think  and  speak 
correctly  on  these  subjects.    18mo. 

A  Familiar  Treatise  on  the  Mytho- 
logy of  Ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  il 
lustrated  by  numerous  engravings.    16mo 


CLASSICAL   DICTIONARY, 


4lB 


AB 


ABA  and  Ab.>e,  a  town  of  Phocis,  famous 
for  an  oracle  of  Apollo,  surnamed  Abeeus. 
The  inhabitants,  called  Abantes,  were  of 
Thracian  origin.  After  the  ruin  of  their 
country  by  Xerxes,  they  migrated  to  Eu- 
bcea,  which  from  them  was  called  Aban- 
tis.     Some  of  them  passed  afterwards  from 

Euboea  into  Ionia. A  city  of  Caria. 

Another  of  Arabia  Felix. A  mountain 

near  Smyrna. 

Abacene,  a  country  of  Sicily  near  Mes- 
sana. 

Abalus,  an  island  in  Vne  German  ocean, 
where,  as  the  ancients  supposed,  the  amber 
dropped  from  the  trees.  If  a  man  was 
drowned  there,  and  his  body  never  appear- 
ed above  the  water,  propitiatory  sacrifices 
were  offered  to  his  manes  during  a  hun- 
dred years. 

Abana,  a  place  of  Capua. 

Abantes,  a  warlike  people  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, who  built  a  town  in  Phocis  called 
Aba,  after  their  leader  Abas,  whence  also 
their  name  originated  :  they  afterwards 
went  to  Euboea. 

Abantias,  and  Abantiades,  a  patrony- 
mic given  to  the  descendants  of  Abas  king 
of  Argos,  such  as  Acrisius,  Danae,  Perseus, 
Atalanta,  &c. 

Abantidas,  made  himself  master  of  Si- 
cyon,  after  he  had  murdered  Clinias,  the 
father  of  AratuS.  He  was  himself  soon 
after  assassinated,  B.  C.  251. 

Abantis,  or  Abantias,  an  ancient  name 
of  the  island  of  Euboea,  received  from  the 

Abantes,  who  settled  in  it  from  Phocis. 

Also  a  country  of  Epirus. 

Aeab.bab.ea,  one  of  the  Naiades,  moth- 
er of  ^Esepus  and  Pedasus  by  Bucolion, 
Laomedon's  eldest  son. 


Abarimon,  a  country  of  Scythia,  near 
mount  Imaus.  The  inhabitants  were  said 
to  have  their  toes  behind  their  heels,  and 
to  breathe  no  air  but  that  of  their  native 
country. 

Abaris,  a  man  killed  by  Perseus. A 

Rutulian  killed  by  Euryalus. A  Scy- 
thian, son  of  Seuthes,  in  the  age  of  Croe- 
sus, or  the  Trojan  war,  who  received  a  fly- 
ing arrow  from  Apollo,  with  which  he 
gave  oracles,  and  transported  himself 
wherever  he  pleased.  He  is  said  to  have 
returned  to  the  Hyperborean  countries  from 
Athens  without  eating,  and  to  have  made 
the  Trojan  Palladium  with  the  bones  of 
Pelops.  Some  suppose  that  he  wrote  trea- 
tises in  Greek  ;  and  it  is  reported,  that 
there  is  a  Greek  manuscript  of  his  epistles 
to  Phalaris  in  the  library  of  Ausburg.  But 
there  were  probably  two  persons  of  that 
name. 

Abarus,  an  Arabian  prince,  who  perfid- 
iously deserted  Crassus  in  his  expedition 
against  Parthia. 

Abas,  a  mountain  in   Syria,  where  the 

Euphrates  rises. A  river  of  Armenia 

Major,  where  Pompey  routed  the  Albani 

A  son    of   Metanira,   or  Melaninia, 

changed  into  a  lizard  for  laughing  at  Ceres. 

The  11th  king  of  Argos,  son  of  Belus, 

some  say  of  Lynceus  and  Hypermnestra, 
was  famous  for  his  genius  and  valor.  He 
was  father  to  Prcetus  and  Acrisius,  by  Oca- 
lea,  and   built  Abs. One  of  ^Eneas's 

companions,  killed    in  Italy. Another 

lost  in  the  storm  which  drove  iEneas  to 
Carthage. A  Latian  chief,  who  assist- 
ed iEneas  against  Turnus,  and  was  killed 

by  Lausus. A  Greek,  son  of  Euryda- 

mas,  killed  by  .-Eneas  during  the  Trojan 


AB 


AB 


war. A  centaur,  famous  for  his  skill  in 

hunting. A  soothsayer,  to  whom  the 

Spartans  erected  a  statue  in  the  temple  of 

Apollo,  for  his  services  to  Lysander. 

A  son  of  Neptune. A  sophist  who  wrote 

two  treatises,  one  on  history,  the  other  on 
rhetoric :  the  time  in  which  he  lived  is  un- 
known.  A  man  who  wrote  an  account 

of  Troy. 

Abasa,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  near 
/Ethiopia. 

Abasitis,  a  part  of  Mysia  in  Asia. 

Abassena  or  Abassinia.   Fid.Abyssinia. 

Abassus,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Abastor,  one  of  Pluto's  horses. 

Abatos,  an  island  in  the  lake  near  Mem- 
phis in  Egypt,  abounding  with  flax  and 
papyrus.     Osiris  was  buried  there. 

Abdalonimus,  one  of  the  descendants 
of  the  kings  of  Sidon,  so  poor,  that  to  main- 
tain himself,  he  worked  in  a  garden.  When 
Alexander  took  Sidon,  he  made  him  king, 
in  the  room  of  Strato  the  deposed  mon- 
arch, and  enlarged  his  possessions  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  disinterestedness  of  his 
conduct. 

Abdera,   a  town  of  Kispania  Ba3tica, 

built  by  the  Carthaginians. A  maritime 

city  of  Thrace,  built  by  Hevcules,  in  mem- 
ory of  Abderus,  one  of  his  favorites.  The 
Clazomenians  and  Teians  beautified  it. 
Some  suppose  that  Abdera,  the  sister  of 
Diomedes,  built  it.  The  air  was  so  un- 
wholesome, and  the  inhabitants  of  such  a 
sluggish  disposition,  that  stupidity  was 
commonly  called  Mderitica  mens.  It  gave 
birth,  however,  to  Democritus,  Protagoras, 
Anaxarchus,  and  Hecata:us. 

Abderia,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Aederites,  a  people  of  Paeonia,  obliged 
to  leave  their  country  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  rats  and  frogs  which  in- 
fested it. 

Abberus,  a  man  of  Opus  in  Locris,  arm- 
bearer  to  Hercules,  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
mares  of  Diomedes,  which  the  hero  had 
intrusted  to  his  care  when  going  to  war 
against  the  Bistones. 

Abeat.e,  a  people  of  Achaia,  probably 
Ihe  inhabitants  of  Abia. 

Abella,  a  town  of  Campania,  whose 
inhabitants  were  called  Abellani.  its  nuts, 
called  avellaius,  and  also  its  apples,  were 
famous. 

Abelux,  a  noble  of  Saguntum,  who  fa- 
vored the  party  of  the  Romans  against 
Carthage. 

Abenda,  a  town  of  Caria,  whose  inhab- 
itants were  the  first  who  raised  temples  to 
the  city  of  Rome. 

Abia,  formerly  Ire,  a  maritime  town 
of  Messenia,  one  of  the  seven  cities  prom- 
ised to  Achillea  by  Agamemnon.  It  is 
called  after  Abia,  daughter  of  Hercules, 
and  nurse  of  Hyllus. 

Abii,  a  nation  between  Scythia  and 
Thrace.  They  lived  upon  milk,  were  fond 
of  celibacv,  and  enemies  to  war. 


Abila,  or  Abyla,  a  mountain  of  Africa, 
in  that  part  which  is  nearest  to  the  oppo- 
site mountain  called  Calpe,  on  the  coast  of 
Spain,  only  eighteen  miles  distant.  These 
two  mountains  are  called  the  columns  of 
Hercules,  and  were  said  formerly  to  be 
united,  till  the  hero  separated  them,  and 
made  a  communication  between  the  Med- 
iterranean and  Atlantic  seas. 

Abisares,  an  Indian  prince,  who  offer- 
ed to  surrender  to  Alexander. 

Abisaris,  a  country-  beyond  the  Hydas- 
pes  in  India. 

Abisontes.  some    inhabitants    of  the 
Alps. 
Abletes,  a  people  near  Troy. 
Abnoba,  a  mountain  of  Germany. 

Abobrica,  a   town    of  Lusitania 

Another  in  Spain. 

Aboscritus,  a  Boeotian  general,  killed 
with  a  thousand  men,  in  a  battle  at  Ch»- 
ronea,  against  the  iEtolians. 
Abolani,  a  people  of  Latium,  near  Alba. 
Abolus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 
Aboniteichos,  a  town  of  Galatia. 
Aboraca,  a  town  of  Sarmatia. 
Aborigines,  the  original  inhabitants  of 
Italy ;    or,  according  to  others,  a  nation 
conducted  by  Saturn  into  Latium,  where 
they  taught  the  use  of  letters  to  Evander 
the  king  of  the  country.     Their  posterity 
was  called   Latini,  from  Latimrs,  one  of 
their  kings.— The  word  signifies  icithout 
origin,  or  whose  origin  is  not  known,  and  is 
generally  applied  to  the  original  inhabitants 
of  any  country. 
Aborras,  a  river  of  Mesopotam;a. 
Aeradates,  a  king  of  Susa,  who,  when 
his  wife  Pantheahad  been  taken  prisoner 
by  Cyrus,  and  humanely  treated,  surren- 
dered himself  and  his  troops  to  the  con- 
queror.    He  was  killed  in  the  first  battle 
which  he  undertook  in  the  cause  of  Cy- 
rus, and  his  wife  stabbed  herself  on  his 
corpse.      Cyrus  raised    a    monument  on 
their  tomb. 

Abrentius,  was  made  governor  of  Ta- 
rentum  by  Annibal.  He  betrayed  his  trust 
to  the  enemy  to  gain  the  favors  of  a  beau- 
tiful woman,  whose  brother  was  in  the 
Roman  army. 

Abrocomas,  son  of  Darius,  was  in  the 
army  of  Xerxes,  when  he  invaded  Greece. 
He  was  killed  at  Thermopylae. 

Abrodi.etu3,  a  name  given  to  Parrha- 
sius  the  painter,  on  account  of  the  sump- 
tuous manner  of  his  living. 

Abron,  an  Athenian,  who  wrote  some 
treatises  on  the  religious  festivals  and  sacri- 
fices of  the  Greeks.    Only  the  titles  of  his 

works  are  preserved. A  grammarian  of 

Rhodes,  who  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome. 

Another  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  Theocri- 
tus.  A  Spartan,  son  of  Lycurgus  the 

orator. A  native  of  Argos,  famous  for 

his  debauchery. 
Abronycus,  an  Athenian,  very  ■ervicea- 


AC 


AC 


ble  to  Themistocles  in  his  embassy  to 
Sparta. 

Abronicts,  Silo,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  Au- 
gustan age.     He  wrote  some  fables. 

Abrota,  the  wife  of  Nisus,the  youngest 
of  the  sons  of  /Egeus;  As  a  monument 
to  her  chastity,  -Nii.is,  after  her  death,  or- 
dered the  garments  which  she  wore  to  be- 
come the  models  of  fashion  in  Megara. 

Abrotonum,  the  mother  of  Themisto- 
cles.  A  town  of  Africa,  near  the  Syr- 

tes. 

Abrus,  a  city  of  the  Saprei. 

Abryfolis,  an  ally  of  Rome,  driven  from 
his  possessions  by  Perseus,  the  last  king 
of  Macedonia. 

xIbseus,  a  giant,  son  of  Tartarus  and 
Terra. 

Aesinthii,  a  people  on  the  coast  of  Pon- 
tics, where  there  is  also  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name. 

Absorus,  Absyrtis,  Absyrtidz3,  islands 
in  the  Adriatic,  or  near  Istria,  where  Ab- 
syrtus was  killed,  whence  their  name. 

Absyrtos,  a  river  falling  into  the  Adri- 
atic sea,  near  which  Absyrtus  was  mur- 
dered. 

Absyrtus,  a  son  of  iEetes  king  of  Col- 
chis, and  Hypsea.  His  sister  Medea,  as 
she  fled  away  with  Jason,  tore  his  body  to 
pieces,  and  strewed  his  limbs  in  her  fath- 
er's way,  to  stop  his  pursuit.  Some  say 
that  she  murdered  him  in  Colchis,  others, 
near  Istria.  It  is  said,  by  others,  that  he 
was  not  murdered,  but  that  he  arrived  safe 
in  Illyricum.  The  place  where  he  was 
killed  has  been  called  Tomos,  and  the 
river  adjoining  to  it,  Absyrtos. 

Abulites,  governor  of  Susa,  betrayed 
his  trust  to  Alexander,  and  was  rewarded 
with  a  province. 

Abydenus,  a  disciple  of  Aristotle,  too 
much  indulged  by  his  master.  He  wrote 
some  historical  treatises  on  Cyprus,  Delos, 
Arabia  and  Assyria. 

Abydos,  a  town  of  Egypt,  where  was 

the  famous  temple  of  Osiris. A  city  of 

Asia,  opposite  Sestos  in  Europe,  with 
which,  from  the  narrowness  of  the  Helles- 
pont, it  seemed,  to  those  who  approached 
it  by  sea,  to  form  only  one  town.  It  was 
built  by  the  Milesians,  by  permission  of 
king  Gyges.  It  is  famous  for  the  amours 
of  Hero  and  Leander,  and  for  the  bridge 
of  boats  which  Xerxes  built  there  across 
the  Hellespont. 

Abyla.     Vid.  Abila. 

Abylon,  a  city  of  Egypt. 

Abyssinia,  a  large  kingdom  of  Africa, 
in  Upper  ^Ethiopia,  where  the  Nile  takes 
its  rise.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be 
of  Arabian  origin,  and  were  little  known 
to  the  ancients. 

Acacallis,  a  nymph,  mother  of  Philan- 
der and  Phylacis  by  Apollo.  These  chil- 
dren were  exposed  to  the  wild  beasts  in 
Crete  ;  but  a  goat  gave  them  her  milk,  and 


preserved  their    lives. A   daughter  of 

Minos,  mother  of  Cydon,  by  Mercury,  and 
of  Amphithemis  by  Apollo. 

Acacesium,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  built  by 
Acacus  son  of  Lycaon.  Mercury,  sur- 
nauied  Acacesius,  because  brought  up  by 
Acacus  as  his  foster-father,  was  worship- 
ped there. 

Acacius,  a  rhetorician  in  the  age  of  the 
emperor  Julian. 

Acidemia,  a  place  near  Athens,  sur- 
rounded with  high  trees,  and  adorned  with 
spacious  covered  walks,  belonging  to  Aca- 
demus,  from  whom  the  name  is  derived. — 
Here  Plato  opened  his  school  of  Philoso- 
phy, and  from  this,  every  place  sacred  to 
learning  has  ever  since  been  called  Acad- 
emia.  To  exclude  from  it  profane ness  and 
dissipation,  it  was  even  forbidden  to  laugh 
there.  It  was  called  Acadonia  vctits,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  second  Academy 
founded  by  Arcesilaus,  who  nude  some 
few  alterations  in  the  Platonic  philosophy, 
and  from  the  third  which  was  established 
by  Carneades. 

Academus,  an  Athenian,  who  discover- 
ed to  Castor  and  Pollux  where  Theseus 
had  concealed  their  sister  Helen,  for  which 
they  amply  rewarded  him. 

Acalandrus,  or  Acalyndrus,  a  river 
falling  into  the  bay  of  Tarentum. 

Acalle,  a  daughter  of  Minos  and  Pasi 
phae. 

Acamarchis,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Acamas,  son  of  Theseus  and  Pheedra, 
went  with  Diomedes  to  demand  Helen 
from  the  Trojans  after  her  elopement  from 
Menelaus.  He  was  concerned  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  and  afterwards  built  the  town  of 
Acamantium  in  Phrygia,  and  on  his  return 
to  Greece  called  a  tribe  after  his  own  name 

at   Athens. A  son  of  Antenor  in  the 

Trojan  war. A  Thracian  auxiliary  of 

Priam  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Acamfsis,  a  river  of  Colchis. 

Acantha,  a  nymph,  loved  by  Apollo, 
and  changed  into  the  flower  Acanthus. 

Acanthus,  a  town  near  Mount  Athos, 
belonging  to  Macedonia,  or,  according  to 
others,  to  Thrace.     It  was  founded  by  a 

colony  from  Andros. Another  in  Egypt, 

near  the  Nile,  called  also  Dulopojis. 

Acara,  a  town  of  Pannonia. Anoth- 
er in  Italy. 

Ac  aria,  a  fountain  of  Corinth,  where 
Iolas  cut  off  the  head  of  Eurystheus. 

Acarnania,  anciently  Curetis,  a  coun- 
try of  Epirus,  at  the  north  of  the  Ionian 
sea,  divided  from  ^Etolia,  by  the  Achelous. 
The  inhabitants  reckoned  only  six  months 
in  the  year  ;  they  were  luxurious,  and  ad- 
dicted to  pleasure.  Their  horses  were 
famous.  It  received  its  name  from  Acar- 
nas. 

Acarnas  and  Amphoterus,  sons  of  Alc- 
ma;on,  and  Callirhoe.  Alcmajon  being 
murdered  by  the  brother*  of  Alphesibosa 


AC 


AC 


his  former  wife,  Callirhoe  obtained  from 
Jupiter,  that  her  children,  who  were  still 
in  the  cradle,  might,  by  a  supernatural 
power,  suddenly  grow  up  to  punish  their 
father's  murderers.     This  was  granted. 

Aoarnas,  and  Acarnan,  stony  moun- 
tains of  Attica. 

Acasta,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Acastus,  son  of  Pelias,  king  of  Thes- 
saly,  by  Anaxibia,  married  Astydamia,  or 
Hippolyte,  who  fell  in  love  with  Peleus, 
son  of  ^Eacus,  when  in  banishment  at  her 
husband's  court.  Peleus  rejecting  the  ad- 
dresses of  Hippolyte,  was  accused  before 
Acastus  of  attempts  upon  her  virtue,  and 
soon  after,  at  a  chase,  exposed  to  wild 
beasts.  Vulcan,  by  order  of  Jupiter,  de- 
livered Peleus,  who  returned  to  Thessaly, 

and  put  to  death  Acastus  and  his  wife. 

The  second  archon  at  Athens. 

Acathantus,  a  bay  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Acca  Laurentia,  the  wife  of  Faustulus, 
shepherd  of  king  Numitor's  flocks,  who 
brought  up  Romulus  and  Remus,  who  had 
been  exposed  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber. 
The  Romans  yearly  celebrated  certain  fes- 
tivals in  honor  of  another  of  the  same 
uame. 

Accia  or  Atia,  daughter  of  Julia  and 
M.  Atius  Balbus,  was  the  mother  of  Au- 
gustus, and  died  about  40  years  B.  C. 

Variola,  an  illustrious  female,  whose  cause 
was  elegantly  pleaded  by  Pliny. 

Accila,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

L.  Accius,  a  Roman  tragic  poet,  whose 
roughness  of  style  Quintilian  has  imputed 
to  the  unpolished  age  in  which  he  lived. 
He  translated  some  of  the  tragedies  of 
Sophocles,  but  of  his  numerous  pieces  only 
some  of  the  names  are  known.  The 
great  marks  of  honor  which  he  received  at 
Rome,  may  be  collected  from  this  circum- 
stance :  that  a  man  was  severely  repri- 
manded by  a  magistrate  for  mentioning 
his  name  without  reverence.  Some  few 
of  his  verses  are  preserved  in  Cicero  and 
other  writers.     He  died   about  180  years 

R.  C. A  famous  orator  of  Pisaurum  in 

Cicero's  age. La'oeo,  a  foolish  poet. 

Tullius,  a  prince  of  the  Volsci,  very  inim- 
ical to  the  Romans.  Coriolanus,  when 
banished  by  his  countrymen,  fled  to  him 
and  led  his  armies  against  Rome. 

Acco,  a  general  of  the  Senones  in  Gaul. 

An  old  woman  who  fell  mad  on  seeing 

her  deformity  in  a  looking-glass. 

Accua,  a  town  in  Italy." 

Ace,  a  town  in  Phoanicia,  called  also 
Ptolemais,  now  Acre. A  place  of  Arca- 
dia near  Megalopolis,  where  Orestes  was 
cured  from  the  persecution  of  the  furies, 
who  had  a  temple  there. 

Aceratus,  a  soothsayer,  who  remained 
alone  at  Delphi  when  the  approach  of 
Xerxes  frightened  away  the  inhabitants. 

Acerbas,  a  priest  of  Hercules  at  Tyre, 
who  married  Dido. 


Acerina,  a  colony  of  theBruth  in  Mag- 
na Gracia,  taken  by  Alexander  of  Epi- 
rus. 

Acerrje,  an  ancient  town  of  Campania, 
near  the  river  Clanius.  It  still  subsists, 
and  the  frequent  inundations  from  the  riv- 
er which  terrified  its  ancient  inhabitants, 
are  now  prevented  by  the  large  drains  dug 
there. 

Acersecomes,  a  surname  of  Apollo, 
which  signifies  unshorn. 

Aces,  a  river  of  Asia. 

Acesia,  part  of  the  island  of  Lemnos, 
which  received  this  name  from  Philoctetes, 
whose  wound  was  cured  there. 

Acesines,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Acesinus  or  Acesines,  a  river  of  Per- 
sia falling  into  the  Indus.  Its  banks  pro- 
duce reeds  of  such  an  uncommon  size, 
that  a  piece  of  them,  particularly  between 
two  knots,  can  serve  as  a  boat  to  cross 
the  water. 

Acesitts,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  in  Elis 
and  Attica,  as  god  of  medicine. 

Acesta,  a  town  of  Sicily,  called  after 
king  Acestes,  and  known  also  by  the 
name  of  Segesta.  It  was  built  by  JEne- 
as,  who  left  here  part  of  his  crew,  as  he 
was  going  to  Italy. 

Acestes,  son  of  Crinisus  and  Egesta, 
was  king  of  the  country  near  Drepanum 
in  Sicily.  He  assisted  Priam  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  and  kindly  entertained  tineas 
during  his  voyage,  and  helped  him  to 
bury  his  father  on  Mount  Eryx.  In  com- 
memoration of  this,  ^neas  built  a  city 
there,  called  Acesta,  from  Acestes. 

Acestium,  a  woman  who  saw  all  her 
relations  invested  with  the  sacred  office  of 
torch-bearers  in  the  festivals  of  Ceres. 

Acestodorus,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
mentions  the  review  which  Xerxes  made 
of  his  forces  before  the  battle  of  Salamis. 

Acestorides,  an  Athenian  archon. 

A  Corinthian  governor  of  Syracuse. 

Acetes,  one  of  Evander's  attendants. 

Achabytos,  a  lofty  mountain  in  Rhodes, 
where  Jupiter  had  a  temple. 

Ach.^ea,  a  surname  of  Pallas,  whose 
temple  in  Daunia  was  defended  by  dogs 
who  fawned  upon  the  Greeks,  but  fierce- 
ly attacked   all   other  persons. Ceres 

was  called  Achasa,  from  her  lavientaiiuvs 
(a/eci)  at  the  loss  of  Proserpine. 

Achjei,  the  descendants  of  Achajus,  at 
first  inhabited  the  country  near  Argos, 
but  being  driven  by  the  Heraclida?  80 
years  after  the  Trojan  war,  they  retired 
among  the  lonians,  whose  12  cities  they 
seized  and  kept.  The  names  of  these 
cities  are  Pelena,  ^Egira,  ^Eges,  Bura, 
TritaBa,  iEgion,  Rhypae,  Olenos,  Helice, 
Patrae,  Dyme,  and  Pharae.  The  inhab- 
itants of  these  three  last  began  a  famous 
confederacy,  284  years  B.  C.  which  con- 
tinued formidable  upwards  of  130  years, 
under  the   name    of  the  Achaan  league. 


AC 


AC 


and  was  most  illustrious  whilst  supported 
by  the  splendid  values  and  abilities  of 
Aratus  and  Philopoemen.  Their  arms  were 
directed  against  the  ^Etolians  for  three 
years,with  the  assistance  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
don,  and  they  grew  powerful  by  the  acces- 
sion of  neighboring  states,  and  freed  their 
country  from  foreign  slavery,  till  at  last 
they  were  attacked  by  the  Romans,  and, 
after  one  year's  hostilities,  the  Achaean 
league  was  totally  destroyed,  R.  C.  117. 
The  Achaians  extended  the  borders  of 
their  country  by  conquest,  and  even  plant- 
ed   colonies   in    Magna    Grascia. The 

name  of  Acluti  is  generally  applied  to  all 
the  Greeks  indiscriminately,  by  the  poets. 

Fid.  Acliaia. Also  a  people  of  Asia  on 

the  borders  of  the  Euxine. 

Achiium,  a  place  of  Troas  opposite  Te- 
nedos. 

Achjemenes,  a  king  of  Persia,  among 
the  progenitors  of  Cyrus  the  Great ;  whose 
descendants  were  called  Achcemenides,and 
formed  a  separate  tribe  in  Persia,  of  which 
the  kings  were  members.  Cambyses,  son 
of  Cyrus,  on  his  death-bed,  charged  his 
nobles,  and  particularly  the  Achsemenides, 
not  to  surfer  the  Medea  to  recover  their 
former  power,  and  abolish  the  empire  of 

Persia. A   Persian,  made  governor  of 

Egypt  by  Xerxes,  B.  C.  484. 

Ach-imexia,  part  of  Persia,  called  after 
Achcemenes.    Hence  Aehaememus. 

Ach-miesides,  a  native  of  Ithaca,  son 
of  Adramastus,  and  one  of  the  compan- 
ions of  Ulysses,  abandoned  on  the  coast 
of  Sicily,  where  iEneas,  on  his  voyage  to 
Italy,  found  him. 

AcHiEOKDM  Littus,  a  harbour  in  Cyprus 
—in  Troas— in  iEolia— in  Peloponnesus— 
on  the  Euxine. 

Achjeorum  Statio,  a  place  on  the  coast 
of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  where  Po- 
lyxena  was  sacrificed  to  the  shades  of 
Achilles,  and  where  Hecuba  killed  Polym- 
nestor,  who  had  murdered  her  son  Polydo- 
rus. 

Ach-=eus,  a  king  of  Lydia,  hung  by  his 

subjects  for  his  extortion. A  son  of 

Xuthus  of  Thessaly.  He  fled,  after  the 
accidental  murder  of  a  man,  to  Peloponne- 
sus ;  where  the  inhabitants  were  called 
from  him,  Achcei.  He  afterwards  return- 
ed to  Thessaly. A  tragic  poet  of  Eretria, 

who  wrote  43  tragedies,  of  which  some  of 
the  titles  are  preserved  ;  of  these,  only  one 
obtained  the  prize.     He  lived  some  time 

after  Sophocles. Another  of  Syracuse, 

author  of  10  tragedies. A  river  which 

falls  into  the  Euxine. A  relation  of  An- 

tiochus  the  Great,  appointed  governor  of 
all  the  king's  provinces  beyond  Taurus. 
He  aspired  to  sovereign  power,  which  he 
disputed  for  eight  years  with  Antiochus, 
and  was  at  last  betrayed  by  a  Cretan.  His 
limbs  were  cut  off,  and  his  body,  sewed 
in  the  skin  of  an  ass,  was  exposed  on  a 
gibbet. 


Achaia,  called  also  Hellas,  a  country 
of  Peloponnesus  at  the  north  of  Elis  on 
the  bay  of  Corinth,  which  is  now  part 
of  Livadia.  It  was  originally  called  ./Egi- 
alus  (shore)  from  its  situation.  The  Ioni- 
ans  called  it  Ionia,  when  they  settled 
there  ;  and  it  received  the  name  of  Acha- 
ia, from  the  Achan,  who  dispossessed  the 

Ionians. A  small  part  of  Phthiotis  was 

also   called  Achaia,   of  which  Alos  was 
the  capital. 

Achaicum  Bellum.     Vid.  Achaei. 

Achara,  a  town  near  Sardis. 

Acharenses,  a  people  of  Sicily,  near 
Syracuse. 

Acharnje,  a  village  of  Attica. 

Achates,  a  friend  of  iEneas,  whose  fi- 
delity was  so  exemplary  that  Fidus  Acha- 
tes became  a  proverb. A  river  of  Sicily. 

Acheloides,  a  patronymic  given  to  the 
Sirens  as  daughter  of  Achelous. 

Achelorium,  a  river  of  Thessaly. 

Achelous,  the  son  of  Oceanus  or  Sol 
by  Terra  or  Tethys,  god  of  the  river  of 
the  same  name  in  Epirus.  As  one  of 
the  numerous  suitors  of  Dejanira,  daugh- 
ter of  CEneus,  he  entered  the  lists  against 
Hercules,  and  being  inferior,  changed  him- 
self into  a  serpent,  and  afterwards  into 
an  ox.  Hercules  broke  off  one  of  his 
horns,  and  Achelous,  being  defeated,  re- 
tired in  disgrace  into  his  bed  of  waters 
The  broken  horn  was  taken  up  by  the 
nymphs,  and  filled  with  fruits  and  flow- 
ers ;  and  after  it  had  for  some  time  adorn- 
ed the  hand  of  the  conqueror,  it  was 
presented  to  the  goddess  of  Plenty.  Some 
say  that  he  was  changed  into  a  river  af- 
ter the  victory  of  Hercules.  This  river 
is  in  Epirus,  and  rises  in  mount  Pindus, 
and  after  dividing  Acarnania  from  ^Eto- 
lia,  falls  into  the  Ionian  sea.  The  sand 
and  mud  which  it  carries  down,  have 
formed  some  islands  at  its  mouth.  This 
river  is  said  by  some  to  have  sprung 
from  the  earth  after  the  deluge. A  riv- 
er of  Arcadia  falling  into  the  Alpheus 
Another  flowing  from  Mount  Sipylus 

Acherdus,  a  tribe  of  Attica. 

Acherimi,  a  people  of  Sicily. 

Acheron,  a  river  of  Thesprotia,  in 
Epirus,  falling  into  the  bay  of  Ambracia 
Homer  called  it,  from  the  dead  appear- 
ance of  its  waters,  one  of  the  rivers  of 
hell,  and  the  fable  has  been  adopted 
by  all  succeeding  poets,  who  make  the 
god  of  the  stream  to  be  the  son  of  Ce- 
res without  a  father,  and  say  that  he 
concealed  himself  in  hell  for  fear  of  the 
Titans,  and  was  changed  into  a  bitter 
stream,  over  which  the  souls  of  the  dead 
are  at  first  conveyed.  It  receives,  say 
they,  the  souls  of  the  dead,  because  a 
deadly  languor  seizes  them  at  the  hour 
of  dissolution.  Some  make  him  son  of 
Titan,  and  suppose  that  lie  was  plunged 
into  hell  by  Jupiter,  for  supplying  the 
A* 


AC 


10 


AC 


Titans  with  water.     The  word  Acheron 

is  often  taken  for  hell   itself. A  river 

of  Elis  in  Peloponnesus. Another   on 

the  Riphaean  mountains. Also  a  river 

in  the  country  of  the  Brutii  in  Italy. 

Acherontia,  a  town  of  Apulia,  on  a 
mountain. 

Acherusia,  a  lake  of  Egypt  near  Mem- 
phis, over  which,  as  Diodorus  mentions, 
the  bodies  of  the  dead  were  conveyed, 
and  received  sentence  according  to  the 
actions  of  their  life.  The  boat  was  cal- 
led Baris,  and  the  ferryman  Charon. 
Hence  arose  the  fable  of  Charon  and  the 
Styx,  &c.  afterwards  imported  into  Greece 
by  Orpheus,  and  adopted   in  the  religion 

of  the  country. There  was  a  river  of 

the  same  name  in  Epirus,  and  another 
in  Italy  in  Calabria. 

Acherusias,  a  place  or  cave  in  Cher- 
sonesus  Taurica,  where  Hercules,  as  is 
reported,  dragged    Cerberus  out   of  hell. 

Achetus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Achillas,  a  general  of  Ptolemy,  who 
murdered  Pompey  the  Great. 

Achillea,  a  peninsula  near  the  mouth 

of  the  Borysthenes. An   island  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Ister,  where  was  the  tomb 
of  Achilles,  over  which   it   is   said   that 

birds  never  flew. A  fountain  of  Mile- 

us,  whose  waters  rise  salted  from  the 
earth,  and  afterwards  sweeten  in  their 
course. 

Achilleus  or  Aquileus,  a  Roman  gen- 
eral in  Egypt,  in  the  reign  of  Diocle- 
sian,  who  rebelled,  and  for  five  years 
maintained  the  imperial  dignity  at  Alex- 
andria. Dioclesian  at  last  marched  against 
him ;  and  because  he  had  supported  a 
long  siege,  the  emperor  ordered  him  to 
be  devoured  by  lions. 

Achilleiexsis,  a  people  near  Macedo- 
nia. 

Achilleis,  a  poem  of  Statius,  in  which 
he  describes  the  education  and  memora- 
ble actions  of  Achilles. 

Achilles,  the  son  of  Peleus  and  The- 
tis, was  the  bravest  of  all  the  Greeks  in 
the  Trojan  war.  During  his  infancy, 
Thetis  plunged  him  in  the  Styx,  and 
made  every  part  of  his  body  invulnera- 
ble, except  the  heel,  by  which  she  held 
him.  His  education  was  intrusted  to 
the  centaur  Chiron,  who  taught  him  the 
art  of  war,  and  made  him  master  of  mu- 
sic, and  by  feeding  him  with  the  marrow 
of  wild  beasts,  rendered  him  vigorous  and 
active.  He  was  taught  eloquence  by 
Phoenix,  whom  he  ever  after  loved  and 
respected.  Thetis,  to  prevent  him  from 
going  to  the  Trojan  war,  where  she  knew 
he  was  to  perish,  privately  sent  him  to 
the  court  of  Lycomedes,  where  he  was 
disguised  in  a  female  dress,  and,  by  his 
familiarity  with  the  king's  daughters,  made 
Deidamia  mother  of  Neoptolemus.  As 
Troy  could  not  be  taken  without  the  aid 


of  Achilles,  Ulysses  went  to  the  court  of 
Lycomedes  in  the  habit  of  a  merchant, 
and  exposed  jewels  and  arms  to  sale. 
Achilles,  choosing  the  arms,  discovered  his 
sex,  and  went  to  war.  Vulcan,  at  the 
entreaties  of  Thetis,  made  him  a  strong 
suit  of  armor,  which  was  proof  against 
all  weapons.  He  was  deprived  by  Aga- 
memnon of  his  favorite  mistress,  Briseis, 
who  had  fallen  to  his  lot  at  the  division 
of  the  booty  of  Lyrnessus.  For  this  af- 
front, he  refused  to  appear  in  the  field, 
till  the  death  of  his  friend  Patroclus  re- 
called him  to  action,  and  to  revenge.  He 
slew  Hector,  the  bulwark  of  Troy,  tied 
the  corpse  by  the  heels  to  his  chariot, 
and  dragged  it  three  times  round  the 
walls  of  Troy.  After  thus  appeasing  the 
shades  of  his  friend,  he  yielded  to  the 
tears  and  entreaties  of  Priam,  and  per- 
mitted the  aged  father  to  ransom  and  to 
carry  away  Hector's  body.  In  the  tenth 
year  of  the  war,  Achilles  was  charmed 
with  Polyxena ;  and  as  he  solicited  her 
hand  in  the  temple  of  Minerva,  it  is  said 
that  Paris  aimed  an  arrow  at  his  vulner- 
able heel,  of  which  wound  he  died.  His 
body  was  buried  at  Sigaeum,  and  divine 
honors  were  paid  to  him,  and  temples  rais- 
ed to  his  momory.  It  is  said,  that  after 
the  taking  of  Troy,  the  ghost  of  Achilles 
appeared  to  the  Greeks,  and  demanded  of 
them  Polyxena,  who  accordingly  was  sac- 
rificed on  his  tomb  by  his  son  Neoptole- 
mus. Some  say  tliat  this  sacrifice  was 
voluntary,  and  that  Polyxena  was  so  griev- 
ed at  his  death  that  she  killed  herself  on 
his  tomb.  The  Thessalians  yearly  sacri- 
ficed a  black  and  a  white  bull  on  his  tomb. 
It  is  reported  that  he  married  Helen  after 
the  siege  of  Troy  ;  but  others  maintain, 
that  this  marriage  happened  after  his 
death,  in  the  island  of  Leuce,  where  many 
of  the  ancient  heroes  lived,  as  in  a  sepa- 
rate elysium.  When  Achilles  was  young, 
his  mother  asked  him,  whether  he  prefer- 
red a  long  life,  spent  in  obscurity  and  re- 
tirement, or  a  few  years  of  military  fame 
and  glory  ?  and  that,  to  his  honor,  he  made 
choice  of  the  latter.  Some  ages  after  the 
Trojan  war,  Alexander,  going  to  the  con- 
quest of  Persia,  offered  sacrifices  on  the 
tomb  of  Achilles,  and  admired  the  hero 
who  had  found  a  Homer  to  publish   his 

fame  to  posterity. There  were  other 

persons  of  the  same  name.  The  most 
known  were — a  man  who  received  Juno 
when  she  fled  from  Jupiter's  courtship — 
the  preceptor  of  Chiron  the  centaur — a  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Lamia,  declared  by  Pan  to 
be  fairer  than  Venus — a  man  who  institut- 
ed ostracism  at  Athens. Tatius,  a  na- 
tive of  Alexandria,  in  the  age  of  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  but  originally  a  pagan, 
converted  to  Christianity  and  made  a  bish- 
op. He  wrote  a  mixed  history  of  great 
men,  a  treatise  on  the  sphere,  tactics,  a 


AC 


II 


AC 


romance  on  the  loves  of  Clitophon  and 
Leucippe,  &c.  Some  manuscripts  of  his 
works  are  preserved  in  the  Vatican  and 
Palatinate  libraries. 

Achilleum,  a  town  of  Troas  near  the 
tomb  of  Achilles,  built  by  the  Mityleneans. 

Achivi,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Argos  and  Lacedaemon  before  tne  return 
of  the  Heraclidae,  by  whom  they  were  ex- 
pelled from  their  possessions  80  years  af- 
ter the  Trojan  war.  Being  without  a  home, 
they  drove  the  Ionians  from  ^Egialus,  seiz- 
ed their  12  cities,  and  called  the  country 
Achaia.  The  Ionians  were  received  by 
the  Athenians.  The  appellation  of  Achivi 
is  indiscriminately  applied  by  the  ancient 
poets  to  all  the  Greeks. 

Achlad^us,  a  Corinthian  general,  killed 
by  Aristomenes. 

Acholoe,  one  of  the  Harpies. 

Acichorius,  a  general  with  Brennus  in 
the  expedition  which  the  Gauls  undertook 
ag  linst  Paeonia. 

Acidalia,  a  surname  of  Venus,  from  a 
fountain  of  the  same  name  in  Boeotia,  sa- 
cred to  her.  The  Graces  bathed  in  the 
fountain. 

Acidasa,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus,  for- 
merly called  Jardanus. 

Acilia,  a  plebian  family  at  Rome,  which 

traced  its  pedigree  up  to  the  Trojans. 

The  mother  of  Lucan. 

Acilia  lex  was  enacted,  A.  U.  C.  556, 
by  Acilius  the  tribune,  for  the  plantation 
of  five  colonies  in  Italy. Another  cal- 
led also  Calpurnia,  A.  U.  C.  684,  which 
enacted,  that  no  person  convicted  of  am- 
bitus, or  using  bribes  at  elections,  should 
be  admitted  in  the  senate,  or  hold  an  of- 
fice.  Another  concerning  such  as  were 

guilty  of  extortion  in  the  provinces. 

M.  Acilius  Balbus,  was  consul  with 
Portius  Cato,  A.  U.  C.  640.  It  is  said, 
that  during  his  consulship,  milk  and  blood 

fell  from  heaven. Glabrio,  a  tribune  of 

the  people,  who  with  a  legion  quelled  the 
insurgent  slaves  in  Etruria.  Being  consul 
with  P.  Corn.  Scipio  Nasica,  A.  U.  C.  563, 
he  conquered  Antiochus  at  Thermopylae, 
for  which  he  obtained  a  triumph,  and  three 
days  were  appointed  for  public  thanksgiv- 
ing. He  stood  for  the  censorship  against 
Cato,  but  desisted  on  account  of  the  false 

measures  used  by  his  competitor. The 

son  of  the  preceding,  erected  a  temple  to 
Piety,  which  his  father  had  vowed  to  this 
goddess  when  fighting  against  Antiochus. 
He  raised  a  golden  statue  to  his  father,  the 
first  that  appeared  in  Italy.  The  temple 
of  piety  was  built  on  the  spot  where  once 
a  woman  had  fed  with  her  milk  her  aged 
father,  whom  the  senate  had  imprisoned, 

and  excluded  from  all  aliments. The 

enactor  of  a  law  against  bribery. A 

pretor  in  the  time  that  Verres  was  accus- 
ed by  Cicero. A  man  accused  of  extor- 
tion, and  twice  defended  by  Cicero.     He 


was  proconsul  of  Sicily,  and  lieutenant  to 

Csesar    in    the  civil  wars. A  consul, 

whose  son  was  killed  by  Domitian,  be- 
cause he  fought  with  wild  beasts.  The 
true  cause  of  this  murder  was,  that  young 
Glabrio  was  stronger  than  the  emperor, 
and  therefore  envied. 

Acilla,  a  town  of  Africa,  near  Adrume- 
tum — some  read  Acolla. 

Acis,  a  shepherd  of  Sicily,  son  of  Fau- 
nus  and  the  nymph  Simaethis.  Galatsa 
passionately  Loved  him  ;  upon  which,  his 
rival  Polyphemus,  through  jealousy,  crush- 
ed him  to  death  with  a  piece  of  a  broken 
rock.  The  gods  changed  Acis  into  a 
stream  which  rises  from  mount  ^Etna. 

Acmon,  a  native  of  Lyrnessus,  who 
accompanied  iEneas  into  Italy.  His  fa- 
ther's name  was  Clytus. 

Acmonides,  one  of  the  Cyclops. 

Accetes,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  whose 
crew  found  Bacchus  asleep,  and  carried 
him  away.  As  they  ridiculed  the  god, 
they  were  changed  into  sea  monsters,  but 
Accetes  was  preserved. 

Acontes,  one  of  Lycaon's  50  sons. 

Aconteus,  a  famous  hunter,  changed 
into  a  stone  by  the  head  of  Medusa,  at  the 

nuptials  of  Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

A  person  killed  in  the  wars  of  .-Eneas  and 
Turnus,  in  Italy. 

Acontius,  a  youth  of  Cea,  who,  wher 
he  went  to  Delos  to  see  the  sacrifices  of 
Diana,  fell  in  love  with  Cydippe,  a  beauti- 
ful virgin,  and  being  unable  to  obtain  her 
on  account  of  the  obscurity  of  his  origin, 
wrote  these  verses  on  an  apple,  which  he 
threw  into  her  bosom  : 

Juro  tibi  sanctm  per  mystica  sacra  ~Dianar 

Me  tibi  venturam  comitem,  sponsamque  fu~ 
turam. 
Cydippe  read  the  verses,  and  being  com- 
pelled by  the  oath  she  had  inadvertently 

made,  married  Acontius. A  mountain 

of  Boeotia. 

Acontobulus,  a  place  of  Cappadocia, 
under  Hippolyte  queen  of  the  Amazons. 

Ac  oris,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  assisted 
Evagoras  king  of  Cyprus  against  Persia. 

Acra,  a  town  of  Italy — Euboea — Cyprus 
— Acarnania — Sicily — Africa — Sarmatia, 

<fcc. A  promontory  of  Calabria,  now 

Cape  di  Leuca. 

Acradina,  the  citadel  of  Syracuse,  tak- 
en by  Marcellus  the  Roman  consul. 

Acrje,  a  mountain  in  Peloponnesus. 

Acr^a,  a  daughter  of  the  river  Asterion. 

A  surname  of  Diana,  from  a  temple 

built  to  her  by  Melampus,  on  a  mountain 
near  Argos. A  surname  of  Juno. 

Acrjephnia,  a  town  in  Boeotia ;  whence 
Apollo  is  called  Acraephnius. 

Acragallid-e,  a  dishonest  nation  living 
anciently  near  Athens. 

Acragas.    Vid.  Agragas. 

Acratus,  a  freed  man  of  Nero,  sent  into 
Asia  to  plunder  the  temples  of  the  gods. 


AC 


12 


AC 


Acrias,  one  of  Hippodamia's  suitors. 
He  built  Acrne,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

AcRiDOPHAGi,an  ./Ethiopian  nation, who 
fed  upon  locusts,  and  lived  not  beyond 
their  40th  year.  At  the  approach  of  old 
age,  swarms  of  winged  lice  attacked  them 
and  gnawed  their  belly  and  breast,  till  the 
patient,  by  rubbing  himself,  drew  blood, 
which  increased  their  number,  and  ended 
in  his  death. 

Acriox,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher  of 
Locris. 

Acrisioneus,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
the  Argives,  from  Acrisius,  one  of  their 
ancient  kings,  or  from  Acrisione  a  town 
of  Argolis,  called  after  a  daughter  of  Acris- 
ius of  the  same  name. 

Acrisioniades,  a  patronymic  of  Perse- 
us, from  his  grandfather  Acrisius. 

Acrisius,  son  of  Abas,  king  of  Argos, 
by  Ocalea,  daughter  of  Mantineus.  He 
was  born  at  the  same  birth  as  Prcetus, 
with  whom  it  is  said  that  he  quarrelled 
even  in  his  mother's  womb.  He  was  fa- 
ther of  Danae,  by  Eurydice,  daughter  of 
Lacedaemon.     Vid.  Danae,  Perseus. 

Acritas,  a  promontory  of  Messenia,  in 
Peloponnesus. 

Acroathon  or  Acrothoos,  a  town  on 
the  top  of  Mount.  Athos,  whose  inhabi- 
tants lived  to  an  uncommon  old  age. 

Acroceraunium,  a  promontory  of  Epi- 
rus,  with  mountains  called  Acroceraunia, 
which  project  between  the  Ionian  and  Adri- 
atic seas.  The  word  comes  from  azoog, 
Jugli,  and  xsQavjog,  thunder ;  because,  on 
account  of  their  great  height,  they  were 
often  struck  with  thunder. 

Acrocorinthus,  a  lofty  mountain  on 
the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  taken  by  Aratus, 
B.  C.  243.  There  is  a  temple  of  Venus  on 
the  top,  and  Corinth  is  built  at  the  bottom. 

Acron,  a  king  of  Cenina,  killed  by  Ro- 
mulus in  single  combat,  after  the  rape  of 
the  Sabines.      His  spoils  were  dedicated 

to   Jupiter    Feretrius. A  physician   of 

Agrigentum,  B.  C.  439,  educated  at  Athens 
with  Empedocles.  He  wrote  physical 
treatises  in  the  Doric  dialect,  and  cured 
the  Athenians  of  a  plague,  by  lighting  fire 

near  the  houses  of  the  infected. One 

of  the  friends  of  ./Eneas,  killed  by  Mezen- 
tius. 

Acropatos,  one  of  Alexander's  officers, 
who  obtained  part  of  Media  after  the 
king's  death. 

Acropolis,  the  citadel  of  Athens,  built 
on  a  rock,  and  accessible  only  on  one  side. 
Minerva  had  a  temple  at  the  bottom. 

Acrotatus,  son  of  Cleomenes,  king  of 
Sparta,  died  before  his  father,  leaving  a 
son  called  Areus. 

Acrothoos.     Vid.  Acroathon . 

Acta  or  Acte,  a  country  of  Attica. 
This  word  signifies  shore,  and  is  applied 
to  Attica,  as  being  near  the  sea.    Jt  is  de- 


rived by  some  writers,  from  Actaeus  a  king, 
from  whom  the  Athenians  have  been  cal- 
led Actaci. 

Acta,  a  place  near  Mount  Athos,  on  the 
iEgean  Sea. 

AcT-s-i,  one  of  the  Nereides. A  sur- 
name of  Ceres. A  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Actjkox,  a  famous  huntsman,  son  of 
Aristaeus  and  Autonoe  daughter  of  Cad- 
mus, whence  he  is  called  Autoneius  Heros. 
He  saw  Diana  and  her  attendants  bathing 
near  Gargaphia,  for  which  he  was  chang- 
ed into  a  stag,  and  devoured  by  his  own 

dogs. A  beautiful  youth,  son  of  Melis- 

sus  of  Corinth,  whom  Archias,  one  of  the 
Heraclidro,  endeavored  to  cany  away.  He 
was  killed  in  the  struggle.  Melissus  com- 
plained of  the  insult,  and  drowned  him- 
self; and  soon  after,  the  country  being  vis- 
ited by  a  pestilence,  Archias  was  expelled. 

Actjeus,  a  powerful  person  who  made 
himself  master  of  a  part  of  Greece,  which 
he  called  Attica.  His  daughter  Agraulos 
married  Cecrops,  whom  the  Athenians  cal- 
led their  first  king,  though  Actoaus  reigned 

before  him. The  word  is  of  the  same 

signification  as  Atticus  an  inhabitant  of 
Attica. 

Acte,  one  of  the  Horse. 

Actia,  the  mother  of  Augustus.— — 
Games  sacred  to  Apollo,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  victory  of  Augustus  over  M. 
Antony  at  Actium.  They  were  celebrated 
every  third,  sometimes  fifth  year,  with 
great  pomp,  and  the  Lacedaemonians  had 

the  care  of  them. A  sister  of  Julius 

Caesar. 

Actis,  son  of  Sol,  went  from  Greece 
into  Egypt,  where  he  taught  astrology, 
and  founded  Heliopolis. 

Actisanes,  a  king  of -(Ethiopia,  who  con- 
quered Egypt,  and  expelled  kingAmasis, 
He  was  famous  for  his  equity,  and  his  se- 
vere punishment  of  robbers,  whose  noses 
he  cut  off,  and  whom  he  banished  to  a 
desert  place,  where  they  were  in  want  of 
all  aliment,  and  lived  only  upon  crows. 

Actium,  now  Alio,  a  town  and  promon- 
tory of  Epirus,  famous  for  the  naval  victo- 
ry which  Augustus  obtained  over  Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  the  2d  of  September,  B.  C. 
31,  in  honor  of  which  the  conqueror  built 
there  the  town  of  Nieopolis,  and  insti- 
tuted   games. A    promontory   of  Cor- 

cyra. 

Actius,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  from  Ac- 
tium, where  he  had  a  temple. 

Actius  Navius,  an  augur  who  cut  a 
loadstone  in  two  with  a  razor,  before  Tar- 
quin  and  the  Roman  people,  to  convince 
them  of  his  skill  as  an  augur. 

Actor, a  companion  of  Hercules  in  his 

expedition  against  the  Amazons. The 

father  of  Menoetius  by   ^Egina,   whence 

Patroclus   is    called  Actorides. A   man 

called  also  Aruncus. One  of  the  friends 

of  iEneas. A  son  of  Neptune  by  Aga- 


AD 


13 


AD 


meda. A  son  of  Deion  and  Diomede. 

t  The  father  of  Eurytus,  and  brother  of 

Augeas. A  son  of  Acastus,  one  of  the 

Argonauts. The  father  of  Astyoche. 

A  king  of  Lemnos. 

Actorides,  a  patronymic  given  to  Pa- 

troclus,   grandson    of   Actor. Also  to 

Erithus,  son  of  Actor. Two  brothers 

so  fond  of  each  other,  that  in  driving  a 
chariot,  one  generally  held  the  reins,  and 
the  other  the   whip ;   whence  they   are 
represented   with   two  heads,  four  feet, 
and  one  body.    Hercules  conquered  them. 
Actoris,  a  maid  of  Ulysses. 
M.  Actorius  NAso,a  Roman  historian. 
C.  Aculeo,  a  Roman  lawyer  celebrated 
as  much  for  the  extent  of  his  understand- 
ing, as  for  his  knowledge  of  law.    He  was 
uncle  to  Cicero. 

Acuphis,  an  ambassador  from  India  to 
Alexander. 

Acusilaus  and  Damagetus,  two  broth- 
ers of  Rhodes,  conquerors  at  the  Olympic 
games.  The  Greeks  strewed  flowers  upon 
Diagoras  their  father,  and  called  him  hap- 

$  in  having  such   worthy  sons. An 

iustorian  of  Argos,  often  quoted  by  Jose- 
Jjhus.     He  wrofe  on  genealogies  in  a  style 

ample  and  destitute  of  all  ornament. 

An  Athenian  who  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome 
Under  Galba. 

M.  Acuticus,  an  ancient  comic  writer, 
whose  plays  were  known  under  the  names 
of  Leones,  Gemini,  Anus,  Boaotia,  &c. 

Ada,  a  sister  of  queen  Artemisia,  who 
married  Hidricus.  After  her  husband's 
death,  she  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
Caria  ;  but  being  expelled  by  her  younger 
brother  she  retired  to  Alindaj,  which  she 
delivered  to  Alexander,  after  adopting 
him  as  her  son. 

Adad,  a  deity  among  the  Assyrians, 
supposed  to  be  the  sun. 

Ad.«us,  a  native  of  Mitylene,  who 
wrote  a  Greek  treatise  on  statuaries. 

Adamaslea,  Jupiter's  nurse  in  Crete, 
who  suspended  him  in  his  cradle  to  a 
tree,  that  he  might  be  found  neither  in  the 
earth,  the  sea,  nor  in  heaven.  To  drown 
the  infant's  cries,  she  had  drums  beat, 
and  cymbals  sounded,  around  the  tree. 

Adamas,  a  Trojan  prince,  killed  by 
Merion. 

Adamastus,  a  native  of  Ithaca,  father 
of  Acheemenides. 

Adaspii,  a  people  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Caucasus. 
Addephagia,  a  goddess  of  the  Sicilians. 
Addua,  now  Adda,  a  river  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  falling  into  the  Po  near  Cremona. 

Adelphius,  a  friend  of  M.  Antoninus, 
whom  he  accompanied  in  his  expedition 
into  Parthia,  of  which  he  wrote  the  his- 
tory. 

Ademon,  raised  a  sedition  in  Maurita- 
nia to  avenge  his  master  Ptolemy,  whom 
Caligula  had  put  to  death. 
2 


Ades,  or  Hades,  the  god  of  hell  among 
the  Greeks,  the  same  as  the  Pluto  of 
the  Latins.  The  word  is  derived  from 
a  and  siSsiv,  [?wn  videre]  because  hell  is 
deprived  of  light.  It  is  often  used  for  hell 
itself  by  the  ancient  poets. 

Adgandestrius,  a  prince  of  Gaul  who 
sent  to  Rome  for  poison  to  destroy  Ar- 
minius,  and  was  answered  by  the  senate, 
that  the  Romans  fought  their  enemies 
openly,  and  never  used  perfidious  meas- 
ures. 

Adherbal,  son  of  Micipsa,  and  grand- 
son of  Masinissa,  was  besieged  by  Cirta, 
and  put  to  death  by  Jugurtha,  after  vainly 
imploring  the  aid  of  Rome,  B.  C.  112. 

Adherbas,  the  husband  of  Dido.  Vid. 
Sichasus. 
Adiante,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 
Adiatorix,  a  governor  of  Galatia,  who, 
to  gain  Antony's  favor,  slaughtered,  in 
one  night,  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Ro- 
man colony  of  Heraclea,  in  Pontus.  He 
was  taken  at  Actium,  led  in  triumph  by 
Augustus,  and  strangled  in  prison. 

Adimantus,  a  commander  of  the  Athe- 
nian fleet,  taken  by  the  Spartans.  All  the 
men  of  the  fleet  were  put  to  death,  except 
Adimantus,  because  he  had  opposed  the 
designs  of  his  countrymen,  who  intended 
to  mutilate  all  the  Spartans.  Pausania? 
says  that  the  Spartans  had  bribed  him. 

A  brother  of  Plato. -A  Corinthian 

general,   who    reproached    Themistocles 

with   his  exile. A   king  struck   with 

thunder,  for  saying  that  Jupiter  deserved 
no  sacrifices. 

Admeta,  daughter  of  Eurystheus,  was 
priestess  of  Juno's  temple  at  Argos.  She 
expressed  a  wish  to  possess  the  girdle  of 
the  queen  of  the  Amazons,  and  Hercules 
obtained  it  for  her. One  of  the  Ocean- 
ides. 

Admetus,  the  son  of  Pheres  and  Cly- 
mene,  king  of  Phera  in  Thessaly,  married 
Theone  daughter  of  Thestor,  and  after 
her  death,  Alceste  daughter  of  Pelias. 
Apollo,  when  banished  from  heaven,  is 
said  to  have  tended  his  flocks  for  nine 
years,  and  to  have  obtained  from  the 
Parcfe,  that  Admetus  should  never  die, 
if  another  person  laid  down  his  life  for 
him ;  a  proof  of  unbounded  affection, 
which  his  wife  Alceste  cheerfully  exhib- 
ited by  devoting  herself  voluntarily  to 
death.  Admetus  was  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, and  was  at  the  hunt  of  the  Caly- 
donian  boar.  Pelias  promised  his  daugh- 
ter in  marriage  only  to  him  who  could 
bring  him  a  chariot  drawn  by  a  lion  and 
a  wild  boar;  and  Admetus  effected  this 
by  the  aid  of  Apollo,  and  obtained  Al- 
ceste's  hand.     Some   say  that   Hercules 

brought  him  back  Alceste  from  hell. 

A  king  of  the  Molossi,  to  whom  Themis- 
tocles fled  for  protection. An  officer  of 

Alexander,  killed  at  the  siege  of  Tyre. 


AD 


14 


AD 


Adotua,  festivals  in  honor  of  Adonis. 
first  celebrated  at  Byblos  in  Phoenicia. 
They  lasted  two  days,  the  first  of  which 
was  spent  in  bowlings  and  lamentations, 
the  second  in  joyful  clamors,  as  if  Adonis 
was  returned  to  life.  In  some  towns  of 
Greece  and  Egypt  they  lasted  eight  days  ; 
the  one  half  of  which  was  spent  in  la- 
mentations, and  the  other  in  rejoicings. 
Only  women  were  admitted.  The  time 
of  the  celebration  was  supposed  to  be 
very  unlucky.  The  fleet  of  Nicias  sailed 
from  Athens  to  Sicily  on  that  day,  whence 
many  unfortunate  omens  were  drawn. 

Adonis,  son  of  Cinyras,  by  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha,  [vid.  Myrrha]  was  the  favorite 
of  Venus.  He  was  fond  of  hunting,  and 
was  often  cautioned  by  his  mistress  not 
to  hunt  wild  beasts,  for  fear  of  being 
killed  in  the  attempt.  This  advice  he 
slighted,  and  at  last  received  a  mortal 
bite  from  a  wild  boar  which  he  had 
wounded,  and  Venus,  after  shedding 
many  tears  at  his  death,  changed  him 
into  a  flower  called  anemony.  Proserpine 
is  said  to  have  restored  him  to  life,  on 
condition  that  he  should  spend  six  months 
with  her,  and  the  rest  of  the  year  with 
Venus.  This  implies  the  alternate  return 
of  summer  and  winter.  Adonis  is  often 
taken  for  Osiris,  because  the  festivals  of 
both  were  often  begun  with  mournful  la- 
mentations, and  finished  with  a  revival 
of  joy,  as  if  they  were  returning  to  life 
again.  Adonis  had  temples  raised  to  his 
memory,  and   is  said   by  some   to  have 

been  beloved  by  Apollo  and  Bacchus. 

A  river  of  Phoenicia,  which  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  below  Byblus. 

Adramyttium,  an  Athenian  colony  on 
the  sea  coast  of  Mysia,  near  the  Caycus. 

Adrana,  a  river  in  Germany. 

Adranum,  a  town  of  Sicily  near  ^Etna, 
with  a  river  of  the  same  name.  The  chief 
deity  of  the  place  was  called  Adranus, 
and  his  temple  was  guarded  by  one  thou- 
sand dogs. 

Adrasta,  one  of  the  Oceanides  who 
nursed  Jupiter. 

Adrastia,  a  fountain  of  Sicyon. A 

mountain. A  country  near  Troy,  called 

Adrastus,  who  built  there  a  temple  to 
Nemesis.      Here   Apollo  had   an  oracle. 

A  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Necessity. 

She  is  called  by  some  Nemesis,  and  is  the 
punisher  of  injustice.  The  Egyptians 
placed  her  above  the  moon,  whence  she 
looked  down   upon  the   actions  of  men. 

A  daughter  of  Melisseus,  to  whom 

some  attribute  the  nursing  of  Jupiter. 
She  is  the  same  as  Adrasta. 

Adrastii  Campi,  a  plain  near  the  Gran- 
icus,  where  Alexander  first  defeated  Da- 
rius. 

Adra3tus,  son  of  Talaus  and  Lysi- 
mache,  was  king  of  Argos.  Polynices 
being  banished  from  Thebes  by  his  brother 


Eteocles,  fled  to  Argos,  where  he  married 
Argia,  daughter  of  Adrastus.  The  king 
assisted  his  son-in-law,  and  marched 
against  Thebes  with  an  army  headed  by 
seven  of  his  most  famous  generals.  All 
perished  in  the  war  except  Adrastus,  who, 
with  a  few  men  saved  from  slaughter, 
fled  to  Athens,  and  implored  the  aid  of 
Theseus  against  the  Thebans,  who  op- 
posed the  burying  of  the  Argives  slain  in 
battle.     Theseus  went  to  his  assistance, 

and  was  victorious. Adrastus,  after  a 

long  reign,  died  through  grief,  occasioned 
by  the  death  of  his  son  iEgialeus.  A  tem- 
ple was  raised  to  his  memory  at  Sicyon, 
where   a  solemn   festival   was   annually 

celebrated. A  peripatetic  philosopher, 

disciple  to  Aristotle.  It  is  supposed  that 
a  copy  of  his  treatise  on  harmonics  is  pre- 
served  in   the  Vatican. A  Phrygian 

prince,  who  having  inadvertently  killed 
his  brother,  fled  to  Croesus,  where  he  was 
humanely  received,  and  entrusted  with 
the  care  of  his  son  Atys.  In  hunting  a 
wild  boar,  Adrastus  slew  the  young 
prince,  and  in  his  despair  killed  himself 

on    his    grave. A    Lydian,   who  a* 

sisted  the   Greeks  against  the  Persians 

A  soothsayer  in  the  Trojan  war,  sop 

of  Merops. The  father  of   Eurydice 

who  married  Ilus  the  Trojan. A  king 

of  Sicyon,  who  reigned  four  years  B.  C 
1215. A  son  of  Hercules. 

Adria,  Adrianum,  or  Adriaticum 
mare,  a  sea  lying  between  Illyricum  and 
Italy,  now  called  the  gulf  of  Venice,  first 
made  known  to  the  Greeks  by  the  discov- 
eries of  the  Phocaeans. 

Adrianopolis,  a  town   of  Thrace  on 

the    Hebrus. Another  in  ^Etolia, 

Pisidia,  and  Bythinia. 

Adrianus,  or  Hadrianus,  the  fifteenth 
emperor  of  Rome.  He  is  represented  as 
an  active,  learned,  warlike  and  austere 
general.  He  came  to  Britain,  where  he 
built  a  wall  between  the  modern  towns 
of  Carlisle  and  Newcastle  eighty  miles 
long,  to  protect  the  Britons  from  the  in- 
cursions of  the  Caledonians.  He  killed 
in  battle  five  hundred  thousand  Jews  who 
had  rebelled,  and  built  a  city  on  the  ruins 
of  Jerusalem,  which  he  called  ^Elia.  His 
memory  was  so  retentive,  that  he  remem- 
bered every  incident  of  his  life,  and  knew 
all  the  soldiers  of  his  army  by  name.  He 
was  the  first  emperor  who  wore  a  long 
beard,  and  this  he  did  to  hide  the  warts 
on  his  face.  His  successors  followed  his 
example  not  through  necessity,  but  for 
ornament.  Adrian  went  always  bare- 
headed, and  in  long  marches  generally 
travelled  on  foot.  In  the  beginning  of 
his  reign,  he  followed  the  virtues  of  his 
adopted  fatber  and  predecessor  Trajan  ; 
he  remitted  all  arrears  due  to  his  treasury 
for  sixteen  years,  and  publicly  burnt  the 
account-books,  that  his  word  might  not 


MA 


15 


MD 


5e  suspected.  His  peace  with  the  Par- 
tisans proceeded  from  a  wish  of  punish- 
ing the  other  enemies  of  Rome,  more  than 
from  the  effects  of  fear.  The  travels  of 
Adrian  were  not  for  the  display  of  impe- 
rial pride,  but  to  see  whether  justice  was 
distributed  impartially  ;  and  public  favor 
was  courted  by  a  condescending  behav- 
ior, and  the  meaner  familiarity  of  bath- 
ing with  the  common  people.  It  is  said 
that  he  wished  to  enrol  Christ  aznong  the 
gods  of  Rome ;  but  his  apparent  lenity 
towards  the  Christians  was  disproved,  by 
the  erection  of  a  statue  to  Jupiter  on  the 
spot  where  Jesus  rose  from  the  dead,  and 
one  to  Venus  on  mount  Calvary.  The 
weight  of  diseases  became  intolerable. 
Adrian  attempted  to  destroy  himself;  and 
when  prevented,  he  exclaimed,  that  the 
lives  of  others  were  in  his  hands,  but  not 
his  own.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his 
life,  and  published  it  under  the  name  of 
one  of  his  domestics.  He  died  of  a  dys- 
entery at  Baiae,  July  10,  A.  D.  138,  in  the 
seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  after  a 

reign  of  twenty-one  years. An  officer 

of  Lucullus. A  rhetorician  of  Tyre  in 

the  age  of  M.  Antoninus,  who  wrote 
seven  books  of  metamorphoses,  besides 
other  treatises  now  lost. 

Adrimetum,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the 
Mediterranean,  built  by  the  Phosnicians. 

Aduataca,  a  town  of  Belgic  Gaul,  now 
Tongres,  on  the  Maese. 

Adula,  a  mountain  among  the  Rhaetian 
Alps,  near  which  the  Rhine  takes  its  rise, 
now  St.  Gothard. 

Adulis,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt. 

Adyrmachidje,  a  maritime  people  of 
Africa,  near  Egypt. 

Ma,  a  huntress  changed  into  an  island 
of  the  same  name  by  the  gods,  to  rescue 
her  from  the  pursuit  of  her  lover,  the  river 
Phasis.     It  had  a  town  called  JE&,  which 

was  the  capital  of  Colchis. A  town  of 

Thessaly. Of  Africa. A  fountain  of 

Macedonia  near  Amydon. 

^Eacea,  games  at  iEgina,  in  honor  of 
^Eacus. 

^Eacidas,  a  king  of  Epirus,  son  of  Neo- 
ptolemus,  and  brother  to  Olympias.  He 
was  expelled  by  his  subjects  for  his  con- 
tinual wars  with  Macedonia.  He  left  a 
son,  Pyrrhus,  only  two  years  old,  whom 
Chaucus  king  of  Illyricum  educated. 

^Eacides,  a  patronymic  of  the  descend- 
ants of  ^Eacus,  such  as  Achilles,  Peleus, 
Telamon,  Pyrrhus,  <fcc. 

jEacus,  son  of  Jupiter  by  ^Egina  daugh- 
ter of  Asopus,  was  king  of  the  island  of 
CEnopia,  which  he  called  by  his  mother's 
name.  A  pestilence  having  destroyed  all 
his  subjects,  he  entreated  Jupiter  to  re- 
people  his  kingdom  ;  and  according  to  his 
desire,  all  the  ants  which  were  in  an  old 
oak  were  changed  into  men,  and  called 
by  ^Eacus  myrmidons,  from  /two//);?,  an 


ant. — uEacus  married  Endeis,  by  whom 
he  had  Telamon  and  Peleus.  He  after- 
wards had  Phocus  by  Psamathe,  one  of 
the  Nereids.  He  was  a  man  of  such  in- 
tegrity that  the  ancients  have  made  him 
one  of  the  judges  of  hell,  with  Minos  and 
Rhadamanthus. 

JEje,  JEa,  or  JEjea,  an  island  of  Colchis, 
in  the  Phasis. 

^Ejea,  a  name  given  to  Circe,  because 
born  at  iEse. 

/Eanteum,  a  city  of  Troas,  where  Ajax 

was  buried. An  island  near  the  Thra- 

cian  Chersonesus. 

^Eantides,  a  tyrant  of  Lampsacus,  in- 
timate with  Darius.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Hippias,  tyrant  of  Athens. One 

of  the  seven  poets  called  Pleiades. 

^Eantis,  an  Athenian  tribe. 

JEas,  a  river  of  Epirus  falling  into  the 
Ionian  sea.  In  the  fable  of  Io,  Ovid  de- 
scribes it  as  falling  into  the  Peneus,  and 
meeting  other  rivers  at  Tempe.  This 
some  have  supposed  to  be  a  geographical 
mistake  of  the  poet. 

tEatus,  son  of  Philip,  and  brother  of 
Polyclea,  was  descended  from  Hercules. 
An  oracle  having  said  that  whoever  of 
the  two  touched  the  land  after  crossing 
the  Achelous  should  obtain  the  kingdom, 
Polyclea  pretended  to  be  lame,  and  pre- 
vailed upon  her  brother  to  carry  her  across 
on  his  shoulders.  When  they  came  near 
the  opposite  side,  Polyclea  leaped  ashore 
from  her  brother's  back,  exclaiming  that 
the  kingdom  was  her  own.  ^Eatus  joined 
her  in  her  exclamation,  and  afterwards 
married  her,  and  reigned  conjointly  with 
her.  Their  son  Thessalus  gave  his  name 
to  Thessaly. 

iEcHMACoRAs,  a  son  of  Hercules,  by 
Phyllone,  daughter  of  Alcimedon.  When 
the  father  heard  that  his  daughter  had 
had  a  child,  he  exposed  her  and  the  in- 
fant in  the  woods  to  wild  beasts,  where 
Hercules,  conducted  by  the  noise  of  a 
magpie  which  imitated  the  cries  of  a 
child,  found  and  delivered  them. 

iEcHMis,  succeeded  his  father  Polym- 
nestor  on  the  throne  of  Arcadia,  in  the 
reign  of  Theopompus,  of  Sparta. 

^Edepsum,  a  town  of  Eubosa. 

^Edessa,  or  Edessa,  a  town  near  Pella. 
Caranus  king  of  Macedonia  took  it  by 
following  goats  that  sought  shelter  from 
the  rain,  and  called  it,  from  that  circum- 
stance, (cciyac,  copras)  ^Egeas.  It  was 
the  burying-place  of  the  Macedonian 
kings  ;  and  an  oracle  had  said,  that  as 
long  as  the  kings  were  buried  there,  so 
long  would  their  kingdom  subsist.  Alex- 
ander was  buried  in  a  different  place  ; 
and  on  that  account,  some  authors  have 
said  that  the  kingdom  became  extinct. 

^Edicula  Ridiculi,  a  temple  raised  to 
the  god  of  mirth,  from  the  following  cir- 
cumstance :  after  the  battle  of  Cannw., 


.EG 


16 


MG 


Hannibal  marched  to  Ronje,  whence  he 
was  driven  back  by  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather  ;  which  caused  so  much  joy 
in  Rome,  that  the  Romans  raised  a  tem- 
ple to  the  god  of  mirth.  This  deity  was 
worshipped  at  Sparta. 

^Ediles,  Roman  magistrates,  that  had 
the  care  of  all  buildings,  baths  and  aque- 
ducts, and  examined  the  weights  and 
measures,  that  nothing  might  be  sold 
without  its  due  value.  There  were  three 
different  sorts  ;  the  ^Ediles  Plcbeii,  or  Mi- 
nores ;  the  Majores  iEdiles,  and  the  iEdiles 
Cereales. — The  plebeian  ediles  were  two, 
first  created  with  the  tribunes  ;  they  pre- 
sided over  the  more  minute  affairs  of  the 
state,  good  order,  and  the  reparation  of 
the  streets.  They  procured  all  the  pro- 
visions of  the  city,  and  executed  the  de- 
crees of  the  people.  The  Majores  and 
Cereales  had  greater  privileges,  though 
they  at  first  shared  in  the  labor  of  the  ple- 
beian ediles  ;  they  appeared  with  more 
pomp,  and  were  allowed  to  sit  publicly  in 
ivory  chairs.  The  office  of  an  edile  was 
honorable,  and  was  always  the  primary 
step  to  greater  honors  in  the  republic. 
The  ediles  were  chosen  from  the  ple- 
beians for  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
years,  till  A.  U.  C.  338. 

^Edipsus,  a  town  in  Euboea,  now  Dipso, 
abounding  in  hot-baths. 

Val.  ^Edituus,  a  Roman  poet  before 
the  age  of  Cicero,  successful  in  amorous 
poetry  and  epigrams. 

JEdos,  daughter  of  Pandarus,  married 
Zethus  brother  to  Amphion,  by  whom  she 
had  a  son  called  Itylus.  She  was  so  jeal- 
ous of  her  sister  Niobe,  because  she  had 
more  children  than  herself,  that  she  re- 
solved to  murder  the  elder,  who  was  ed- 
ucated with  Itylus.  She  by  mistake  kill- 
ed her  own  son,  and  was  changed  into  a 
goldfinch  as  she  attempted  to  kill  herself. 

JSdui,  or  Hedui,  a  powerful  nation  of 
Celtic  Gaul,  known  for  their  valor  in  the 
wars  of  Caesar. 

iEETA,  or  ^Eetes,  king  of  Colchis,  son 
of  Sol,  and  Perseis  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
was  father  of  Medea,  Absyrtus  and  Chal- 
ciope,  by  Idya,  one  of  the  Oceanides.  He 
killed  Phryxus,  son  of  Athamas,  who  had 
fled  to  his  court  on  a  golden  ram.  This 
murder  he  committed  to  obtain  the  fleece 
of  the  golden  ram.  The  Argonauts  came 
against  Colchis,  and  recovered  the  golden 
fleece  by  means  of  Medea,  though  it  was 
guarded  by  bulls  that  breathed  fire,  and 
by  a  venomous  dragon.  Their  expedi- 
tion has  been  celebrated  by  all  the  ancient 
poets. 

^Eetias,  a  patronymic  given  to  Medea, 
as  daughter  of  ^Eetes. 

^Ega,  an  island  of  the  ^Egean  sea,  be- 
tween Tenedos  and  Chios. 

^Egeas,  a  town  whose  inhabitants  are 
called  iEgeates.     [Fid,  iEdessa.l 


JEom,  a  city  of  Macedonia,  the  same  as 

Edessa. A  town  in  Eubcea,  whence 

Neptune  is  called  iEgaeus. 

JEgs.m,  a  town  and  seaport  of  Cilicia. 

jEceon,  one  of  Lycaon's  fifty  sons. 

The  son  of  Ccelus,  or  of  Pontus  and  Ter- 
ra, the  same  as  Briareus.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  was  a  notorious  pirate,  chiefly  re- 
siding at  iEga,  whence  his  name  ;  and 
that  the  fable  about  his  hundred  hands 
arises  from  his  having  one  hundred  men 
to  manage  his  oars  in  his  piratical  excur- 
sions. 

^Eg.eum  mare  (now  Archipelago,)  part 
of  the  Mediterranean,  dividing  Greece 
from  Asia  Minor.  It  is  full  of  islands, 
some  of  which  are  called  Cyclades,  others 
Sporades,  &c.  The  word  ./Egamm  is  de- 
rived by  some  from  iEgffi,  a  town  of  Eu- 
bcea ;  or  from  the  number  of  islands 
which  it  contains,  that  appear  above  the 
sea,  as  cuysg,  goats ;  or  from  the  promon- 
tory -<Ega,  or  from  ^Egea,  a  queen  of  the 
Amazons  ;  or  from  ^Egeus,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  drowned  himself  there. 

iEcEus,  a  surname  of  Neptune,  from 

JEgie  in  Eubcea. A  river  of  Corcyra. 

A  plain  in  Phocis. 

^Egaleos,  or  iEgaleum,  a  mountain  of 
Attica,  opposite  Salamis,  on  which  Xerxes 
sat  during  the  engagement  of  his  fleet 
with  the  Grecian  ships  in  the  adjacent 
sea. 

^Egan,  the  iEgean  sea. 

jEgas,  a  place  of  Euboea. Another 

near  Daunia,  in  Italy. 

Agates,   a  promontory  of  iEolia. 

Three  islands  opposite  Carthage,  called 
Arse,  near  which  the  Romans  under  Ca- 
tulus,  in  the  first  Punic  war,  defeated  the 
Carthaginian  fleet,  under  Hanno,  242  B.  C. 

^Egeleon,  a  town  of  Macedonia  taken 
by  king  Attalus. 

^Egeria.    Vid.  Egeria. 

^Egesta,  the  daughter  of  Hippotes,  and 

mother  of  iEgestus  called  Acestes. An 

ancient  town  of  Sicily  near  mount  Eryx, 
destroyed  by  Agathocles.  It  was  some- 
times called  Segesta  and  Acesta. 

tEgeus,  king  of  Athens,  son  of  Pan- 
dion,  being  desirous  of  having  children, 
went  to  consult  the  oracle,  and  in  his  re- 
turn, stopped  at  the  court  of  Pittheus  king 
of  Trcezene,  who  gave  him  his  daughter 
iEthra  in  marriage.  He  left  her  pregnant, 
and  told  her,  that  if  she  had  a  son,  to 
send  him  to  Athens  as  soon  as  he  could 
lift  a  stone  under  which  he  had  concealed 
his  sword.  By  this  sword  he  was  to  be 
known  to  JEseus,  who  did  not  wish  to 
make  any  public  discovery  of  a  son,  for 
fear  of  his  nephews,  the  Pallantides,  who 
expected  his  crown.  ^Ethra  became  mo- 
ther of  Theseus,  whom  she  accordingly 
sent  to  Athens  with  his  father's  sword. 
At  that  time  ^Egeus  lived  with  Medea, 
the  divorced  wife'  of  Jason.    When  The- 


MG 


17 


MB 


eeus  came  to  Athens,  Medea  attempted  to 
poison  him  ;  but  he  escaped,  and  upon 
showing  JDgeus  the  sword  he  wore,  dis- 
covered himself  to  be  his  son.  When 
Theseus  returned  from  Crete  after  the 
death  of  the  Minotaur,  he  forgot,  agreea- 
ble to  the  engagement  made  with  his  fa- 
ther, to  hoist  up  white  sails  as  a  signal  of 
his  success  ;  and  iEgeus,  at  the  sight  of 
black  sails,  concluding  that  his  son  was 
dead,  threw  himself  from  a  high  rock  into 
the  sea ;  which,  from  him,  as  some  sup- 
pose, has  been  called  the  iEgean.  ^geus 
reigned  forty-eight  years,  and  died  B.  C. 
1235.  He  is  supposed  to  have  first  intro- 
duced into  Greece  the  worship  of  Venus 
Urania,  to  render  the  goddess  propitious 
to  his  wishes  in  having  a  son. 

jEgiale,  one  of  Phaeton's  sisters  chang- 
ed into  poplars,  and  their  tears  into  am- 
ber.    They  are    called    Heliades. A 

daughter  of  Adrastus,  by  Amphitea  daugh- 
ter of  Pronax.     She  married  Diomedes. 

jEgialea,  an  island  near  Peloponnesus, 
in  the  Cretan  sea. Another  in  the  Io- 
nian sea,   near  the  Echinades. The 

ancient  name  of  Peloponnesus. 

JSgialeus,  son  of  Adrastus  by  Amphi- 
tea or  Demoanassa,  was  one  of  the  Epi- 
goni,  i  e.  one  of  the  sons  of  those  generals 
who  were  killed  in  the  first  Theban  war. 
They  went  against  the  Thebans,  who  had 
refused  to  give  burial  to  their  fathers,  and 
were  victorious.  They  all  returned  home 
safe,  except  JEgialeus,  who  was  killed. 
That  expedition  is  called  the  war  of  the 

Epigoni. The  same  as  Absyrtus  brother 

to  Medea. 

^Egialus,  son  of  Phoroneus,  was  en- 
trusted with  the  kingdom  of  Achaia  by 
king  Api8  going  to  Egypt.    Peloponnesus 

was  called  -<Egialea  from  him. A  man 

who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Sicyon  2091 
before  the  Christian  era,  and  reigned  fifty- 
two  years. 

^Egialus,  a  name  given  to  part  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus.  An  inconsiderable  town  of 

Pontus. A  city  of  Asia  Minor. A 

city  of  Thrace  near  the  Strymon. A 

mountain  of  Galatia. A  city  of  Pontus. 

Another  in  ^Ethiopia. 

^Egides,  a  patronymic  of  Theseus. 

JEgila,  a  place  in  Laconia,  where  Aris- 
tomenes  was  taken  prisoner  by  a  crowd 
of  religious  women  whom  he  had  at- 
tacked. 

^Egilia,  an  island  between  Crete  and 
Peloponnesus. A  place  in  Eubcea. 

^Egimius,  an  old  man  who  lived,  ac- 
cording to  Anacreon,  two  hundred  years. 
— — A  king  of  Doris,  whom  Hercules  as- 
sisted to  conquer  the  Lapithae. 

jEgimorus,  or  JIgimurus,  an  island 
near  Libya,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the 
same  which  Virgil  mentions  under  the 
name  of  Arre. 

jEgina,  daughter  of  Asopus,  had  /Ea- 
2* 


cus  by  Jupiter  changed  into  a  flame  of 
fire.  She  afterwards'  married  Actor,  son 
of  Myrmidon,  by  whom  she  had  some 
children,  who  conspired  against  their  fa- 
ther. Some  say  that  she  was  changed  by 
Jupiter  into  the  island  which  bears  her 

name. An  island  formerly  called  CEn'o- 

pia,  and  now  Engia,  in  a  part  of  the 
iEgean  sea,  called  Saronicus  Sinus,  about 
twenty-two  miles  in  circumference.  The 
inhabitants  were  once  destroyed  by  a  pes- 
tilence, and  the  country  was  repeopled  by 
ants  changed  into  men  by  Jupiter,  at  the 
prayer  of  king  ^Eacus.  They  were  once 
a  very  powerful  nation  by  sea,  but  they 
cowardly  gave  themselves  up  to  Darius 
when  he  demanded  submission  from  all 
the  Greeks.  The  Athenians  under  Peri- 
cles made  war  against  them  ;  and  after 
taking  seventy  of  their  ships  in  a  naval 
battle,  they  expelled  them  from  iEgina 
The  fugitives  settled  in  Peloponnesus, 
and  after  the  ruin  of  Athens  by  Lysander, 
they  returned  to  their  country,  but  never 
after  rose  to  their  former  power  or  conse- 
quence. 

J3gineta  Patjlus,  a  physician  born  in 
JEgina.  He  flourished  in  the  third,  or 
according  to  others,  the  seventh  century, 
and  wrote  Dc  Re  Medica,  in  seven  books. 

jEginetes,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  in  whosa 
age  Lycurgus  instituted  his  famous  laws. 

^Egiochus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  from 
his  being  brought  up  by  the  goat  Amal- 
threa,  and  using  her  skin,  instead  of  a 
shield,  in  the  war  of  the  Titans. 

jEgipan,  a  name  of  Pan,  because  he 
had  goat's  feet. 

^Egira,  a  town  between  ^Etolia  and 
Peloponnesus. A  town  of  Achaia. 

^giroessa,  a  town  of^Etolia. 

JEais,  the  shield  of  Jupiter,  ano  rrtg 
aiyoc,  a  goat's  skin.  This  was  the  goat 
Amalthasa,  with  whose  skin  he  covered 
his  shield.  The  goat  was  placed  among 
the  constellations.  Jupiter  gave  this  shield 
to  Pallas,  who  placed  upon  it  Medusa's 
head,  which  turned  into  stones  all  those 
who  fixed  their  eyes  upon  it. 

^Egisthus,  king  of  Argos,  was  son  ot 
Thyestes  by  his  daughter  Pelopea. 

^Egttum,  a  town  of  ^Eolia,  on  a  moun- 
tain eight  miles  from  the  sea. 

^Egium,  a  town  on  the  Corinthian  isth- 
mus, where  Jupiter  was  said  to  havf 
been  fed  by  a  goat,  whence  the  name. 

JEglb,  the  youngest  daughter  of  JEsca 
lapius  and.Lampetie. — A  nymph,  daugh- 
ter   of   Sol    and    Neaara. A  nymph, 

daughter  of  Panopous,  beloved  by  The- 
seus after  he  had  left  Ariadne. One  of 

the  Hesperides. One  of  the  Graces. 

JEglss,  a  Samian  wrestler,  born  dumb. 
Seeing  some  unlawful  measures  pursued 
in  a  contest,  he  broke  the  string  which 
held  his  tongue,  through  the  desire  of 
spe'.king,  and  ever  after  spoka  with  eas«. 


MG 


18 


ML 


^Egletes,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

jEgloge,  a  nurse  of  Nero. 

jEgobolus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus  at 
Potnia,  in  Bceotia. 

iEcocERoa,  or  Capricornus,  an  animal 
into  which  Pan  transformed  himself  when 
flying  before  Typhon  in  the  war  with  the 
giants.  Jupiter  made  him  a  constella- 
tion. 

^Egon,  a  shepherd.-^— A  promontory  of 

Lemnos. A  name  of  the  ^Egean  Sea. 

A  boxer  of  Zacynthus  5  who  dragged 

a  large  bull  by  the  heel  from  a  mountain 
into  the  city. 

^Egos  potamos,  i.  e.  the  goaVs  river,  a 
town  in  the  Thracian  Ohersonesus,  with 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  where  the 
Athenian  fleet,  consisting  of  180  ships, 
was  defeated  by  Lysander,  on  the  13th 
Dec.  B.  C.  405,  in  the  last  year  of  the  Pe- 
loponnesian  war. 

iEcosAG^:,  an  Asiatic  nation  under  At- 
talus,  with  whom  he  conquered  Asia,  and 
to  whom  he  gave  a  settlement  near  the 
Hellespont. 

^Egus  and  Ro9cilljus,  two  brothers 
amongst  the  Allobroges,  who  deserted 
from  Cffisar  to  Pompey. 

^Egusa,  the  middle  island  of  the  iEgates 
near  Sicily. 

iEcY,  a  town  near  Sparta,  destroyed  be 
cause  its  inhabitants  were  suspected  by 
the  Spartans  of  favoring  the  Arcadians. 

jEqtpakes,  a  nation  in  the  middle  of 
Africa,  whose  body  is  human  above  the 
waist,  and  that  of  a  goat  below. 

jEgypsus,  a  town  of  the  Getee,  near  the 
Danube. 

..Egypt a,  a  freedman  of  Cicero 

jEgyptii,  the  inhabitants  of  Egypt. 

jEgyptium  mare,  that  part  of  the  Med- 
iterranean sea  which  is  on  the  coast  of 
Egypt. 

JSgyptus,  son  of  Belus,  and  brother  to 
Danaus,  gave  his  50  sons  in  marriage  to 
the  50  daughters  of  his  brother.  Danaus 
who  had  established  himself  at  Argos,  and 
was  jealous  of  his  brother,  who,  by  follow- 
ing him  from  Egypt  into  Greece,  seemed 
envious  of  his  prosperity,  obliged  all  his 
daughters  to  murder  their  husbands  the 
first  night  of  their  nuptials.  This  was  ex- 
ecuted ;  but  Hypermnestra  alone  spared 
her  husband  Lynceus.  Even  iEgyptus 
was  killed  by  his  niece  Polyxena.  ^Egyp- 
tus  was  king,  after  his  father,  of  a  part  of 
Africa,  which  from  him  has  been  called 
^Egyptus. An  extensive  country  of  Af- 
rica watered  by  the  Nile,  bounded  on  the 
east  by  Arabia,  and  on  the  west  by  Libya. 
Its  name  is  derived  from  .^Egyptus  brother 
to  Danaus.  Its  extent,  according  to  mod- 
ern calculation,  is  180  leagues  from  north 
to  south,  and  it  measures  120  leagues  on 
the  shore  of  the  Mediterranean  ;  but  at  the 
distance  of  50  leagues  from  the  sea,  it  di- 
minishes so  much  as  scarce  to  measure  7 


or  8  leagues  between  the  mountains  on 
the  east  and  west.  It  is  divided  into  low- 
er, which  lies  near  the  Mediterranean,  and 
upper,  which  is  towards  the  south.  Up- 
per Egypt  was  famous  for  the  town  of 
Thebes,  but  Lower  Egypt  was  the  most 
peopled,  and  contained  the  Delta,  a  num- 
ber of  islands,  which,  from  their  form, 
have  been  called  after  the  fovrth  letter  of 
the  Greek  alphabet.  This  country  has 
been  the  mother  of  arts  and  sciences 
The  greatest  part  of  Lower  Egypt  has  been 
formed  by  the  mud  and  sand  carried  down 
by  the  Nile.  The  Egyptians  reckoned 
themselves  the  most  ancient  nation  in  the 
universe,  but  some  authors  make  them  of 
.(Ethiopian  origin.  They  are  remarkable 
for  their  superstition  ;  they  paid  as  much 
honor  to  the  cat,  the  crocodile,  the  bull, 
and  even  to  onions,  as  to  Isis.  Rain  nev- 
er or  seldom  falls  in  this  country  ;  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  originates  in  the  yearly 
inundations  of  the  Nile,  which  rises  about 
25  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and 
exhibits  a  large  plain  of  waters,  in  which 
are  scattered  here  and  there,  the  towns 
and  villages,  as  the  Cyclades  in  the  ^Ege- 
an  sea.  The  air  is  not  wholesome,  but 
the  population  is  great,  and  the  cattle  very 
prolific.  It  is  said  that  Egypt  once  con- 
tained 20,000  cities,  the  most  remarkable 
of  which  were  Thebes,  Memphis,  Alexan- 
dria, Pelusium,  Coptos,  Arsinoe,  &c.  It 
was  governed  by  kings  who  have  im- 
mortalized themselves  by  the  pyramids 
they  have  raised  and  the  canals  they  have 
opened.  The  priests  traced  the  existence 
of  the  country  for  many  thousand  years, 
and  fondly  imagined  that  the  gods  were 
their  first  sovereigns,  and  that  their  mon- 
archy had  lasted  11,340  years  according  to 
Herodotus.  The  history  of  Egypt  can  be 
divided  into  three  epochas ;  the  first  be- 
ginning with  the  foundation  of  the  em- 
pire, to  the  conquest  of  Cambyses ;  the 
second  ends  at  the  death  of  Alexander ; 
and  the  third  comprehends  the  reign  of 
the  Ptolemies,  and  ends  at  the  death  of 

Cleopatra,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. A 

minister  of  Mausolus  king  of  Caria. The 

ancient  name  of  the  Nile. 

iEGYs.    Vid.  iEgy. 

jEgysthus.    Vid.  iEgisthus. 

jElta,  the  wife  of  Sylla. The  name 

of  some  towns  built  or  repaired  by  the 
emperor  Adrian. 

jElia  lex,  enacted  by  iElius  Tubero  the 
tribune,  A.  U.  C.  559,  to  send  two  colonies 

into  the  country  of  the  Brutii. Another 

A.  U.  C.  568,  ordaining,  that,  in  public  af- 
fairs, the  augurs  should  observe  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  sky,  and  the  magistrates 
be  empowered  to  postpone  the  business. 

Another  called  iElia  Sexta,  by  JElius 

Sextus,  A.  U.  C.  756,  which  enacted,  that 
all  slaves  who  bore  any  marks  of  punish- 
ment received  from  their  masters,  or  who 


ML 


19 


MM 


had  been  imprisoned,  should  be  set  at  lib- 
erty, but  not  rank  as  Roman  citizens. 

JElix  Petina,  of  the  family  of  Tubero, 
married  Claudius  Cresar,  by  whom  she 
had  a  son.  The  emperor  divorced  her,  to 
marry  Messalina. 

jElianus  Claudus,  a  Roman  sophist 
of  Prseneste,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian.  He 
first  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome  ;  but  being 
disgusted  with  his  profession,  he  became 
author,  and  published  treaties  on  animals 
in  17  books,  on  various  history  in  14  books, 
&c.  in  Greek,  a  language  which  he  prefer- 
red to  Latin.  In  his  writings  he  shows 
himself  very  fond  of  the  marvellous,  and 
relates  many  stories  which  are  often  de- 
void of  elegance  and  purity  of  style.  JE,- 
lian  died  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age,  A.  D. 
140. 

^Elius  and  .Eli  a,  a  family  in  Rome,  so 
poor  that  16  lived  in  a  small  house,  and 
were  maintained  by  the  produce  of  a  little 
field.  Their  poverty  continued  till  Paul- 
us  conquered  Perseus  king  of  Macedonia, 
and  gave  his  son-in-law  M\.  Tubero  five 
pounds  of  gold  from  the  booty. 

^Elius  Adrianus,  an  African,  grand- 
father to  the  emperor  Adrian. Gallus, 

a  Roman  knight,  the  first  who  invaded 
Arabia  Felix.  He  was  very  intimate  with 
Strabo  the  geographer,  and  sailed  on  the 
Nile  with  him  to  take  a  view  of  the  coun- 
try.  Publius,  one  of  the  first  questors 

chosen  from  the  plebeians  at  Rome.  Q,. 
/E.  Paetus,  son  of  Sextus  or  Publius.  As 
he  sat  in  the  senate-house,  a  woodpecker 
perched  on  his  head  ;  upon  which  a  sooth- 
Bayer  exclaimed,  that  if"  he  preserved  the 
bird,  his  house  would  flourish,  and  Rome 
decay ;  and  if  he  killed  it,  the  contrary 
must  happen.  Hearing  this,  ^Elius,  in  the 
presence  of  the  senate,  bit  off  the  head  of 
the  bird.  All  the  youths  of  his  family 
were  killed  at  Cannae,  and  the  Roman 
arms  were  soon  attended  with  success. 

Saturninus,  a  satirist,  thrown  down 

from  the  Tarpeian  rock  for  writing  verses 

against  Tiberius. Sextus  Catus,  censor 

with  M.  Cethegus.  He  separated  the  sen- 
ators from  the  people  in  the  public  specta- 
cles. During  his  consulship,  the  ambas- 
sadors of  the  iEtolians  found  him  feasting 
in  earthen  dishes,  and  offered  him  silver 
vessels,  which  he  refused,  satisfied  with 
the  earthen  cups,  &c.  which,  for  his  vir- 
tues, he  had  received  from  his  father-in- 
law,    L.    Paulus,  after   the    conquest  of 

Macedonia. Spartianus,  wrote  the  lives 

of  the  emperors  Adrian,  Antoninus  Pius, 
and  M.  Aurelius.     He  flourished  A.  D.  240. 

Tubero,  grandson  of  L.  Paulus,  was 

austere  in  his  morals,  and  a  formidable 
enemy  to  the  Gracchi.  His  grandson  was 
accused  before  Cssar,  and  ably  defended 

by  Cicero. Verus  Caesar,  the  name  of 

L.  C.  Commodus  Verus,  after  Adrian  had 
adopted  him.     He  was  made  pretor  and 


consul  by  the  emperor,  who  was  soon  con- 
vinced of  his  incapacity  in  the  discharge 
of  public  duty.  He  killed  himself  by 
drinking  an  antidote  ;  and  Antoninus  sur- 
named  Pius,  was  adopted  in  his  place. 
iElius  was  father  to  Antoninus  Verus, 
whom  Pius  adopted. A  physician  men- 
tioned by  Galen. L.  Gallus,  a  lawyer, 

who  wrote  12  books  concerning  the  signifi- 
cation of  all  law  words. Sextus  Paetus, 

a  lawyer,  consul  at  Rome  A.  U.  C.  566. 

Stilo,  a  native  of  Lanuvium,  master 

to  N.  Ter.  Varro,  and  author  of  some 
treatises. 

Mllo,   one  of  the  Harpies. One  of 

Actason's  dogs. 

^Elurus,  (a  cat,)  a  deity  worshipped  by 
the  Egyptians  ;  and  after  death,  embalm- 
ed, and  buried  in  trie  city  of  Bubastis. 

^EMATHioK,and^EMATHiA.  Fid.  Ema- 
thion. 

^Emilia  lex,  was  enacted  by  the  dicta- 
tor ^Emilius,  A.  U.  C.  309.  It  ordained 
that  the  censorship,  which  was  before  qui- 
quennial,  should  be  limited  to  one  year 
and  a  half. Another  in  the  second  con- 
sulship of  iEmilius  Mamercus,  A.  U.  C. 
391.  It  gave  power  to  the  eldest  pretor  to 
drive  a  nail  in  the  capitol  on  the  ides  of 

September. The  driving  of  a  nail  was 

a  superstitious  ceremony,  by  which  the 
Romans  supposed  that  a  pestilence  could 
be  stopped,  or  an  impending  calamity 
averted. 

iEMiLUNua  (C.  Julius),  a  native  of 
Mauritania,  proclaimed  emperor  after  the 
death  of  Decius.  He  marched  against 
Gallus  and  Valerian,  but  was  informed 
they  had  been  murdered  by  their  own 
troops.  He  soon  after  shared  their  fate. 
One  of  the  thirty  tyrants  who  rebel- 
led in  the  reign  of  Gallienus. 

^Emilius.    Vid.  iEmylius. 

^Emnestus,  tyrant  of  Enna,  was  depo- 
sed by  Dionysius  the  elder. 

^Emon.    Vid.  Haemon. 

^Emona,  a  large  city  of  Asia. 

^Emonia,  a  country  of  Greece,  which 
received  its  name  from  jEmon,  or  iEmus, 
and  was  afterwards  called  Thessaly. 
Achilles  is  called  JEmonius,  as  being  born 
there.  It  was  also  called  Pyrrha,  from 
Pyrrha,  Deucalion's  wife,  who  reigned 
there.— The  word  has  been  indiscriminate- 
ly applied  to  all  Greece  by  some  writers. 

^Emonides,  a  priest  of  Apollo  in  Italy, 
killed  by  ^Eneas. 

JEmus,  an  actor  in  Domitian's  reign. 

vEmylia,  a  noble  family  in  Rome,  de- 
scended from  Mamercus,  son  of  Pythago- 
ras.  A  vestal  who  rekindled  the  fire  of 

Vesta,  which  was  extinguished,  by  put- 
ting lier  veil  over  it. The  wife  of  Afri- 

canus  the  elder,  famous  for  her  behavior 
to  her  husband,  when  suspected  of  infi- 
delity.  Lepida,   daughter  of  Lepidus, 

married  Drusus  the  younger,  whom  she 


MN 


20 


MN 


disgraced  by  her  wantonness. A  part 

of  Italy,  cailed  also  Flaminia. A  pub- 
lic road  leading  from  Placentia  to  Arimin- 
um  3  called  after  the  consul  ^Emylius, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  made  it. 

^mylianus,  a  name  of  Africanus  the 
younger,  son  of  P.  ^Emylius.  In  him  the 
families  of  the  Scipios  and  iEmylii  were 
united.  Many  of  that  family  bore  the 
same  name. 

jEmtui,  a  noble  family  in  Rome,  de- 
scended from  JEmylius  the  son  of  Asca- 
nius. 

^Emylius,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Sybaris, 
whose  wife  met  with  the  same  fate  as  Pro- 
cris. Censorinus,  a  cruel  tyrant  of  Sici- 
ly, who  liberally  rewarded  those  who  in- 
vented new  ways  of  torturing.  Patercu- 
lus  gave  him  a  brazen  horse  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  the  tyrant  made  the  first  experi- 
ment upon  the  donor. — Lepidus,  a  youth 
who  had  a  statue  in  the  capitol,  for  saving 
the  life  of  a  citizen  in  a  battle. A  trium- 
vir with  Octavius. Macer,   a  poet    of 

Verona  in  the  Augustan  age.  He  wrote 
some  poems  upon   serpents,  birds,  and  as 

some  suppose,  on  bees. Marcus  Scau- 

rus,  a  Roman  who  flourished  about  100 
years  B.  C.  and  wrote  three  books  con- 
cerning his  own  life. A  poet  in  the  age 

of  Tiberius,  who  wrote  a  tragedy  called 

Atheus,  and  destroyed  himself. Sura, 

another    writer  on  the  Roman  year. 

Mamercus,  three  times  dictator,  conquer- 
ed the  Fidenates,  and  took  their  city.  He 
limited  to  one  year  and  a  half,  the  censor- 
ship, which  before  his  time  was  exercised 

during  five  years. Papinianus,  son  of 

Hostilius  Papinianus,was  in  favor  with  the 
emperor  Severus,  and  was  made  governor 
to  his  sons  Geta  and  Caracalla.  Geta 
was  killed  by  his  brother,  and  Papinianus 
for  upbraiding  him,  was  murdered  by  his 
soldiers.  From  his  school  the  Romans 
have  had  many  able  lawyers,  who  were 

called  Papinianists. Pappus,  a  censor, 

who  banished  from  the  senate,  P.  Corn. 
Rufhnus,  who  had  been  twice  consul,  be- 
cause he  had  at  his  table  ten  pounds  of  sil- 
ver plate,  A.  U.  C.  478. Porcinaan  ele- 
gant orator. Rectus,  a  severe  governor 

of   Egypt,    under    Tiberius. Regillus, 

conquered  the  general  of  Antiochus  at  sea, 

and  obtained  a  naval  triumph. Scau- 

rus,  a  noble,  but  poor  citizen  of  Rome. 
His  father,  to  maintain  himself,  was  a 
coal-merchant.  He  was  edile,  and  after- 
wards pretor,  and  fought  against  Jugurtha. 
His  son  Marcus  was  son-in-law  to  Sylla, 
and  in  his  edileship  he  built  a  very  mag- 
nificent  theatre. A  bridge    at    Rome, 

called  also  Sublicius. 

^Enaria,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Puteo- 
li,  abounding  with  cypress  trees.  It  re- 
ceived its  name  from  ^Eneas,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  landed  there  on  his  way  to 
Latium.     It    is  called   Pithecusa  by  the 


Greeks,  and  now  Ischia,  and  was  famous 
once  for  its  mineral  waters. 

^Enarium,    a    forest   near    Olenos    in 
Achaia  sacred  to  Jupiter. 
^Enasius,  one  of  the  Ephori  at  Sparta. 
jEnea  or  jEneia,  a  town  of  Macedo- 
nia, 15  miles  from  Thessalonica.  founded 
by  ^Eneas. 

^Eneades,  a  town  of  Chersonesus, 
built  by  ^Eneas.  Cassander  destroyed  it, 
and  carried  the  inhabitants  to  Thessaloni- 
ca, lately  built. 

JEseadje,  a  name  given  to  the  friends 
and  companions  of  iEneas. 

.<Eneas,  a  Trojan  prince,  son  of  Anchi- 
ses  and  the  goddess  Venus.     The  opinions 
of  authors  concerning  his  character   are 
different.     His  infancy  was  intrusted  to 
the  care  of  a  nymph,  and  at  the  age  of  five 
he  was  recalled  to  Troy.    He  afterwards 
improved  himself  in  Thessaly  under  Chi- 
ron, a  venerable  sage,  whose  house  was 
frequented  by  the  young  princes  and  he- 
roes of  the  age.      Soon  after  his  return 
home  he  married  Creusa,  Priam's  daugh- 
ter, by  whom  he  had  a  son  called  Ascani- 
us.    During  the  Trojan  war,  he  behaved 
with  great  valor,  in  defence  of  his  coun- 
try, and  came  to  an  engagement  with  Di- 
omedes  and  Achilles.     Yet  some  writers 
accuse  him  of  betraying  his  country  to  the 
Greeks,  with  Antenor,  and  of  preserving 
his   life  and  fortune  by  this  treacherous 
measure.     He  lived  at  variance  with  Pri- 
am, because  he   received   not   sufficient 
marks  of  distinction  from  the  king  and 
his  family.     This  might  have  provoked 
him  to  seek  revenge  by  perfidy. — Authors 
of  credit  report,  that  when  Troy  was  in 
flames,  he  carried  away,  upon   his  shoul- 
ders, his  father  Anchises,  and  the  statues 
of  his  household  gods,  leading  in  his  hand 
his  son  Ascanius,  and  leaving  his  wife  to 
follow  behind.     Some  say  that  he  retired 
to  Mount  Ida,  where  he  built  a  fleet  of  20 
ships,  and  set  sail  in  quest  of  a  settlement. 
Strabo  and  others  maintain  that  ^Eneas 
never  left  his  country,  but  rebuilt  Troy, 
where  he  reigned,  and  his  posterity  after 
him.     Even  Homer,  who  lived  400  years 
after  the  Trojan  war,  says,  that  the  gods 
destined  iEneas  and  his  posterity  to  reign 
over  the  Trojans.     According   to  Virgil 
and  other  Latin  authors,  who,  to  make 
their  court  to  the  Roman  emperors,  traced 
their  origin  up  to  yEneas,  and  described 
his  arrival  into  Italy  as  indubitable,  he  with 
his  fleet  first  came* to  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus, where  Polymnestor,  one  of  his 
allies,  reigned.    After  visiting  Delos,  the 
Strophades,  and  Crete,  where  he  expect- 
ed to  find  the  empire  promised  him  by  the 
oracle,  he  landed   in  Epirus    and  Drepa- 
num,  the  court  of  king  Acestes,  in  Sicily, 
where  he  buried  his  father.     From  Sicily 
he  sailed  for  Italy,  but  was  driven  on  the 
coasts  of  Africa,  and  kindly  received  by 


MN 


21 


MO 


Dido  queen  of  Carthage,  to  whom,  on  his 
first  interview,  he  gave  one  of  the  gar- 
ments of  the  beautiful  Helen.  Dido  being 
enamored  of  him,  wished  to  marry  him  ; 
Bat  he  left  Carthage  by  order  of  the  gods. 
In  his  voyage  he  was  driven  to  Sicily,  and 
from  thence  he  passed  to  Cumae,  where 
the  Sybil  conducted  him  to  hell,  that  he 
might  hear  from  his  father  the  fates  which 
attended  him  and  all  his  posterity.  After 
a  voyage  of  seven  years,  and  the  loss  of 
thirteen  ships,  he  came  to  the  Tiber. 
Latinus,  the  king  of  the  country,  received 
him  with  hospitality,  and  promised  him 
his  daughter  Lavinia,  who  had  been  be- 
fore betrothed  to  king  Turnus  by  her  mo- 
ther Amata.  To  prevent  this  marriage, 
Turnus  made  war  against  ^Eneas  ;  and 
after  many  battles,  the  war  was  decided 
by  a  combat  between  the  two  rivals,  in 
which  Turnus  was  killed.  iEneas  mar- 
ried Lavinia,  in  whose  honor  he  built  the 
town  of  Lavinium,  and  succeeded  his 
father-in-law.  After  a  short  reign ,  iEneas 
was  killed  in  a  battle  against  the  Etru- 
rians. Some  say  that  he  was  drowned  in 
the  Numicus,  and  his  body  weighed  down 
by  his  armor  ;  upon  which  the  Latins,  not 
finding  their  king,  supposed  that  he  had 
been  taken  up  to  heaven,  and  therefore 
offered  him  sacrifices  as  to  a  god.  Some 
authors  suppose  that  iEneas,  after  the 
siege  of  Troy,  fell  to  the  share  of  Neo- 
ptolemus,  together  with  Andromache,  and 
that  he  was  carried  to  Thessaly,  whence 
he  escaped  to  Italy.  Others  say,  that 
after  he  had  come  to  Italy,  he  returned  to 
Troy,  leaving  Ascanius  king  of  Latium. 
iEneas  has  been  praised  for  his  piety,  and 

submission  to  the  will  of  the  gods. A 

son  of  iEneas  and  Lavinia,  called  Sylvius, 
because  his  mother  retired  with  him  into 
the  woods  after  his  father's  death.  He 
succeeded  Ascanius  in  Latium,  though 
opposed  by  Julius  the  son  of  his  predeces- 
sor.  An  ambassador  sent  by  the  Lace- 
demonians to  Athens,  to  treat  of  peace, 
in  the  eighth  year  of  the  Peloponnesian 

war. An  ancient  author  who  wrote  on 

tactics,  besides  other  treatises,  which,  ac- 
cording to   iElian,   were   epitomised  by 

Cineas  the  friend  of  Pyrrhus. A  native 

of  Gaza,  who,  from  a  Platonic  philosopher 
became  a  Christian,  A.  D.  485,  and  wrote 
a  dialogue  called  Theophrastus,  on  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resurrec- 
tion. 

iENEiA,  or  iEpnA,  a  place  near  Rome, 

afterwards   called  Janiculum. A  city 

of  Troas. A  city  of  Macedonia. 

^Eneides,  a  patronymic  given  to  Asca- 
nius, as  son  of  ^Eneas. 

iENEis,  a  poem  of  Virgil,  which  has  for 
its  subject  the  settlement  of  ^Eneas  in 
Italy.  The  great  merit  of  this  poem  is 
well  known.  The  author  has  imitated 
Homer,  and,  as  some  say.  Homer  is  supe- 


rior to  him  6nly  because  he  is  more  an- 
cient, and  is  an  original.  Virgil  died  be- 
fore he  had  corrected  it,  and  at  his  death 
desired  it  might  be  burnt.  This  was  hap- 
pily disobeyed,  and  Augustus  saved  from 
the  flames  a  poem  which  proved  his  fam- 
ily to  be  descended  from  the  kings  of 
Troy.  The  iEneid  had  engaged  the  at- 
tention of  the  poet  for  eleven  years,  and 
in  the  first  six  books  it  seems  that  it  was 
his  design  to  imitate  Homer's  Odyssey, 
and  in  the  last  the  Iliad.  The  action  of 
the  poem  comprehends  eight  years,  one 
of  which  only,  the  last,  is  really  taken  up 
by  action,  as  the  seven  first  are  merely 
episodes,  such  as  Juno's  attempts  to  de- 
stroy the  Trojans,  the  loves  of  ^Eneas  and 
Dido,  the  relation  of  the  fall  of  Troy,  &c. 

^Enesidemus,  a  brave  general  of  Argos. 

A   Cretan   philosopher,   who  wrote 

eight  books  on  the  doctrine  of  his  master 
Pyrrho. 

^Enesitjs,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  from 
mount  iEnum. 

iEifETus,  a  victor  at  Olympia,  who,  in 
the  moment  of  victory,  died  through  ex- 
cess of joy. 

jEnia.    Vid.  ^Eneia. 

^Enicus,  a  comic  writer  at  Athens. 

^Emiochi,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Sarma- 
tia. 

^Enobarbus,  or  Ahenobarbus,  the  sur- 
name of  Domitius.  When  Castor  and 
Pollux  acquainted  him  with  a  victory,  he 
discredited  them ;  upon  which  they  touch- 
ed his  chin  and  beard,  which  instantly 
became  of  a  brazen  color,  whence  the  sur- 
name given  to  himse'  "and  his  descendants . 

^Enocles,  a  writer  of  Rhodes. 

-(Enos,  now  Eno,  an  independent  city 
of  Thrace,  at  the  eastern  mouth  of  the 
Hebrus,  confounded  withiEneia,  of  which 
^Eneas  was  the  founder. 

JEkvm,  a  town  of  Thrace — of  Thessaly. 

A  mountain  in  Cephallenia. A 

river  and  village  near  Ossa. A  city  of 

Crete  built  by  ^Eneas. 

^Enyra,  a  town  of  Thasos. 

iEonA,  a  name  given  to  Arne.  Sappho 
is  called  JEolia  puella,  and  lyric  poetry 
JEolium  carmen,  because  of  Alceeus  and 
Sappho,  natives  of  Lesbos. 

/Eolia,  or  ^Eolis,  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  near  the  /Egean  sea.  It  has  Troas 
at  the  north,  and  Ionia  at  the  south.  The 
inhabitants  were  of  Grecian  origin,  and 
were  masters  of  many  of  the  neighboring 
islands.  They  had  twelve,  others  say 
thirty,  considerable  cities,  of  which  Cums 
and  Lesbos  were  the  most  famous.  They 
received  their  name  from  /Eolus  son  of 
Hellenus.     They   migrated   from  Greece 

about   1124  B.  C. Thessaly  has  been 

anciently  called  JEolia.  Bieotus,  son  of 
Neptune,  having  settled  there,  called  his 
followers  Boeotians,  and  their  country 
Bosotia, 


MQ, 


22 


MS 


JEolxje  and  Bolides,  seven  islands 
between  Sicily  and  Italy ;  called  Lipara, 
Hiera,  Strongyle,  Didyme,  Ericusa,  Phoe- 
nicusa,  and  Euonymos.  They  were  the 
retreat  of  the  winds.  They  sometimes 
bear  the  name  of  Vulcanim  and  Hephasti- 
ades,  and  are  known  now  among  the 
moderns  under  the  general  appellation  of 
Lipari  islands. 

^EoLiDA,a  city  of  Tenedos. Another 

near  Thermopylae. 

Bolides,  a  patronymic  of  Ulysses,  from 
-iEolus ;  because  Anticlea,  his  mother, 
was  pregnant  by  Sisyphus,  the  son  of 
^Eolus,  when  she  married  Laertes.  It  is 
also  given  to  Athamas  and  Misenus,  as 
sons  of  ^Eolus. 

iEoLus,  the  king  of  storms  and  winds, 
was  the  son  of  Hippotas.  He  reigned 
over  ^Eolia  ;  and  because  he  was  the  in- 
ventor of  sails,  and  a  great  astronomer, 
the  poets  have  called  him  the  god  of  the 
wind.  It  is  said  that  he  confined  in  a 
bag,  and  gave  Ulysses,  all  the  winds  that 
could  blow  against  his  vessel,  when  he 
returned  to  Ithaca.  The  companions  of 
Ulysses  untied  the  bag,  and  gave  the 
winds  their  liberty.  The  name  seems  to 
be  derived  from  aiolog,  varius,  because 
the  winds   over  which  he  presided   are 

ever  varying. There  were  two  others, 

a  king  of  Etruria,  father  to  Macareus  and 
Canace,  and  a  son  of  Hellenus,  often  con- 
founded with  the  god  of  the  winds.  This 
last  married  Enaretta,  by  whom  he  had 
seven  sons  and  five  daughters. 

JEoka,  a  festival  in  Athens,  in  honor 
of  Erigone. 

^Epalius,  a  king  of  Greece,  restored  to 
his  kingdom  by  Hercules,  whose  son  Hyl- 
lus  he  adopted. 

^pea,  a  town  of  Crete,  called  Solis,  in 
honor  of  Solon. 

tEpulo,  a  general  of  the  Istrians,  who 
drank  to  excess,  after  he  had  stormed  the 
camp  of  A.  Manlius,  the  Roman  general. 
Being  attacked  by  a  soldier,  he  fled  to  a 
neighboring  town,  which  the  Romans 
took,  and  killed  himself  for  fear  of  being 
taken. 

JEpy,  a  town  of  Elis,  under  the  domin- 
ion of  Nestor. 

iEpvTus,  king  of  Mycenas,  son  of  Chres- 
phontes  and  Merope,  was  educated  in 
Arcadia  with  Cypselus,  his  mother's  fa- 
ther. To  recover  his  kingdom,  he  killed 
Polyphontes,  who  had  married  his  mother 
against  her  will,  and  usurped  the  crown. 

A  king  of  Arcadia,  son  of  Elatus. 

A  son  of  Hippothous,  who  forcibly  enter- 
ed the  temple  of  Neptune,  near  Mantinea, 
and  was  struck  blind  by  the  sudden  erup- 
tion of  salt  water  from  the  altar.  He  was 
killed  by  a  serpent  in  hunting. 

JEq,vi,  or  JEct,uicoi.i,  a  people  of  Lati- 
um,  nearTybur ;  they  were  great  enemies 


to  Rome  in  its  infant  state,  and  were  con- 
quered with  much  difficulty. 

^Equimelium,  a  place  in  Rome  where 
the  house  of  Melius  stood,  who  aspired 
to  sovereign  power,  for  which  crime  his 
habitation  was  levelled  to  the  ground. 

-<Eri  as,  an  ancient  king  of  Cyprus,  who 
built  the  temple  of  Paphos. 

^Erope,  wife  of  Atreus. 

jErofus,  a  general  of  Epirus,  in  the 

reign  of  Pyrrhus. A  person  appointed 

regent  to  Orestes,  the  infant  son  of  Ar- 

chelaus  king  of  Macedonia. An  officer 

of  king  Philip,  banished  for  bringing  a 

singer  into  his  camp. A  mountain  of 

Chaonia. 

jEsacus,  a  river  of  Troy  near  Ida. 

A  son  of  Priam,  by  Alexirhoe  ;  or  accord- 
ing to  others  by  Arisba.  He  became 
enamored  of  Hesperia,  whom  he  pursued 
into  the  woods.  The  nymph  threw  her- 
self into  the  sea,  and  was  changed  into  a 
bird.  iEsacus  followed  her  example,  and 
was  changed  into  a  cormorant  by  Tethys. 

-(Esapus,  a  river  of  Mysia,  in  Asia,  fall- 
ing into  the  Hellespont. 

^Esar,  or  iEsARAs,  a  river  of  Magna 
Graecia,  falling  into  the  sea  near  Crotona. 

^Eschines,  an  Athenian  orator,  who 
flourished  about  34-2  B.  C.  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  rivalship  with  De- 
mosthenes. His  father's  name  was  Atro- 
metus,  and  he  boasted  his  descent  from  a 
noble  family.  The  first  open  signs  of 
enmity  between  the  rival  orators  appear- 
ed at  the  court  of  Philip,  where  they  were 
sent  as  ambassadors  ;  but  the  character 
of  ^Eschines  was  tarnished  by  the  accept- 
ance of  a  bribe  from  the  Macedonian 
prince,  whose  tyranny  had  hitherto  been 
the  general  subject  of  his  declamation. 
When  the  Athenians  wished  to  reward 
the  patriotic  labors  of  Demosthenes  with 
a  golden  crown,  iEschines  impeached 
Ctesiphon,  who  proposed  it ;  and  to  their 
subsequent  dispute  we  are  indebted  for 
the  two  celebrated  orations  de  corona. 
^Eschines  was  defeated  by  his  rival's  su- 
perior eloquence,  and  banished  to  Rhodes ; 
but  as  he  retired  from  Athens,  Demos- 
thenes ran  after  him,  and  nobly  forced 
him  to  accept  a  present  of  silver.  In  his 
banishment,  the  orator  repeated  to  the 
Rhodians,  what  he  had  delivered  against 
Demosthenes ;  and  after  receiving  much 
applause,  he  was  desired  to  read  the  an- 
swer of  his  antagonist.  It  was  received 
with  greater  marks  of  approbation ;  but, 
exclaimed  ^Eschines,  how  much  more 
would  your  admiration  have  been  raised, 
had  you  heard  Demosthenes  himself  speak 
it !  ^Eschines  died  in  the  seventy-fifth 
year  of  his  age,  at  Rhodes,  or,  as  some 
suppose,  at  Samos.  He  wrote  three  ora- 
tions, and  nine  epistles,  which,  from  their 
number,  received  the  name,  the  first  of 
the  graces,   and   the  last  of  the  musea. 


.flES 


23 


^S 


The  orations  alone  are  extant.    Diogenes 
mentions  seven  more  of  the  same  name. 

A  philosopher,  disciple   of  Socrates, 

who  wrote  several  dialogues. A  man 

who  wrote  on  oratory. An  Arcadian. 

A  Mitylenean. A  disciple  of  Me- 

\anthius. A    Milesian   writer. A 

statuary. 

iEscHRioN,  a  Mitylenean  poet,  inti- 
mate  with  Aristotle.      He  accompanied 

Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  expedition. 

An  Iambic  poet  of  Samos. A  physician 

commended  by  Galen. A  lieutenant  of 

Archagathus,  killed  by  Hanno. 

iEscHYLiDEs,  a  man  who  wrote  a  book 
on  agriculture. 

iEscHYLUs,  an  excellent  soldier  and 
poet  of  Athens,  son  of  Euphorion,  and 
brother  to  Cynajgirus.  He  was  in  the 
Athenian  army  at  the  battles  of  Mara- 
thon, Salamis,  and  Plataga.  But  the  most 
solid  fame  he  has  obtained,  is  the  off- 
spring less  of  his  valor  in  the  field  of 
battle  than  of  his  writings.  Of  ninety 
tragedies,  however,  the  fruit  of  his  in- 
genious labors,  forty  of  which  were  re- 
garded with  the  public  prize,  only  seven 
have  come  safe  to  us  :  Prometheus  vinctus, 
Septem  duces  apud  Thebas,  Perscp,  Aga- 
memnon, Cheaphori,  Eumenides,  Supplices. 
^Eschylus  is  the  first  who  introduced  two 
actors  on  the  stage,  and  clothed  them  with 
dresses  suitable  to  their  character.  He 
likewise  removed  murder  from  the  stage. 
It  is  said,  that  when  he  composed,  his 
countenance  betrayed  the  greatest  feroci- 
ty ;  and  according  to  one  of  his  scholiasts, 
when  his  Eumenides  were  represented, 
many  children  died  through  fear,  and 
several  pregnant  women  actually  miscar- 
ried in  the  house,  at  the  sight  of  the  hor- 
rible masks  that  were  introduced.  The 
imagination  of  the  poet  was  strong  and 
comprehensive,  but  disorderly  and  wild  : 
fruitful  in  prodigies,  but  disdaining  proba- 
bilities. His  style  is  obscure,  and  the  la- 
bors of  an  excellent  modern  critic,  have 
pronounced  him  the  most  difficult  of  all 
the  Greek  classics.  A  few  expressions  of 
impious  tendency  in  one  of  his  plays, 
nearly  proved  fatal  to  ,<Eschylus  ;  he  was 
condemned  to  death ;  but  his  brother 
Amynias,  it  is  reported,  reversed  the  sen- 
tence, by  uncovering  an  arm,  of  which 
the  hand  had  been  cut  off  at  the  battle  of 
Salamis  in  the  service  of  his  country,  and 
the  poet  was  pardoned.  ^Eschylus  has 
been  accused  of  drinking  to  excess,  and 
of  never  composing  except  when  in  a 
state  of  intoxication.  In  his  old  age  he 
retired  to  the  court  of  Hiero  in  Sicily. 
Being  informed  that  he  was  to  die  by  the 
fall  of  a  house,  he  became  dissatisfied  with 
the  fickleness  of  his  countrymen,  and 
withdrew  from  the  city  into  the  fields, 
where  he  sat  down.  An  eagle,  with  a 
tortoise  in  her  bill,  flew  over  his  bald  head, 


and  supposing  it  to  be  a  stone,  dropped 
her  prey  upon  it  to  break  the  shell,  and 
/Eschylus  instantly  died  of  the  blow,  in 
the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  456  B.  C. 
It  is  said  that  he  wrote  an  account  of  the 

battle  of  Marathon,  in  elegiac  verses. 

The  twelfth  perpetual  archon  of  Athens. 

A  Corinthian,  brother-in-law  to  Tim- 

ophanes,  intimate  with   Timoleon. A 

Rhodian  set  over  Egypt  with  Peucestes  of 
Macedonia. A  native  of  Cnidus,  teach- 
er of  rhetoric  to  Cicero. 

^Esculapius,  son  of  Apollo,  by  Coronis^ 
or  as  some  say,  by  Larissa,  daughter  ot 
Phlegias,  was  god  of  medicine.  He  was 
physician  to  the  Argonauts,  and  consid- 
ered so  skilled  in  the  medicinal  power  of 
plants,  that  he  was  called  the  inventor  as 
well  as  the  god  of  medicine.  He  restored 
many  to  life,  of  which  Pluto  complained 
to  Jupiter,  who  shuck  ^Esculapius  with 
thunder,  but  Apollo,  angry  at  the  death 
of  his  son,  killed  the  Cyclops  who  made 
the  thunderbolts. — vEsculapius  received 
divine  honors  after  death,  chiefly  at  Epi- 
daurus,  Pergamus,  Athens,  Smyrna,  &c. 
Goats,  bulls,  lambs,  and  pigs,  were  sacri- 
ficed on  his  altars,  and  the  cock  and  the 
serpent  were  sacred  to  him.  Rome,  A. 
U.  C.  462,  was  delivered  of  a  plague,  and 
built  a  temple  to  the  god  of  medicine, 
who,  as  was  supposed,  had  come  there  in 
the  form  of  a  serpent,  and  hid  himself 
among  the  reeds  in  an  island  of  the  Tiber. 
^Esculapius  was  represented  with  a  large 
beard,  holding  in  his  hand  a  staff,  round 
which  was  wreathed  a  serpent ;  his  other 
hand  was  supported  on  the  head  of  a  ser- 
pent. Serpents  are  more  particularly  sa- 
cred to  him,  not  only  as  the  ancient  phy- 
sicians used  them  in  their  prescriptions, 
but  because  they  were  the  symbols  of 
prudence  and  foresight,  so  necessary  in 
the  medical  profession.  He  married  Epi- 
one,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  famous 
for  their  skill  in  medicine,  Machaon  and 
Podalirus  ;  and  four  daughters,  of  whom 
Hygiea,  goddess  of  health,  is  the  most 
celebrated.  Some  have  supposed  that  he 
lived  a  short  time  after  the  Trojan  war. 
Hesiod  makes  no  mention  of  him.  Cicero 
says  there  were  three  of  this  name  ;  the 
first,  a  son  of  Apollo,  worshipped  in  Arca- 
dia ;  second,  a  brother  of  Mercury ;  third, 
a  man  who  first  taught  medicine. 

jEsepus,  a  son  of  Bucolion. A  river. 

iEsERNiA,  a  city  of  the  Samnites,  in 
Italy.  \ 

iEsioN,  an  Athenian,  known  for  his 
respect  for  the  talents  of  Demosthenes. 

iEsis,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  separates 
Umbria  from  Picenum. 

-(Eson,  son  of  Cretheus,  was  born  at  the 
same  birth  as  Pelias.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  kingdom  of  Iolchos,  but  was 
soon  exiled  by  his  brother.  He  married 
Alcimeda,  by  whom  he  had  Jason,  whose 


MT 


24 


iET 


education  he  intrusted  to  Chiron,  being 
afraid  of  Pelias.  When  Jason  was  grown 
up,  he  demanded  his  father's  kingdom 
from  his  uncle,  who  gave  him  evasive  an- 
swers, and  persuaded  him  to  go  in  quest 
of  the  golden  fleece.  At  his  return,  Jason 
found  his  father  very  infirm ;  and  Medea, 
at  his  request,  drew  the  blood  from  ^Eson's 
veins,  and  refilled  them  with  the  juice  of 
certain  herbs  which  she  had  gathered, 
and  immediately  the  old  man  recovered 
the  vigor  and  bloom  of  youth.  Some  say 
that  ^Eson  killed  himself  by  drinking 
bull's  blood,  to  avoid  the  persecution  of 

Pelias. A   river  of  Thessaly,  with  a 

..own  of  the  same  name. 

^Esonides,  a  patronymic  of  Jason,  as 
aeing  descended  from  ^Eson. 

iEsopus,  a  Phrygian  philosopher,  who, 
though  originally  a  slave,  procured  his 
liberty  by  the  sallies  of  his  genius.  He 
travelled  over  the  greatest  part  of  Greece 
and  Egypt,  tfut  chiefly  resided  at  the  court 
of  Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  by  whom  he 
was  sent  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Delphi. 
In  this  commission  iEsop  behaved  with 
great  severity,  and  satirically  compared 
the  Delphians  to  floating  sticks,  which 
appear  large  at  a  distance,  but  are  nothing 
when  brought  near.  The  Delphians,  of- 
fended with  his  sarcastic  remarks,  accus- 
ed him  of  having  secreted  one  of  the  sa- 
cred vessels  of  Apollo's  temple,  and  threw 
him  down  from  a  rock,  561  B.  C.  Maxi- 
raus  Planudes  has  written  his  life  in 
Greek  ;  but  no  credit  is  to  be  given  to  the 
biographer,  who  falsely  asserts  that  the 
mythologist  was  short  and  deformed. 
iEsop  dedicated  his  fables  to  his  patron 
Crcesus  ;  but  what  appears  now  under  his 
name,  is  no  doubt  a  compilation  of  all  the 
fables  and  apologues  of  wits  before  and 
after  the  age  of  iEsop,  conjointly  with  his 

own. Claudus,  an  actor  on  the  Roman 

stage,  very  intimate  with  Cicero.  He 
amassed  an  immense  fortune.  His  son, 
to  be   more   expensive,  melted   precious 

stones  to  drink  at  his  entertainments. 

An  orator. An  historian  in  the  time  of 

Anaximenes. A  river  of  Pontus. 

An  attendant  of  Mithridates,  who  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Helen,  and  a  panegyric  on  his 
royal  master. 

iEsTRiA,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic. 
^sula,  a  town  on  a  mountain  between 
Tybur  and  Pneneste. 

jEsyetes,  a  man  from  whose  tomb  Po- 
lites  spied  what  the  Greeks  did  in  their 
ships  during  the  Trojan  war. 

./Esymnetes,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 
iEsYMNus,  a  person  of  Megara,   who 
consulted  Apollo  to  know  the  best  method 
of  jroverning  his  country. 

jEthalia,  or  ^Etheria,  now  Elba,  an 
island  between  Etruria  and  Corsica. 

^Ethalides,  a  herald,  son  of  Mercury, 
to  whom  it  was  granted  to  be  amongst  the 
dead  and  the  living  at  stated  times. 


^Ethion,  a  man  slain  at  the  nuptials  of 
Andromeda. 

.^Ethiopia,  an  extensive  country  of  Af- 
rica, at  the  south  of  Egypt,  divided  into 
east  and  west  by  the  ancients,  the  former 
division  lying  near  Meroe,  and  the  latter 
near  the  Mauri.  The  country,  properly 
now  called  Abyssinia,  as  well  as  the  in- 
habitants, were  little  known  to  the  an- 
cients, though  Homer  has  styled  them  the 
justest  of  men,  and  the  favorites  of  the 
gods.  They  were  the  first  who  worship- 
ped the  gods,  for  which,  as  some  suppose, 
their  country  has  never  been  invaded  by 
a  foreign  enemy.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
a  dark  complexion.  The  country  is  in- 
undated for  five  months  every  year,  and 
their  days  and  nights  are  almost  of  an 
equal  length.  The  ancients  have  given 
the  name  of  ^Ethiopia  to  every  country 
whose  inhabitants  are  of  a  black  color. 

^Ethlius,  son  of  Jupiter  by  Protogenia, 
was  father  to  Endymion. 

jEthon,  a  horse  of  the  sun. Ahorse 

of  Pallas,  represented  as  shedding  tears 

at  the  death  of  his  master. A  horse  of 

Hector. 

JIthra,  daughter  of  Pittheus  king  of 
Trcezene,  had  Theseus  by  ^Egeus,  She 
was  carried  away  by  Castor  and  Pollux 
when  they  recovered  their  sister  Helen, 
whom  Theseus  had  stolen,  and  intrusted 
to  her  care.      She   went  to   Troy   with 

Helen. One  of  the  Oceanides,  wife  to 

Atlas.     She  is  more  generally  called  Ple- 
ione. 

^Ethusa,  a  daughter  of  Neptune  by 
Amphitrite,  or  Alcyone,  mother  by  Apollo 

of  Eleuthere  and  two  sons. An  island 

near  Lilybreum. 

^Etia,  a  poem  of  Callimachus,  in  which 
he  speaks  of  sacrifices,  and  of  the  manner 
in  which  they  were  offered. 

^Etion,  or  Eetion,  the  father  of  An- 
dromache, Hector's  wife.  He  was  killed 
at  Thebes,  with  his  seven   sons,  by  the 

Greeks. A  famous  painter.     He  drew 

a  painting  of  Alexander  going  to  celebrate 
his  nuptials  with  Roxane. 

-iEtna,  a  mountain  of  Sicily,  now  called 
Gibello,  famous  for  its  volcano,  which, 
for  about  three  thousand  years,  has  thrown 
out  fire  at  intervals.  It  is  two  miles  in 
perpendicular  height,  and  measures  one 
hundred  miles  round  at  the  base,  with  an 
ascent  of  thirty  miles.  Its  crater  forms  a 
circle  about  three  and  a  half  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  its  top  is  covered  with 
snow  and  smoke  at  the  same  time,  whilst 
the  sides  of  the  mountain,  from  the  great 
fertility  of  the  soil,  exhibit  a  rich  scenery 
of  cultivated  fields  and  blooming  vine- 
yards. The  poets  supposed  that  Jupiter 
had  confined  the  giants  under  this  moun- 
tain, and  it  was  represented  as  the  forge 
of  Vulcan,  where  his  servants  the  Cyclops 
fabricated  thunderbolts,  &c. 


AF 


25 


AG 


jEtolia,  a  country  bounded  by  Epirus, 
Acarnania,  and  Locris,  supposed  to  be 
about  tbe  middle  of  Greece.  It  received 
its  name  from  ^Etolus. 

^Etolus,  son  of  Endymion  of  Elis  and 
Iphianassa,  married  Pronoe,  by  whom  he 
had  Pleuron  and  Calydon.  Having  acci- 
dentally killed  Apis,  son  of  Phoroneus,  he 
left  his  country,  and  came  to  settle  in  that 

Eart  of  Greece  which  has  been  called,  from 
im,  iEtolia. 

iEx,  a  rocky  island  between  Tenedos 

and  Chios. A  city  in   the   country  of 

the  Marsi. The  nurse  of  Jupiter  chang- 
ed into  a  constellation. 

Afer,  an  inhabitant  of  Africa. An 

informer  under  Tiberius  and  his  succes- 
sors. He  became  also  known  as  an  ora- 
tor, and  as  the  preceptor  of  Quintilian, 
and  was  made  consul  by  Domitian.  He 
died  A.  D.  59. 

Afrania,  a  Roman  matron  who  fre- 
quented the  forum,  forgetful  of  female 
decency. 

Luc.  Afranius,  a  Latin  comic  poet  in 
the  age   of  Terence,  often   compared  to 

Menander,  whose  style  he  imitated. A 

general  of  Pompey,  conquered  by  Caesar 
in  Spain. Q,.  a  man  who  wrote  a  se- 
vere satire  against  Nero,  for  which  he  was 
put  to  death  in  the  Pisonian  conspiracy. 

Potitus,  a  plebeian,  who  said  before 

Caligula,  that  he  would  willingly  die  if 
the  emperor  could  recover  from  the  dis- 
temper he  labored  under.  Caligula  re- 
covered, and  Afranius  was  put  to  death 
that  he  might  not  forfeit  his  word. 

Africa,  called  Libjiaby  the  Greeks,  one 
of  the  three  parts  of  the  ancient  world, 
and  the  greatest  peninsula  of  the  uni- 
verse, was  bounded  on  the  east  by  Arabia 
and  the  Red  Sea,  on  the  north  by  the 
Mediterranean,  south  and  west  by  the 
ocean.  In  its  greatest  length  it  extends 
four  thousand  three  hundred  miles,  and 
in  its  greatest  breadth  it  is  three  thousand 
five  hundred  miles.  The  ancients,  through 
ignorance,  peopled  the  southern  parts  of 
Africa  with   monsters,   enchanters,  and 

chimeras. There  is   a  part  of  Africa 

called  Propria,  which  lies  about  the  mid- 
dle, on  the  Mediterranean,  and  has  Car- 
thage for  its  capital. 

Africanus,  a  blind  poet  commended  by 
Ennius. A  Christian  writer,  who  flour- 
ished A.  D.  222.  In  his  chronicle,  which 
was  universally  esteemed,  he  reckoned 
five  thousand  five  hundred  years  from  the 
creation  of  the  world  to  the  age  of  Julius 

Caesar. A  lawyer,  disciple  to  Papinian, 

and  intimate  with  the  emperor  Alexander. 

An  orator  mentioned  by  Quintilian. 

The  surname  of  the  Scipios,  from  the 

conquest  of  Africa. 

Africum  mare,  is  that  part  of  tbe 
Mediterranean  which  is  on  the  coast  of 
Africa, 

3 


Agagrianjk  port.e,  gates  at  Syracuse, 
near  which  the  dead  were  buried. 

Agalasses,  a  nation  of  India,  conquer- 
ed by  Alexander. 

Agalla,  a  woman  of  Corcyra,  who 
wrote  a  treatise  upon  grammar. 

Agamedes  and  Trophonius,  two  ar- 
chitects who  made  the  entrance  of  the 
temple  of  Delphi,  for  which  they  demand- 
ed of  the  god,  whatever  gift  was  most 
advantageous  for  a  man  to  receive.  Eight 
days  after  they  were  found  dead  in  their 
bed. 

Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycenae  and  Ar- 
gos,  was  brother  to  Menelaus,  and  son  of 
Plisthenes,  the  son  of  Atreus.  When 
Atreus  was  dead,  his  brother  Thyestes 
seized  the  kingdom  of  Argos,  and  re- 
moved Agamemnon  and  Menelaus,  who 
fled  to  Polyphidus  king  of  Sicyon,  and 
hence  to  CEneus,  king  of  iEtolia,  where 
they  were  educated.  Agamemnon  mar- 
ried Clytemnestra,  and  Menelaus  Helen, 
both  daughters  of  Tyndarus  king  of  Spar- 
ta, who  assisted  them  to  recover  their 
father's  kingdom.  When  Helen  was  sto- 
len by  Paris,  Agamemnon  was  elected 
commander  in  chief  of  the  Grecian  forces 
going  against  Troy ;  and  he  showed  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  by  furnishing  one  hun- 
dred ships,  and  lending  sixty  more  to  the 
people  of  Arcadia.  The  fleet  was  de- 
tained at  Aulis,  where  Agamemnon  sac- 
rificed his  daughter  to  appease  Diana. 
During  the  Trojwi  war,  Agamemnon  be- 
haved with  much  valor ;  but  his  quarrel 
with  Achilles  was  fatal  to  the  Greeks. 
After  the  ruin  of  Troy,  Cassandra  fell  to 
his  share,  and  foretold  him  that  his  wife 
would  put  him  to  death.  He  gave  no 
credit  to  this,  and  returned  to  Argos  with 
Cassandra.  Clytemnestra,  with  her  adul- 
terer ^Egisthus,  prepared  to  murder  him  ; 
and  as  he  came  from  the  bath,  to  embar- 
rass him,  she  gave  him  a  tunic  whose 
sleeves  were  sewed  together,  and  while  he 
attempted  to  put  it  on,  she  brought  him  to 
the  ground  with  a  stroke  of  a  hatchet,  and 
JEgisthus  seconded  her  blows. — His  death 
was  revenged  by  his  son  Orestes. 

Agamemnonius,  an  epithet  applied  to 
Orestes,  a  son  of  Agamemnon. 

Agametor,  an  athlete  of  Mantinea. 

Agamnestor,  a  king  of  Athens. 

Aganippe,  a  celebrated  fountain  of 
Bceotia  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon. 

Agape  nor,  the  commander  of  Aga- 
memnon's fleet.  The  son  of  Ancaeus, 
and  grandson  of  Lycurgus,  who,  after  the 
ruin  of  Troy,  was  carried  by  a  storm  into 
Cyprus,  where  he  built  Paphos. 

Agar,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Agaeeni,  a  people  of  Arabia.  Trajan 
destroyed  their  city,  called  Agarum. 

Agartsta,  daughter  of  Clisthenes,  was 
courted  by  all  the  princes  of  Greece.     She 

married    Megacles. A    daughter   of 

P, 


AG 


26 


AG 


Hippocrates,  who  married  Xantippus.  She 
dreamed  that  she  had  brought  forth  a  lion, 
and  some  time  after  became  mother  of  Per- 
icles. 

Agasicles,  king  of  Sparta,  was  son  of 
Archidamus,  and  one  of  the  Proclidae. 
He  used  to  say  that  a  king  ought  to  govern 
his  subjects  as  a  father  governs  his  chil- 
dren. 

Agassi,  a  city  of  Thessaly. 

Agasthenes,  father  to  Polyxenus,  was, 
as  one  of  Helen's  suitors,  concerned  in  the 
Trojan  war. A  son  of  Augeas,  who  suc- 
ceeded as  king  of  Elis. 

Agastrophus.  a  Trojan  wounded  by 
Diomedes. 

Agasthus,  an  archon  of  Athens. 

Agasus,  a  harbor  on  the  coast  of  Apu- 
lia. 

Agatha,  a  town  of  France  near  Agde, 
in  Languedoc. 

Agatharchidas,  a  general  of  Corinth 

in  the  Peloponnesian  war. A  Samian 

philosopher  and  historian,  who  wrote  a 
treatise  on  stones,  and  a  history  of  Persia 
and  Phoenice,  besides  an  account  of  the 
Red  Sea,  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Agatharchus,  an  officer  in  the  Syracu- 

san  fleet. A  painter  in  the  age  of  Zeu- 

xis. 

Agathias,  a  Greek  historian  ofiEolia. 
A  poet  and  historian  in  the  age  of  Justini- 
an, of  whose  reign  he  published  the  his- 
tory in  five  books. 

Agatho,  a  Samian  historian,  who  wrote 

an  account  of  Scythia. A  tragic  poet, 

who  flourished  406  B.  C. A  comic  po- 
et who  lived  in  the  same  age. A  son  of 

Priam. A  governor  of  Babylon. A 

Pythagorean  philosopher. A  learned  and 

melodious  musician,  who  first  introduced 

songs    in  tragedy. A  youth  of  Athens, 

loved  by  Plato. 

Agathoclea,  a  beautiful  woman  of 
Egypt.  One  of  the  Ptolemies  destroyed 
his  wife  Eurydice  to  marry  her. 

Agathocles,  an  ignoble  youth,  son  of  a 
potter,  who  by  entering  in  the  Sicilian  ar- 
my, arrived  at  the  greatest  honors,  and 
made  himself  master  of  Syracuse.  He 
died  in  his  72d  year,  B.  C.  289,  after  a 
reign  of  23  years  of  mingled  prosperity  and 

adversity. A  son  of  Lysimachus,  taken 

prisoner  by  the  Getae.  He  was  ransomed, 
and  married  Lysandra  daughter  of  Ptole- 
my Lagus.  His  father,  in  his  old  age, 
married  Arsinoe,  the  sister  of  Lysander. 
After  her  husband's  death,  Arsinoe,  fear- 
ful for  her  children,  attempted  to  murder 
Agathocles.     When  Agathocles  was  dead, 

283  B.  C.  Lysandra  fled  to  Seleucus. 

A    Grecian    historian    of   Babylon,    who 

wrote  an  account  of  Cyzicus. A  Chian 

who    wrote  on  husbandry. A  Samian 

writer. A  physician. An  Athenian 

archon. 

Agatho n.    Fid.  Agatho. 


Agatho  nymus  wrote  an  history  of  Per- 
sia. 

Agathosthenes,  a  poet,  &c. 

Agathyllus,  an  elegiac  poet  of  Arcadia. 

Agathyrnum,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Agathyrsi,  an  effeminate  nation  of 
Scythia,  who  had  their  wives  in  common 
They  received  their  name  from  Agathyr- 
sus,  son  of  Hercules. 

Agave,  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Her- 
mione,  married  Echion,  by  whom  she  had 
Pentheus,  who  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
Bacchanals.  She  is  said  to  have  killed 
her  husband  in  celebrating  the  orgies  of 

Bacchus. One  of  the   Nereides. A 

tragedy  of  Statius. 

Agaui,  a  northern  nation  who  lived 
upon  milk. 

Agavus,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Agdestis,    a    mountain     of    Phrygia, 

where  Atys  was  buried. A  surname  of 

Cybele. 

Agelades,  a  statuary  of  Argos. 

Agelastus,  a  surname  of  Crassus,  the 
grandfather  of  the  rich  Crassus.  He  only 
laughed  once  in  his  life,  and  this,  it  is  said, 

was  upon  seeing  an  ass  eat  thistles. The 

word  is  also  applied  to  Pluto,  from  the  sul- 
len and  melancholy  appearance  of  his 
countenance. 

Agelaus,  a  king  of  Corinth,  son  of  Ixion 

One  of  Penelope's  suitors. A  son 

of  Hercules  and   Omphale,    from  whom 

Croesus  was  descended. A  servant  of 

Priam,  who  preserved  Paris  when  exposed 
on  mount  Ida. 

Agendicum,  now  Sens,  a  town  of  Gaul, 
the  capital  of  the  Senones. 

AgiSnor,  king  of  Phoenicia,  was  son  of 
Neptune  and  Libya,  and  brother  to  Belus. 
He  married  Telephassa,  by  whom  he  had 

Cadmus,  Phoenix,  Cilix,  and  Europa. 

A  son  of  Jasus  and  father  of  Argus. A 

son  of  ^Egyptus. A  son  of  Phlegeus. 

A  son  of  Pleuron,  father  to  Piiineus. A 

son  of  Amphion  and  Niobe. A  king  of 

Argos,  father  to  Crotopus. A  son  of  An- 

tenor. A  Mitylenean,  who  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  music. 

Agenoride9,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
Cadmus,  and  the  other  descendants  of 
Agenor. 

Agerinus,  a  freed  man  of  Agrippina, 
accused  of  attempting  Nero's  life. 

Agesander,  a  sculptor  of  Rhodes  under 
Vespasian,  who  made  a  representation 
of  Laocoon's  history,  which  now  passes 
for  the  best  relict  of  all  ancient  sculpture. 

Agesias,  a  Platonic  philosopher  who 
taught  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 

Agesilaus,  king  of  Sparta,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Agidae,  was  son  of  Doryssus, 
and  father  of  Archelaus.  During  his 
reign,  Lycurgus  instituted  his  famous 
laws. A  son  of  Archidamus  of  the  fami- 
ly of  the  Proclidae,  made  king  in  prefer- 
ence to  his  nephew  Leotychides.     Though 


AG 


21 


AG 


deformed,  small  of  stature,  and  lame,  he 
was  brave,  and  a  greatness  of  soul  com- 
pensated all  the  imperfections  of  nature. 
Agesilaus  died  after  a  reign  of  36  years, 

362  B.  C. A  brother  of  T\hemistocles, 

who  was  sent  as  a  spy  into  the  Persian 
camp,  where  he  stabbed  Mardonius  in- 
stead of  Xerxes. A  surname  of  Pluto. 

A  Greek  who  wrote  a  history  of  Italy. 

Agesipolis,  1st,  king  of  Lacedasmon, 
son  of  Pausanias,  obtained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Mantineans.  He  reigned  14 
years,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother 
Cleombrotus,  B.  C.  380.— 2d,  son  of  Cleom- 
brotus,  king  of  Sparta,  was  succeeded  by 
Cleomenes,  2d,  B.  C.  370. 

Agesistrata,  the  mother  of  king  Agis. 

Agesistratus,  a  man  who  wrote  a  trea- 
tise intitled,  De  arte  machinali. 

Aggrammes,  a  cruel  king  of  the  Ganga- 
rides.     His  father  was  a  hair  dresser. 

Aggrinjc,  a  people  near  mount  Rhodo- 
pe. 

Agid.e,  the  descendants  of  Eurysthe- 
nes,  who  shared  the  throne  of  Sparta  with 
the  Proclidoe  ;  the  name  is  derived  from 
Agis  son  of  Eurysthenes.  The  family  be- 
came extinct  in  the  person  of  Cleomenes 
son  of  Leonid  as. 

Agilaus,  king  of  Corinth,  reigned  36 
years. One  of  the  Ephori,  almost  mur- 
dered by  the  partisans  of  Cleomenes. 

Agis,  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded  his 
father,  Eurysthenes,  and  after  a  reign  of 
one  year,  was  succeeded  bv  his  son  Eches- 

tratus,  B.  C.   1058. Another   king  of 

Sparta,  who  waged  bloody  wars  against 
Athens,  and  restored  liberty  to  many  Greek 
cities.  He  attempted  to  restore  the  laws 
of  Lycurgus  at  Sparta,  but  in  vain ;  and 

was  strangled  by  order  of  the  Ephori. 

Another,  son  of  Archidamus,  who  signal- 
ized himself  in  the  war  which  the  Spar- 
tans waged  against  Epidaurus.  He  reign- 
ed 27  years. Another,  son  of  Archida- 
mus, king  of  Sparta,  who  endeavored  to 
deliver  Greece  from  the  empire  of  Mace- 
donia, with  the  assistance  of  the  Persians. 
He  was  conquered  in  the  attempt,  and 
slain  by  Antipater,  Alexander's  general. — 
Another,  son  of  Eudamidas,  killed  in  a 
battle  against  the  Mantineans. An  Ar- 
cadian in  the  expeditionof  Cyrus  against 

his  brother  Artaxerxes. A  poet  of  Argos, 

who  accompanied  Alexander  into  Asia, 
and  said  that  Bacchus  and  the  sons  of  Le- 
da  would  give  way  to  his  hero,  when  a 

god. A  Lycian   who  followed  iEneas 

into  Italy,  where  he  was  killed. 

Aglaia,  one  of  the  Graces,  called  some- 
times Pasiphae.  Her  sisters  were  Euphro- 
syne  and  Thalia,  and  they  were  all  daugh- 
ters of  Jupiter  and  Eurynome. 

Aglaonice,  daughter  of  Hegemon,  was 
acquainted  with  astronomy  and  eclipses, 
whence  she  boasted  of  her  power  to  draw 
the  moon  from  heaven. 


Aglaope,  one  of  the  Sirens. 

Aglaophon,  an  excellent  Greek  paint- 
er. 

Aglaosthenes,  wrote  an  history  of 
Naxos. 

Aglauros,  or  Agraulos,  daughter  of 
Erechtheus,  the  oldest  king  of  Athens, 
was  changed  into  a  stone  by  Mercury. 
Some  make  her  daughter  of  Cecrops. 

Aglaus,  the  poorest  man  of  Arcadia, 
pronounced  by  the  oracle  more  happy 
than  Gyges  king  of  Lydia. 

Agna,  a  woman  in  the  age  of  Horace, 
who,  though  deformed,  had  many  admi- 
rers. 

Agso,  one  of  the  nymphs  who  nursed 
Jupiter.  She  gave  her  name  to  a  fountain 
on  mount  Lyceeus. 

Agnodice,  an  Athenian  virgin,  who 
disguised  her  sex  to  learn  medicine.  She 
was  taught  by  Hierophilus  the  art  of  mid- 
wifery. 

Agnon,  son  of  Nicias,  was  present  at  the 
taking  of  Samos  by  Pericles.  In  the  Pe- 
loponnesian  war  he  went  against  Potidasa, 
but  abandoned  his  expedition  through 
disease.  He  built  Amphipolis,  whose  in- 
habitants rebelled  to  Brafidas,  whom  they 
regarded  as  their  founder,  forgetful  of  Ag- 
non.  One  of  Alexander's  officers. 

Agxonides,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens, 
who  accused  Phocion  of  betraying  the 
Piraeus  to  Nicanor.  When  the  people  re- 
collected what  services  Phocion  had  ren- 
dered them,  they  raised  him  statues,  and 
put  to  death  his  accuser. 

Agonalia  and  Agonia,  festivals  in 
Rome,  celebrated  three  times  a  year,  in 
honor  of  Janus,  or  Agonius.  They  were 
instituted  by  Numa,  and  on  the  festive 
days  the  chief  priest  used  to  offer  a  ram. 

Agones  Capitoli:™,  games  celebrated 
every  fifth  year  upon  the  Capitoline  hill. 
— Prizes  were  proposed  for  agility  and 
strength,  as  well  as  for  poetical  and  litera- 
ry compositions. 

Agonis,  a  woman  in  the  temple  of  Ve- 
nus, on  mount  Eryx. 

AGoruus,  a  Roman  deity,  who  patron- 
ized over  the  actions  of  men.  Vid.  Ago- 
nalia. 

AGORACRiTus,a  sculptor  of  Pharos,  who 
made  a  statue  of  Venus  for  the  people  of 
Athens,  B.  C.  159. 

Agoranomi,  ten  magistrates  at  Athens, 
who  watched  over  the  city  and  port,  and 
inspected  whatever  was  exposed  to  sale. 

Agora nis,  a  river  falling  into  the  Gan- 
ges. 

Agor.ea,  a  name  of  Minerva  at  Sparta. 

Agoreus,  a  surname  of  Mercury  among 
the  Athenians,  from  his  presiding  over 
the  markets. 

Agra,  a  place  of  Bceotia  where  the  Ilis- 
sus  rises.  Diana  was  called  Agrsa,  be- 
cause she  hunted  there. A  city  of  Susa — 

of  Arcadia,  and  Arabia 


AG 


28 


AG 


Agr.ei  and  Agrenses,  a  people  of  Ara- 
bia.—Of  ^Etolia. 

Agragas,  or  Acragas,  a  river,  town, 
and  mountain  of  Sicily  ;  called  also,  Agri- 
gentum.  The  town  was  built  by  the 
people  of  Gela,  who  were  a  Rhodian  col- 
ony. „ 

Agraria  lex  was  enacted  to  distribute 
among  the  Roman  people  all  the  lands 
which  they  had  gained  by  conquest.  It 
was  first  proposed  A.  U.  C.  268,  by  the 
consul  Sp.  Cassius  Vicellinus,  and  reject- 
ed by  the  senate.  It  was  proposed  a  sec- 
ond "time  A.  U.  C.  269,  by  the  tribune  Li- 
cinius  Stolo  ;  but  with  no  better  success. 
Mutius  Scsevola,  A.  U.  C.  620,  persuaded 
the  tribune  Tiberius  Gracchus  to  propose 
it  a  third  time  ;  and  though  Octavius,  his 
colleague  in  the  tribuneship,  opposed  it, 
yet  Tiberius  made  it  pass  into  a  law,  after 
much  altercation,  and  commissioners  were 
authorized  to  make  a  division  of  the  lands. 
— This  law  at  last  proved  fatal  to  the  free- 
dom of  Rome  under  J.  Cresar. 

Agraule,  a  tribe  of  Athens. 

Agraulia,  a  festival  at  Athens  in  hon- 
or of  Agraulos.  The  Cyprians  also  ob- 
served these  festivals,  by  offering  human 
victims. 

Agraulos,  a  daughter  of  Cecrops. A 

surname  of  Minerva. 

AGRAUofiTiE,  a  people  of  Illyria. 

Agre,  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Agri  anes,  a  river  of  Thrace. A  peo- 
ple that  dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  that 
river. 

Agri  col  a,  the  father-in-law  of  the  his- 
torian Tacitus,  who  wrote  his  life.  He 
was  eminent  for  his  public  and  private 
virtues.  He  was  governor  of  Britain,  and 
first  discovered  it  to  be  an  island.  He 
died  in  his  fifty-sixth  year,  A.  D.  93. 

Agrigentum,  now  Girgenti,  a  town  of 
Sicily,  eighteen  stadia  from  the  sea,  on 
mount  Agragas.  The  inhabitants  were 
famous  for  their  hospitality  and  for  their 
luxurious  manner  of  living.  In  its  flour- 
ishing situation  Agrigentum  contained 
two  hundred  thousand  inhabitants. 

Agrinium,  a  city  of  Acarnania. 

Agrionia,  annual  festivals  in  honor  of 
Bacchus,  celebrated  generally  in  the  night. 

Agriopas,  a  man  who  wrote  the  histo- 
ry of  all  those  who  had  obtained  the  pub- 
lic prize  at  Olympia. 

Agriope,  the  wife  of  Agenor,  king  of 
Phoenicia. 

M.  Agrippa  Vipsanius,  a  celebrated 
Roman,  who  obtained  a  victory  over  S. 
Pompey,  and  favored  the  cause  of  Augus- 
tus at  the  battles  of  Actium  and  Philippi, 
where  he  behaved  with  great  valor.  In 
his  expeditions  in  Gaul  and  Germany  he 
obtained  several  victories,  but  refused  the 
honors  of  a  triumph,  and  turned  his  lib- 
erality towards  the  embellishing  of  Rome, 
and  the  raising  of  magnificent  buildings, 


one  of  which,  the  Pantheon,  still  exists 
He  died  universally  lamented  at  Rome  in 
the  fifty-first  year  of  his  age,  12  B.  C.  and 
his  body  was  placed  in  the  tomb  which 

Augustus  had  prepared  for  himself. 

Sylvius,  a  son  of  Tiberinus  Sylvius,  king 
of  Latium.  He  reigned  thirty-three  years, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Romulus 
Sylvius.  One  of  the  servants  of  the  mur- 
dered prince  assumed  his  name  and  raised 

commotions. A  consul  who  conquered 

the  ^Equi. A  philosopher. Herodes, 

a  son  of  Aristobulus,  grandson  of  the 
Great  Herod,  who  became  tutor  to  the 
grand-child  of  Tiberius,  and  was  soon  af- 
ter imprisoned  by  the  suspicious  tyrant. 
When  Caligula  ascended  the  throne  his 
favorite  was  released,  presented  with  a 
chain  of  gold  as  heavy  as  that  which  had 
lately  confined  him,  and  made  king  of 
Judaea.  He  was  a  popular  character  with 
the  Jews  ;  and  it  is  said,  that  while  they 
were  flattering  him  with  the  appellation 
of  god,  an  angel  of  God  struck  him  with 
the  lousy  disease,  of  which  he  died,  A.  D. 

43. Menenius,  a  Roman  general,  who 

obtained  a  triumph  over  the  Sabines,  ap- 
peased the  populace  of  Rome  by  the  well- 
known  fable  of  the  belly  and  "the  limbs, 
and  erected  the  new  office  of  tribunes  of 
the  people,  A.  U.  C.  261.  He  died  poor, 
but  universally  regretted A  mathema- 
tician in  the  reign  of  Domitian  ;  he  was  a 
native  of  Bithynia. 

Agrippina,  a  wife  of  Tiberius.  The 
emperor  repudiated  her  to  marry  Julia. 
A  daughter  of  M.  Agrippa,  and  grand- 
daughter to  Augustus.  She  married  Ger- 
manicus,  whom  she  accompanied  in 
Syria;  and  when  Piso  poisoned  him,  she 
carried  his  ashes  to  Italy,  and  accused  his 
murderer,  who  stabbed  himself.  She  fell 
under  the  displeasure  of  Tiberius,  who 
exiled  her  in  an  island,  where  she  died, 

A.  P.   26,   for  want  of  bread. Julia, 

daughter  of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina, 
married  Domitius  JEnobarbus,  by  whom 
she  had  Nero.  After  many  cruelties,  and 
much  licentiousness,  she  was  assassinat- 
ed by  order  of  her  son.  She  left  memoirs 
which  assisted  Tacitus  in  the  composition 
of  his  annals. 

Agrisius.    Fid.  Acrisius. 

Agrisofe,  the  mother  of  Cadmus. 

Agrius,  son  of  Parthaon,  drove  his 
brother  OZneus  from  the  throne.  He  was 
afterwards  expelled  by  Diomedes,  the 
grand-son  of  CEneus,  upon  which  he  kill- 
ed himself. A  giant. A  centaur  kill- 
ed by  Hercules. A  son  of  Ulysses  by 

Circe. The  father  of  Thersites. 

Agrolas,  surrounded  the  citadel  of  Ath- 
ens with  walls,  except  that  part  which 
afterwards  was  repaired  by  Cimon. 

Agron,  a  king  of  Illyria,  who,  after 
conquering  the  Jstolians,  drank  to  such 
excess  that  he  died  instantly,  B.  C.  231, 


AJ 


29 


AL 


Agrotas,  a  Greek  orator  of  Marseilles. 

Agrotera,  an  anniversary  sacrifice  of 
goats  offered  to  Diana  at  Athens.  It  was 
instituted  by  Callimachus  the  Polemarch. 

A  temple  of  JEsiva.  in  Peloponnesus, 

erected  to  the  goddess  under  this  name. 

Agyleus  and  Agyieus,  from  ccyvicc, 
a  street,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  because  sac- 
rifices were  offered  to  him  in  the  public 
streets  of  Athens. 

Agylla,  a  town  of  Etruria,  founded  by 
a  colony  of  Pelasgians,  and  governed  by 
Mezentius  when  xEneas  came  to  Italy.  It 
was  afterwards  called  Crere,  by  the  Lyd- 
ians,  who  took  possession  of  it. 

Agyll^us,  a  gigantic  wrestler  of  Cleo- 
nae,  scarce  inferior  to  Hercules  in  strength. 

Agyrus,  a  tyrant  of  Sicily,  assisted  by 
Dionysius  against  the  Carthaginians. 

Agyrium,  a  town  of  Sicily,"where  Dio- 
dorus  the  historian  was  born.  The  in- 
habitants were  called  jl.o-yrinciises. 

Agyrius,  an  Athenian  general  who 
succeeded  Thrasybulus. 

Agyrtes,  a  man  who  killed  his  father. 
A  piper. 

Ahala,  the  surname  of  the  Servilii  at 
Rome. 

Ahenobarbus.    Vid.  /Enobarbus. 

Ajax,  son  of  Telamon,  was  next  to 
Achilles  the  bravest  of  all  the  Greeks  in 
the  Trojan  war.  He  engaged  Hector, 
with  whom  at  parting  he  exchanged  arms. 
After  the  death  of  Achilles,  Ajax  and 
Ulysses  disputed  their  claim  to  the  arms 
of  the  dead  hero.  When  they  were  given 
to  the  latter,  Ajax  was  so  enraged,  that  he 
slaughtered  a  whole  flock  of  sheep,  sup- 
posing them  to  be  the  sons  of  Atreus,  who 
had  given  the  preference  to  Ulysses,  and 
stabbed  himself  with  his  sword.  The 
blood  which  ran  to  the  ground  from  the 
wound,  was  changed  into  the  flower  hya- 
cinth. Some  say  that  he  was  killed  by 
Paris  in  battle,  others,  that  he  was  mur- 
dered by  Ulysses.  His  body  was  buried 
at  Sigseum,  some  say  on  mount  Rhoetus, 
and  his  tomb  was  visited  and  honored  by 

Alexander. The  son  of  Oileus  king  of 

Locris,  was  surnamed  Locrlan,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  son  of  Telamon.  He 
went  with  forty  ships  to  the  Trojan  war, 
as  being  one  of  Helen's  suitors.  On  his 
return  Neptune  destroyed  his  ship  in  a 
storm.  Ajax  swam  to  a  rock,  and  said 
that  he  was  safe  in  spite  of  all  the  gods. 
Such  impiety  offended  Neptune,  who 
struck  the  rock  with  his  trident,  and  Ajax 
tumbled  into  the  sea  with  part  of  the  rock 
and  was  drowned.  His  body  was  after- 
wards found  by  the  Greeks,  and  black 
sheep  offered  on  his  tomb.  According  to 
Virgil's  account,  Minerva  seized  him  in  a 
whirlwind,  and  dashed  him  against  a 
rock,  where  he  expired,  consumed  by 
thunder.  The  two  Ajaces  were,  as  some 
suppose,  placed  after  death  in  the  island 
3* 


of  Leuce,  a  separate  place  reserved  only 
for  the  bravest  heroes  of  antiquity. 

Aidoneus,  a  surname  of  Pluto. A 

king  of  the  Molossi,  who  imprisoned  The- 
seus, because  he  and  Pirithous  attempted 
to  ravish  his  daughter  Proserpine,  near 
the  Acheron ;  whence  arose  the  well- 
known  fable  of  the  descent  of  Theseus 

and  Pirithous  into  hell. A  river  near 

Troy. 

Aimylus,  son  of  Ascanius,  was,  accord- 
ing to  some,  the  progenitor  of  the  noble 
family  of  the  xEmylii  in  Rome. 

Aius  Locutius,  a  deity  to  whom  the 
Romans  erected  an  altar,  from  the  follow- 
ing circumstance:  one  of  the  common 
people,  called  Ceditius,  informed  the  tri- 
bunes, that  as  he  passed  one  night  through 
one  of  the  streets  of  the  city,  a  voice  niore 
than  human,  issuing  from  above  Vesta's 
temple  told  him  that  Rome  would  soon 
be  attacked  by  the  Gauls.  His  informa- 
tion was  neglected,  but  his  veracity  was 
proved  by  the  event ;  and  Camillus,  after 
the  conquest  of  the  Gauls,  built  a  temple 
to  that  supernatural  voice  which  had  given 
Rome  warning  of  the  approaching  calam- 
ity, under  the  name  of  Aius  Locutius. 

Alabanda,  m,  or  orum,  an  inland  town 
of  Caria,  abounding  with  scorpions.    The 
name  is  derived  from  Alabandus,  a  deity 
worshipped  there. 
Alabastrum,  a  town  of  Egypt. 
Alabus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 
Al.esa,  a  city  on  a  mountain  of  Sicily. 
Al.ea,  a  surname  of  Minerva  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus.   Her  festivals  are  also  called 
Ala?a. 

Al^i,  a  number  of  islands  in  the  Per- 
sian gulf,  abounding  in  tortoises. 

Aljeus,  the  father  of  Auge,  who  mar- 
ried Hercules. 

Alagonia,  a  city  of  Laconia. 
Alala,  the  goddess  of  war,  sister  to 
Mars. 

ALALcoMENiE,  a  city  of  Bceotia,  where 
some  suppose  that  Minerva  was  born. 

Alalia,  a  town  of  Corsica,  built  by  a 
colony  of  Phocffians,  destroyed  by  Scipio, 
582  B.  C.  and  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Sylla. 
Alamanes,  a  statuary  of  Athens,  disci- 
ple of  Phidias. 

Alamanni,  or  Alemanni,  a  people  of 
Germany,  near  the  Hercynian  forest. 
They  were  very  powerful,  and  inimical  to 
Rome. 

Alani,  a  people  of  Sarmatia,  near  the 
Palus  Mceotis,  who  were  said  to  have 
twenty-six  different  languages. 
Alares,  a  people  of  Pannonia. 
Alaricus,  a  famous  king  of  the  Goths, 
who  plundered  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Ho- 
norius.  He  was  greatly  respected  for  his 
military  valor,  and  during  his  reign  he 
kept  the  Roman  empire  in  continual 
alarms.  He  died  after  a  reign  of  thirteen 
years,  A.  D.  410. 


AL 


30 


AL 


Alarodii,  a  nation  near  Pontus. 

Alastor,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chloris. 

An  arm-bearer  to  Sarpedon,  king  of 

Lycia,  killed  by  Ulysses. One  of  Plu- 
to's horses  when  he  carried  away  Proser- 
pine. 

Alaud,e,  soldiers  of  one  of  Caesar's  le- 
gions in  Gaul. 

Alazon,  a  river  flowing  from  mount 
Caucasus  into  the  Cyrus,  and  separating 
Albania  from  Iberia. 

Alba  Sylvius,  son  of  Latinus  Sylvius, 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  kingdom  of 

Latium,  and  reigned  thirty-six  years. 

Longa,  a  city  of  Latium,  built  by  Asca- 
nius,  B.  C.  1152,  on  the  spot  where  JEneas 
found,  according  to  the  prophecy  of  Hel- 
enus,  and  of  the  god  of  the  river,  a  white 
sow  with  thirty  young  ones.  It  was  call- 
ed Longa  because  it  extended  along  the 
hill  Albanus.  Alba,  which  had  long  been 
the  powerful  rival  of  Rome,  was  destroyed 
by  the  Romans  665  B.  C.  and  the  inhabit- 
ants were  carried  to  Rome. A  city  of 

the  Marsi  in  Italy. Pompeia,  a  city  of 

Liguria. 

Albani  and  Albenses,  names  applied 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  cities  of 
Alba. 

Albania,  a  country  of  Asia,  between 
the  Caspian  sea  and  Iberia.  The  inhab- 
itants are  said  to  have  their  eyes  all  blue. 
Some  maintain  that  they  followed  Her- 
cules from  mount  Albanus  in  Italy,  when 
he  returned  from  the  conquest  of  Geryon. 

The  Caspian  sea  is  called  Albanian, 

as  being  near  Albania. 

Albanus,  a  mountain  with  a  lake  in 
Italy,  sixteen  miles  from  Rome,  near  Al- 
ba. It  was  on  this  mountain  that  the 
Latincs  fcriis  were  celebrated  with  great 
solemnity.  The  word  taken  adjectively, 
is  applied  to  such  as  are  natives  of,  or  be- 
long to,  the  town  of  Alba. 

Albia  Terentia,  the  mother  of  Otho. 

Albici,  a  people  of  Gallia  Aquitana. 

Albietje,  a  people  of  Latium. 

Albigaunum,  a  town  of  Liguria. 

Albini,   two  Roman   orators  of  great 

'rit,  mentioned  by  Cicero  in  Brut.  This 
name  is  common  to  many  tribunes  of  the 
people.     • 

AlbinovanusCelsus.   Vid.  Celsus. 

Pedo,  a  poet  contemporary  with  Ovid. 
He  wrote  elegies,  epigrams,  and  heroic 
poetry  in  a  style  so  elegant  that  he  merit- 
ed the  epithet  of  divine. 

Albintemelium,  a  town  of  Ligaria. 

Albinus,  was  born  at  Adrumetum  in 
Africa,  and  made  governor  of  Britain,  by 
Commodus.  After  the  murder  of  Perti- 
nax,  he  was  elected  emperor  by  the  sol- 
diers in  Britain.  Albinus  was  slain  by 
order  of  Severus,  A.  D.  198.  He  was 
famous  for  his  voracious  appetite,  and 
sometimes  eat  for  breakfast  no  less  than 
five  hundred  figs,  one  hundred  peaches, 


twenty  pounds  of  dry  raisins,  ten  melons, 

and  four  hundred  oysters. A  pretorian 

sent  to  Sylla,  as  ambassador  from  the 
senate   during  the   civil  wars.     He  waa 

put  to  death  by  Sylla's  soldiers. An 

usurer. A  Roman  plebeian  who  receiv- 
ed the  vestals  into  his  chariot  in  prefer- 
ence to  his  family,  when  they  fled  from 

Rome,  which  the  Gauls  had  sacked. 

A.  Posthumus,  consul  with  Lucullus,  A. 
U.  C.  603,  wrote  an  history  of  Rome  in 
Greek. 

Albion,  son  of  Neptune  by  Amphitrite, 
came  into  Britain,  where  he  established  a 
kingdom,  and  first  introduced  astrology 
and  the  art  of  building  ships.  He  was 
killed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  with 
stones  thrown  by  Jupiter,  because  he  op- 
posed the   passage  of  Hercules. The 

greatest  island  of  Europe,  now  called 
Great  Britain.  The  ancients  compared  its 
figure  to  a  long  buckler,  or  to  the  iron  of 
a  hatchet. 

Albis,  a  river  of  Germany  falling  into 
the  German  ocean,  and  now  called  the 
Elbe. 

Albius,    a    man,  father    to  a  famoua 

spendthrift. A  name  of  the   poet  Ti- 

bullus. 

Albucilla,  an  immodest  woman. 

Albula,  the  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Tiber. 

Albunea,  a  wood  near  Tibur  and  the 
river  Anio,  sacred  to  the  Muses.  It  re- 
ceived its  name  from  a  Sibyl,  called  also 
Albunea,  worshipped  as  a  goddess  at  Ti- 
bur, whose  temple  still  remains. 

Alburnus,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Luca- 
nia,  where  the  Tanager  takes  its  rise. 

Albus  Pagus,  a  place  near  Sidon, 
where.  Antony  waited  for  the  arrival  of 
Cleopatra. 

Albutiub,  a  prince  of  Celtiberia,  to 
whom  Scipio  restored  his  wife. A  sor- 
did man,  father  to  Canidia. A  rheto- 
rician in  the  age  of  Seneca. An  an- 
cient satirist. Titus,  an  epicurean  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Rome  ;  so  fond  of  Greece 
and  Grecian  manners,  that  he  wished 
not  to  pass  for  a  Roman.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  died  at  Athens. 

Alcjeus,  a  celebrated  lyric  poet,  of 
Mitylene  in  Lesbos,  about  six  hundred 
years  before  the  Christian  rera.  He  fled 
from  a  battle,  and  his  enemies  hung  up, 
in  the  temple  of  Minerva,  the  armor  which 
he  left  in  the  field,  as  a  monument  of  his 
disgrace.  He  is  the  inventor  of  alcaic 
verses.  He  was  contemporary  to  the  fa- 
famous  Sappho,  to  whom  he  paid  his  ad- 
dresses.  A   poet  of   Athens,   said   by 

Suidas  to  be  the  inventor  of  tragedy. 

A  writer  of  epigrams. A  comic  poet. 

A  son  of  Androgens,  who  went  with 

Hercules  into   Thrace,   and    was    made 

king  of  part  of  the  country. A  son  of 

Hercules  by  the  maid  of  Omphale. A 


AL 


31 


AL 


son  of  Perseus,  father  of  Amphitryon  and 
Anaxo.  From  him  Hercules  has  been 
called  Alcides. 

Alcamenis,  one  of  the  Agidre,  king  of 
Sparta,  known  by  his  apophthegms.  He 
succeeded  his  father  Teleclus,  and  reign- 
ed thirty-seven  years.  The  Helots  re- 
belled in  his  reign. A  general  of  the 

Achsans. A  statuary,  who  lived  448 

B.  C.  and  was  distinguished  for  his  stat- 
ues of  Venus  and  Vulcan. The  com- 
mander of  a  Spartan  fleet,  put  to  death  by 
the  Athenians. 

Alcander,  an  attendant  of  Sarpedon, 

killed   by  Ulysses. A  Lacedaemonian 

youth,  who  accidentally  put  out  one  of 
the  eyes  of  Lycurgus,  and  was  generously 

forgiven  by  the  sage. A  Trojan  killed 

by  Turnus. 

Alcandre,  the  wife  of  Polybius,  a  rich 
Theban. 

Alcanor,  a  Trojan  of  mount  Ida,  whose 
sons  Pandarus  and  Bitias  followed  ^Eneas 

into  Italy. A  son  of  Phorus,  killed  by 

^Eneas. 

Alcathoe,  a  name  of  Megara  in  Attica, 
because  rebuilt  by  Alcathous  son  of  Pelops. 

Alcathous,  a  son  of  Pelops,  who  being 
suspected  of  murdering  his  brother  Chry- 
sippus,  came  to  Megara,  where  he  killed 
a  lion,  which  had  destroyed  the  king's 
son.  He  succeeded  to  the  kingdom  of 
Megara,  and,  in  commemoration  of  his 
services,  festivals,  called  Alcathoia,  were 

instituted  at   Megara. A  Trojan  who 

married  Hippodamia,  daughter  of  Anchi- 
ses.     He  was  killed  in  the  Trojan  war,  by 

Idomeneus. A  son  of  Parthaon,  killed 

by  Tydeus. A  friend  of  iEneas  killed 

in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Alce,  one  of  Actseon's  dogs. A  town 

of  Spain,  which  surrendered  to  Gracchus, 
now  Jilcazar,  a  little  above  Toledo. 

Alcenor,  an  Argive,  who  along  with 
Chromius  survived  the  battle  between 
three  hundred  of  his  countrymen  and 
three  hundred  Lacedaemonians. 

Aeceste,  or  Alcestis,  daughter  of  Pe- 
lias  and  Anaxibia,  married  Admetus. 
She,  with  her  sisters,  put  to  death  her  fa- 
ther, that  he  might  be  restored  to  youth 
and  vigor  by  Medea,  who,  however,  re- 
fused to  perform  her  promise.  Upon  this, 
the  sisters  fled  to  Admetus,  who  married 
Alceste.  They  were  soon  pursued  by  an 
army  headed  by  their  brother  Acastus; 
and  Admetus  being  taken  prisoner,  was 
redeemed  from  death,  by  the  generous  of- 
fer of  his  wife,  who  was  sacrificed  in  his 
stead  to  appease  the  shades  of  her  fa- 
ther. 

Alcetas,  a  king  of  the  Molossi,  de- 
scended from  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achil- 
les.  A   general  of  Alexander's  army, 

brother  to  Perdiccas. The  eighth  king 

of  Macedonia,  who  reigned  twenty-nine 
years. An    historian,   who   wrote    an 


account  of  every  thing  that  had  been  ded- 
icated in  the  temple  of  Delphi. A  son 

of  Arybas,  king  of  Epirus. 

Alchidas,  a  Rhodian,  who  became  en- 
amored of  a  naked  Cupid  of  Praxiteles. 

Alchimachcs,  a  celebrated  painter. 

Alcibiades,  an  Athenian  general,  fa- 
mous for  his  enterprising  spirit,  versatile 
genius,  and  natural  foibles.  He  was  dis- 
ciple to  Socrates,  whose  lessons  and  ex- 
ample checked,  for  a  while,  his  vicious 
propensities.  He  died  in  the  forty-sixth 
year  of  his  age,  404  B.  C.  after  a  life  of 
perpetual  difficulties.  If  the  fickleness  of 
his  countrymen  had  known  how  to  retain 
among  them  the  talents  of  a  man  who 
distinguished  himself,  and  was  admired 
wherever  he  went,  they  might  have  risen 
to  greater  splendor,  and  to  the  sovereignty 
of  Greece. 

Alcidamas,  of  Cos,  father  to  Ctesilla, 
who  was  changed  into  a  dove. A  cele- 
brated wrestler. A  philosopher  and  or- 
ator, who  wrote  a  treatise  on  death.  He 
was  pupil  to  Gorgias,  and  flourished  B.  C. 
424. 

Alcidamea  was  mother  of  Bunus  by 
Mercury. 

Alcidamidas,  a  general  of  the  Messe- 
nians,  who  retired  to  Rhegium,  after  the 
taking  of  Ithome  by  the  Spartans,  B.  C. 
723. 

Alcidamus,  an  Athenian  rhetorician. 

Alcidas,  a  Lacedaemonian,  sent  with 
twenty-three  galleys  against  Corcyra,  in 
the  Peloponnesian  war. 

Alcides,  a  name  of  Hercules,  from  his 
strength,  aXzoc,  or  from  his  grandfather 
Alcseus. A  surname  of  Minerva  in  Ma- 
cedonia. 

Alcidice,  the  mother  of  Tyro,  by  Sal- 
moneus. 

Alcimachus,  an  eminent  painter. 

Alcimede,  the  mother  of  Jason,  by 
iEson. 

Alcimedon,  a  plain  of  Arcadia,  with  a 
cave,  the  residence  of  Alcimedon,  whose 
daughter  Phillo  was  ravished  by  Hercu- 
les.  An  excellent  carver. A  sailor 

&c. 

Alcimenes,  a  tragic  poet  of  Megara. 
A  comic  writer  of  Athens. An  at- 
tendant of  Demetrius. A  man  killed 

by  his  brother  Bellerophon. 

Alcimus,  an  historian  of  Sicily,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy. An  orator. 

Alcinoe,  a  daughter  of  Sthenelus  son 
of  Perseus. 

Alcinor.    Vid.  Alcenor. 

Alcinou9,  son  of  Nausithous  and  Feri- 
boea,  was  king  of  Phteacia,  and  is  praised 
for  his  love  of  agriculture.  He  married 
his  niece  Arete,  by  whom  he  had  several 

sons  and  a  daughter  Nausicaa. A  son 

of  Hippocoon. A   man   of  Elis. A 

philosopher  in  the  second  century,  who 
wrote  a  book  De  doctrina  Flaicv.is. 


AL 


32 


AL 


Alcioneus,  a  man  killed  by  Perseus. 

Alcifhron,  a  philosopher  of  Magnesia, 
in  the  age  of  Alexander. 

Alcippe,  a  daughter  of  the  god  Mars, 
by  Agraulos.     She  was  ravished  by  Ha- 

lirrhotins. The   wife   of  Metion,   and 

mother  to  Eupalamus. — The  daughter  of 
CEnomaus,  and  wife  of  Evenus,  by  whom 
she  had  Marpessa. 

Alcitfus,  a  reputed  citizen  of  Sparta, 
banished  by  his  enemies. 

Alois,  a  daughter  of  iEgyptus. 

Alcithoe,  a  Theban  woman  who  ridi- 
culed the  orgies  of  Bacchus.  She  was 
changed  into  a  bat,  and  the  spindle  and 
yarn  with  which  she  worked,  into  a  vine 
and  ivy. 

Alcm.eon,  was  son  of  the  prophet 
Amphiaraus  and  Eriphyle.  His  father 
going  to  the  Theban  war,  where,  accord- 
ing to  an  oracle,  he  was  to  perish,  charged 
him  to  revenge  his  death  upon  Eriphyle, 
who  had  betrayed  him.  As  soon  as  he 
heard  of  his  father's  death,  he  murdered 
his  mother,  for  which  crime  the  Furies 
persecuted  him  till  Phlegeus  purified  him 
and  gave  him  his  daughter  Alphesibaea  in 
marriage.  Alcmaeon  gave  her  the  fatal 
collar  which  his  mother  had  received  to 
betray  his  father,  and  afterwards  divorced 
her,  and  married  Callirhoe  the  daughter 
of  Achelous,  to  whom  he  promised  the 
necklace  he  had  given  to  Alphesibrea. 
When  he  attempted  to  recover  it,  Alphe- 
sibcea's  brothers  murdered  him  on  ac- 
count of  the  treatment  he  had  shown  their 
sister,  and  left  his  body  a  prey  to  dogs  and 
wild  beasts.  Alcmffion's  children  by  Cal- 
lirhoe revenged  their  father's   death  by 

killing  his  murderers. A  son  of  iEgyp- 

tus,  the  husband  of  Hippomedusa. A 

philosopher,  disciple  to  Pythagoras,  born 
in  Crotona.  He  wrote  on  physic,  and  he 
was  the  first  who  dissected  animals  to 
examine  into  the  structure  of  the  human 

frame. A  son  of  the   poet  yEschylus, 

the  13th  archon  of  Athens. A  son  of 

Syllus,  driven  from  Messenia  with  the 
rest  of  Nestor's  family,  by  the  Heraclidaj. 
He  came  to  Athens,'  and  from  him  the 
Alcrmeonidte  are  descended. 

Alcm-eonid-i:,  a  noble  family  of  Ath- 
ens, descended  from  Alcmson. 

Alcman,  a  very  ancient  lyric  poet, 
born  in  Sardinia.  He  wrote,  in  the  Doric 
dialect,  six  books  of  verses,  besides  a  play 
called  Colymbosas.  He  flourished  B.  C. 
670,  and  died  of  the  lousy  disease.  Some 
of  his  verses  are  preserved  by  Athenaeus 
and  others. 

Alcmena,  was  daughter  of  Electryon 
king  of  Argos,  by  Anaxo.  Her  father 
promised  his  crown  and  his  daughter  to 
Amphitryon,  if  he  would  revenge  the 
death  of  his  sons,  who  had  been  all  killed, 
except  Licymnius,  by  the  Teleboans,  a 
people  of  iEtolia.   While  Amphitryon  was 


gone  against  the  ^Etolians,  Jupiter  intro- 
duced himself  into  Alcmena's  bed  in  the 
shape  of  her  future  husband.  Alcmena 
became  pregnant  by  Jupiter  and  after- 
wards by  her  husband,  and  was  delivered 
of  Hercules  and  Iphiclus.  After  Amphi- 
tryon's death,  Alcmena  married  Rhada- 
manthus,  and  retired  to  Ocalea  in  Bpaotia. 
Alco.t,  a  famous  archer,  who  one  day 
saw  his  son  attacked  by  a  serpent,  and 
aimed  at  him  so  dexterously  that  he  kill- 
ed the  beast  without  hurting  his  son. 

A  silversmith. — —A  son  of  Hippocoon. 
A  surgeon  under  Claudius,  who  gain- 
ed much  money  by  his  profession,  in  cur- 
ing hernias  and   fractures. A  son  of 

Mars. A  son  of  Amycus. 

Alcyone,  or  Halcyone,  daughter  of 
yEoIus,  married  Ceyx,  who  was  drowned 
as  he  was  going  to  Claros  to  consult  the 
oracle.  The  gods  apprised  Alcyone,  in  a 
dream,  of  her  husband's  fate  ;  and  on  the 
morrow  she  threw  herself  into  the  sea, 
and  was  with  her  husband  changed  into 

birds  of  the  same  name. One  of  the 

Pleiades,    daughter    of    Atlas. The 

daughter  of  Evenus,  carried    away    by 

Apollo  after  her  marriage. The  wife 

of   Meleager. A   town   of  Thessaly, 

where  Philip,  Alexander's  father,  lost  one 
of  his  eyes. 

Alcyoneus,  a  youth  of  exemplary  vir- 
tue, son  to  Antigonus. A  giant,  brother 

to  Porphyrion.  He  was  killed  by  Hercu- 
les. 

Alcyona,  a  pool  of  Greece,  whose 
depth  tb?  emperor  Nero  attempted  in  vain 
to  find. 

Aldescus,  a  river  of  European  Sarrna- 

tia,  rising  from  the  Riphaean  mountains, 

and  falling  into  the  northern  sea. 

Alduabis.    Vid.  Dubis. 

Alea,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  from  her 

temple,  built  by  Aleus,  son  of  Aphidas  at 

Tegrea  in  Arcadia. -A  town  of  Arcadia, 

built  by  Aleus.  It  had  three  famous  tem- 
ples, that  of  Minerva,  Bacchus,  and  Diana 
the  Ephesian. 

Alebas,  a  tyrant  of  Larissa,  killed  by 
his  own  guards  for  his  cruelties. 

Alebion  and  Dercynus,  sons  of  Nep- 
tune, were  killed  by  Hercules,  for  steal- 
ing his  oxen  in  Africa. 

Alecto,  one  of  the  Furies,  is  repre- 
sented with  flaming  torches,  her  head 
covered  with  serpents,  and  breathing  ven- 
geance, war,  and  pestilence. 

Alector,  succeeded  his  father  Anaxa- 
goras  in  the  kingdom  of  Argos,  and  was 
father  to  Iphis  and  Capaneus. 

Alectryon,  a  youth  whom  Mars  chang- 
ed into  a  cock,  for  his  negligence. 

Alectus,  a  tyrant  of  Britain,  in  Diocle- 
sian's  reign,  &c.     He  died  296  A.  D. 

Aleuts  Campus,  a  place  in  Lycia, 
where  Bellerophon  fell  from  the  horse  Pe- 
gasus. 


AL 


33 


AL 


Alemanni,  or  Alamanni,  a  people  of 
Germany. 

Alemon,  the  father  of  Myscellus.  He 
built  Crotona  in  Magna  Gracia. 

Alemusii,  inhabitants  of  Attica,  in 
whose  country  there  was  a  temple  of 
Ceres  and  of  Proserpine. 

Aless,  a  place  in  the  island  of  Cos. 

Aleon,  or  Ales,  a  river  of  Ionia,  near 
Colophon. 

Alese,  a  town  of  Sicily,  called  after- 
wards Archonidion,  after  the  founder. 

Alesia,  or  Alexia,  now  Jilise,  a  famous 
city  of  the  Mandubri  in  Gaul,  founded  by 
Hercules  as  he  returned  from  Iberia,  on  a 
high  hill.    J.  Caesar  conquered  it. 

Alesium,  a  town  and  mountain  of  Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Aletes,  a  son  of  ^Egisthus,  murdered 
by  Orestes. 

Alethes,  the  first  of  the  Heraclids, 
who  was  king  of  Corinth.     He  was  son 

of  Hippotas. A  companion  of  ^Eneas, 

described  as  a  prudent  and  venerable  old 
man. 

Alethia,  one  of  Apollo's  nurses. 

Aletidas,  certain  sacrifices  at  Athens, 
in  remembrance  of  Erigone,  who  wander- 
ed with  a  dog  after  her  father  Icarus. 

Aletrium,  a  town  of  Latium,  whose  in- 
habitants are  called  Aletrinates. 

Aletum,  a  tomb  near  the  harbor  of 
Carthage  in  Spain. 

Aleuad-s,  a  royal  family  of  Larissa  in 
Thessaly,  descended  from  Aleuas  king  of 
that  country.  They  betrayed  their  coun- 
try to  Xerxes. 

Aleus,  a  son  of  Aphidas  king  of  Arca- 
dia, famous  for  his  skill  in  building  tem- 
ples. 

Alex,  a  river  in  the  country  of  the 
Brutii. 

Alexamenus,  an  iEtolian,  who  killed 
Nabis,  tyrant  of  Lacedaamon,  and  was 
soon  after  murdered  by  the  people. 

Alexander  1st,  son  of  Amyntas,  was 
the  tenth  king  of  Macedonia.  "  He  reign- 
ed 43  years,  and  died  451  B.  C. 

Alexander  2d,  son  of  Amyntas  2d, 
king  of  Macedonia,  was  treacherously 
murdered,  B.  C.  370,  by  his  younger 
brother  Ptolemy,  who  held  the  kingdom 
for  four  years,  and  made  way  for  Perdic- 
cas  and  Philip. 

Alexander  3d,  surnamed  the  Great, 
was  son  of  Philip  and  Olympias.  He 
was  born  B.  C.  355,  that  night  on  which 
the  famous  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus 
was  burnt  by  Erostratus.  He  was  pupil 
to  Aristotle  during  five  years,  and  he  re- 
ceived his  learned  preceptor's  instructions 
with  becoming  deference  and  pleasure, 
and  ever  respected  his  abilities.  When 
Philip  went  to  war,  Alexander,  in  his  15th 
year,  was  left  governor  of  Macedonia, 
where  he  quelled  a  dangerous  sedition 
and  soon  after  followed  his  father  to  the 


field,  and  saved  his  life  in  a  battle.  He 
was  highly  offended  when  Philip  di- 
vorced Olympias  to  many  Cleopatra,  and 
he  even  caused  the  death  of  Attalus,  the 
new  queen's  brother.  After  this  he  re- 
tired from  court  to  his  mother  Olympias, 
but  was  recalled  ;  and  when  Philip  was 
assassinated,  he  punished  his  murderers  ; 
and,  by  his  prudence  and  moderation, 
gained  the  affection  of  his  subjects.  He 
conquered  Thrace  and  Illyricum,  and  de- 
stroyed Thebes  ;  and  after  he  had  been 
chosen  chief  commander  of  all  the  forces 
of  Greece,  he  declared  war  against  the 
Persians,  who  under  Darius  and  Xerxes 
had  laid  waste  and  plundered  the  noblest 
of  the  Grecian  cities.  With  32,000  foot 
and  5,000  horse,  he  invaded  Asia,  and 
after  the  defeat  of  Darius  at  the  Granicus, 
he  conquered  all  the  provinces  of  Asia 
Minor.  He  obtained  two  other  celebrated 
victories  over  Darius  at  Issus  and  Arbela, 
took  Tyre  after  an  obstinate  siege  of  seven 
months,  and  the  slaughter  of  2,000  of 
the  inhabitants  in  cool  blood,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Egypt,  Media,  Syria, 
and  Persia.  His  conquests  were  spread 
over  India,  where  he  fought  with  Porus,  a 
powerful  king  of  the  country;  and  after  he 
had  invaded  Scythia,  and  visited  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  he  retired  to  Babylon,  loaded 
with  the  spoils  of  the  east.  His  entering 
the  city  was  foretold  by  the  magicians  as 
fatal,  and  their  prediction  was  fulfilled. 
He  died  at  Babylon  the  21st  of  April,  in 
the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age,  after 
a  reign  of  twelve  years  and  eight  months 
of  brilliant  and  continued  success,  323  B. 
C.  His  death  was  so  premature  that  some 
have  attributed  it  to  the  effects  of  poison, 
and  excess  of  drinking.  Alexander  was 
always  forward  in  every  engagement,  and 
bore  the  labors  of  the  field  as  well  as  the 
meanest  of  his  soldiers.  During  his  con- 
quest in  Asia,  he  founded  many  cities, 
which  he  called  Alexandria.  When  he 
had  conquered  Darius,  he  ordered  him- 
self to  be  worshipped  as  a  god  ;  and  Callis- 
thenes,  who  refused  to  do  it,  was  shame- 
fully put  to  death.  His  victories  and  suc- 
cess increased  his  pride  ;  he  dressed  him- 
self in  the  Persian  manner,  and  gave  him- 
self up  to  pleasure  and  dissipation.  He 
set  on  fire  the  town  of  Persepolis,  in  a  fit 
of  madness  and  intoxication,  encouraged 
by  the  courtesan  Thais.  On  his  death- 
bed he  gave  his  ring  to  Perdiccas,  and  it 
was  supposed  that  by  this  singular  pres- 
ent, he  wished  to  make  him  his  succes- 
sor. Some  time  before  his  death,  his  of- 
ficers asked  him  whom  he  appointed  to 
succeed  him  on  the  throne  ?  and  he  an- 
swered, the  worthiest  among  you  ;  but  I 
am  afraid,  added  he,  rny  best  friends  will 
perform  my  funeral  obsequies  with  bloody 
hands.  Alexander,  with  all  his  pride, 
was  humane  and  liberal,  easy  and  familiar 


AL 


34 


AL 


with  his  friends,  and  a  great  patron  of 
learning.  He  was  brave  often  to  rash- 
ness ;  he  frequently  lamented  that  his 
father  conquered  every  thing,  and  left  him 
nothing  to  do ;  and  exclaimed,  in  all  the 
pride  of  regal  dignity,  Give  me  kings  for 
competitors,  and  I  will  enter  the  lists  at 
Olympia.  All  his  family  and  infant  chil- 
dren were    put    to    death  by  Cassander. 

A  son    of   Alexander  the    Great,  by 

Roxane,  put  to  death,  with  his  mother,  by 
Cassander. — A  man,  who,  after  the  expul- 
sion of  Telestes,  reigned  in  Corinth. 

A  son  of  Cassander,  king  of  Macedonia, 
who  reigned  two  years  conjointly  with  his 
brother  Antipater.     Demetrius,  the  son  of 

Antigonus,   put  him  to  death. A  king 

of  Epirus,  brother  to  Olympias,  and  suc- 
cessor to  Arybas.     He  was  surnamed  Mo- 

lossus. A  son  of  Pyrrhus,  was  king  of 

Epirus.     He  conquered  Macedonia,   from 

which  he  was  expelled  by  Demetrius. 

A  king  of  Syria,  driven  from  his  king- 
dom by  Nicanor,  son  of  Demetrius  Soter, 
and  his  father-in-law  Ptolemy   Philome- 

tor. A  king  of  Syria,  first  called  Bala, 

was  a  merchant,  anil  succeeded  Demetri- 
us.  Ptolemy  was  one  of  the  Ptolemean 

kings  in  Egypt.  His  mother  Cleopatra, 
raised  him  to  the  throne,  in  preference  to 
his  brother  Ptolemy  Lathurus,  and  reign- 
ed conjointly  with  him.  Cleopatra,  how- 
ever, expelled  him,  and  soon  after  recall- 
ed him  ;  and  Alexander,  to  prevent  being 
expelled  a  second  time,  put  her  to  death, 
and  for  this  unnatural  action  was  himself 
murdered  by  one  of  his  subjects. Ptole- 
my 2d,  king  of  Egypt,  was  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding.   He  was  murdered  by  his  subjects. 

Ptolemy  3d,  was  king  of  Egypt,  after 

his  brother  Alexander  the  last  mentioned. 
After  a  peaceful  reign,  he  was  banished 
by  his  subjects,  and  died  at  Tyre,  B.  C.  65. 

A  youth,  ordered   by   Alexander  the 

Great  to  climb  the  rock  Aaornus,  with 
thirty  other  youths.     He  was  killed  in  the 

attempt. An    Epicurean     philosopher. 

A  governor  of  iEolia,  who  assembled  a 

multitude  on  pretence  of  showing  them 
an  uncommon  spectacle,  and  confined 
them  till  they  had  each  bought  their  lib- 
erty with  a  sum  of  money. A  name 

given  to  Paris,  son  of  Priam. Jannsus, 

a  king  of  Judaea,  son  of  Hyrcanus,  and 
brother  of  Aristobulus,  who  reigned  as  a 
tyrant,  and  died  through  excess  of  drink- 
ing, B.    C.    79. A    Paphlagonian   who 

gained  divine  honors  by  his  magical  tricks 
and  impositions.     He  died  seventy  years 

old. A    native    of  Caria,   in  the  third 

century,  who  wrote  a  commentary  on  the 

writings    of    Aristotle. A    peripatetic 

philosopher,  said  to  have  been  preceptor 

to  Nero. A  poet  of  Ephesus,  who  wrote 

a  poem  on  astronomy  and   geography. 

A  Thessalian,  who,  as  he  was  going  to  en- 
gage in  a  naval  battle,  gave  to  his  soldiers 


a  great  number  of  missile  weapons,  and 
ordered  them  to  dart  them  continually 
upon  the  enemy,  to  render  their  numbers 

useless. A    governor    of   Lycia,    who 

brought  a  reinforcement  of  troops  to  Alex- 
ander   the    Great. A    Spartan,   killed 

with  two  hundred  of  his  soldiers  by  the 
Argives,  when  he  endeavored  to  prevent 
their  passing  through  the  country  of  Te- 

gea. A  cruel  tyrant  of  Pherae,  in  Thes- 

saly,  who  made  war  against  the  Macedo- 
nians, and  took   Pelopidas  prisoner.     He 

was  murdered,  B.  C.  357,  by  his  wife. 

Severus,  a  Roman  emperor. 

Alexandra,  the  name  of  some  queens 

of  Judaea. A  nurse  of  Nero. — A  name 

of  Cassandra,  because  she  assisted  man- 
kind by  her  prophecies. 

Alexandri  arje,  the  boundaries,  accor- 
ding to  some,  of  Alexander's  victories, 
near  the  Tanais. 

Alexandria,  the  name  of  several  cities 
which  were  founded  by  Alexander,  during 
his  conquests  in  Asia  ;  the  most  famous 
are — A  great  and  extensive  city,  built 
B.  C.  332,  by  Alexander,  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Delta.  The  illustrious  foun- 
der intended  it  not  only  for  the  capital  of 
Egypt,  but  of  his  immense  conquests,  and 
the  commercial  advantages  which  its  sit- 
uation commanded  continued  to  improve 
from  the  time  of  Alexander  till  the  inva- 
sion of  the  Saracens  in  the  seventh  centu- 
ry. Alexandria  is  famous,  among  other 
curiosities,  for  the  large  library  which  the 
pride  or  learning  of  the  Ptolemies  had  col- 
lected there,  at  a  vast  expense,  from  all 
parts  of  the  earth.  It  has  likewise  been 
distinguished  for  its  schools,  not  only  of 
theology  and    philosophy,  but    of  physic. 

Another    in   Albania,  at   the  foot  of 

mount  Caucasus. Another  in  Aracho- 

sia,  in  India. The  capital  of  Aria,  be- 
tween Hecatompylon  and  Bactra. An- 
other   of    Carmania. Another   in  Ci- 

licia,  on  the  confines  of  Syria. An- 
other, the  capital  of  Margiana. Another 

of  Troas,  &c. 

Alexandrina  aqua,  baths  in  Rome, 
built  by  the  emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

Alexandropolis,  a  city  of  Parthia, 
built  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Alexanor,  a  son  of  Machaon,  who  built 
in  Sicyon  a  temple  to  his  grandfather  JEs- 
culapius,  and  received  divine  honors  after 
death. 

Alexarchus,  a  Greek  historian. 

Alex  as,  of  Laodicea,  was  recommend- 
ed to  M.  Antony  by  Timagenes.  He  was 
the  cause  that  Antony  repudiated  Octavia 
to  marry  Cleopatra. 

Alexia,  or  Alesia.    Vid.  Alesia. 

Alexicacus,  a  surname  given  to  Apollo 
by  the  Athenians,  because  he  delivered 
them  from  the  plague  during  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war. 

Alexinus,  a  disciple  of  Eubulide*  the 


AL 


35 


AL 


Hilesian,  famous  for  the  acuteness  of  his 
genius  and  judgment,  and  for  his  fond- 
ness for  contention  and  argumentation. 

Alexio.v,  a  physician,    intimate  with 
Cicero. 
Alexippus,  a  physician  of  Alexander. 
Alexiraes,  a  son  of  Hercules  by  Hebe. 

A  place  of  Boeotia,  where   Alexiraes 

was  born,  bears  also  this  name. 

Alexzrhoe,  a  daughtei  of  the  river 
Granicus. 

Alexi3,  a  man  of  Samos,  who  endea- 
vored to  ascertain,  by  his  writings,  the 

borders  of  his  country. A  comic  poet, 

333  B.  C.  of  Thurium,  who  wrote  two 

hundred  and  forty -five  comedies. A 

servant  of  Asinius   Pollio. A  statuary, 

disciple  to  Polycletes,  eighty-seven  Olym. 
A  school-fellow  of  Atticus. 

Alexoiv,  a  native  of  Myndos,  who 
wrote  fables. 

Alfatern-a,  a  town  of  Campania,  be- 
yond mount  Vesuvius. 

P.  Alfenus  Varus,  a  native  of  Cremo- 
iia,  who  raised  himself  from  his  original 
■profession  of  a  cobbler,  to  offices  of  trust 
at  Rome,  and  at  last  became  consul. 

Algidum,  a  town  of  Latium  near  Tus- 
culum,  about  twelve  miles  from  Rome. 
There  is  a  mountain  of  the  same  name  in 
the  neighborhood. 

Aliacmon  and  Haliacmon,  a  river  of 
Macedonia,  separating  it  from  Thessaly. 

Aliartum,  a  city  of  Bceotia,  taken  by 
M.  Lucretius. 

Aliartus  and   Haliartus,  a  town  of 

Boeotia,   near  the    river    Permessus. 

Another  in  Peloponnesus,  on  the  coast  of 
Messenia. 

Alicfs,  a  town  of  Laconia. A  tribe 

of  Athens. 

Alienus  Cjcina,  a  questor  in  Boeotia, 
appointed,  for  his  services,  commander  of 
a  legion  in  Germany,  by  Galba. 

Alif.e,  Alifa,  or  Alipha,  a  town  of 
Italy,  near  the  Vulturnus,  famous  for  the 
making  of  cups. 

Alil.ei,  a  people  of  Arabia  Felix. 

Alimentus,  C.  an  historian  in  the  sec- 
ond Punic  war. 

Alind^:,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Alipheria,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  situate 
on  a  hill. 

Alirrothius,  a  son  of  Neptune.  Hear- 
ing that  his  father  had  been  defeated  by 
Minerva,  in  his  dispute  about  giving  a 
name  to  Athens,  he  went  to  the  citadel, 
and  endeavored  to  cut  down  the  olive, 
which  had  sprung  from  the  ground,  and 
given  the  victory  to  Minerva  ;  but  in  the 
attempt  he  missed  his  aim,  and  cut  his 
own  legs  so  severely  that  he  instantly  ex- 
pired. 

T.  Alledius  Severus,  a  Roman  knight 
who  married   his  brother's   daughter  to 

please  Agrippina. A  noted  glutton  in 

Domitian's  reign. 


a  river  of  Italy,  falling  into  the 
pretor  of   Sicily,    under 


Alli, 
Tiber. 

Allienos, 
Caesar. 

Allobroges,  a  warlike  nation  of  Gaul 
near  the  Rhone,  in  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try now  called  Savoy,  Dauphine,  and  Vi- 
varais. 

Allobrfges,  a  people  of  Gaul  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  the  Allobroges. 

Allotriges,  a  nation  on  the  southern 
parts  of  Spain. 

Allutius,  or  Albutius,  a  prince  of  the 

Celtiberi,   to  whom   Scipio  restored   the 

beautiful  princess  he  had  taken  in  battle. 

Almo,  a  small  river  near  Rome,  falling 

into  the  Tiber. 

Almon,  the  eldest  of  the  sons  of  Tyr- 
rhus.  He  was  the  first  Rutulian  killed  by 
the  Trojans. 

Aloa,  festivals  at  Athens  in  honor  of 
Bacchus  and  Ceres,  by  whose  beneficence 
the  husbandmen  received  the  recompense 
of  their  labors. 

Alobus,  a  giant,  son  of  Titan  and  Ter- 
ra. He  married  Iphimedia,  by  whom 
Neptune  had  the  twins,  Othus  and  Ephi- 
altus.  Aloeus  educated  them  as  his  own, 
and  from  that  circumstance  they  have  been 
called  Aloides. 

Aloides  and  Aloid.e,  the  sons  of  Alo 
eus.    Vid.  Aloeus. 

Alope,  daughter  of  Cercyon,  king  of 
Eleusis,  changed  into  a  fountain  by  Nep- 
tune.  One  of  the  Harpies. 

Aj.opece,  an  island  in  the  Palus  Maeo- 

tis. Another  in  the  Cimmerian  Bospho- 

rus. Another  in  the  ^Egean  sea,  oppo- 
site Smyrna. 

Alopeces,   a  small   village  of  Attica. 
Socrates  and  Aristides  were  born  there. 
Alopius,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Antiope 
Alos,  a  town  of  Achaia. 
Alotia,  festivals  in  Arcadia,  in  com- 
memoration of  a  victory  gained  over  Lace- 
daemon  by  the  Arcadians. 

Alpenus,  the  capital  of  Locris,  at  the 
north  of  Therm opy las. 

Alpes,  mountains  that  separate  Italy 
from  Spain,  Gaul,  Rhoetia,  and  Germany ; 
considered  as  the  highest  ground  in  Eu- 
rope. 

Alpheia,  a  surname  of  Diana  in  Elis. 

A  surname  of  the  nymph  Arethusa, 

because  loved  by  the  Alpheus. 
Alphenor,  one  of  Niobe's  sons. 
Alphenus.    Vid.  Alfenus. 
Alphesibcea,  daughter  of  the  river  Phle- 
geus,  married  Alcmseon,  son  of  Amphia- 
raus,  who  had  fled  to  her  father's  court 
after  the  murder  of  his  mother.     She  re- 
ceived as  a  bridal   present,   the    famous 
necklace  which   Polynices  had  given  to 
Eriphyle,   to    induce    her  to    betray   her 
husband  Amphiaraus.      Alcmson,  being 
persecuted  by  the  manes  of  his  mother, 
left  his  wife  by  order  of  the  oracle,  and 


AL 


SQ 


AM 


retired  near  the  Achelous,  whose  daughter 
Callirhoe  had  two  sons  by  him,  and  beg- 
ged of  him,  as  a  present,  the  necklace 
which  was  then  in  the  hands  of  Alphesi- 
bcea.  He  endeavored  to  obtain  it,  and  was 
killed  by  Temenus  and  Axion,  Alphesi- 
boea's  brothers,  who  thus  revenged  their 
sister,  who  had  been  so  innocently  aban- 
doned. 

Alphesibceus,  a  shepherd,  often  men- 
tioned in  Virgil's  eclogues. 

Alpheus,  now  Jilpheo,  a  famous  river  of 
Peloponnesus,  which  rises  in  Arcadia,  and 
after  passing  through  Elis  falls  into  the  sea. 
Hercules  made  use  of  the  Alpheus  to  clean 
the  stables  of  Augeas. 

Alphius,  or  Alfeus,  a  celebrated  usu- 
rer of  Rome. 

Alphiu9  Avitus,  a  writer  in  the  age  of 
Severus,  who  gave  an  account  of  illustri- 
ous men,  and  an  history  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian war. 

Alpinus,  belonging  to  the  Alps. 

Alpinus  (Cornelius,)  a  contemptible 
poet,  whom  Horace  ridicules  for  the  awk- 
ward manner  in  which  he  introduces  the 
death  of  Memnon  in  a  tragedy,  and  the 
pitiful  style  with  which  he  describes  the 
Rhine,  in  an  epic  poem  he  had  attempted 

on  the  wars  in  Germany. Julius,  one  of 

the  chiefs  of  the  Helvetii. 

Alpis,  a  small  river  falling  into  the 
Danube. 

Alsium,  a  maritime  town  at  the  west  of 
the  Tiber,  now  Statua. 

Alsus,  a  river  of  Achaia  in  Peloponne- 
sus, flowing   from   mount  Sipylus. A 

shepherd  during  the  Rutulian  wars. 

Alth-ea,  daughter  of  Thestius  and  Eu- 
rythemis,  married  CEneus,  king  of  Caly- 
don,  by  whom  she  had  many  children, 
among  whom  was  Meleager.  When  Al- 
thaea brought  forth  Meleager,  the  Parcse 
placed  a  log  of  wood  in  the  fire,  and  said, 
that  as  long  as  it  was  preserved,  so  long 
would  the  life  of  the  child  just  born  be 
prolonged.  The  mother  saved  the  wood 
from  the  flames,  and  kept  it  very  careful- 
ly ;  but  when  Meleager  killed  his  two  un- 
cles, Althaea's  brothers,  Althasa,  to  revenge 
their  death,  threw  the  log  into  the  fire, 
and  as  soon  as  it  was  burnt,  Meleager  ex- 
pired. 

Alti«mene3,  a  son  of  Creteus  king  of 
Crete,  who  ignorantly  killed  his  own  fa- 
ther. When  Althsemenes  knew  that  he 
had  killed  his  father,  he  entreated  the 
gods  to  remove  him,  and  the  earth  imme- 
diately opened,  and  swallowed  him  up. 

Altinum,  a  flourishing  city  of  Italy 
near  Aquileia,  famous  for  its  wool. 

Altis,  a  sacred  grove  round  Jupiter's 
temple  at  Olympia,  where  the  statues  of 
the  Olympic  conquerors  were  placed. 
Altus,  a  city  of  Peloponnesus. 
Aluntium,  a  town  of  Sicily. 
Alvs,  Aluus,  and  Halus,  a  village  of 


Arcadia,  called  also  the  temple  of  iEscu- 
lapius. 

Alyattes  J.  a  king  of  Lydia,  descend- 
ed from  the  Heraclidee.  He  reigned  fifty- 
seven  years  .—II .  kin  g  of  Lydia,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Mermnada;,  was  father  to  Croe- 
sus. He  died  when  engaged  in  a  war 
against  Miletus,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-five 
years.  An  eclipse  of  the  sun  terminated  a 
battle  between  him  and  Cyaxares. 

Alyba,  a  country  near  Mysia. 

Alycea,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Alyceus,  son  of  Sciron,  was  killed  by 
Theseus.  A  place  in  Megara  received  its 
name  from  him. 

Alymon,  the  husband  of  Circe. 

Alyssus,  a  fountain  of  Arcadia,  whose 
waters  could  cure  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog. 

Alyxothoe,  or  Alexirhoe,  daughter 
of  Dymus,  was  mother  of  iEsacus  by 
Priam. 

Alyzia,  a  town  of  Acarnania  on  the 
western  mouth  of  the  Achelous,  opposite 
to  the  Echinades. 

Amadocus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  defeated 
by  his  antagonist  Seuthes. 

Amage,  a  queen  of  Sarmatia,  remarka- 
ble for  her  justice  and  fortitude. 

Amalthjea,  daughter  of  Melissus  king 

of  Crete,  fed  Jupiter  with  goat's  milk. 

A  Sibyl  of  Cumie,  called  also  Hierophile 
and  Demophile.  She  is  supposed  to  be  the 
same  who  brought  nine  books  of  prophe- 
cies to  Tarquin  king  of  Rome. 

Amaltheum,  a  public  place  which  Atti- 
cus  had  opened  in  his  country-house,  call- 
ed Amalthea  in  Epirus,  and  provided  with 
every  thing  which  could  furnish  enter- 
tainment and  convey  instruction. 

Amana,  or  Amanus,  part  of  mount  Tau- 
rus in  Cilicia. 

Cn.  Sal.  Amandus,  a  rebel  general 
under  Dioclesian,  who  assumed  imperial 
honors,  and  was  at  last  conquered  by  Dio 
clesian's  colleague. 

Amantes,  or  Amantini,  a  people  of  II- 
lyricum  descended  from  the  Abantes  of 
Phocis. 

Amanus,  one  of  the  deities  worshipped 

in  Armenia  and  Cappadocia. A  moun 

tain  of  Cilicia. 

Amaracus,  an  officer  of  Cinyras,  chang- 
ed into  marjoram. 

Amardi,  a  nation  near  the  Caspian  sea 

Amartus,  a  city  of  Greece. 

Amaryllis,  the  name  of  a  country  wo- 
man in  Virgil's  eclogues. 

Amarynceus,  a  king  of  the  Epeans, 
bflried  at  Buprasium. 

Amarynthus,  a  village  of  Euboea  whence 
Diana  is  called  Amarysia,  and  her  festi- 
vals in  that  town  Amarynthia. Eubcea 

is  sometimes  called  Amarynthus. 

Amas,  a  mountain  of  Laconia. 

Amasenus,  a  small  river  of  Latium  fall- 
ing into  the  Tyrrhene  son. 

Amasia,  a  city  of  Pontus,  where  Mithri- 


AM 


37 


AM 


tfates  the  Great,  and  Strabb  the  geographer, 
were  born. 

Amasis,  a  man  who,  from  a  common 
soldier,  became  king  of  Egypt.  When 
Cambyses  came  into  Egypt,  he  ordered  the 
body  of  Amasis  to  be  dug  up,  and  to  be  in- 
sulted and  burnt. A  man  who  led  the 

Persians  against  the  inhabitants  of  Barce. 

Amastris,  the  wife  of  Dionysius  the 
tyrant  of  Sicily,  was  sister  to  Darius,  whom 

Alexander  conquered. Also,  the  wife 

of  Xerxes  king  of  Persia. A  city  of 

Paphlagonia,  on  the  Euxine  sea. 

Amastrtjs,  one  of  the  auxiliaries  of 
Perses,  killed  by  Argus,  son  of  Phryxus. 
A  friend  of  ^Eneas,  killed  by  Ca- 
milla. 

Amata,  the  wife  of  king  Latirras.  When 
her  daughter  wTas  given  in  marriage  to 
jEneas,  she  hung  herself  to  avoid  the  sight 
of  her  son-in-law. 

Amathus,  now  Lhnisso,  a  city  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  par- 
ticularly dedicated  to  Venus. 

Amaxampeus,  a  fountain  of  Scythia, 
whose  waters  embitter  the  stream  of  the 
river  Hypanis. 

Amaxia,  or  Amaxita,  an  ancient  town 

of  Troas. A  place  of  Cilicia,  abounding 

with  wood  fit  for  building  ships. 

Amazenes,  or  Mazsnes,  a  prince  of 
the  island  of  Oaractus,  who  sailed  for 
pome  time  with  the  Macedonians  and 
Nearchus  in  Alexander's  expedition  into 
the  east. 

Amazones,  or  Amazonides,  a  nation  of 
famous  women  who  lived  near  the  river 
Thermodon  in  Cappadocia.  All  their  life 
was  employed  in  wars  and  manly  exer- 
cises. They  founded  an  extensive  empire 
in  Asia  Minor,  along  the  shores  of  the 
Euxine,  and  near  the  Thermodon.  The 
Amazons  of  Africa  flourished  long  before 
the  Trojan  war,  and  many  of  their  actions 
have  been  attributed  to  those  of  Asia.  It 
is  said,  that  after  they  had  almost  subdued 
all  Asia,  they  invaded  Attica,  and  were 
conquered  by  Theseus.  Their  most  fa- 
mous actons  were  their  expedition  against 
Priam,  and  afterwards  the  assistance  they 
gave  him  during  the  Trojan  war ;  and 
their  invasion  of  Attica,  to  punish  The- 
seus, who  had  carried  away  Antiope,  one 
of  their  queens.  Among  their  queens, 
Ilippolyte,  Antiope,  Lampeto,  Marpesia, 
&c.  are  famous.  The  Amazons  were  such 
expert  archers,  that,  to  denote  the  good- 
ness of  a  bow  or  quiver,  it  was  usual  to 
call  it  Amazonian. 

Alazonia,  a  celebrated  mistress  of  the 

emperor  Commodus. The  country  of 

the  Amazons,  near  the  Caspian  sea. 

Amazonium,  a  place  in  Attica,  where 
Theseus  obtained  a  victory  over  the  Ama- 
zons. 

Amazonius,  a  surname  of  Apollo  at 
Lacedsemon. 

4 


Ambarri,  a  people  of  Gallia  Celtica,  on 
the  Arar,  related  to  the  ^Edui. 

Ambarvalia,  a  joyful  procession  round 
the  ploughed  fields,  in  honor  of  Ceres  the 
goddess  of  corn. 

Ambenus,  a  mountain  of  European  Sar- 
matia. 

Ambialites,  a  people  of  Gallia  Celtica. 

Ambianum,  a  town  of  Belgium,  now 
Amiens. 

Ambiatinum,  a  village  of  Germany, 
where  the  emperor  Caligula  was  born. 

Ambigatus,  a  king  of  the  Celts,  in  the 
time  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

Ambiorix,  a  king  of  the  Eburones  in 
Gaul.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  Rome, 
and  was  killed  in  a  battle  with  J.  Cassar, 
in  which  sixty  thousand  of  his  country- 
men were  slain. 

Amblada,  a  town  of  Pisidia. 

Ambracia,  a  city  of  Epirus,  near  the 
Acheron,  the  residence  of  king  Pyrrhus. 
Augustus,  after  the  battle  of  Actium,  call- 
ed it  Nicopolis. 

Ambracius  Sinu9,  a  bay  of  the  Ionian 
sea,  near  Ambracia,  now  called  the  gulf 
of  Larta. 

Ambri,  an  Indian  nation. 

Ambrones,  certain  nations  of  Gaul,  who 
lost  their  possessions  by  the  inundation  of 
the  sea,  and  lived  upon  rapine  and  plun- 
der. 

Ambrosia,  festivals  observed  in  honor 
of  Bacchus,  in  some  cities  in  Greece. 
They  were  the  same  as  the  Brumalia  of 

the  Romans. One  of  the  daughters  of 

Atlas,  changed  into  a  constellation  after 

death. The  food  of  the  gods  was  called 

ambrosia,  and  their  drink  nectar.  The 
word  signifies  immortal.  It  had  the  power 
of  giving  immortality  to  all  those  who  eat 
it.  It  was  sweeter  than  honey,  and  of  a 
most  odoriferous  smell.  It  had  the  power 
of  healing  wounds.  The  gods  used  gen- 
erally to  perfume  their  hair  with  ambrosia. 

Ambrosius,  bishop  of  Milan,  obliged 
the  emperor  Theodosius  to  make  penance 
for  the  murder  of  the  people  of  Thessalon- 
ica,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  writ- 
ings, especially  against  the  Arians. 

Ambryon,  a  man  who  wrote  the  life  of 
Theocritus  of  Chios. 

Ambryssus,  a  city  of  Phocis,  which  re- 
ceives its  name  from  a  hero  of  the  same 
name. 

Ambubaj^:,  Syrian  women  of  immoral 
lives,  who  in  the  dissolute  period  of 
Rome,  attended  festivals  and  assemblies 
as  minstrels. 

Ambulli,  a  surname  of  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux, in  Sparta. 

Ameles,  a  river  of  hell,  whose  waters 
no  vessel  could  contain. 

Ame nanus,  a  river  of  Sicily,  near  mount 
iEtna,  now  Guidicello. 

AMENiDE9,a  secretary  of  Darius  the  last 
king  of  Persia. 


AM 


38 


AM 


Amenocles,  a  Corinthian,  said  to  be 
the  first  Grecian  who  built  a  three-oared 
galley  at  Samos  and  Corinth. 

Amxria,  a  city  of  Umbria,  whose  osiers 
were  famous  for  the  binding  of  vines  to 
the  elm  trees. 

Amestratus,  a  town  of  Sicily,  near  the 
Halesus.  The  Romans  besieged  it  for 
seven  months,  and  it  yielded  at  last  after 
a  third  siege,  and  the  inhabitants  were 
sold  as  slaves. 

Amestkis,  queen  of  Persia,  was  wife  to 
Xerxes.  She  cruelly  treated  the  mother 
of  Artiante,  her  husband's  raioiresG,  in  1 
cut  off  her  nose,  ears,  lips,  breast,  Kcr.gci, 
and  eyebrows. 

Amida,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  besieged 
and  taken  by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia. 

Amilcar,  a  Carthaginian  general  of 
great  eloquence  and  cunning,  surnamed 

Rhodanus. A  Carthaginian,  whom  the 

Syracusans  called  to  their  assistance 
against  the  tyrant  Agathocles,  who  be- 
sieged their  city.    He  died  in  Syracuse, 

B.  C.  309. A  Carthaginian,  surnamed 

Barcas,  father  to  the  celebrated  Annibal. 
He  was  killed  in  a  battle  against  the  Vet- 
tones  B.  C.  237.  He  had  formed  the  plan 
of  an  invasion  of  Italy,  by  crossing  the 
Alps,  which  his  son  afterwards  carried 
into  execution.  His  great  enmity  to  the 
Romans  was  the  cause  of  the  second  Pu- 
nic war.  He  used  to  say  of  his  three  sons, 
that  he  kept  three  lions  to  devour  the  Ro- 
man power. A   Carthaginian  general, 

who  assisted  the  Insubres  against  Rome, 

and  was  taken  by  Cn.  Cornelius. A  son 

of  Hanno. 

Amilos,  or  Amilus,  a  river  of  Mauri- 
tania, where  the   elephants   go  to  wash 

themselves  by  moonshine. A  town  of 

Arcadia. 

Amimone,  or  Amymone,  a  daughter  of 
Danaus,  changed  into  a  fountain  which  is 
near  Argos,  and  flows  into  the  lake  Lerna 

Aminea,  or  Amminea,  a  part  of  Cam- 
pania, where  the  inhabitants  are  g*M\- 
husbandmen.  Its  wine  was  higbiVy  es- 
teemed.  A  place  of  Thessaly. 

Aminias,  a  famous  pirate,  whom  Anti- 
gonus  employed  against  Apoilcdcirus  tyrant 
of  Cassandrea. 

Aminius,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Aminocles,  a  native  of  Corinth,  who 
flourished  705  B.  C.  &c. 

Amisena,  a  country  of  Cappadocia. 

Ami 3i as,  a  comic  poet,  whom  Aristo- 
phanes ridiculed  for  his  insipid  verses. 

Amissas,  an  officer  of  Megalopolis  in 
Alexander's  army. 

Amiternum,  a  town  of  Italy,  where 
Sallust  was  born. 

Amithaon,  or  Amythaon,  was  father 
to  Melampus  the  famous  prophet. 

Ammalo,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Jupiter 
in  Greece. 

Ammianus.    Fid.  Marcellinus. 


Ammon  and  Hammon,  a  name  of  Ju- 
piter, worshipped  in  Libya.  The  temple 
of  Jupiter  Ammon  was  in  the  deserts  of 
Libya,  nine  days  journey  from  Alexan- 
dria. There  were  above  one  hundred 
priests  in  the  temple,  but  only  the  elders 
delivered   oracles.      There   was  also  an 

oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon  in  ^Ethiopia. 

A  king  of  Libya,  father  to  Bacchus.  He 
gave  his  name  to  the  temple  of  Hammon. 

Ammon  and  Brothas,  two  brothers  fa- 
mous for  their  skill  in  boxing. 

Ammonia,  a  name  of  Juno  in  Elis,  as 
being  thd  wife  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 

Am& 3,-*  j,  a  Ti~&ion  of  Africa,  who  de 
rived  tneir  origin  from  the  Egyptians  and 
^Ethiopians. 

Ammonius,  a  Christian  philosopher,  who 
opened  a  school  of  Platonic  philosophy  at 

Alexandria,  232  A.  D. An   Athenian 

general  surnamed  Barcas. 

Ammothea,  one  of  the  Nereides 

Amnias,  a  river  of  Bithynia. 

Amnisus,  a  port  of  Gnossus,  at  the 
north  of  Crete,  with  a  small  river  of  the 
same  name. 

Amceb^eus,  an  Athenian  player  of  grea' 
reputation. 

Amometus,  a  Greek  historian. 

Amor,  the  son  of  Venus,  was  the  god  of 
love. 

Amoroes,  a  Persian  general,  killed  in 
Caria  in  the  reign  of  Xerxes. 

Amorgos,  an  island  among  the  Cyciades 
where  Simonides  was  born. 

Ampelus,  a  promontory  of  Samos. 

A  town  of  Crete, — Macedonia, — Liguria, 

— and  Cyrene.- A  favorite  of  Bacchus, 

son  of  a  satyr  and  a  nymph,  made  a  con- 
stellation after  death. 

Ampelusia,  a  promontory  of  Africa,  in 
Mauritania. 

Amphea,  a  city  of  Messenia,  taken  by 
the  Lacedaemonians. 

Amphialaus,  a  famous  dancer  in  the 
island  of  the  Phaeacians. 

AjiPHUNAi,a  king  of  Lyciainthe  time 
of  Acrisius  and  Prcetus. 

Amphiaraus,  son  of  Oicleus,  or  accord- 
ing to  others,  of  Apollo,  by  Hypermnestra, 
was  at  the  chase  of  the  Calydonian  boar, 
and  accompanied  the  Argonauts  in  their 
expedition.  He  was  famous  for  his  know- 
ledg3  of  futurity,  and  thence  he  is  called 
by  some  son  of  Apollo.  Amphiaraus  re- 
ceived divine  honors  after  death,  and  had 
a  celebrated  temple  and  oracle  at  Oropos 
in  Attica.  His  statue  was  made  of  white 
marble,  and  near  his  temple  was  a  foun- 
tain, whose  waters  were  ever  held  sacred. 
They  only  who  had  consulted  his  oracle, 
or  had  been  delivered  from  a  disease, 
were  permitted  to  bathe  in  it,  after  which 
they  threw  pieces  of  gold  and  silver  into 
the  stream. 

Amphiaraides,  a  patronymic  of  Alc- 
maeon,  as  being  son  of  Amphiaraus. 


AM 


39 


AM 


A?iPHicRATEs,  a  historian  who  wrote 
the  lives  of  illustrious  men. 

Amphictyojj,  son  of  Deucalion  and 
Pyrrha,  reigned  at  Athens  after  Cranaus, 
and  first  attempted  to  give  the  interpreta- 
tion of  dreams,  and  to  draw  omens.  Some 
say,  that  the  deluge  happened  in  his  age. 
The  son  of  Helenus,  who  first  estab- 
lished the  celebrated  council  of  the  Am- 
■phiciijons,  composed  of  the  wisest  and  most 
virtuous  men  of  some  cities  of  Greece. 
This  august  assembly  consisted  of  twelve 
persons,  originally  sent  by  the  following 
states  ;  the  Ionians,  Dorians,  Perhtebians, 
Boeotians,  Magnesians,  Phthians,  Locri- 
ans,  Malians,  Phocians,  Thessalians,  Do- 
lopes,  and  the  people  of  (Eta.  Other 
cities  in  process  of  time  sent  also  some  of 
their  citizens  to  the  council  of  the  Am- 
phictyons,  and  in  the  age  of  Antoninus 
Pius,  they  were  increased  to  the  number 
of  thirty.  They  took  into  consideration 
the  matters  of  difference  between  the 
states  of  Greece. 

Amphiclea,  a  town  of  Phocis,  where 
Bacchus  had  a  temple. 

Amphidamus,  a  son  of  Aleus,  brother  to 
Lycurgus.     He  was  of  the  family  of  the 

Inachida?. One  of  the  Argonauts. 

A  son  of  Busiris,  killed  by  Hercules. 

Amphidkomia,  a  festival  observed  by 
private  families  at  Athens,  the  fifth  day 
after  the  birth  of  every  child.  It  was  cus- 
tomary to  run  round  the  fire  with  a  child 
in  their  arms  ;  whence  the  name  of  the 
festivals. 

Amphigenia,  a  town  of  Messenia  in 
Peloponnesus. 

Amphilochus,  a  son  of  Amphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle.  After  the  Trojan  war  he  left 
Argos  his  native  country,  and  built  Amphi- 
lochus, a  town  of  Epirus. An  Athenian 

philosopher  who  wrote  upon  agriculture. 

Amphilytus,  a  soothsayer  of  Acarnania, 
who  encouraged  Pisistratus  to  seize  the 
sovereign  power  of  Athens. 

Amphimache,  a  daughter  of  Amphida- 
mus, wife  of  Eurystheus. 

Amphimachus,  one  of  Helen's  suitors, 
son  of  Cteatus.  He  went  to  the  Trojan 
war. A  son  of  Actor  and  Theronice. 

Amfhimedon,  a  Libyan  killed  by  Per- 
seus in  the  court  of  Cepheus. One  of 

Penelope's  suitors  killed  by  Telemachus. 

Amphinome,  the  name  of  one  of  the  at- 
tendants of  Thetis. 

AMPHiNOMus,one  of  Penelope's  suitors, 
killed  by  Telemachus. 

Amphinomus  and  Anapius,  two  broth- 
ers, who,  when  Catana  and  the  neighbor- 
ing cities  were  in  flames,  by  an  eruption 
from  mount  iEtna,  saved  their  parents 
upon  their  shoulders.  The  fire,  as  it  is 
said,  spared  them  while  it  consumed 
others  by  their  side  ;  and  Pluto,  to  reward 
their  uncommon  piety,  placed  them  after 
death  in  the  island  of  Leuce,  and  they  re- 
ceived divine  honors  in  Sicily. 


Amphion,  was  son  of  Jupiter,  by  Anti. 
ope  daughter  of  Nycteus,  who  had  mar- 
ried Lycus,  and  had  been  repudiated  by 
him  when  he  married  Dirce.  Amphion 
was  born  at  the  same  birth  as  Zethus,  on 
mount  Citheron,  where  Antiope  had  fled 
to  avoid  the  resentment  of  Dirce  ;  and  the 
two  children  were  exposed  in  the  woods, 
but  preserved  by  a  shepherd.  When  Am- 
phion grew  up,  he  cultivated  poetry,  and 
made  such  an  uncommon  progress  in  mu- 
sic, that  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  in- 
ventor of  it,  and  to  have  built  the  walls 
of  Thebes  at  the  sound  of  his  lyre.  Mer- 
cury taught  him  music,  and  gave  him  the 
lyre.  He  was  the  first  who  raised  an  altar 
to  this  god.  Zethus  and  Amphion  united 
to  avenge  the  wrongs  which  their  mother 
had  suffered  from  the  cruelties  of  Dirce. 
They  besieged  and  took  Thebes,  put  Ly- 
cus to  death,  and  tied  his  wife  to  the  tail 
of  a  wild  bull,  who  dragged  her  through 
precipices  till  she  expired.  The  fable  of 
Amphion's  moving  stones  and  raising  the 
walls  of  Thebes  at  the  sound  of  his  lyre, 
has  been  explained  by  supposing  that  he 
persuaded,  by  his  eloquence,  a  wild  and 
uncivilized  people  to  unite  together  and 
build  a  town  to  protect  themselves  against 

the  attacks  of  their  enemies. A  son  of 

Jasus  king  of  Orchomenos,  by  Persephone 
daughter  of  Mius.  He  married  Niobe, 
daughter  of  Tantalus,  by  whom  he  had 
many  children,  among  whom  was  Chloris 
the  wife  of  Neleus.  When  Niobe  boasted 
herself  greater,  and  more  deserving  of 
immortality  than  Latona,  all  her  children, 
except  Chloris,  were  destroyed  by  the  ar- 
rows of  Apollo  and  Diana  ;  Niobe  herself 
was  changed  into  a  stone,  and  Amphion 

killed  himself  in  a  fit  of  despair. One 

of  the  Argonauts. A  famous  painter 

and  statuary,  son  of  Acestor  of  Gnossus. 
One  of  the  Greek  generals  in  the  Tro- 
jan war. 

Amphipoles,  magistrates  appointed  at 
Syracuse,  by  Timoleon,  after  the  expul- 
sion of  Dionysius  the  younger.  The  office 
existed  for  above  three  hundred  years. 

Amphipolis,  a  town  on  the  Strymon, 
between  Macedonia  and  Thrace.  An 
Athenian  colony  under  Agnon,  son  of 
Nicias,  drove  the  ancient  inhabitants, 
called  Edonians,  from  the  country,  and 
built  a  city,  which  they  called  Amphipo- 
lis, i.  e.  a  town  surrounded  on  all  sides, 
because  the  Strymon  flowed  all  around  it. 
It  has  been  also  called  Acra,  Strymon, 
Myrica,  Eion,  and  the  town  of  Mars.  It 
was  the  cause  of  many  wars  between  the 
Athenians  and  Spartans. 

Amphipyros,  a  surname  of  Diana,  be- 
cause she  carries  a  torch  in  both  her  hands. 

Amphiretu3,  a  man  of  Acanthus,  who 
artfully  escaped  from  pirates  who  had 
made  him  prisoner. 

Amphiroe,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 


AM 


40 


AM 


Amphis,  a  Greek'  comic  poet  of  Athens, 
son  of  Amphicrates,  contemporary  with 
Plato.  Besides  his  comedies,  he  wrote 
other  pieces,  which  are  now  lost. 

Amphisb.ina,  a  two-headed  serpent  in 
the  deserts  of  Libya,  whose  bite  was  ven- 
omous and  deadly. 

Amphissa,  or  Issa,  a  daughter  of  Ma- 
careus,  beloved  by  Apollo.  She  gave  her 
name  to  a  city  of  Locris  near  Phocis,  in 

which  was  a  temple   of  Minerva. A 

town  of  the  Brutii  on  the  east  coast. 

Amphissene,  a  country  of  Armenia. 

Amphissus,  a  son  of  Dryope. 

Amphisthenes,  a  Lacedaemonian,  who 
fell  delirious  in  sacrificing  to  Diana. 

Amphistides,  a  man  so  naturally  des- 
titute of  intellects,  that  he  seldom  remem- 
bered that  he  ever  had  a  father.  He 
wished  to  learn  arithmetic,  but  never 
could  comprehend  beyond  the  figure  4. 

Amphistratus  and  Rhecas,  two  men 
of  Laconia,  charioteers  to  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux. 

Amphitea,  the  mother  of  iEgialeus,  by 
Cyanippus,  and  of  three  daughters,  Argia, 
Deipyle,  and  iEgialea,  by  Adrastus  king 
of  Argos.     She  was  daughter  to  Pronax. 

The  wife  of  Autolycus,  by  whom  she 

had  Anticiea,  the  wife  of  Laertes. 

Amphitheatrum,  a  large  round  or  oval 
building  at  Rome,  where  the  people  as- 
sembled to  see  the  combats  of  gladiators, 
of  wild  beasts,  and  other  exhibitions. 
The  amphitheatres  of  Rome  were  gene- 
rally built  with  wood  ;  Statilius  Taurus 
was  the  first  who  made  one  with  stones, 
under  Augustus. 

Amphithemis,  a  Theban  general,  who 
involved  the  Lacedaemonians  in  a  war 
with  his  country. 

Amphithoe,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Amphitrite,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and 
Tethys,  married  Neptune,  though  she  had 
made  a  vow  of  perpetual  celibacy.  She 
had  by  him  Triton,  one  of  the  seadeities. 
She  had  a  statue  at  Corinth  in  the  temple 
of  Neptune.  She  is  sometimes  called  Sa- 
latia,  and  is  often  taken  for  the  sea  itself. 
One  of  the  Nereides. 

Amphitryon,  a  Theban  prince,  son  of 
Alcaeus  and  Hipponome.  His  sister  Anaxo 
had  married  Electryon  king  of  Mycenae, 
whose  sons  were  killed  in  a  battle  by  the 
Teleboans.  Electryon  promised  his  crown, 
and  daughter  Alcmena,  to  him  who  could 
revenge  the  death  of  his  sons  upon  the 
Teleboans  ;  and  Amphitryon  offered  him- 
self, and  was  received,  on  condition  that 
he  should  not  approach  Alcmena  before 
he  had  obtained  a  victory.  Jupiter,  who 
was  captivated  with  the  charms  of  Alc- 
mena, borrowed  the  features  of  Amphi- 
tryon, when  he  was  gone  to  the  war,  and 
introduced  himself  to  Electryon's  daugh- 
ter, as  her  husband  returned  victorious. 
Alcmena  became  pregnant  of  Hercules, 


by  Jupiter,  and  of  Iphiclus  by  Amphitryon, 
after  his  return.  When  Amphitryon  re- 
turned from  the  war,  he  brought  back  to 
Electryon,  the  herds  which  the  Teleboans 
had  taken  from  him.  One  of  the  cows 
having  strayed  from  the  rest,  Amphitry- 
on, to  bring  them  together,  threw  a  stick, 
which  struck  the  horns  of  the  cow,  and 
rebounded  with  such  violence  upon  Elec- 
tryon that  he  died  on  the  spot.  After 
this  accidental  murder,  Sthenelus,  Elec- 
tryon's brother,  seized  the  kingdom  of 
Mycenae,  and  obliged  Amphitryon  to  leave 
Argolis,  and  retire  to  Thebes  with  Alc- 
mena. Creon,  king  of  Thebes,  purified 
him  of  the  murder. 

Amphitryoniades,  a  surname  of  Her- 
cules, as  the  supposed  son  of  Amphitryon. 

Amphitus,  a  priest  of  Ceres,  at  the 
court  of  Cepheus. 

Amphoterics  was  appointed  command- 
er of  a  fleet  in  the  Hellespont  by  Alexan- 
der.  A  son  of  Alcmaeon. 

Amphrysus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  near 
which  Apollo,  when  banished  from  hea- 
ven, fed  the  flocks  of  king  Admetus, 
From  this  circumstance  the  god  has  been 
called  AmphryssiiLs,  and  his  priestess  Am- 

phryssia. A  river  of  Phrygia  whose 

waters  rendered  women  liable  to  barren- 
ness. 

Ampia  Labiena  Lex  was  enacted  by 
T.  Ampius  and  A.  Labienus,  tribunes  of 
the  people,  A.  U.  C.  693.  It  gave  Pompey 
the  great  the  privilege  of  appearing  in 
triumphal  robes  and  with  a  golden  crown 
at  the  Circensian  games,  and  with  a  prae- 
texta  and  golden  crown  at  theatrical 
plays. 

Ampracia.    Vid.  Ambracia. 

Ampysides,  a  patronymic  of  Mopsus, 
son  of  Ampyx. 

Ampyx,  a  son  of  Pelias. 

Amsactus,  a  lake  in  the  country  of  the 
Hirpini,  at  the  east  of  Capua,  whose  wa- 
ters are  so  sulphureous  that  they  infect 
and  destroy  whatever  animals  come  near 
the  place.  It  was  through  this  place  that 
Virgil  made  the  fury  Alecto  descend  into 
hell,  after  her  visit  to  the  upper  regions. 

Amulius,  king  of  Alba,  was  son  of  Pro- 
cas,  and  youngest  brother  to  Numitor. 
The  crown  belonged  to  Numitor  by  right 
of  birth  ;  but  Amulius  dispossessed  him  of 
it,  and  even  put  to  death  his  son  Lausus, 
and  consecrated  his  daughter  Rhea  Sylvia 
to  the  service  of  Vesta,  to  prevent  her 
ever  becoming  a  mother.  Yet,  in  spite 
of  all  these  precautions,  Rhea  became 
pregnant  by  the  god  Mars,  and  brought 
forth  twins,  Romulus  and  Remus.  Amu- 
lius, who  was  informed  of  this,  ordered 
the  mother  to  be  buried  alive  for  violating 
the  laws  of  Vesta,  which  enjoined  per- 
petual chastity,  and  the  two  children  to 
be  thrown  into  the  river.  They  were 
providentially  saved  by  some  shepherds, 


AM 


41 


AM 


or,  as  others  say,  by  a  she-wolf ;  and  when 
they  had  attained  the  years  of  manhood, 
they  put  to  death  the  usurper,  Amulius, 
and  restored  the  crown  to  their  grand- 
father.  A  celebrated  painter. 

Amvci  Portus,  a  place  in  Pontus,  fa- 
mous for  the  death  of  Amycus  king  of  the 
Bebryces.  His  tomb  was  covered  with 
laurels,  whose  boughs,  as  is  reported, 
when  carried  on  board  a  ship,  caused  un- 
common dissentions  among  the  sailors. 

Amycla,  a  daughter  of  Niobe,  who, 
Avith  her  sister  Melibcea,  was  spared  by 
Diana,  when  her  mother  boasted  herself 
greater  than  Diana. 

Amyclje,  a  town  of  Italy  between  Caie- 
ta  and  Tarracina,  built  by  the  companions 
of  Castor  and  Pollux.  The  inhabitants 
were  strict  followers  of  the  precepts  of 
Pythagoras,  and  therefore  abstained  from 
flesh.  They  were  killed  by  serpents, 
which  they  thought  impious  to  destroy, 
though  in  their  own  defence.  Once  a  re- 
port prevailed  in  Amyclae,  that  the  ene- 
mies were  coming  to  storm  it ;  upon  which 
the  inhabitants  made  a  law,  that  forbade 
such  a  report  to  be  credited,  and  when 
the  enemy  really  arrived,  no  one  mention- 
ed it,  or  took  up  arms  in  his  own  defence, 
and  the  town  was  easily  taken.  From 
this  circumstance  the  epithet  of  tacitx  has 
been  given  to  Amyclae. A  city  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, built  by  Amyclas.  Castor  and 
Pollux  were  born  there.  The  country  was 
famous  for  dogs.  Apollo,  called  Amycls- 
us,  had  a  rich  and  magnificent  temple 
there,  surrounded  with  delightful  groves. 

AMYCLiEus,  a  statuary. A  surname 

of  Apollo. 

Amyclas,  son  of  Lacedaemon  and  Spar- 
ta, built  the  city  of  Amyclas.  His  sister 
Eurydice  married  Acrisius  king  of  Argos, 

by  whom  she  had  Danae. •The  master 

of  a  ship  in  which  Caesar  embarked  in 
disguise.  When  Amyclas  wished  to  put 
back  to  avoid  a  violent  storm, Caesar  unveil- 
ing his  head,  discovered  himself,  and  bid- 
dingthe  pilot  pursue  his  voyage,  exclaim- 
ed, CcBsarem,  vekis,  C<zsarisquefuTtunam. 

Amycus,  son  of  Neptune,  by  Melia,  or 
Bithynis  according  to  others,  was  king  of 
the  Bebryces.  He  was  famous  for  his 
skill  in  the  management  of  the  cestus, 
and  he  challenged  all  strangers  to  a  trial  of 
strength.  When  the  Argonauts,  in  their 
expedition,  stopped  on  his  coasts,  he  treat- 
ed them  with  great  kindness,  and  Pollux 
accepted  his  challenge,  -and  killed  him 
when  he  attempted  to  overcome  him  by 
fraud. One  of  the  companions  of  ^Ene- 
as, who  almost  perished  in  a  storm  on  the 
coast  of  Africa.     He  was   killed  by   Tur- 

nus. Another  likewise  killed  by  Tur- 

nus. A  son  of  Ixion  and  the  cloud. 

Amydon,  a  city  of  Paeonia  in  Macedo- 
nia, which  sent  auxiliaries  to  Priam  during 
the  Trojan  war. 

4* 


Amymon-e,  daughter  of  Danaus  and  Eu- 
ropa,  married  Enceladus,  son  of  ^Egyptus, 
whom  she  murdered  the  first  night  of  her 
nuptials.  It  was  said,  that  she  was  the 
only  one  of  the  fifty  sisters  who  was  not 
condemned  to  fill  a  leaky  tub  with  water 
in  hell,  because  she  had  been  continually 
employed,  by  order  of  her  father,  in  sup- 
plying the  city  of  Argos  with  water,  in  a 
great  drought.  Neptune  saw  her  in  this 
employment,  and  was  enamoured  of  her 
He  carried  her  away,  and  in  the  place 
where  she  stood,  he  raised  a  fountain,  by 
striking  a  rock.  The  fountain  has  been 
called  Amymone. A  fountain  and  rivu- 
let of  Peloponnesus,  flowing  through  Ar- 
golis  into  the  lake  of  Lerna. 

Amyntas  1st,  was  king  of  Macedonia 
after  his  father  Alcetas.  His  son  Alexan- 
der murdered  the  ambassadors  of  Megab- 
yzus,  for  their  wanton  and  insolent  beha- 
viour to  the  ladies  of  his  father's  court. 
Bubares,  a  Persian  general,  was  sent  with 
an  army  to  revenge  the  death  of  the  am- 
bassadors ;  but  instead  of  making  war, 
he  married  the  king's  daughter  and  de- 
fended his  possessions. The  second  of 

that  name  was  son  of  Menelaus,  and  king 
of  Macedonia,  after  his  murder  of  Pau- 
sanias.  He  was  expelled  bythelllyrians, 
and  restored  by  the  Thessalians  and  Spar- 
tans. He  made  war  against  the  Illyfians 
and  Olynthians,  and  lived  to  a  great  age. 
His  wife,  Eurydice,  conspired  against  his 
life  ;  but  her  snares  were  seasonably  dis- 
covered by  one  of  his  daughters  by  a  for- 
mer wife.  He  had  Alexander,  Perdiccas, 
and  Philip,  Alexander  the  Great's  father, 
by  his  first  wife  ;  and  by  the  other  he  had 
Archelaus,  Aridaeus,  and  Menelaus.  He 
reigned  twenty- four  years  ;  and  soon  after 
his  death,  his  son  Philip  murdered  all  his 

brothers,   and  ascended   the   throne. 

One  of  Alexander's  officers. Another 

officer  who  deserted  to  Darius,  and  was 

killed  as  he  attempted  to  seize  Egypt. 

A  son  of  Antiochus,  who  withdrew  him- 
self from  Macedonia,  because  he  hated 

Alexander. An  officer  in   Alexander's 

cavalry.  He  had  two  brothers  called  Sim- 
ias  and  Polemon.  He  was  accused  of 
conspiracy  against  the  king,  on  account 
of  his  great  intimacy  with  Philotas,  and 
acquitted. A  shepherd's  name  in  Vir- 
gil's Eclogues. 

Amyntianus,  an  historian  in  the  age  of 
Antoninus,  who  wrote  a  treatise  in  com- 
mendation of  Philip,  Olympias,  and  Alex- 
ander. 

Amywtor,  a  king  of  Argos,  son  of  Phras- 

tor. A  son  of  ^Egyptus,  killed  by  Da- 

mone  the  first  night  of  his  marriage. 

Amyris,  a  man  of  Sybaris,  who  con- 
sulted the  oracle  of  Delphi  concerning 
the  probable  duration  of  his  country's 
prosperity,  &e. 

Amyricus  Campus,  a  plain  of  Thessaly. 


AN 


42 


AN 


Amyrius,  a  king  by  whom  Cyrus  was 
killed  in  a  battle. 

Amyrus,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Amystis,  a  river  of  India  "falling  into 
the  Ganges. 

Amythaon,  a  son  of  Cretheus  king  of 
lolchos,  by  Tyro.  He  married  Idomene, 
by  whom  he  had  Bias  and  Melampus. 
After  his  father's  death,  he  established 
himself  in  Messenia,  with  his  brother  Ne- 
leus,   and  reestablished  or  regulated  the 

Olympic    games. Melampus   is  called 

Amythaonius,  from  his  father  Amythaon. 
A  son  of  Hippasus,  who  assisted  Pri- 
am in  the  Trojan  war,  and  was  killed  by 
Lycomedes. 

Amytis,  a  daughter  of  Astyages,  whom 

Cyrus  married. A  daughter  of  Xerxes, 

who  married  Megabyzus,  and  disgraced 
herself  by  her  debaucheries. 

A.vaces,  or  Anactes,  a  name  given  to 
Castor  and  Pollux  among  the  Athenians. 
Their  festivals  were  called  Anaceia. 

Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  philosopher, 
592,  B.  C.  who  on  account  of  his  wisdom, 
temperance,  and  extensive  knowledge, 
has  been  called  one  of  the  seven  wise 
men.  Like  his  countrymen,  he  made  use 
of  a  cart  instead  of  a  house.  lie  was 
wont  to  compare  laws  to  cobwebs,  which 
can  stop  only  small  flies,  and  are  unable 
to  resist  the  superior  force  of  large  insects. 
When  he  returned  to  Scythia,  from 
Athens,  where  he  had  spent  some  time  in 
study,  and  in  the  friendship  of  Solon,  he 
attempted  to  introduce  there  the  laws  of 
the  Athenians,  which  so  irritated  his 
brother,  who  was  then  on  the  throne,  that 
he  killed  him  with  an  arrow.  Anachar- 
sia  has  rendered  himself  famous  among 
the  ancients  by  his  writings,  and  his 
poems  on  war,  the  laws  of  Scythia,  <fec. 
Two  of  his  letters  to  Cnssus  and  Hanno 
are  still  extant.  Later  authors  have  at- 
tributed to  him  the  invention  of  tinder,  of 
anchors,  and  of  the  potter's  wheel. 

Anacium,  a  mountain  with  a  temple  sa- 
cred to  the  Anaces  in  Peloponnesus. 

Anacreon,  a  famous  lyric  poet  of  Teos, 
in  Ionia,  highly  favored  by  Polycrates 
and  Hipparchus  son  of  Pisistratus.  His 
odes  are  still  extant,  and  the  uncommon 
sweetness  and  elegance  of  his  poetry 
have  been  the  admiration  of  every  age 
and  country.  He  lived  to  his  85th"year, 
and  after  every  excess  of  pleasure  and 
debauchery,  choaked  himself  with  a 
grape  stone  and  expired.  Plato  says,  that 
he  was  descended  from  an  illustrious  fam- 
ily, and  that  Codrus,  the  last  king  of 
Athens,  was  one  of  his  prosenitors.  His 
statue  was  placed  in  the  citadel  of  Athens, 
representing  him  as  an  old  drunken  man, 
singing,  with  every  mark  of  dissipation 
and  intemperance.  Anacreon  flourished 
522  B.  C. 
Anactoria  and  ANACTORirif,   a  town 


j  of  Epirus,  in  a  peninsula  towards  the 
I  gulf  of  Ambracia.  It  was  founded  by  a 
|  Corinthian  colony,  and  was  the  cause  of 
j  many  quarrels  between   the  Corcyreans 

!  and  Corinthians. Augustus  carried  the 

j  inhabitants  to  the  city  of  Nicopolis,  after 

|  the  battle  of  Actium. An  ancient  name 

|  of  Miletus. 

Anactorie,  a  woman  of  Lesbos,  loved 
by  Sappho. 

Akadvome^e,  a  valuable  painting  of 
Venus,  represented  as  rising  from  the  sea, 
by  Apelles.  Augustus  bought  it,  and  pla- 
ced it  in  the  temple  of  J.  Csesar.  The 
lower  part  of  it  was  a  little  defaced,  and 
there  were  found  no  painters  in  Eome 
able  to  repair  it. 

Anagnia,  now  Jlnagni,  a  city  of  the 
Hernici  in  Latium,  where  Antony  struck 
a  medal  when  he  divorced  Octavia  and 
married  Cleopatra. 

Antagogia,  a  festival,  celebrated  by  the 
people  of  Eryx  in  Sicily,  in  honor  of  Ve- 
nus. 

Anagykontum,  a  small  village  of  At- 
tica. 

An-aitis,  a  goddess  of  Armenia.  The 
festivals  of  the  deity  were  called  Sacarum 
Festa  ;  and  when  they  were  celebrated, 
both  sexes  assisted  at  the  ceremony,  and 
inebriated  themselves  to  such  a  degree, 
that  the  whole  was  concluded  by  a  scene 
of  the  greatest  intemperance.  They  were 
first  instituted  by  Cyrus,  when  he  march- 
ed against  the  Sacw,  and  covered  tables, 
with  the  most  exquisite  dainties,  that  he 
might  detain  the  enemy  by  the  novelty 
and  sweetness  of  food  to  which  they 
were  unaccustomed,  and  thus  easily  de- 
stroyed them. Diana  is  also  worship- 
ped under  this  name  by  the  Lydiar.s. 

Ananias,  a  Iambic  poet. 

Anafhe,  an  island  that  rose  out  of 
the  Cretan  sea,  and  received  this  name 
from  the  Argonauts,  who,  in  the  middle 
of  a  storm,  suddenly  saw  the  new  moon. 
Apoilo  was  worshipped  there,  and  called 
Aniiphreus. 

Anaphlystus,  a  small  village  of  Attica 
near  the  sea,  called  after  an  ancient  hero 
of  the  same  name,  who  was  son  of  Tro 
zen. A  small  village  near  Athens. 

A*apus,  a  river  of  Epirus. Of  Sicily, 

near  Syracuse. 

Anartes,  a  people  of  lower  Pannonia. 

Anas,  a  river  of  Spain,  now  called  Gua- 
diana. 

Anatole.  one  of  the  Hors. A  moun- 
tain near  the  Ganges,  where  Apollo  rav- 
ished a  nymph  called  Anaxibia. 

A?;auchidas,  a  Samian  wrestler. 

Anavrcs,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  near  the 
foot  of  mount  Pelion,  where  Jason    lost 

one  of  his  sandals. A  river  of  Trcas 

near  Ida. 

AbtaUsis,  one  of  Medea's  suitors,  killed 
bv  Styrus. 


AN 


43 


AN 


Axax,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terrftj  father 
to  Asterius,  from  whom  Miletus  has  been 
called  Anactoria. 

Anaxagoras  succeeded  his  father  Me- 
gapenthes  on  the  throne  of  Argos.  He 
shared  the  sovereign  power  with  Bias  and 
Melampus,  who  had  cured  the  women  of 
Argos  of  madness. A  Clazomenian  phi- 
losopher, son  of  Hegesibulus,  disciple  to 
Anaximenes,  and  preceptor  to  Socrates 
and  Euripides.  He. disregarded  wealth 
and  honors,  to  indulge  his  fondness  for 
meditation  and  philosophy.  He  applied 
himself  to  astronomy,  was  acquainted 
with  eclipses,  and  predicted  that  one  day 
a  stone  would  fall  from  the  sun,  which  it 
is  said  really  fell  into  the  river  ^Egos. 
Anaxagoras  travelled  into  Egypt  for  im- 
provement, and  used  to  say  that  he  pre- 
ferred a  grain  of  wisdom  to  heaps  of  gold. 
Pericles  was  in  the  number  of  his  pupils, 
and  often  consulted  him  in  matters  of 
state  ;  and  once  dissuaded  him  from  starv- 
ing himself  to  death.  The  ideas  of  Anax- 
agoras, concerning  the  heavens,  were  wild 
and  extravagant.  He  was  accused  of  im- 
piety, and  condemned  to  die  5  but  he  rid- 
iculed the  sentence,  and  said  it  had  long 
been  pronounced  upon  him  by  nature. 
Being  asked  whether  his  body  should  be 
carried  into  his  own  country,  he  answer- 
ed, no,  as  the  road  that  led  to  the  other 
side  of  the  grave  was  as  long  from  one 
place  as  the  other.  His  scholar  Pericles 
pleaded  eloquently  and  successfully  for 
him,  and  the  sentence  of  death  was  ex- 
changed for  banishment.  When  the  peo- 
ple of  Lampsacus  asked  him  before  his 
death,  whether  he  wished  any  thing  to  be 
done  in  commemoration  of  hirn,  Yes,  says 
he,  let  the  boys  be  allowed  to  play  on  the 
anniversary  of  my  death.  This  was  care- 
fully observed,  and  that  time  dedicated  to 
relaxation,  was  called  Anamgcyreia.  He 
died  at  Lampsacus  in  his  seventy-second 
year,   428  B.  C.     His  writings  were   not 

much  esteemed  by  his  pupil  Socrates. 

A  statuary  of  ^Egina, A  grammarian, 

disciple  to  Zenodotus. An  orator,  disci- 
ple to  Socrates. A  son  of  Echeanax, 

who,  with  his  brothers  Codrus  and  Diodo- 
rus,  destroyed  Hegesias,  tyrant  of  Ephe- 
sus. 

Axaxander,  of  the  family  of  the  Hera- 
clidfB,  was  son  of  Eurycrates,  and  king  of 
Sparta.  The  second  Messeoiaa  war  be- 
gan in  his  reign,  in  which  Aristomenes  so 
egregiouslv  signalized  himself.     His  son 

was  called   Eurycrates. A   general  of 

Megalopolis,  taken  by  the  Thebans. 

Ajtaxakdrtdbs,  son  of  Leon,  and  father 
to  Cleomenes  1st,  and  T>onidas,  was  king 
of  Sparta.  By  the  order  of  the  Ephori,  he 
divorced  hia  wife,  of  whom  he  was  ex- 
tremely feni,  on  account  of  her  barren- 
ness ;  and  he  was  the  first  "Lacedemonian 
who  had  two  wive?. A  son  of  Theo- 


pompus. A  comic  poet  of  Rhodes  in  the 

age  of  Philip  and  Alexander.  He  was  of 
such  a  passionate  disposition  that  he  tore 
to  pieces  all  his  compositions  which  met 
with  no  success.  He  composed  about  a 
hundred  plays,  of  which  ten  obtained  the 
prize.  Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  re- 
main in  Athenams.  He  was  starved  to 
death  by  order  of  the  Athenians,  for  satir- 
izing their  government. 

Anaxaechus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera, 
one  of  the  followers  of  Democritus,  and 
the  friend  of  Alexander.  When  the  mon- 
arch had  been  wounded  in  a  battle,  the 
philosopher  pointed  to  the  place,  adding, 
that  is  human  blood,  and  not  the  blood  of 
a  god.  The  freedom  of  Anaxarchus  of- 
fended Nicocreon  at  Alexander's  table, 
and  the  tyrant,  in  revenge,  seized  the  phi- 
losopher, and  pounded  him  in  a  stone 
mortar  with  iron  hammers.  He  bore  this 
with  much  resignation,  and  exclaimed, 
"  Pound  the  body  of  Anaxarchus,  for  thou 
dost  not  pound  his  soul."  Upon  this,  Ni- 
cocreone  threatened  to  cut  his  tongue,  and 
Anaxarchus  bit  it  off  with  his  teeth,  and 

spit  it  out  into  the  tyrant's  face. A 

Theban  general. 

Anaxarete,  a  girl  of  Salamis,  who  so 
arrogantly  despised  the  addresses  of  Iphis, 
a  youth  of  ignoble  birth,  that  the  lover 
hung  himself  at  her  door.  She  saw  this 
sad  spectacle  without  emotion  or  pity,  and 
was  changed  into  a  stone. 

Anaxenor,  a  musician  whom  M.  An- 
tony greatly  honored,  and  presented  with 
the  tribute  of  four  cities. 

Anaxias,  a  Theban  general. 

Anaxibia,  a  sister  of  Agamemnon,  mo- 
ther of  seven  sons  and  two  daughters  by 

Nestor. A  daughter  of  Bias,  a  brother 

to  the  physician  Melampus.  She  married 
Pelias,  king  of  Iolchos,  by  whom  she  had 
Acastus,  and  four  daughters,  Pisidice, 
Pelopea,  Hippothoe,  and  Alceste. 

Anaxicrates,  an  Athenian  archon. 

Anaxidamus,  succeeded  his  father, 
Zeuxidamus,  on  the  throne  of  Sparta. 

Anaxilas  and  ANAxiLAUs,aMessenian, 
tyrant  of  Rhegium.  He  took  Zancle,  and 
was  so  mild  and  popular  during  his  reign, 
that  when  he  died,  476  B.  C.  he  left  his 
infant  sons  to  the  care  of  one  of  his  ser- 
vants, and  the  citizens  chose  rather  to 
obey  a  slave  than  revolt  from  their  benev- 
olent sovereign's  children. A  magician 

of  Larissa,  banished  from  Italy  by  Au- 
gustus.  A  Pythagorean  philosopher. 

Anaxilides  wrote  some  treatises  con- 
cerning philosophers,  and  mentioned  that 
Plato's  mother  became  pregnant  by  a 
phantom  of  the  god  Apollo,  from  which 
circumstance  her  son  was  called  the  prince 
of  wisdom. 

Anaximandes,  a  Milesian  philosopher, 
the  companion  and  disciple  of  Thales. 
He  was  the  first  who  constructed  spheres, 


AN 


44 


AN 


asserted  that  the  earth  was  of  a  cylindri- 
cal form,  and  taught  that  men  were  born 
of  earth  and  water  mixed  together,  and 
heated  by  the  beams  of  the  sun  ;  that  the 
earth  moved,  and  that  the  moon  received 
light  from  the  sun,  which  he  considered 
as  a  circle  of  fire  like  awheel  about  twen- 
ty-eight times  biggei  than  the  earth.  He 
made  the  first  geographical  maps  and  sun 
dials.  He  died  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of 
his  age,  B.  C.  547. 

Anaximenes,  a  philosopher,  son  of 
Erasistratus,  and  disciple  of  Anaximan- 
der,  whom  he  succeeded  in  his  school. 
He  said  that  the  air  was  the  cause  of 
every  created  being,  and  a  self-existent 
divinity,  and  that  the  sun,  the  moon,  and 
the  stars,  had  been  made  from  the  earth. 
He  considered  the  earth  as  a  plain,  and 
the  heavens  as  a  solid  concave  sphere,  on 
which  the  stars  were  fixed  like  nails.    He 

died  504  years  B.  C. A  native  of  Lamp- 

sacus,  son  of  Aristocles.  He  was  pupil  to 
Diogenes  the  Cynic,  and  preceptor  to  Al- 
exander the  great,  of  whose  life,  and  that 
of  Philip,  he  wrote  the  history.  When 
Alexander,  in  a  fit  of  anger,  threatened  to 
put  to  death  all  the  inhabitants  of  Lamp- 
sacus,  because  they  had  maintained  a  long 
siege  against  him,  Anaximenes  was  sent 
by  his  countrymen  to  appease  the  king, 
who,  as  soon  as  he  saw  him,  swore  he 
would  not  grant  the  favor  he  was  going 
to  ask.  Upon  this,  Anaximenes  begged 
the  king  to  destroy  the  city  and  enslave 
the  inhabitants,  and  by  this  artful  request 
the  city  of  Lampsacus  was  saved  from 
destruction.  Besides  the  life  of  Philip  and 
his  son,  he  wrote  an  history  of  Greece  in 
twelve  books,  all  now  lost.  His  nephew 
bore  the  same  name,  and  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  ancient  paintings. 

Anaxipolis,  a  comic  poet  of  Thasos. 

A  writer  on  agriculture,  likewise  of 

Thasos. 

Anaxippus,  a  comic  writer,  in  the  age 
of  Demetrius.  He  used  to  say,  that  phi- 
losophers were  wise  only  in  their  speech- 
es, but  fools  in  their  actions. 

Anaxirrhoe,  a  daughter  of  Coronus, 
who  married  Epeus. 

An  axis,  a  Boeotian  historian,  who  wrote 
an  history  down  to  the  age  of  Philip  son 

of  Amyntas. A  eon  of  Castor  and  Hi- 

laira, 

Anaxo,  a  virgin  of  Troezene  carried 
away  by  Theseus. — —A  daughter  of  Al- 
ceus,  mother  of  Alcmene  by  Electryon. 

Ancjeus)  the  son  of  Lycurgus  and  An- 
tince,  was  in  the  expedition  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.    He  was  at  the  chase  of  the  Caly- 

donian   boar,  in  which   he  perished. 

The  son  of  Neptune  and  Astypalsea.  He 
went  with  the  Argonauts,  and  succeeded 
Tiphis  as  pilot  of  the  ship  Argo.  He 
reigned  in  Ionia,  where  he  married.  He 
was  once  told  by  one  of  his  servants, 


whom  he  pressed  with  hard  labor  in  his 
vineyard,  that  he  never  would  taste  of 
the  produce  of  his  vines.  He  had  already 
the  cup  in  his  hand,  and  called  the  pro- 
phet to  convince  him  of  his  falsehood  ; 
when  the  servant,  yet  firm  in  his  predic- 
tion, uttered  this  well  known  proverb, 

HoXXa    fiaratv     rre/.st     y.vkiy.og      y.ai 

Zetlsog  ur.qov. 
Multa  cadunt  inter  calicem  supremaque  labra. 

And  that  very  moment  Ancajus  was  told 
that  a  wild  boar  had  entered  his  vine- 
yard ;  upon  which  he  threw  down  the 
cup,  and  ran  to  drive  away  the  wild  beast. 
He  was  killed  in  the  attempt. 

Ancalites,  a  people  of  Britain  near  the 
Trinobantes. 

Ancarius,  a  god  of  the  Jews.  Vid.  An- 
chialus. 

Ancharia,   a  family  of  Rome. The 

name  of  Octavia's  mother. 

Ancharius,  a  noble  Roman  killed  by 
the  partisans  of  Marius  during  the  civil 
wars  with  Sylla. 

Anchemolus,  son  of  Rhoetus,  king  of  the 
Marrubii  in  Italy,  ravished  his  mother-in- 
law,  Casperia,  for  which  he  was  expelled 
by  his  father.  He  fled  to  Turntts,  and  was 
killed  by  Pallas,  son  of  Evander,  in  the 
wars  of  iEneas  against  the  Latins. 

Anchesites,  a  wind  which  blows  from 
Anchisa,  a  harbor  of  Epirus. 

Anchesmus,  a  mountain  of  Attica,  where 
Jupiter  Jlnchesmius  has  a  statue. 

Anchiale  and  Anchiala,  a  city  on  the 
sea  coast  of  Cilicia.  Sardanapalus,  the 
last  king  of  Assyria,  built  it,  with  Tarsus 
in  its  neighborhood,  in  one  day.  The 
founder  was  buried  there,  and  had  a 
statue,  under  which  was  a  famous  inscrip- 
tion in  the  Syrian  language,  denoting  the 
great  intemperance  and  dissipation  which 
distinguished  all  his  life.  There  was  a 
city  of  the  same  name  in  Thrace,  called  by 
Ovid  the  city  of  Apollo.  There  was  an- 
other in  Epirus. 

Anchialus,  a  famous   astrologer. A 

great  warrior,  father  of  'Mentes. One 

of  the  Pha>acians. 

Anchimolius,  a  Spartan  general  sent 
against  the  Pisistratidae,  and  killed  in  the 

expedition. A  son  of  Rhoetus.     Vid. 

Anchemolus. 

Anchinoe,  a  daughter  of  Nilus,  and 
wife  of  Belus. 

Anchion.    Vid.  Chion. 

Anchise,  a  city  of  Daly. 

Anchises,  a  son  of  Capys  by  Themis, 
daughter  of  Bus.  He  was  of  such  a  beau- 
tiful complexion,  that  Venus  came  down 
from  heaven  on  mount  Ida,  in  the  form  of 
a  nymph,  to  enjoy  his  company.  The 
child  which  Venus  brought  forth,  was 
called  .<Eneas  ;  he  was  educated  as  soon 
as  born  by  the  nymphs  of  Ida,  and,  when 


AN 


45 


AN 


of  a  proper  age,  was  intrusted  to  the  care 
of  Chiron  the  centaur.  When  Troy  was 
taken,  Anchises  was  become  so  infirm  that 
iEneas,  whom  the  Greeks  permitted  to 
take  away  whatever  he  esteemed  most, 
earned  him  through  the  flames  upon  his 
shoulders,  and  thus  saved  his  life.  He 
accompanied  his  son  in  his  voyage  towards 
Italy,  and  died  in  Sicily  in  the  eightieth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  buried  on  mount 
Eryx,  by  iEneas  and  Acestes,  king  of  the 
country,  and  the  anniversary  of  his  death 
was  afterwards  celebrated  by  his  son  and 
the  Trojans  on  his  tomb. 

Anchisia,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  was  a  monument  of 
Anchises. 

Anchisiades,  a  patronymic  of  iEneas, 
as  being  son  of  Anchises. 

Anchoe,  a  place  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cephisus,  where  there  is  a  lake  of  the 
same  name. 

Anchora,  a  fortified  place  in  Galatia. 

Anchurus,  a  son  of  Midas,  king  of 
Phrygia,  who  sacrificed  himself  for  the 
good  of  his  country,  when  the  earth  had 
opened  and  swallowed  up  many  build- 
ings. The  oracle  had  been  consulted,  and 
gave  for  answer,  that  the  gulf  would  never 
close,  if  Midas  did  not  throw  into  it  what- 
ever he  had  most  precious.  Though  the 
king  had  parted  with  many  things  of  im- 
mense value,  yet  the  gulf  continued  open, 
till  Anchurus,  thinking  himself  the  most 
precious  of  his  father's  possessions,  took  a 
tender  leave  of  his  wife  and  family,  and 
leaped  into  the  earth,  which  closed  imme- 
diately over  his  head.  Midas  erected  there 
an  altar  of  stones  to  Jupiter,  and  that  altar 
was  the  first  object  which  he  turned  into 
gold,  when  he  had  received  his  fatal  gift 
from  the  gods.  This  unpolished  lump  of 
gold  existed  still  in  the  age  of  Plutarch. 

Ancile  and  Ancyle,  a  sacred  shield, 
which,  according  to  the  Roman  authors, 
fell  from  heaven  in  the  reign  of  Numa, 
when  the  Roman  people  labored  under  a 
pestilence.  Upon  the  preservation  of  this 
shield  depended  the  fate  of  the  Roman 
empire,  and  therefore  Numa  ordered  eleven 
of  the  same  size  and  form  to  be  made,  that 
if  ever  any  attempt  was  made  to  carry  them 
away,  the  plunderer  might  find  it  difficult 
to  distinguish  the  true  one.  They  were 
made  with  such  exactness,  that  the  king 
promised  Veterius  Mamurius,  the  artist, 
whatever  reward  he  desired.  They  were 
kept  in  the  temple  of  Vesta,  and  an  order 
of  priests  was  chosen  to  watch  over  their 
safety.  These  priests  were  called  Salii, 
and  were  twelve  in  number  ;  they  carried 
every  year,  on  the  first  of  March,  the 
shields  in  a  solemn  procession  round  the 
walls  of  Rome,  dancing  and  singing  praises 
to  the  god  Mars.  This  sacred  festival  con- 
tinued three  days,  during  which  every 
important  business  was  stopped.    It  was 


deemed  unfortunate  to  be  married  on  those 
days,  or  to  undertake  any  expedition. 

Ancon  and  Ancona,  a  town  of  Pice- 
num,  built  by  the  Sicilians,  with  a  harbor 
in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  on  the  shores  of 
the  Adriatic.  Near  this  place  is  the  fa- 
mous chapel  of  Loretto,  supposed  by  monk- 
ish historians  to  have  been  brought  through 
the  air  by  angels,  August  10,  A.  D.  1291, 
from  Judaea,  where  it  was  a  cottage,  in- 
habited by  the  virgin  Mary.  The  reputed 
sanctity  of  the  place  has  often  brought  one 
hundred  thousand  pilgrims  in  one  day  to 
Loretto. 

Ancus  Martius,  the  fourth  king  of 
Rome,  was  grandson  to  Numa,  by  his 
daughter.  He  waged  a  successful  war 
against  the  Latins,  Veientes,  Fidenates, 
Volsci,  and  Sabines,  and  joined  mount 
Janiculum  to  the  city  by  a  bridge,  and  en- 
closed mount  Martius  and  the  Aventine 
within  the  walls  of  the  city.  He  extended 
the  confines  of  the  Roman  territories  to 
the  sea,  where  he  built  the  town  of  Ostia, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  He  inherited 
the  valor  of  Romulus  with  the  moderation 
of  Numa.  He  died  B.  C.  616,  after  a  reign 
of  twenty-four  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Tarquin  the  elder. 

Ancyrje,  a  town  of  Sicily. A  town 

of  Phrygia. 

Anda,  a  city  of  Africa. 

Andabatje,  certain  gladiators  who 
fought  blindfolded,  whence  the  proverb, 
Andabatarum  more  to  denote  rash  and  in- 
considerate measures. 

Andania,  a  city  of  Arcadia,  where  Aris- 
tomenes  was  educated.  It  received  its 
name  from  a  gulf  of  the  same  name. 

Andega  via,  a  country  of  Gaul,  near  the 
Turones  and  the  ocean, 

Andera,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Andes,  a  nation  among  the  CeltcE  now 

Anjou. A  village  of  Italy,  near  Mantua, 

where  Virgil  was  born. 

Andocides,  an  Athenian  orator,  son  of 
Leogoras.  He  lived  in  the  age  of  Socrates 
the  philosopher,  and  was  intimate  with 
the  most  illustrious  men  of  his  age.  He 
was  often  banished,  but  his  dexterity  al- 
ways restored  him  to  favor. 

Andomatis,  a  river  of  India,  falling  into 
the  Ganges. 

Andr-emon,  the  father  of  Thoas. 

The  son-in-law  and  successor  of  CEneus. 

Andragathius,  a  tyrant,  defeated  by 
Gratian,  A.  D.  383. 

Andragathus,  a  man  bribed  by  Lysi- 
machus  to  betray  his  country. 

Andreas,  a  statuary  of  Argos. A  man 

of  Panormum,  who  wrote  an  account  of 
all  the  remarkable  events  that  had  hap- 
pened in  Sicily. A  son  of  the  Peneus. 

Part  of  Bo3otia,  especially  where  Orcho- 
menos  was  built,  was  called  Andrels  after 
him. 

Andriclus,  a  mountain  of  Cilicia. — - 


AN 


46 


AN 


A  river  of  Troas,  falling  into  the  Sca- 
mander. 

Andrisccs,  a  man  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of'Naxos. A  worthless  person  call- 
ed Pseudophilippus,  on  account  of  the  like- 
ness of  his  features  to  king  Philip.  He 
incited  the  Macedonians  to  revolt  against 
Rome,  and  was  conquered  and  led  in  tri- 
umph by  Metellus,  152  B.  C. 

Androbius,  a  famous  painter. 

Androclea,  a  daughter  of  Antipoenus 
of  Thebes.  She,  with  her  sister  Alcida, 
sacrificed  herself  in  the  service  of  her 
country,  when  the  oracle  had  promised 
the  victory  to  her  countrymen,  who  were 
engaged  in  a  war  against  Orchomenos,  if 
any  one  of  noble  birth  devoted  himself  for 
the  glory  of  his  nation.  Antipoenus  re- 
fused to  do  it,  and  his  daughters  cheerful- 
ly accepted  it,  and  received  great  honors 
after  death.  Hercules,  who  fought  on  the 
side  of  Thebes,  dedicated  to  them  the 
image  of  a  lion  m  the  temple  of  Diana. 

Androcles,  a  son  of  Phintas,  who 
reigned  in  Messenia. — A  man  who  wrote 
an  history  of  Cyprus. 

Androclides,  a  noble  Theban,  who  de- 
fended the  democratical,  against  the  en- 
croachments of  the  oligarchical,  power.  He 

was  killed  by  one  of  his  enemies. A 

sophist  in  the  age  of  Aurelian,  who  gave 
an  account  of  philosophers. 

Androclus,  a  son  of  Codrus,  who 
reigned  in  Ionia,  and  took  Ephesus  and 
Samos. 

Androcydes,  a  physician,  who  wrote 
the  following  letter  to  Alexander : — Vinum 
potaturus,  Rex,  memento  te  bibere  sanguinem 
tcrrce,  sicvti  venerium  est  homini  cicutar,  sic 
et  vinum. 

Androdamus.   Vid.  Andromadas. 

Androdus,  a  slave  known  and  protect- 
ed in  the  Roman  circus,  by  a  lion  whose 
foot  he  had  cured. 

Androgeos,  a  Greek,  killed  by  iEneas 
and  his  friends,  whom  he  took  to  be  his 
countrymen. 

Androgeus,  son  of  Minos  and  Pasiphae, 
was  famous  for  his  skill  in  wrestling.  He 
overcame  every  antagonist  at  Athens,  and 
became  such  a  favorite  of  the  people,  that 
jEgeus  king  of  the  country  grew  jealous 
of  his  popularity,  and  caused  him  to  be 
assassinated  as  he  was  going  to  Thebes. 
Some  say  that  he  was  killed  by  the  wild  bull 
of  Marathon.  Minos  declared  war  against 
Athens  to  revenge  the  death  of  his  son, 
and  peace  was  at  last  reestablished  on 
condition  that  ^Egeus  sent  yearly  seven 
boys  and  seven  girls  from  Athens  to  Crete 
to  be  devoured  by  the  minotaur.  The 
Athenians  established  festivals  by  order 
of  Minos,  in  honor  of  his  son,  and  called 
them  Androgea. 

Androgyne,  a  fabulous  nation  of  Afri- 
ca, beyond  the  Nasamones.  Every  one 
of  them  bore  the  characteristics  of  the 


male  and  female  sex ;  and  one  of  their 
breasts  was  that  of  a  man,  and  the  other 
that  of  a  woman. 

Andromache,  a  daughter  of  Eetion, 
king  of  Thebes  in  Cilicia,  married  Hector 
son  of  Priam  king  of  Troy,  by  whom  she 
had  Astyanax.  She  was  so  fond  of  hei 
husband,  that  she  even  fed  his  horses  with 
her  own  hand.  During  the  Trojan  war 
she  remained  at  home  employed  in  her 
domestic  concerns.  Her  parting  with 
Hector,  who  was  going  to  a  battle,  in 
which  he  perished,  has  always  been 
deemed  the  best,  most  tender  and  pathetic 
of  all  the  passages  in  Homer's  Iliad.  She 
received  the  news  of  her  husband's  death 
with  extreme  sorrow  ;  and  after  the  taking 
of  Troy,  she  had  the  misfortune  to  see  her 
only  son  Astyanax,  after  she  had  saved  him 
from  the  flames,  thrown  headlong  from 
the  walls  of  the  city,  by  the  hands  of  the 
man  whose  father  had  killed  her  husband. 
Andromache,  in  the  division  of  the  pris- 
oners by  the  Greeks,  fell  to  the  share  of 
Neoptolemus,  who  treated  her  as  his  wife, 
and  carried  her  to  Epirus.  He  had  by  her 
three  sons,  Molossus,  Piclus,  and  Perga- 
mus,  and  afterwards  repudiated  her.  After 
this  divorce  she  married  Helenus  son  of 
Priam,  who,  as  herself,  was  a  captive  of 
Pyrrhus.  She  reigned  with  him  over  part 
of  the  country,  and  became  mother  by 
him  of  Cestrinus. 

Andromachus,  an  opulent  person  of 
Sicily,  father  to  the  historian  Tinueus. 
He   assisted   Timoleon  in  recovering  the 

liberty  of  the  Syracusans. A   general 

of  Alexander,  to  whom  Parmenio  gave  the 
government  of  Syria.  He  was  burnt  alive 
by  the  Samaritans. A  poet  of  Byzan- 
tium.  A  sophist  of  Naples,  in  the  age 

of  Dioclesian. 

Andromadas,  or  Androdamus,  a  native 
of  Rhegium,  who  made  laws  for  the  Thra- 
cians  concerning  the  punishment  of  hom- 
icide, &c. 

Andromeda,  a  daughter  of  Cepheus, 
king  of  ^Ethiopia,  by  Cassiope.  She  was 
promised  in  marriage  to  Phineus,  her  un- 
cle, when  Neptune  drowned  the  kingdom, 
and  sent  a  sea-monster  to  ravage  the 
country,  because  Cassiope  had  boasted 
herself  fairer  than  Juno  and  the  Nereides. 
The  oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon  was  con- 
sulted, and  nothing  could  stop  the  resent- 
ment of  Neptune,  if  Andromeda  was  not 
exposed  to  the  sea-monster.  She  was 
accordingly  tied  naked  on  a  rock,  and  at 
the  moment  that  the  monster  was  going 
to  devour  her,  Perseus,  who  returned 
through  the  air  from  the  conquest  of  the 
Gorgons,  saw  her,  and  was  captivated 
with  her  beauty.  He  promised  to  deliver 
her  and  destroy  the  monster,  if  he  receiv- 
ed her  in  marriage  as  a  reward  for  his 
trouble.  Cepheus  consented,  and  Perseus 
changed  the  sea-monster  into  a  rock,  by 


AN 


47 


AN 


showing  him  Medusa's  head,  and  untied 
Andromeda  and  married  her.  Some  say 
that  Minerva  made  Andromeda  a  constel- 
lation in  heaven  after  her  death.  Accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  it  was  at  Joppa  in  Judasathat 
Andromeda  was  tied  on  a  rock.  He  men- 
tions that  the  skeleton  of  the  huge  sea- 
monster,  to  which  she  had  been  exposed, 
was  brought  to  Rome  by  Scaurus  and  care- 
fully preserved.  The  fable  of  Andromeda 
and"  the  sea-monster  has  been  explained, 
by  supposing  that  she  was  courted  by  the 
captain  of  a  ship,  who  attempted  to  carry 
her  away,  but  was  prevented  by  the  inter- 
position of  another  more  faithful  lover. 

Andron-,  an  Argive,  who  travelled  all 
over  the  deserts  of  Libya  without  drink. 
A  man  set  over  the  citadel  of  Syra- 
cuse by  Dionysius.  Hermocrates  advised 
him  to  seize  it  and  revolt  from  the  tyrant, 
which  he  refused  to  do.  The  tyrant  put 
him  to  death  for  not  discovering  that  Her- 
mocrates had  incited  him  to  rebellion. 

A  man  of  Halicarnassus  who  composed 

some  historical  works. A  native  of 

Ephesus,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 
seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 

Andronicus  Livius.    Fid.  Livius. 

Andronicus,  a  peripatetic  philosopher 
of  Rhodes,  who  flourished  59  years  B.  C. 
He  was  the  first  who  published  and  re- 
vised the  works   of  Aristotle  and  Theo- 

phrastus. A  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of 

Caesar. A  Latin   grammarian,  whose 

life  Suetonius  has  written. A  king  of 

Lydia,  surnamed  Alpyus. One  of  Al- 
exander's officers. An  astronomer  of 

Athens,  who  built  a  marble  octagonal 
tower  in  honor  of  the  eight  principal 
winds,  on  the  top  of  which  was  placed  a 
Triton  with  a  stick  in  his  hand,  pointing 
always  to  the  side  whence  the  wind 
blew. 

Axdrophagi,  a  savage  nation  of  Euro- 
pean Scythia. 

Andropompus,  a  Theban  who  killed 
Xanthus  in  single  combat  by  fraud. 

Andro3,  an  island  in  the  JEgean  sea. 
Its  chief  town  was  called  Andros.  It  had 
a  harbor,  near  which  Bacchus  had  a  tem- 
ple, with  a  fountain,  whose  waters  during 
the  ides  of  January  tasted  like  wine.  It 
received  the  name  of  Andr6s  from  Andros 
son  of  Anius,  one  of  its  kings,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war. 

Andro9thenes,  one  of  Alexander's 
generals,  sent  with  a  ship  on  the  coast  of 

Arabia. A  governor  of  Thessaly,  who 

favored  the  interest  of  Pompey.     He  was 

conquered  by  J.  Caesar. A  statuary  of 

Thebes. — -A  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

Androtriox,  a  Greek,  who  wrote  a 
aistory  of  Attica,  and  a  treatise  on  agri- 
culture. 

Anelontis,  a  river  near  Colophon. 

Aneeastus,  a  king  of  Gaul. 


Anemolia,  a  city  of  Phocis,  afterwards 
called  Hyampolis 
Anemosa,  a  village  of  Arcadia.     • 
Angelia,  a  daughter  of  Mercuiy. 
Angelion,  a  statuary,  who  made  Apol- 
lo's statue  at  Delphi. 

Angelus,  a  son  of  Neptune,  born  in 
Chios,  of  a  nymph  whose  name  is  un- 
known. 

Ascites,  a  river  of  Thrace,  falling  into 
the  Strymon. 

Angli,  a  people  of  Germany,  at  the 
north  of  the  Elbe,  from  whom,  as  being  a 
branch  of  the  Saxons,  the  English  have 
derived  their  name. 

Angrus,  a  river  of  Illyricum,  flowing  in 
a  northern  direction. 

A*-GuiTiA,a  wood  in  the  country  of  the 
Marsi,  between  the  lake  Fucinus  and 
Alba.  Serpents  it  is  said  could  not  injure 
the  inhabitants,  because  they  were  de- 
scended from  Circe,  whose  power  over 
these  venomous  creatures  has  been  much 
celebrated. 

Ania,  a  Roman  widow,  celebrated  for 
her  beauty.  One  of  her  friends  advised 
her  to  marry  again.  No,  said  she,  if  I 
marry  a  man  as  affectionate  as  my  first 
husband,  I  shall  be  apprehensive  for  his 
death ;  and  if  he  is  bad,  why  have  him, 
after  such  a  kind  and  indulgent  one  ? 
Anicetus,  a  son  of  Hercules,  by  Hebe 

the  goddess  of  youth. Afreedman  who 

directed  the  education  of  Nero,  and  be- 
came the  instrument  of  his  crimes. 

Anicia,  a  family  at  Rome,  which,  in 
the  flourishing  times  of  the  republic,  pro- 
duced many  brave  and  illustrious  citizens. 

A  relation  of  Atticus. 

Anicium,  a  town  of  Gaul. 
Anicius  Gallus  triumphed  over  the  II- 
lyrians  and  their  king  Gentius,  and  was 

propraetor  of  Rome,   A.  U.  C.  585. A 

consul  with  Corn.  Cethegus,  A.  U.  C.  594. 

Probus,  a  Roman  consul  in  the  fourth 

century,  famous  for  his  humanity. 

Anigrus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  where  the 
Centaurs  washed  the  wounds  which  they 
had  received  from  Hercules,  and  made 
the  waters  unwholesome.  The  nymphs 
of  this  river  are  called  Anigriades. 

Anio  and  AruEN,now  Taverone,  a  river 
of  Italy,  flowing  through  .the  country  of 
Tibur,  and  falling  into  the  river  Tiber, 
about  five  miles  at  the  north  of  Rome.  It 
receives  its  name,  as  some  suppose,  from 
Anius,  a  king  of  Etruria,  who  drowned 
himself  there  when  he  could  not  recover 
his  daughter,  who  had  been  carried  away. 
Anitorgis,  a  city  of  Spain,  near  which 
a  battle  was  fought  between  Asdrubal  and 
the  Scipios. 

Anius,  the  son  of  Apollo  and  Rhea,  was 
king  of  Delos,  and  father  of  Andrus.  He 
had  by  Dorippe  three  daughters,  Oeno, 
Spermo,  and  Elais,  to  whom  Bacchus  had 
given  the  power  of  changing  whatever 


AN 


48 


AN 


<mey  pleased  into  wine,  corn,  and  oil. 
When  Agamemnon  went  to  the  Trojan 
war,  he  wished  to  carry  them  with  him 
to  supply  his  army  with  provisions ;  but 
they  complained  to  Bacchus,  who  changed 
them  into  doves. 

Anna,  a  goddess  in  whose  honor  the 
Romans  instituted  festivals.  She  was, 
according  to  some,  Anna  the  daughter  of 
Eelus  and  sister  of  Dido,  who  after  her 
sister's  death,  fled  from  Carthage,  which 
Jarbas  had  besieged,  and  came  to  Italy, 
where  .(Eneas  met  her,  as  he  walked  on 
the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  and  gave  her  an 
honorable  reception,  for  the  kindnesses 
she  had  shown  him  when  he  was  at  Car- 
thage. Lavinia,  the  wife  of  iEneas,  was 
jealous  of  the  tender  treatment  which  was 
shown  to  Anna,  and  meditated  her  ruin. 
Anna  was  apprized  of  this  by  her  sister  in 
a  dream,  and  she  fled  to  the  river  Numi- 
cus,  of  which  she  became  a  deity,  and  or- 
dered the  inhabitants  of  the  country  to 
tall  her  Anna  Perenna,  because  she  would 
remain  forever  under  the  waters.  Her 
festivals  were  performed  with  many  re- 
joicings. They  were  introduced  into 
Rome,  and  celebrated  the  15th* of  March. 
The  Romans  generally  sacrificed  to  her, 
to  obtain  along  and  happy  life  :  and  hence 
the  words  Annare  and  Perennare.  Some 
have  supposed  Anna  to  be  the  moon,  quia 
■mensibus  impleat  annum ;  others  call  her 
Themis,  or  Io,  the  daughter  of  Inachus, 
and  sometimes  Maia.  Another  more  re- 
ceived opinion  maintains,  that  Anna  was 
an  old  industrious  woman  of  Bovillse, 
who,  when  the  Roman  populace  had  fled 
from  the  city  to  mount  Sacer,  brought 
them  cakes  every  day :  for  which  kind 
treatment  the  Romans,  when  peace  was 
reestablished,  decreed  immortal  honors  to 
her  whom  they  called  Perenna,  ab  peren- 
rJtate  cultas,  and  who,  as  they  supposed, 
was  become  one  of  their  deities. 

Anna  Commena,  a  princess  of  Constan- 
tinople, known  to  the  world  for  the  Greek 
history  which  she  wrote,  of  her  father 
Alexius  emperor  of  the  east. 

Annjeus,  a  Roman  family  which  was 
subdivided  into  the  Lucani,  Senecs,  Flo- 
ri,  &c. 

Annales,  a  chronological  history  which 
gives  an  account  of  all  the  important 
events  of  every  year  in  a  state,  without 
entering  into  the  causes  which  produced 
them.  The  annals  of  Tacitus  may  be 
considered  in  this  light.  In  the  first  ages 
of  Rome,  the  writing  of  the  annals  was 
one  of  the  duties  and  privileges  of  the 
high-priest ;  whence  they  have  been  call- 
ed Annales  Maximi,  from  the  priest  Pon- 
tifez  Maximus,  who  consecrated  them, 
and  gave  them  as  truly  genuine  and  au- 
thentic. 

Annalis  lex  settled  the  age  at  which, 
among  the  Romans,  a  citizen  could  be  ad- 


mitted to  exercise  the  offices  of  the  state. 
This  law  originated  in  Athens,  and  was 
introduced  in  Rome.  No  man  could  be  a 
knight  before  eighteen  years  cf  age,  nor 
be  invested  with  the  consular  power  be- 
fore he  had  arrived  to  his  twenty-fifth 
year. 

Annianus,  a  poet  in  the  age  cf  Trajan. 

Annibal,  a  celebrated  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral, son  of  Amilcar.  He  was  educated  in 
his  father's  camp,  and  inured  from  his 
early  years  to  the  labors  of  the  field.  He 
passed  into  Spain  when  nine  years  old, 
and  at  the  request  of  his  father,  took  a 
solemn  oath  he  never  would  be  at  peace 
with  the  Romans.  After  his  father's 
death,  he  was  appointed  over  the  cavalry 
in  Spain  ;  and  upon  the  death  of  Asdrubal, 
he  was  invested  with  the  command  of  all 
the  armies  of  Carthage,  though  not  yet 
in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  age.  In 
three  years  of  continual  success,  he  sub- 
dued all  the  nations  of  Spain  which  op- 
posed the  Carthaginian  power,  and  took 
Saguntum  after  a  siege  of  eight  months. 
The  city  was  in  alliance  with  the  Romans, 
and  its  fall  was  the  cause  of  the  second 
Punic  war,  which  Annibal  prepared  to 
support  with  all  the  courage  and  prudence 
of  a  consummate  general.  He  levied 
three  large  armies,  one  of  which  he  sent 
to  Africa,  he  left  another  in  Spain,  and 
marched  at  the  head  of  the  third  towards 
Italy.  He  came  to  the  Alps  which  were 
deemed  almost  inaccessible,  and  had 
never  been  passed  over  before  him  but  by 
Hercules,  and  after  much  trouble  gained 
the  top  in  nine  days.  He  defeated  the 
army  of  the  consul  Flaminius  near  the 
lake  Trasimenus,  and  soon  after  met  the 
two  consuls  C.  Terentius  and  L.  iEmilius 
at  Cannae.  His  army  consisted  of  forty 
thousand  foot  and  ten  thousand  horse, 
when  he  engaged  the  Romans  at  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  Cannae.  The  slaughter 
was  so  great,  that  no  less  than  forty  thou- 
sand Romans  were  killed,  and  the  con- 
queror made  a  bridge  with  the  dead  car- 
casses ;  and  as  a  sign  of  his  victory,  he 
sent  to  Carthage  three  bushels  of  gold 
rings  which  had  been  taken  from  five 
thousand  six  hundred  and  thirty  Roman 
knights  slain  in  the  battle.  Had  Annibal, 
immediately  after  the  battle,  marched  his 
army  to  the  gates  of  Rome,  it  must  have 
yielded  amidst  the  general  consternation  ; 
but  his  delay  gave  the  enemy  spirit  and 
boldness.  After  hovering  for  some  time 
round  the  city,  he  retired  to  Capua,  where 
the  Carthaginian  soldiers  soon  forgot  to 
conquer  in  the  pleasures  and  riot  of  this 
luxurious  city.  From  that  circumstance 
it  has  been  said,  and  with  propriety,  that 
Capua  was  a  Cannse  to  Annibal.  After 
the  battle  of  Cannfe  the  Romans  became 
more  cautious,  and  when  the  dictator 
Fabius  Maximus  had  defied  the  artifice 


AN 


49 


AN 


as  well  as  the  valor  of  Annibal,  they  be- 
gan to  look  for  better  times.  Marcellus, 
who  succeeded  Fabius  in  the  field,  first 
taught  the  Romans  that  Annibal  was  not 
invincible.  After  many  important  de- 
bates in  the  senate,  it  was  decreed,  that 
war  should  be  carried  into  Africa,  to  re- 
move Annibal  from  the  gates  of  Rome  ; 
and  Scipio,  who  was  the  first  proposer  of 
the  plan,  was  empowered  to  put  it  into 
execution.  When  Carthage  saw  the  en- 
emy on  her  coasts,  she  recalled  Annibal 
from  Italy.  He  and  Scipio  met  near  Car- 
thage, and  after  a  parley,  in  which  neither 
would  give  the  preference  to  his  enemy, 
they  determined  to  come  to  a  general  eh- 
gagement.  The  battle  was  fought  near 
Zama :  Scipio  made  a  great  slaughter  of 
the  enemy,  twenty  thousand  were  killed, 
and  the  "same  number  made  prisoners. 
Soon  after  this  decisive  battle,  the  Ro- 
mans granted  peace  to  Carthage,  on  hard 
conditions  ;  and  afterwards  Annibal,  who 
was  jealous  and  apprehensive  of  the  Ro- 
man power,  fled  to  Syria,  to  king  Antio- 
chus,  whom  he  advised  to  make  war 
against  Rome,  and  lead  an  army  into  the 
Jieart  of  Italy.  Antiochus  distrusted  the 
fidelity  of  Annibal,  and  was  conquered  by 
the  Romans,  who  granted  him  peace  on 
the  condition  of  his  delivering  their  mortal 
enemy  into  their  hands.  Annibal,  who 
was  apprized  of  this,  left  the  court  of  An- 
tiochus, and  fled  to  Prusias,  king  of  Bithy- 
nia.  He  encouraged  him  to  declare  war 
against  Rome,  and  even  assisted  him  in 
weakening  the  power  of  Eumenes,  king 
of  Pergamus,  who  was  in  alliance  with 
the  Romans.  The  senate  received  intelli- 
gence that  Annibal  was  in  Bithynia,  and 
immediately  sent  ambassadors,  amongst 
whom  was  L,  Q..  Flaminius,  Jo  demand 
him  of  Prusias.  The  king  was  unwilling 
to  betray  Annibal,  and  violate  the  laws  of 
hospitality,  but  at  the  same  time  he  dread- 
ed the  power  of  Rome,  Annibal  extri- 
cated him  from  his  embarrassment,  aad 
when  he  heard  that  his  house  was  besieg- 
ed on  every  side,  and  all  means  of  escape 
fruitless,  he  took  a  dose  of  poison,  which 
lie  always  carried  with  him  in  a  ring  on 
his  finger,  and  as  he  breathed  his  last,  he 
exclaimed,  Solvamus  diuturnd  curd  popi/r- 
lum  Romanian,  quando  mortem  senis  expec- 
tare  longum  eenset.  He  died  in  his  seven- 
tieth year,  according  to  some,  about  182 
years' B.C.  That  year  was  famous  for 
the  death  of  the  three  greatest  generals  of 
the  &se,  Annibal,  Scipio,  and  Phiioposmei). 

The  son  of  the  great  Annibal. -A 

Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Asdrubal, 
above  one  hundred  and  sixty  years  before 

the  birth  of  the  great  Annibal. A  son 

of  Gisc&n,  and  grandson  of  Amilear,  sent 
by  the  Carthaginians  to  the  assistance  of 
^Egista,  a  town  of  Sicily.  He  was  over- 
pow&TBi  by  Hermocrates,  an  exijg<|  Syrg- 


cusan. A  Carthaginian,  surnamed  Sen- 
ior. 

Anniceris,  an  excellent  charioteer  of 
Cyrene,  who  exhibited  his  skill  in  driving 
a  chariot  before  Plato  and  the  academy. 

Annius  Scapula,  a  Roman  of  great 
dignity,  put  to  death  for  conspiring  against 
Cassias. 

ANNONand  Hanno,  a  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral conquered   in  Spain  by  Scipio,  and 

sent  to  Rome. A  Carthaginian  who 

taught  birds  to  sing  "  Annon  is  a  god,'* 
after  which  he  restored  them  to  their  na- 
tive liberty  ;  but  the  birds  lost  with  their 

slavery  what  they  had  been  taught. A 

Carthaginian  who  wrote  the  account  of  a 
voyage  he  had  made  round  Africa. 

Anopjea,  a  mountain  and  road  near  the 
river  Asopus. 

Anser,  a  Roman  poet,  whom  Ovid  calls 
bold  and  impertinent. 

Ansibarii,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Ant.ea,  the  wife  of  Proteus,  called  also 

Stenobnea. A  goddess  worshipped  by 

the  inhabitants  of  Antium. 

Antjeas,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who  said 
that  the  neighing  of  a  horse  was  far  pre- 
ferable to  the  music  of  Ismenias,  a  famous 
musician  who  had  been  taken  captive. 

Antjeus,  a  giant  of  Libya,  son  of  Terra 
and  Neptune.  Hercules  attacked  him, 
and  as  he  received  new  strength  from  his 
mother  as  often  as  he  touched  the  ground, 
the  hero  lifted  him  up  in  the  air,  and 
squeezed  him  to  death  in  his  arms. 

Antagoras,  a  man  of  Cos. A  Rho- 

dian  poet,  much  admired  by  Antigonus. 

Antalcidas  of  Sparta,  son  of  Leon, 
was  sent  into  Persia,  where  he  made  a 
peace  with  Artaxerxes,  by  which,  B.  C. 
387,  the  Greek  cities  of  Asia  became  trib- 
utary to  the  Persian  monarch. 

Ant.&nder,  a  general  of  Messenia, 
against  the  Spartans. — — A  brother  of 
Agathocles,  tyrant  of  Sicily. 

Antandros,  now  St.  Dimitri,  a  city  of 
Troas,  inhabited  by  the  Leleges,  near 
which  iEneas  budlt  his  fleet  after  the  de- 
struction of  Troy, 

Anterrrogius,  an  ambassador  to  Caesar 
from  the'Rhemi,  a  nation  of  Gaul. 

Anteius  Publius  was  appointed  over 
Syria  by  Nero.  He  was'  accused' of  sedi- 
tion and  conspiracy,  and  drank  poison. 

Antemnje,  a  city  of  the  Sabines  be- 
tween Rome  and  the  Anio. 

Antemor,  a  Trojan  prince  related  to 
Priam,  After  the  destruction  of  hia"  coun- 
try, Antenor  migrated  to  Italy  near  the' 
Adriatic,  where  he  built  the  town  of  ?%>- 

dua. A  statuary. A  Cretan  who 

wrote  a  history  of  his  country. 

Antesopjdes,  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  three  sons  of  Antenor,  all  killed  dur- 
ing the  Trojan  war. 

Anteros,  a  son   of   Mars  and  Venus. 
.Pnpid  and  Anteros  are  often   represented 
G 


AN 


50 


AN 


striving  to  seize  a  palm-tree  from  one  an- 
other, to  teach  us  that  true  love  always 
endeavors  to  overcome  by  kindness  and 
gratitude. A  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  age  of  the  emperor  Claudius. 
A  freeman  of  Atticus. 

Anthea,  a  town  of  Achaia. Of  Mes- 

senia. Of  Trcezene. 

Antheas,  a  son  of  Eumelus,  killed  in 
attempting  to  sow  corn  from  the  chariot 
of  Triptolemus  drawn  by  dragons. 

Anthedon,  a  city  of  Bceotia,  which  re- 
ceives its  name  from  the  flowery  plains 
that  surround  it,  or  Anthedon  a  certain 
nymph.  Bacchus  and  Ceres  had  there 
temples. A  port  of  Peloponnesus. 

An  el  a,  a  town  near  the  Asopus,  near 
which  Ceres  and  Amphictyon  had  a  tem- 
ple. 

Anthemjs,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  same  as  the  Ionian  Samos. 

Anthemon,  a  Trojan. 

Anthemus,  a  city  of  Macedonia  at 
Therma?. A  city  of  Syria. 

Anthemusia,  the  same  as  Samos. — A 
city  of  Mesopotamia. 

Anthene,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Anthermus,  a  Chian  sculptor,  son  of 
Micciades,  and  grandson  to  Malas.  He 
and  his  brother  Bupalus  made  a  statue  of 
the  poet  Hipponax,  which  caused  univer- 
sal laughter,  on  account  of  the  deformity 
of  its  countenance.  The  poet  was  so  in- 
censed upon  this,  and  inveighed  with  so 
much  bitterness  against  the  statuaries, 
that  they  hung  themselves,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  some  authors. 

Anthes,  a  native  of  Anthedon,  who 
first  invented  hymns. A  son  of  Nep- 
tune. 

Anthesphoria,  festivals  celebrated  in 
Sicily,  in  honor  of  Proserpine,  who  was 
carried  away  by  Pluto  as  she  was  gather- 
ing  flowers. Festivals    of   the    same 

name  were  also  observed  at  Argos  in  hon- 
or of  Juno,  who  was  called  Antheia. 

Anthesteria,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus among  the  Greeks.  The  slaves  had 
the  permission  of  being  merry  and  free 
during  these  festivals  ;  and  at  the  end  of 
the  solemnity  a  herald  proclaimed,  "  De- 
part, ye  Carian  slaves,  the  festivals  are  at 
an  end." 

Antheus,  a  son  of  Antenor,  much  es- 
teemed by  Paris. One  of  the  compan- 
ions of  JEnezs. 

Anthia,  a  sister  of  Triam,  seized  by 
the  Greeks.  She  compelled  the  people  of 
Pallene  to  burn  their  ships,  and  build  Sci- 

one. A  town. A  daughter  of  Thes- 

pius,  mistress  to  Hercules. 

Anthias.   Fid.  Antheas. 

Anthippe,  a  daughter  of  Thestius. 

Anthium,  a  town  of  Thrace,  after- 
wards called  Apollonia. A  citv  of  Italy. 

Anthits,  (flojFcry,)  a  name  of  Bacchus 
worshipped  at  Athens 


Antho,  a  daughter  of  Amulius  king  of 
Alba. 

Anthores,  a  companion  of  Hercules, 
who  followed  Evander,  and  settled  in 
Italy.  He  was  killed  in  the  war  of  Tur- 
nus  against  iEneas. 

Anthralia,  a  nymph. 

Anthropinus,  Tisarchus,  and  Dio- 
cles,  three  persons  who  laid  snares  for 
Agathocles  tyrant  of  Sicily. 

Anthropophagi,  a  people  of  Scythia 
that  fed  on  human  flesh. 

Anthylla,  a  city  of  Egypt  on  the  Ca- 
nopic  mouth  of  the  Nile. 

Antia  lex  was  made  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  luxury  at  Rome.  Its  particulars 
are  not  known. 

Antianira,  the  mother  of  Echion. 

Antias,  the  goddess  of  fortune,  chiefly 
worshipped  at  Antium. A  poet. 

Anticlea,  a  daughter  of  Autolycus  and 
Amphithea,  and  mother  of  Ulysses.  It  is 
said  that  Anticlea  killed  herself  when  she 
heard  a  false  report  of  her  son's  death. 

Anticles,    an  Athenian  archon. A 

man    who    conspired    against  Alexander 

with  Hermolaus. An  Athenian  victor 

at  Olympia. 

Anticlides,  a  Greek  historian,  whose 
works  are  now  lost. 

Anticragus,  a  mountain  of  Lycia,  op- 
posite mount  Cragus. 

Anticrates,  a  Spartan,  who  stabbed 
Epaminondas,  the  Theban  general,  at  the 
battle  of  Mantinea. 

Anticyra,  two  towns  of  Greece,  the 
one  in  Phocis,  and  the  other  near  mount 
Oeta,  both  famous  for  the  ellebore  which 
they  produced.  This  plant  was  of  infinite 
service  to  cure  diseases,  and  particularly 
insanity  ;  hence  the  proverb  Navigct  jQnti- 
cyram. A  mistress  of  Demetrius. 

Antidomus,  a  warlike  soldier  of  king 
Philip  at  the  siege  of  Perinthus. 

Antidotus,  an  excellent  painter,  pupil 
of  Euphranor. 

Antigenes,  one  of  Alexander's  gen- 
erals, publicly  rewarded  for  his  valor. 

Antigenidas,  a  famous  musician  of 
Thebes,  disciple  to  Philoxenus. 

Antigona,  daughter  of  Berenice,  was 
wife  to  king  Pyrrhus. 

Antigone,  a  daughter  of  GEdipus,  king 
of  Thebes,  by  his  mother  Jocasta.  She 
buried  by  night  her  brother  Polynices, 
against  the  positive  orders  of  Creon,  who, 
when  he  heard  of  it,  ordered  her  to  be 
buried  alive.  She  however  killed  herself 
before  the  sentence  was  executed.  The 
death  of  Antigone  is  the  subject  of  one 
of  the  tragedies  of  Sophocles. A  daugh- 
ter of  Eurytion  king  of  riithia  in  Thessaly. 

A  daughter  of  Laomedon.     She  was 

the  sister  of  Priam,  and  was  changed  into 
a  stork  for  comparing  herself  to  Juno. 

Antigonia,  an  inland  town  of  Epirus. 
One  of  Macedonia,  founded  by  Anti- 


AN 


51 


AN 


gonus,  son  of  Gonatas. One  in  Syria, 

on  the  borders  of  the  Oront.es. Anoth- 
er in  Bithynia,  called  also  Nicaa. An- 
other in  Arcadia,  anciently  called  Manti- 
nea. One  of  Troas  in  Asia  Minor. 

Antigonus,  one  of  Alexander's  gen- 
erals, universally  supposed  to  be  the  ille- 
gitimate son  of  Philip,  Alexander's  father. 
In  the  division  of  the  provinces  after  the 
king's  death,  he  received  Pamphylia,  Ly- 
cia,  and  Phrygia.  He  received  so  many 
wounds  in  a  battle  that  he  could  not  sur- 
vive them,  and  died  in  the  80th  year  of  his 
age,  301  B.  C  During  his  life,  he  was 
master  of  all  Asia  Minor,  as  far  as  Syria. 
He  discharged  some  of  his  ofhcers  because 
they  spent  their  time  in  taverns,  and  he 
gave  their  commissions  to  common  sol- 
diers, who  performed  their  duty  with 
punctuality.  A  certain  poet  called  him 
divine  ;  but  the  king  despised  his  flattery, 
and  bade  him  go  and  inquire  of  his  ser- 
vants whether  he  was  really  what  he  sup- 
posed him. Gonatas,  son  of  Demetrius, 

and  grandson  to  Antigonus,  was  king  of 
Macedonia. The  guardian  of  his  ne- 
phew, Philip,  the  son  of  Demetrius,  who 
married  the  widow  of  Demetrius,  and 
usurped  the  kingdom.  He  died  B.  C.  231, 
after  a  reign  of  eleven  years,  leaving  his 
crown  to  the  lawful  possessor,  Philip,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  cruelties  and 

the  war  he  made  against  the  Romans. 

A  son  of  Aristobulus  king  of  Judaea,  who 
obtained  an  army  from  the  king  of  Parthia, 
by  promising  him  one  thousand  talents 
and  five  hundred  women.  With  these 
foreign  troops  he  attacked  his  country,  and 
cut  the  ears  of  Hyrcanus  to  make  him  unfit 
for  the  priesthood.  Herod,  with  the  aid 
of  the  Romans,  took  him  prisoner,  and  he 
was  put  to  death  by  Antony. — Carystius, 
an  historian  in  the  age  of  Philadelphus. 
A  writer  on  agriculture. A  statua- 
ry who  wrote  on  his  profession. 

Antilco,  a  tyrant  of  Chalcis.  After 
his  death,  oligarchy  prevailed  in  that  city. 

Antilibanus,  a  mountain  of  Syria  op- 
posite mount  Libanus  j  near  which  the 
Orontes  flows. 

Antilochus,  a  king  of  Messenia.  The 
eldest  son  of  Nestor  by  Eurydice.  He 
went  to  the  Trojan  war  with  his  father, 
and  was  killed  by  Memnon,  the  son  of 

Aurora. A  poet  who  wrote  a  panegyric 

upon  Lysander,  and  received  a  hat  filled 
with  silver. 

Antimachus,  a  historian. A  Greek 

poet  and  musician  of  Ionia  in  the  age  of 
Socrates.  He  was  reckoned  the  next  to 
Homer  in  excellence,  and  the  emperor 
Adrian  was  so  fond  of  his  poetry  that  he 
preferred  him  to  Homer.  He  wrote  a  poem 
upon  the  Theban  war ;  and  before  he  had 
brought  his  heroes  to  the  city  of  Thebes, 
he  had  filled  twenty -four  volumes. An- 
other poet  of  the  same  name,  surnamed 


Psecas,  because  he  praised  himself. A 

Trojan  whom  Paris  bribed  to  oppose  the 
restoring  of  Helen  to  Menelaus  and  Ulys- 
ses, who  had  come  as  ambassadors  to  re- 
cover   her. A  son  of  Hercules    by  a 

daughter  of  Thestius. A  native  of  He- 

liopolis,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  the  crea- 
tion of  the  world,  in  three  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty  verses. 

Antimenes,  a  son  of  Deiphon. 

Aivtinoe,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Peli- 
as,  whose  wishes  to  restore  her  father  to 
youthful  vigor  proved  so  fatal. 

Antinoeia,  annual  sacrifices  and  quin- 
quenuial  games  in  honor  of  Antinous,  in- 
stituted by  the  emperor  Adrian  at  Manti- 
nea. 

Antinopolis,  a  town  of  Egypt,  built  in 
honor  of  Antinous. 

Antiivous,  a  youth  of  Bithynia,  of  whom 
the  emperor  Adrian  was  so  extremely  fond, 
that  at  his  death  he  erected  a  temple  to 
him  and  wished  it  to  be  believed  that  he 

had  been  changed  into  a  constellation. 

A  native  of  Ithaca,  sou  of  Eupeithes  and 
one  of  Penelope's  suitors.  He  was  brutal 
and  cruel  in  his  manners  ;  and  excited  his 
companions  to  destroy  Telemachus,  whose 
advice  comforted  his  mother  Penelope. 
Antjochi*,    the   name    of  a    Syrian 

province. A    city  of   Syria,  once  the 

third  city  of  the  world  for  beauty,  great- 
ness, and  population.  It  was  built  by  An- 
tiochus  and  Seleucus  Nicanor,  partly  on  a 
hill,  and  partly  in  a  plain. A  city  call- 
ed also  Nisibis,  in  Mesopotamia,  built  by 
Seleucus,  son  of  Antiochus. The  capi- 
tal of  Pisidia  ninety-two  miles  at  the  east 

of  Ephesus. A  city  on  mount  Cragus. 

Another  near  the  river  Tigris,  twenty- 
five  leagues  from  Seleucia,  on  the  west. 
Another  in  Margiana,  called  Alexan- 
dria and  Seleucia. Another  near  mount 

Taurus,  on  the  confines  of  Syria. An- 
other of  Caria,  on  the  river  Meander. 

Antiochis,  the  name  of  the  mother  of 

Antiochus,  the  son  of  Seleucus. A  tribe 

of  Athens. 

Antiochus,  surnamed  Sutei;  was  son  of 
Seleucus,  and  king  of  Syria  and  Asia.  He 
fell  into  a  lingering  disease,  which  none 
of  his  father's  physicians  could  cure  for 
some  time,  till  it  was  discovered  that  his 
pulse  was  more  irregular  than  usual,  when 
Stratonice  his  step-mother  entered  his 
room,  and  that  love  for  her  was  the  cause 
of  his  illness.  This  was  told  to  the  fa- 
ther, who  willingly  gave  Stratonice  to  his 
son,  that  his  immoderate  love  might  not 
cause  his  death.  He  died  291  B.  C.  after 
a  reign  of  nineteen  years. — —The  second 
of  that  name,  was  son  and  successor 
of  Antiochus  Soter.  He  put  an  end 
to  the  war  which  had  been  begun  with 
Ptolemy  ;  and,  to  strengthen  the  peace,  he 
married  Berenice,  the  daughter  of  the 
Egyptain  king.    This  so  offended  his  for- 


AN 


52 


AN 


mer  wife  Laodice,  by  whom  he  had  two 
sons,  that  she  poisoned  him,  and  suborn- 
ed Artemon,  whose  features  were  similar 

to  his,  to  represent  him  as   king. The 

third  of  that  name,  surnamed  the  Great, 
brother  to  Seleucus  Ceraunus,  was  king  of 
Syria  and  Asia,  and  reigned  thirty-six 
years.  He  coucpiered  the  greatest  part  of 
Greece;  and  Annibal,  who  had  taken 
refuge  at  his  court,  encouraged  him  to 
make  war  against  Italy.  He  was  glad  to 
rind  himself  supported  by  the  abilities  of 
such  a  general  ;  but  his  measures  were  di- 
latory, and  not  agreeable  to  the  advice  of 
Annibal,  and  he  was  conquered  and  oblig- 
ed to  retire  beyond  mount  Taurus,  and 
pay  a  yearly  fine  of  two  thousand  talents 
to  the  Romans.  His  revenues  being  una- 
ble to  pay  the  fine,  he  attempted  to  plun- 
der the  temple  of  Belus  in  Susiana,  which 
so  incensed  the  inhabitants  that  they  kill- 
ed him  with  his  followers,  one  hundred 
and  eighty-seven  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era. The  fourth  Antiochus,  sur- 
named Epiphanes,  or  Illustrious,  was  king 
of  Syria,  after  the  death  of  his  brother  Se- 
leucus, and  reigned  eleven  years.  He 
destroyed  Jerusalem,  and  was  so  cruel  to 
the  Jews,  that  they  called  him  Epimaues, 

or  Furious,   and  not  Epiphanes. The 

fifth,  surnamed  Eupator,  succeeded  his 
father  Epiphanes  on  the  throne  of  Syria, 

164  B.  C. The  sixth,  king  of  Syria,  was 

surnamed  Eutheus,  or  Noble.  Before  he 
had  been  a  year  on  the  throne,  Tryphon 
murdered   him  143  B.  C.  and  reigned  in 

his  place  for  three  years. The  seventh, 

called  Sidetes,  reigned  nine  years.- — The 
eighth,  surnamed  Grypus,  from  his  aqui- 
line nose,  was  son  of  Demetrius  Nica- 
nor  by  Cleopatra.  He  killed  Alexander 
Zebina,  whom  Ptolemy  had  set  to  oppose 
him  on  the  throne  of  Syria,  and  was  at 
last  assassinated  B.  C.  112,  after  a  reign 
of  eleven  years. The  ninth,  surnam- 
ed Cyzenicus,  from  the  city  of  Cyzicus, 
where  he  received  his  education,  was  son 
of  Antiochus  Sidetes,  by  Cleopatra.     He 

killed  himself,  B.  C.  93. The  tenth 

was  ironically  surnamed  Pius.  After  his 
death,  the  kingdom  of  Syria  was  torn  to 
pieces  by  the  factions  of  the  royal  family 
or  usurpers,  and  B.  C.  65,  became  a  Ro- 
man province. A  philosopher  of  Asca- 

lon. An   historian  of  Syracuse. A 

rich  king,  tributary  to  the  Romans  in  the 

age  of  Vespasian. A  commander  of  the 

Athenian    fleet,   under  Alcibiades. A 

writer  of  Alexandria. A  sculptor,  said 

to  have  made  the  famous  statue  of  Pal- 
las, preserved  in  the  Ludovisi  gardens  at 
Rome. 

Antiope,  daughter  of  Nycteus,  king  of 
Thebes,  by  Polyxo,  was  beloved  by  Jupi- 
ter, who,  to  deceive  her,  changed  himself 

into  a  satyr. A  daughter  of  Thespius 

or  Thestius,  mother  of  Alopius  by  Hercu- 


les.  A  daughter  of  Mars,  queen  of  the 

Amazons,   taken    prisoner    by   Hercules, 

and  given  in  marriage  to  Theseus. A 

daughter  of  iEohis,  mother  of  Bo?otus  and 
riellen,  by  Neptune. A  daughter  of  Pi- 
Ion,  who  married  Eurytus. 

Antiorus,  a  son  of  Lycurgus. 

Antifaros,  a  small  island  in  the  yEgean 
sea,  opposite  Paros,  from  which  it  is  about 
six  miles  distant. 

Antipater,  son  of  lolaus,  was  soldier 
under  king  Philip,  and  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  general  under  Alexander  the  Great. 
He  has  been  suspected  of  giving  poison  to 
Alexander,  to  raise  himself  to  power. — 
After  Alexander's  death,  his  generals  di- 
vided the  empire  among  themselves,  and 
Macedonia  was  allotted  to  Antipater.  At 
his  death,  B.  C,  319,  Antipater  appointed 
Polyperchon  master  of  all  his  possessions. 
A  son  of  Cassander,  king  of  Macedo- 
nia, and  son-in-law  of  Lysimacbus.  He 
killed  his  mother,  because  she  wished  his 
brother  Alexander  to  succeed  to  the  throne. 
Alexander,  to  revenge  the  death  of  his 
mother,  solicited  the  assistance  of  Deme- 
trius ;  but  peace  was  reestablished  be- 
tween the  two  brothers  by  the  advice  of 
Lysimachus,  and  soon  after  Demetrius  kill- 
ed Antipater,  and  made  himself  king  of 
Macedonia,  294  B.  C. A  king  of  Mace- 
donia, who  reigned  only  forty-five  days, 
277  B.  C. A  kingofCicilia. A  pow- 
erful prince,  father  to  Herod. An  Athe- 
nian archon. One  of  Alexander's  sol- 
diers, who  conspired  against  his  life  with 

Hermolaus. A  celebrated   sophist  of 

Hieropolis,  preceptor  to  the  children  of 
the  emperor  Severus. A  Stoic  philoso- 
pher of  Tarsus,  144  years  B.  C. A  poet 

of  Sidon,  who  could  compose  a  number 
of  verses  extempore,  upon  any  subject. 

He  flourished  about  SO  years  B.  C. A 

philosopher  of  Phoenicia,  preceptor  to  Cato 

of  Utica. A  Stoic  philosopher,  disciple 

to  Diogenes  of  Babylon. A  disciple  of 

Aristotle,  who  wrote  two  books  of  letters. 

A  poet  of  Thessalonica,  in  the  age  of 

Augustus. 

Antipatria,  a  city  of  Macedonia. 

Antipatridas,  a  governor  of  Telmessus. 

Antipatris,  a  city  of  Palestine. 

Antjfhanes,  an  ingenious  statuary  of 

Argos. A  comic  poet  of  Rhodes,  or 

rather  of  Smyrna,  who  wrote  above  ninety 
comedies,  and  died  in  the  seventy-fourth 
year  of  his  age. A  physician  of  Dclos. 

Antiphates^  kingof  the  La?strygones, 
descended  from  Lamus,  who  founded  For- 

miae. A  son  of  Sarpedon. The 

grandfather  of  Amphiaraus. A  man 

killed  in  the  Trojan  war  by  Leonteus. 

Antiphili  portus,  a  harbor  on  the  Af 
rican  side  of  the  Red  sea. 

Antiphilus,  an  Athenian  who  succeed- 
ed Leosthenes  at  the  siege  of  Lamia 
against  Antipater. A  noble  painter  who 


AN 


53 


AN 


represented  a  youth  leaning  over  a  fire 
and  blowing  it,  from  which  the  whole 
.Souse  seemed  to  be  illuminated. 

Antiphon,  a  poet. — A  native  of  Rham- 
nusia,  called  Nestor,  from  his  eloquence 

and  prudence. An  orator  who  promised 

Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  that  he  would 
set  on  fire  the  citadel  of  Athens,  for  which 
he  was  put  to  death  at  the  instigation  of 
Demosthenes. — A  poet  who  wrote  on  agri- 
culture.  An  author  who  wrote  a  treatise 

on  peacocks. A  rich  man   introduced 

by  Xenophon  as  disputing  with  Socrates. 

- An  Athenian  who  interpreted  dreams, 

and  wrote  a  history  of  his  art. A  fool- 
ish rhetorician. A  poet  of  Attica,  who 

wrote  tragedies,  epic  poems,  and  orations. 
Being  once  asked  by  Dionysius,  what 
brass  was  the  best  ?  he  answered,  that 
with  which  the  statues  of  Harmodius  and 
Aristogiton  are  made. 

Antiphonus,  a  son  of  Priam,  who  went 
with  his  father  to  the  tent  of  Achilles  to 
redeem  Hector. 

Antiphus,   a  son   of  Priam,  killed  by 

Agamemnon  during  the  Trojan  war. A 

son  of  Thessalus,  grandson  to  Hercules. 
He  went  to  the   Trojan   war    in    thirty 

ships. An  intimate  friend  of  Ulysses. 

A  brother  of  Ctimenus,  was  son  of 

Ganyctor  the  Naupactian.  These  two 
brothers  murdered  the  poet  Hesiod.  The 
poet's  dog  discovered  them,  and  they 
were  seized  and  convicted  of  the  mur- 
der. 

Antipcenus,  a  noble  Theban,  whose 
daughters  sacrificed  themselves  for  the 
public  safety. 

Antipolis,  a  city  of  Gaul,  built  by  the 
ieople  of  Marseilles. 

Antirrhium,  a  promontory  of  ^Etolia, 
opposite  Rhium  in  Peloponnesus,  whence 
the  name. 

Antissa,  a  city  at  the  north  of  Lesbos. 
An  island  near  it. 

Antisthenes,  a  philosopher,  born  of  an 
Athenian  father,  and  of  a  Phrygian  mo- 
ther. He  taught  rhetoric,  and  had  among 
his  pupils  the  famous  Diogenes.  He  was 
the  head  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynic  phi- 
losophers.  A  disciple  of  Heraclitus. 

An  historian  of  Rhodes. 

Antistius  Labeo,  an  excellent  lawyer 
at  Rome,  who  defended  the  liberties  of  his 

country  against  Augustus. Petro  of 

Gabii,  was  the  author  of  a  celebrated  trea- 
ty between  Rome  and  his  country,  in  the 

age  of  Tarquin  the  Proud. C.  Reginus, 

a  lieutenant  of  Csesar  in  Gaul. A  sol- 
dier of  Pompey's  army,  so  confident  of  his 
valor,  that  he  challenged  all  the  adherents 
of  Caesar. 

Antttaurus,  one  of  the  branches  of 
mount  Taurus. 

Antitheus,  an  Athenian  arciion. 

Antium,  a  maritime  town  of  Italy,  built 
by  Ascanius.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
•   •  5* 


Volsci,  who  made  war  against  the  Ro- 
mans for  above  two  hundred  years. 

Antomenes,  the  last  king  of  Corinth. 
After  his  death,  magistrates  with  regal 
authority  were  chosen  annually. 

Antonia  lex  was  enacted  by  M.  An- 
tony, the  consul,  A.  U.  C.  710.  It  abro- 
gated the  lex  Mia,  and  renewed  the  lex 
Cornelia,  by  taking  away  from  the  people 
the  privilege  of  choosing  priests,  and  re- 
storing it  to  the  college  of  priests. An- 
other by  the  same,  A.  U.  C.  703.  It  or- 
dained that  a  new  decury  of  judges  should 
be  added  to  the  two  former,  and  that  they 

should  be  chosen  from  the  centurions. 

Another  by  the  same.  It  allowed  an  ap- 
peal to  the  people,  to  those  who  were  con- 
demned de  majestale,  or  of  perfidious  meas- 
ures against  the  state. Another  by  the 

same,  during  his  triumvirate.  It  made  it 
a  capital  offence  to  propose  ever  after  the 
election  of  a  dictator,  and  for  any  person 
to  accept  of  the  office. 

Antonia,  a  daughter  of  M.  Antony,  by 
Octavia.  She  married  Domitius  iEnobar- 
bus,  and  was  mother  of  Nero,  and  two 

daughters. A  sister'of  Germanicus. 

A  daughter  of  Claudius  and  ^Elia  Petina. 
She  was  of  the  family  of  the  Tubero's, 

and  was  repudiated  for  her  levity. The 

wife  of  Drusus  the  son  of  Livia,  and  bro- 
ther to  Tiberius.  She  became  mother  of 
three  children,  Germanicus,  Caligula's  fa- 
ther ;  Claudius  the  emperor,  and  the  de- 
bauched Livia.  Her  husband  died  very 
early,  and  she  never  would  marry  again, 
but  spent  her  time  in  the  education  of  her 
children.  Some  people  suppose  her  grand- 
son Caligula  ordered  her  to  be  poisoned 

A  castle  of  Jerusalem,  which  received 

this  name  in  honor  of  M.  Antony. 

Antonii,  a  patrician  and  plebeian  fam- 
ily, which  were  said  to  derive  their  origin 
from  Antones,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Antonina,  the  wife  of  Belisarius. 

Antoninus,  Titus,  surnamed  Pius,  was 
adopted  by  the  emperor  Adrian,  to  whom 
he  succeeded.  This  prince  is  remarkable 
for  all  the  virtues  that  can  form  a  perfect 
statesman,  philosopher,  and  king.  In  his 
conduct  towards  his  subjects  he  behaved 
with  affability  and  humanity,  and  listened 
with  patience  to  every  complaint  brought 
before  him.  He  did  not  persecute  the 
Christians  like  his  predecessors,  but  his 
life  was  a  scene  of  universal  benevolence. 
His  last  moments  were  easy,  though  pre- 
ceded by  a  lingering  illness.  He  died  in 
the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age,  after  a 
reign  of  twenty-three  years,  A.  D.  161. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  adopted  son  M. 
Aurelius  Antoninus,  surnamed  the  phi- 
losopher, a  prince  as  virtuous  as  his  father. 
Bassianus  Caracalla,  son  of  the  empe- 
ror Septimus  Severus,  was  celebrated  for 
his  cruelties.  After  assuming  the  name 
and  dress  of  Achilles,  and  styling  himself 


AN 


54 


AP 


the  conqueror  of  provinces  he  had  never 
seen,  he  was  assassinated  at  Edessa  by 
Macrinus,  April  8,  in  the  forty- third  year 
of  his  age,  A.  D.  217. 

Antoniopolis,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia. 

M.  Antonius  Gnipho,  a  poet  of  Gaul 
who  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome ;  Cicero  and 
other  illustrious  men  frequented  his  school. 

An  orator,  grandfather  to  the  triumvir 

of  the  same  name.  He  was  killed  in  the 
civil  wars  of  Marius,  and  his  head  was 

hung  in  the  Forum. Marcus,  the  eldest 

son  of  the  orator  of  the  same  name,  by 
means  of  Cotta  and  Cethegus,  obtained 
from  the  senate  the  office  of  managing  the 
corn  on  the  maritime  coasts  of  the  Medi- 
terranean with  unlimited  power.  This 
gave  him  many  opportunities  of  plunder- 
ing the  provinces  and  enriching  himself. 

He  died  of  a  broken   heart. Caius,  a 

son  of  the  orator  of  that  name,  who  ob- 
tained a  troop  of  horse  from  Sylla,  and 
plundered  Achaia. Caius,  son  of  Anto- 
nius Caius,  was  consul  with  Cicero,  and 
assisted  him  to  destroy  the  conspiracy  of 

Catiline  in  Gaul. Marcus,  the  triumvir, 

was  grandson  to  the  orator  M.  Antonius, 
and  son  of  Antonius,  surnamed  Cretensis, 
from  his  wars  in  Crete.  He  was  augur 
and  tribune  of  the  people,  in  which  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  ambitious 
views.  When  Cussar  was  assassinated  in 
the  senate  house,  his  friend  Antony  spoke 
an  oration  over  his  body ;  and  to  ingra- 
tiate himself  and  his  party  with  the  popu- 
lace, he  reminded  them  of  the  liberal 
treatment  they  had  received  from  Cresar. 
He  besieged  Mutina,  which  had  been  al- 
lotted to  D.  Brutus,  for  which  the  senate 
judged  him  an  enemy  to  the  republic,  at 
the  remonstration  of  Cicero.  He  was  con- 
quered by  the  consuls  Hirtius  and  Pansa, 
and  by  young  Cffisar,  who  soon  after  join- 
ed his  interest  with  that  of  Antony,  and 
formed  the  celebrated  triumvirate,  which 
was  established  with  such  cruel  proscrip- 
tions, that  Antony  did  not  even  spare  his 
own  uncle,  that  he  might  strike  off  the 
head  of  his  enemy  Cicero.  The  triumvi- 
rate divided  the  Roman  empire  among 
themselves ;  Lepidus  was  set  over  all 
Italy,  Augustus  had  the  west,  and  Antony 
returned  into  the  east,  where  he  enlarged 
his  dominions  by  different  conquests. 
During  his  residence  in  the  east,  he  be- 
came enamoured  of  the  fair  Cleopatra 
queen  of  Egypt,  and  repudiated  Octavia 
the  sister  of  Augustus,  to  marry  her.  This 
divorce  incensed  Augustus,  who  now  pre- 
pared to  deprive  Antony  of  all  his  power. 
Antony,  in  the  mean  time,  assembled  all 
the  forces  of  the  east,  and  with  Cleopatra 
marched  against  Octavius  Cassar.  These 
two  enemies  met  at  Actium,  where  a  na- 
val engagement  soon  began,  and  Cleopa- 
tra, by  flying  with  sixty  sail  drew  Antony 
from  the  battle,   and  ruined  his  cause. 


After  the  battle  of  Actium,  Antony  follow- 
ed Cleopatra  into  Egypt,  where  he  was 
soon  informed  of  the  defection  of  all  his 
allies  and  adherents,  and  saw  the  con- 
queror on  his  shores.  He  stabbed  himself, 
and  Cleopatra  likewise  killed  herself  by 
the  bite  of  an  asp.     Antony  died  in  the 

fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  30. 

Julius,  son  of  Antony  the  triumvir,  by 
Fulvia,  was  consul  with  Paulus  Fabius 
Maximus.  He  was  surnamed  Africanus, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  Augustus. 
Some  say  that  he  killed  himself. Lu- 
cius, the  triumvir's  brother,  was  besieged 
in  Pelusium  by  Augustus,  and  obliged  to 
surrender  himself  with  three  hundred  men 
by  famine.  The  conqueror  spared  his  life. 
Felix,  a  freedman  of  Claudius,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Judaga. Flamma,  a 

Roman,  condemned  for  extortion,  under 

Vespasian. Gt.  Merenda,  a  military  tri 

bune,  A.  U.  C.  332. 

Antorides,  a  painter,  disciple  to  Aris 
tippus. 

Antro  Coracius.    Vid.  Coracius. 

Antylla.    Vid.  Anthylla. 

Anubis,  an  Egyptian  deity,  represented 
under  the  form  of  a  man  with  the  head  oi 
a  dog.  His  worship  was  introduced  from 
Egypt  into  Greece  and  Italy. 

Anxius,  a  river  of  Armenia,  falling  into 
the  Euphrates. 

Anxur,  called  also  Tarracina,  a  city  of 
the  Volsci,  taken  by  the  Romans,  A.  U.  C. 
348. 

An vta,  a  Greek  woman,  some  of  whose 
elegant  verses  are  still  extant. 

Anytus,  an  Athenian  rhetorician,  who 
with  Melitus  and  Lycon,  accused  Socrates 
of  impiety,  and  was  the  cause  of  his  con- 
demnation.  One  of  the  Titans. 

Anzabe,  a  river  near  the  Tigris. 

Aollius,  a  son  of  Romulus  by  Hersilia, 
afterwards  called  Abillius. 

Aon,  a  son  of  Neptune,  who  came  to 
Euboea  and  Bceotia,  from  Apulia,  where 
he  collected  the  inhabitants  into  cities, 
and  reigned  over  them. 

Aones,  the  inhabitants  of  Aonia,  called 
afterwards  Bosotia.  The  muses  have  been 
called  Jlonides,  because  Aonia  was  more 
particularly  frequented  by  them. 

Aonia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of 
Bceotia.. 

Aokis,  a  famous  hunter,  son  of  Aras 

king  of  Corinth. The  wife  of  Neleus, 

called  more  commonly  Chloris. 

Aornos,  Aornus,  or  Aornis,  a  lofty 
rock,  supposed  to  be  near  the  Ganges  in 

India,  taken  by  Alexander. A  place  in 

Epirus,  with  an  oracle. A  certain  lake 

near  Tartessus. Another  near    Baiee 

and  Puteoli.    It  was  also  called  Avernus. 

Aoti,  a  people  of  Thrace  near  the  Getae, 
on  the  Ister. 

Apait.e,  a  people  of  Asia  Minor. 

Apama,  a  daughter  of  Artaxerxes,  who 


AP 


55 


AP 


married  Pharnabazus  satrap  of  Ionia. 

A  daughter  of  Antiochus. 

Afame,  the   mother  of  Nicomedes  by 

Prusias  king  of  Bithynia. The  mother 

of  Antiochus  Soter,  by  Seleucus  Nicanor. 

Apamia,  or  Apamea,  a  city  of  Phrygia, 

on  the  Marsyas. A  city  of  Bithynia — 

of  Media — Mesopotamia. Another  near 

the  Tigris. 

Aparni,  a  nation  of  shepherds  near  the 
Caspian  sea. 

Afaturia,  a  festival  at  Athens,  was 
instituted  in  memory  of  a  stratagem  by 
which  Xanthus  king  of  Bceotia  was  killed 
by  Melanthus  king  of  Athens.  This  fes- 
tival was  adopted  by  the  Ionians. A 

surname  of  Minerva — of  Venus. 

Ape  auros,  a  mountain  in  Peloponnesus. 

Apelles,  a  celebrated  painter  of  Cos, 
ar,  as  others  say,  of  Ephesus  or  Colophon, 
son  of  Pithius.  He  lived  in  the  age  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  who  houored  him 
so  much  that  he  forbade  any  man  but 
Apelles  to  draw  his  picture.  Apelles 
never  put  his  name  to  any  pictures  but 
three  ;  a  sleeping  Venus,  Venus  Anadyo- 
mene,  and  an  Alexander.  The  proverb 
of  Ne  sutor  ultra  crepidam,  is  applied  to 

him  by  some. A  tragic  writer. A 

Macedonian  general. 

Afellicon,  a  Teian  Peripatetic  philoso- 
pher, whose  fondness  for  books  was  so 
great  that  he  is  accused  of  stealing  them, 
when  he  could  not  obtain  them  with 
money.  He  died  about  eighty-six  years 
before  Christ. 

Apenninus,  a  ridge  of  high  mountains 
which  run  through  the  middle  of  Italy, 
from  Liguria  to  Ariminum  and  Ancona. 
They  are  joined  to  the  Alps. 

Afer,  Marcus,  a  Latin  orator  of  Gaul, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  politician, 
as  well  as  by  his  genius.  He  died  A.  D. 
85. 

Aperopia,  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Argolis. 

Apesus,  ApESAs,or  Apesantus,  a  moun- 
tain of  Peloponnesus  near  Lerna. 

Aphaca,  a  town  of  Palestine,  where  Ve- 
nus was  worshipped. 

ApHiEA,  a  name  of  Diana,  who  had  a 
temple  in  ^giria. 

Aphar,  the  capital  city  of  Arabia,  near 
the  Red  sea. 

Apharetus  fell  in  love  with  Marpes- 
sa,  daughter  of  (Enomaus,  and  carried  her 
away. 

Aphareus,  a  king  of  Messenia,  son  of 

Perieres  and   Gorgophone. A  relation 

of  Isocrates,  who  wrote  thirty-seven  tra- 
gedies. 

Aphas,  a  river  of  Greece,  which  falls 
into  the  bay  of  Ambracia. 

Aphellas,  a  king  of  Cyrene,  who  en- 
deavored to  reduce  all  Africa  under  his 
power. 

Afhesas,  a  mountain  in  Peloponnesus, 


Afhf,t.e,  a  city  of  Magnesia,  where  the 
ship  Argo  was  launched. 

Afhidas,  a  son  of  Areas  king  of  Arca- 
dia. 

Aphidna,  a  part  of  Attica. 

Aphidnus,  a  friend  of  ^Eneas,  killed  by 
Turnus. 

Aphcebetus,  one  of  the  conspirators 
against  Alexander. 

Afhrices,  an  Indian  prince,  who  de- 
fended the  rock  Aornus  with  twenty  thou- 
sand foot  and  fifteen  elephants.  He  was 
killed  by  his  troops,  and  his  head  sent  to 
Alexander. 

Afhrodisia,  an  island  in  the  Persian 
gulf  where  Venus  is  worshipped. Fes- 
tivals in  honor  of  Venus,  celebrated  in 
different  parts  of  Greece,  but  chiefly  in 
Cyprus. 

"Aphrodisias,  a  town  of  Caria,  sacred 
to  Venus. 

Aphrodisium  or  a,  a  town  of  Apulia 
built  by  Diomede  in  honor  of  Venus. 

Aphrodisum,  a  city  on  the  eastern  parts 

of  Cyprus,  nine  miles  from  Salamis. A 

promontory  with  an  island  of  the  same 
name  on  the  coast  of  Spain. 

Aphrodite,  the  Grecian  name  of  Ve- 
nus. 

Afhytx,  or  Aphytis,  a  city  of  Thrace, 
near  Pallena,  where  Jupiter  Amnion  was 
worshipped. 

Apia,  an  ancient  name  of  Peloponnesus, 

which   it  received  from   king    Apis. 

Also  the  name  of  the  earth,  worshipped 
among  the  Lydians  as  a  powerful  deity. 

Apianus,  or  Apion,  was  born  at  Oasis 
in  Egypt,  whence  he  went  to  Alexandria, 
of  which  he  was  deemed  a  citizen.  He 
succeeded  Theus  in  the  profession  of  rhet- 
oric in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  and  wrote  a 
book  against  the  Jews,  which  Josephus 
refuted. 

Apicata,  married  Sejanus,  by  whom 
she  had  three  children.  She  was  repu- 
diated. 

Apicius,  a  famous  glutton  of  Rome. 
There  were  three  of  the  same  name,  all 
famous  for  their  voracious  appetite. 

Apidanus,  one  of  the  chief  rivers  of 
Thessaly,  at  the  south  of  the  Peneus. 

Apina  and  Afinje,  a  city  of  Apulia,  de- 
stroyed with  Trica,  in  its  neighborhood, 
by  Biomedes. 

Apiola  and  Apiol.e,  a  town  of  Italy, 
taken  by  Tarquin  the  Proud. 

Apion,  a  surname  of  Ptolemy,  one  of 

the  descendants  of  Ptolemy  Lagus. A 

grammarian. 

Apis,  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, son  of  Phoroneus  and  Laodice. 
He  received  divine  honors  after  death,  as 
he  had  been  munificent  and  humane  to  his 
subjects.  The  country  where  he  reigned 
was  called  Apia ;  and  afterwards  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Pelasgia,  Argia,  or 
Argolis,  and  at  last  that  of  Peloponnesus. 


AP 


56 


AP 


from  Pelops. A  son  of  Jason,  born  in 

Arcadia ;  he  was  killed  by  the  horses  of 

^Etolus. A  town  of  Egypt  on  the  lake 

Mareotis. A  god  of  the  Egyptians,  wor- 
shipped under  the  form  of  an  ox.  The  ox 
that  was  chosen  was  always  distinguished 
by  particular  marks  ;  his  body  was  black  ; 
he  had  a  square  white  spot  upon  the  fore- 
head, the  figure  of  an  eagle  upon  the  back, 
a  knot  under  the  tongue  like  a  beetle,  the 
hairs  of  his  tail  were  double,  and  his  right 
side  was  marked  with  a  whitish  spot,  re- 
sembling the  crescent  of  the  moon.  With- 
out these,  an  ox  could  not  be  taken  as  the 
god  Apis  ;  and  it  is  to  be  imagined  that 
the  priests  gave  these  distinguishing  char- 
acteristics to  the  animal  on  whom  their 
credit  and  even  prosperity  depended.  The 
festival  of  Apis  lasted  seven  days.    - 

Apisaon,  son  of  Hippasus,  assisted 
Priam  against  the  Greeks,  at  the  head  of 
a  Peeonian  army.  He  was  killed  by  Ly- 
comedes. Another  on  the  same  side. 

Apitius  Galba,  a  celebrated  buft'oon  in 
the  time  of  Tiberius. 

Apollinares  ll-di,  games  celebrated  at 
Rome  in  honor  of  Apollo.  The  people 
generally  sat  crowned  with  laurel  at  the 
representation  of  these  games,  which 
ivere  usually  celebrated  at  the  option  of 
the  pretor,  till  the  year  U.  C.  545,  when  a 
law  was  passed  to  settle  the  celebration 
rearly  on  the  same  day  about  the  nones  of 
July. 

Afollinaris,  C.  Sulpitius,  a  gramma- 
rian of  Carthage,  in  the  second  century, 
who  is  supposed  to  be  the  author  of  the 
verses  prefixed  to  Terence's  plays  as  ar- 
guments. 

Apollonides,  a  Greek  in  the  wars  of 
Darius  and  Alexander. 

Apollini3  Arx,  a  place  at  the  entrance 

jjf  the  Sibyl's  cave. Promontorium,  a 

promontory    of    Africa. Tempi  urn,    a 

place  in  Thrace, in  Lycia. 

Apollo,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona, 
called  also  Phcebus,  is  often  confounded 
with  the  sun.  According  to  Cicero,  there 
were  four  persons  of  this  name.  The  tra- 
iition  that  the  son  of  Latona  was  born  in 
the  floating  island  of  Delos,  is  taken  from 
ihe  Egyptian  mythology.  Apollo  was  the 
srod  of  all  the  fine  arts,  of  medicine,  mu- 
sic, poetry,  and  eloquenee,  of  all  which 
he  was  deemed  the  inventor.  lie  had  re- 
ceived from  Jupiter  the  power  of  knowing 
futurity,  and  he  was  the  only  one  of  the 
gods  whose  oracles  were  in  general  repute 
aver  the  world.  He  was  very  fond  of 
young  Hyacintbus,  whom  he  accidentally 
killed  with  a  quoit ;  as  also  of  Cyparissus, 
who  was  changed  into  a  cypress  tree. 
When  his  son  ^sculnpius  had  been  killed 
with  the  thunders  of  Jupiter,  for  raising 
he  dead  to  life,  Apollo,  in  his resentment, 
Killed  the  Cyclops  who  had  fabricated  the 
.nunderbolts      Juniter  was    incensed    at 


this  act  of  violence,  and  he  banished  Apol- 
lo from  heaven,  and  deprived  him  of  his 
dignity.  The  exiled  deity  came  to  Adme- 
tus  king  of  Thessaly,  and  hired  himself 
to  be  one  of  his  shepherds,  in  which  igno- 
ble employment  he  remained  nine  years  ; 
from  which  circumstance  lie  was  called 
the  god  of  shepherds,  and  at  his  sacri- 
fices a  wolf  was  generally  offered,  as  that 
animal    is    the    declared    enemy   of  the 

sheepfold. He    assisted    Neptune    in 

building  the  walls  of  Troy  ;  and  when  he 
was  refused  the  promised  reward  from 
Laomedon,  the  king  of  the  country,  he 
destroyed  the  inhabitants  by  a  pestilence. 
— As  soon  as  he  was  born,  Apollo  destroy- 
ed with  arrows  the  serpent  Python,  whom 
Juno  had  sent  to  persecute  Latona ;  hence 
he  was  called  Pythius ;  and  he  afterwards 
vindicated  the  honor  of  his  mother  by  put- 
ting to  death  the  children  of  the  proud 
Niobe.  He  was  not  the  inventor  of  the 
lyre,  as  some  have  imagined,  but  Mercury 
gave  it  him,  and  received  as  a  reward  the 
famous  caduceus  with  which  Apollo  wag 
wont  to  drive  the  flocks  of  Admetus. 
Apollo  is  generally  represented  with  long 
hair,  and  the  Romans  were  fond  of  im- 
itating his  figure  ;  and  therefore  in  their 
youth  they  were  remarkable  for  their  fine 
head  of  hair,  which  they  cut  short  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  or  eighteen  ;  he  is  always 
represented  as  a  tall  beardless  young  man 
with  a  handsome  shape,  holding  in  his 
hand  a  bow,  and  sometimes  a  lyre ;  his 
head  is  generally  surrounded  with  beams 
of  light.  He  was  the  deity  who,  accor- 
ding to  the  notions  of  the  ancients,  inflict- 
ed plagues,  and  in  that  moment  he  appear- 
ed surrounded  with  clouds.  His  worship 
and  power  were  universally  acknowledg- 
ed ;  he  had  temples  and  statues  in  every 
country,  particularly  in  Egypt,  Greece, 
and  Italy.  His  most  splendid  temple  was 
at  Delphi,  where  every  nation  and  individ- 
ual made  considerable  presents  when  they 
consulted  the  oracle.  He  had  a  famous 
Colossus  in  Rhodes,  which  was  one  of  the 

seven  wonders  of  the  world. One   of 

the  ships  in  the  fleet  of  zEneas. Also  a 

temple  of  Apollo  upon  mount  Leucas, 
which  appeared  at  a  great  distance  at 
sea. 

Apollocrates,  a  friend  of  Dion,  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  son  of  Dionysius. 

Apollodorus,  a  famous  grammarian 
and  mythologist  of  Athens,  son  of  Ascle- 
pias,  and  disciple  to  Pantetius  the  Rhodi- 
an  philosopher.  He  flourished  about  115 
years  before  the  Christian  era. A  trag- 
ic  poet  of  Cilicia,   who   wrote  tragedies 

entitled     Ulysses,     Thyestes,     Sec. A 

comic  poet  of  Gel  a  in  Sicily,  in  the  age  of 

Menander  who  wrote  47  plays. An 

architect  of  Damascus,  who  directed  the 
building  of  Trajan's  bridge  across  the 
Danube. A   disciple  of  Epicurus,   the 


AP 


57 


AP 


most  learned  of  his  school,  and  deserved- 
ly suriuuued  the  illustrious. A   painter 

of  Athens,  of  whom  Zeuxis  was  a  pupil. 

A  rhetorician  of  Pergamus,  preceptor 

and  !'i  iend  to  Augustus,  who  wrote  a  book 

on  rhetoric. A  tragic  poet  of  Tarsus. 

A  Lemnian  who  wrote,  on  husbandry. 

A  physician  of  Tarentum. Anoth- 
er of  Cytium. 

Apollonia,  a   festival    at   zEgialea  in 

honor  of  Apollo  and  Diana. A  town  of 

Mygdonia. — Of  Crete. — Of  Sicily.— On  the 
coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

Apollonias,  the  wife  of  Attains  king  of 
Phrygia,  to  whom  she  bore  four  children. 

Apolloniades,  a  tyrant  of  Sicily,  com- 
pelled to  lay  down  his  power  by  Timoleon. 

Apolloivides,  a  writer  of  Nic;ea. A 

physician  of  Cos  at  the  court  of  Arta- 
xerx.es. 

Apollo  nius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of 
Chalcis,  sent  for  by  Antoninus  Pius,  to 
instruct  his  adopted  son  Marcus  Antoni- 
nus.  A  geometrician  of  Perge  in  Pam- 

phylia. A  poet  of  Naucratis  in  Egypt, 

generally  called  Apollonius  of  Rhodes,  be- 
cause he  lived  for  some  time  there. A 

Greek  orator,  surnamed  Molo,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Alabanda  in  Caria.  He  opened  a 
school  of  rhetoric  at  Rhodes  and  Rome, 
and  had  J.  Cjesar  and  Cicero  among  his 

pupils. A  Greek  historian  about  the 

age  of  Augustus,  who  wrote  upon  the  phi- 
losophy of  Zenoand  of  his  followers. A 

Stoic  philosopher  who  attended  Cato  of 

Utica  in  his  last  moments. Thyaneus, 

a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  well  skilled  in 
the  secret  arts  of  magic.  Being  one  day 
haranguing  the  populace  at  Ephesus,  he 
suddenly  exclaimed,  "  Strike  the  tyrant, 
strike  him ;  the  blow  is  given,  he  is 
wounded,  and  fallen !"  At  that  very  mo- 
ment the  emperor  Domitian  had  been 
stabbed  at  Rome.  The  magician  acquired 
much  reputation  when  this  circumstance 
was  known.  He  was  courted  by  kings 
and  princes,  and  commanded  unusual  at- 
tention by  his  numberless  artifices.  His 
friend  and  companion,  called  Damis,  wrote 
his  life,  which  two  hundred  years  after 
engaged  the  attention  of  Philostratus.  In 
his  history  the  biographer  relates  so  many 
curious  and  extraordinary  anecdotes  of 
his  hero,  that  many  have  justly  deemed  it 
a  romance  ;  yet  for  all  this,  Hierocles  had 
the  presumption  to  compare  the  impos- 
tures of  Apollonius  with  the  miracles  of 
Jesus  Christ. 

Apollophanes,   a  Stoic,  who   greatly 
flattered  king  Antigonus,  and  maintained 
that  there   existed   but  one  virtue,  pru- 
dence. 
Apomyios,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 
Aponiana,  an  island  near  Lilybreum. 
M.  Aponius,  a  governor  of  Mcesia,  re- 
warded with  a  triumphal  statue  by  Otho, 
for  defeating  nine  thousand  barbarians. 


Apoxus,  now  Jlbano,  a  fountain,  with  a 
village  of  the  same  name  near  Pataviurn 
in  Italy.  The  waters  of  the  fountain, 
which  were  hot,  were  wholesome,  and 
were  supposed  to  have  an  oracular  power. 

Apostrophia,  a  surname  of  Venus  in 
Bmotia,  who  was  distinguished  under 
these  names,  Venus  Urania,  Vulgaria,  and 
Apostrophia. 

Apotheosis,  a  ceremony  observed  by 
the  ancient  nations  of  the  world,  by  which 
they  raised  their  kings,  heroes,  and  great 
men,  to  the  rank  of  deities.  The  nations 
of  the  east  were  the  first  who  paid  divine 
honors  to  their  great  men,  and  the  Romans 
followed  their  example,  and  not  only  dei- 
fied the  most  prudent  and  humane  of  their 
emperors,  but  also  the  most  cruel  and 
profligate.  Herodian  has  left  us  an  ac- 
count of  the  apotheosis  of  a  Roman  empe- 
ror. After  the  body  of  the  deceased  was 
burnt,  an  ivory  image  was  laid  on  a  couch 
for  seven  days,  representing  the  emperor 
under  the  agonies  of  disease.  The  city 
was  in  sorrow,  the  senate  visited  it  in 
mourning,  and  the  physicians  pronounced 
it  every  day  in  a  more  decaying  state. 
When  the  death  was  announced,  a  young 
band  of  senators  carried  the  couch  and 
image  to  the  Campus  Martius,  where  ft 
was  deposited  on  an  edifice  in  the  form 
of  a  pyramid,  where  spices  and  combusti- 
ble materials  were  thrown  After  this  the 
knights  walked  round  the  pile  in  solemn 
procession,  and  the  images  of  the  most  il- 
lustrious Romans  were  drawn  in  state, 
and  immediately  the  new  emperor,  with 
a  torch,  set  fire  to  the  pile,  and  was 
assisted  by  the  surrounding  multitude. 
Meanwhile  an  eagle  was  let  fly  from  the 
middle  of  the  pile,  which  was  supposed  to 
carry  the  soul  of  the  deceased  to  heaven, 
where  he  was  ranked  among  the  gods. 
If  the  deified  was  a  female,  a  peacock, 
and  not  an  eagle,  was  sent  from  the 
flames. — The  Greeks  observed  ceremonies 
much  of  the  same  nature. 

Afpia  via,  a  celebrated  road  leading 
from  the  porta  Capena  at  Rome  to  Brun- 
dusiurn,  through  Capua.  Appius  Claudius 
made  it  as  far  as  Capua,  and  it  received 
its  name  from  him.  It  was  continued  and 
finished  by  Gracchus,  J.  Caesar,  and  Au- 
gustus. 

Appiades,  a  name  given  to  these  five 
deities,  Venus,  Pallas,  Vesta,  Concord, 
and  Peace,  because  a  temple  was  erected 
to  them  near  the  Appian  road. 

Appianus,  a  Greek  historian  of  Alex- 
andria, who  flourished  A.  D.  123.  His 
universal  history,  which  consisted  of 
twenty-four  books,  was  a  series  of  history 
of  all  the  nations  that  had  been  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  the  order  of  time  ;  and 
in  the  composition,  the  writer  displayed, 
with  a  style  simple  and  unadorned,  a 
great  knowledge  of  military  affairs,  and 
C* 


AP 


58 


AQ 


described  his  battles  in  a  masterly  man- 
ner. This  excellent  work  is  greatly  mu- 
tilated, and  there  is  extant  now  only  the 
account  of  the  Punic,  Syrian,  Parthian, 
Mithridatic,  and  Spanish  Wars,  with  those 
of  Illyricum  and  the  civil  dissensions, 
with  a  fragment  of  the  Celtic  wars. 

Apii  Forum,  now  Borgo  Longo,  a  little 
village  not  far  from  Rome,  built  by  the 
consul  Appius. 

Affius,  the  pranomen  of  an  illustrious 

family  of  Rome. A  censor  of  that  name, 

A.U.C.  442. 

Appius  Claudius,  a  decemvir  who  ob- 
tained his  power  by  force  and  oppression. 
He  attempted  the  virtue  of  Virginia,  whom 
her  father  killed  to  preserve  her  chastity. 
This  act  of  violence  was  the  cause  of  a 
revolution  in  the  state,  and  the  ravisher 
destroyed  himself  when  cited   to  appear 

before  the  tribunal  of  his  country. 

Claudius  Caucus,  a  Roman  orator,  who 
built  the  Appian  way  and  many  aque- 
ducts in  Rome.  When  Pyrrhus,  who  was 
come  to  assist  the  Tarentines  against 
Rome,  demanded  peace  of  the  senators, 
Appius,  grown  old  in  the  service  of  the 
republic,  caused  himself  to  be  carried  to 
the  senate  house,  and,  by  his  authority, 
dissuaded  them  from  granting  a  peace 
which  would  prove  dishonorable  to  the 

Roman  name. A  Roman  who,  when 

he  heard  that  he  had  been  proscribed  by 
the  triumvirs,  divided  his  riches  among 
his  servants,  and  embarked  with  them  for 
Sicily.  In  their  passage  the  vessel  was 
shipwrecked,  and  Appius  alone  saved  his 

life. Claudius  Crassus,  a  consul,  who, 

with  Sp.  Naut.  Rutulius,  conquered  the 
Celtiberians,  and  was  defeated  by  Per- 
seus, king  of  Macedonia. Claudius 

Pulcher,  a  grandson  of  Ap.  CI.  Caecus, 
consul  in  the  age  of  Sylla,  retired  from 
grandeur  to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  a  pri- 
vate life. Clausus,  a  general  of  the 

Sabines,  who,  upon  being  ill-treated  by 
his  countrymen,  retired  to  Rome  with  five 
thousand  of  his  friends,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  senate  in   the  early  ages  of  the 

republic. Herdonius  seized  the  capitol 

with  four  thousand  exiles,  A.  U.  C.  292, 
and  was  soon  after  overthrown. Clau- 
dius Lentulus,  a  consul  with  M.  Perpen- 
na. 

Apries  and  Aprius,  one  of  the  kings  of 
Egypt  in  the  age  of  Cyrus,  supposed  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  scripture.  He 
took  Sidon,  and  lived  in  great  prosperity 
till  his  subjects  revolted  to  Amasis,  by 
whom  he  was  conquered  and  strangled. 

Apsinthii,  a  people  of  Thrace  :  they 
received  their  name  from  a  river  called 
Apsinthus,  which  flowed  through  their 
territory. 

Apsinus,  an  Athenian  sophist  in  the 
third  century,  author  of  a  work  called 
PrcBceptor  de  Arte  Rhetoricd. 


Apsus,  a  river  of  Macedonia  falling  into 
the  Ionian  sea  between  Dyrrhachium  and 
Apollonia. 

Aptera,  an  inland  town  of  Crete. 

Apuleia  lex,  was  enacted  by  L.  Apu- 
leius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  652,  for  inflict- 
ing a  punishment  upon  such  as  were 
guilty  of  raising  seditions,  or  showing  vi- 
olence in  the  city. Varilia,  a  grand- 
daughter of  Augustus,  convicted  of  adul- 
tery with  a  certain  Manlius  in  the  reign 
of  Tiberius. 

Apuleius,  a  learned  man,  born  at  Ma- 
daura  in  Africa.  He  studied  at  Carthage, 
Athens,  and  Rome,  where  he  married  a 
rich  widow  called  Pudentilla,  for  which 
he  was  accused  by  some  of  her  relations 
of  using  magical  arts  to  win  her  heart. 
His  apology  was  a  masterly  composition, 
In  his  youth,  Apuleius  had  been  very  ex- 
pensive ;  but  he  was,  in  a  maturer  age, 
more  devoted  to  study,  and  learnt  Latin 
without  a  master.  The  most  famous  of 
his  works  extant  is  the  Gulden  Ass,  in 
eleven  books,  an  allegorical  piece  replete 
with  morality. 

Apulia,  now  Puglia,  a  country  of  Italy 
between  Daunia  and  Calabria.  It  was 
part  of  the  ancient  Magna  Grscia,  and 
generally  divided  into  Apulia  Daunia,  and 
Apulia  Peucetia.  It  was  famous  for  its 
wools,  superior  to  all  the  produce  of  Italy. 
Some  suppose  that  it  is  called  after  Apu- 
lus,  an  ancient  king  of  the  country  before 
the  Trojan  war. 

Apuscidamus,  a  lake  of  Africa.  All 
bodies,  however  heavy,  were  said  to  swim 
on  the  surface  of  its  waters. 

Aquarius,  one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodi- 
ac, rising  in  January,  and  setting  in  Feb- 
ruary. Some  suppose  that  Ganymede  was 
changed  into  this  sign. 

Aquilaria,  a  place  of  Africa. 

AquiLEiA,or  AQuiLEGiA,atownfouna 
ed  by  a  Roman  colony,  called,  from  its 
grandeur,  Roma  secunda,  and  situated  at 
the  north  of  tbe  Adriatic  sea,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Italy.  The  Romans  built  it  chiefly 
to  oppose  the  frequent  incursions  of  the 
barbarians.  The  Roman  emperors  en- 
larged and  beautified  it,  and  often  made  it 
their  residence. 

Aquilius  Niger,  an  historian. Mar- 
cus, a  Roman  consul  who  had  the  gov- 
ernment of  Asia  Minor. Sabinus,  a 

lawyer  of  Rome,  surnamesd  the  Cato  of 
his  age.    He  was  father  to  Aquilia  Severa, 

whom  Heliogabalus  married. Severus, 

a  poet  and  historian  in  the  age  of  Valen- 
tinian. 

Aquillia  and  Aquilia,  a  patrician  fam- 
ily at  Rome,  from  which  few  illustrious 
men  rose. 

Aquilo,  a  wind  blowing  from  the  north. 
Its  name  is  derived,  according  to  some 
from  AquiJa,  on  account  of  its  keenness 
and  velocity. 


AR 


59 


AR 


Aquilonia,  a  city  of  the  Hirpiai  in  It- 
aly. 

Aq.uiniu3,  a  poet  of  moderate  capacity. 

AquiNUM,  a  town  of  Latium,  on  the 
borders  of  the  Samnites,  where  Juvenal 
was  born.  A  dye  was  invented  there, 
which  greatly  resembled  the  real  purple. 

Aquitania,  a  country  of  Gaul,  bounded 
on  the  west  by  Spain,  north  by  the  prov- 
ince of  Lugdunum,  south  by  the  province 
called  Gallia  Narbonensis.  Its  inhabitants 
are  called  Aquitani. 

Aha,  a  constellation,  consisting  of  seven 
stars,  near  the  tail  of  the  scorpion. 

Ara  lugdunensis,  a  place  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Arar  and  Rhone. 

Arabarches,  a  vulgar  person  among 
the  Egyptians,  or  perhaps  an  usual  ex- 
pression for  the  leaders  of  the  Arabians, 
who  resided  in  Rome. 

Arabia,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  form- 
ing a  peninsula  between  the  Arabian  and 
Persian  gulfs.  It  is  generally  divided  into 
three  different  parts,  Petraja,  Deserta,  and 
Felix.  It  is  famous  for  its  frankincense 
and  aromatic  plants.  The  inhabitants 
were  formerly  under  their  own  chiefs,  an 
uncivilized  people,  who  paid  adoration  to 
the  sun,  moon,  and  even  serpents,  and  who 
had  their  wives  in  common,  and  circum- 
cised their  children.  The  country  has 
often  been  invaded,  but  never  totally 
subdued.  Alexander  the  Great  expressed 
his  wish  to  place  the  seat  of  his  empire  in 
their  territories.  The  soil  is  rocky  and 
sandy,  the  inhabitants  are  scarce,  the 
mountains  rugged,  and  the  country  with- 
out water.  In  Arabia,  whatever  woman 
was  convicted  of  adultery  was  capitally 
punished.  The  Arabians  for  some  time 
supported  the  splendor  of  literature,  which 
was  extinguished  by  the  tyranny  and  su- 
perstition "which  prevailed  in  Egypt,  and 
to  them  we  are  indebted  for  the  invention 
of  algebra,  or  the  application  of  signs  and 
letters  to  represent  lines,  numbers  and 
quantities,  and  also  for  the  numerical 
characters  of  1,  2,  3,  <fcc.  first  used  in  Eu- 
rope, A.D.  1253. Also,  the  name  of  the 

wife  of  ^Egyptus. 

Arabious  si^us,  a  sea  between  Egypt 
and  Arabia,  different,  according  to  some 
authors,  from  the  Red  sea,  which  they 
suppose  to  be  between  ^Ethiopia  and  In- 
dia, and  the  Arabian  gulf  further  above, 
between  Egypt  and  Arabia.  It  is  about 
forty  days'  sail  in  length,  and  not  half  a 
day's  in  its  most  extensive  breadth. 

Arabis,  Arabiu»,  or  Arbis,  an  Indian 
river. 

Arabs  and  Ahaeus,  a  son  of  Apolkvand 
Babylone,  who  first  invented  medicine, 
and  taught  it  in  Arabia,  which  is  called 
after  his  name. 

Aracca  and  Arecca,  a  city  of  Susi- 
ana. 

Arachme,  a  woman  of  Colophon>daugh- 


ter  to  Idincn  a  dyer.  She  was  so  skilful 
in  working  with  the  needle,  that  she  chal- 
lenged Minerva,  the  goddess  of  the  art,  tc 
a  trial  of  skill.  But  though  her  piece  was 
perfect  and  masterly,  she  was  defeated  by 
Minerva,  and  hanged  herself  in  despair, 
and  was  changed  into  a  spider  by  the  god- 
dess.  A  city  of  Thessaly. 

Arachosia,  a  city  of  Asia,  near  the 
Massagetae.    It  was  built  by  Semiramis. 

One  of  the  Persian  provinces  beyond 

the  Indus. 

Arachotje  and  Arachoti,  a  people  of 
India,  who  received  their  name  from  the 
river  Arachotus,  which  flows  down  from 
mount  Caucasus. 

Arachthias,  one  of  the  four  capital 
rivers  of  Epirus,  near  Nicopolis,  falling 
into  the  bay  of  Ambracia. 

Aracillum,  a  town  of  Hispania  Tarra- 
conensis. 
Aracosii,  an  Indian  nation. 
Araovnthus,  a  mountain  of  Acarnania, 
between  the  Achelous  and  Evenus,  not 
far  from  the  shore,  and  called  Actaeus. 

Aradus,  an  island  near  Phoenicia,  joined 
to  the  continent  by  a  bridge. 

Arje,  rocks  in  the  middle  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, between  Africa  and  Sardinia, 
where  the  Romans  and  Africans  ratified  a 
treaty.  It  was  upon  them  that  iEneas 
lost  the  greatest  part  of  his  fleet :  they  are 
supposed  to  be  those  islands  which  are 
commonly  called  JEgates. 

Arjs  Phil_enorum,  a  maritime  city  of 
Africa,  on  the  borders  of  Cyrene. 

Arar,  now  the  Saone,  a  river  of  Gaul, 
flowing  into  the  Rhone,  over  which  Cae- 
sar's soldiers  made  a  bridge  in  one  day. 

Ararus,  a  Scythian  river  flowingthrough 
Armenia. 

Arathyrea,  a  small  province  of  Achaia, 
afterwards  called  Asophis,  with  a  city  of 
the  same  name. 

Aratus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Cicilia,  about 
277  B.  C.  He  was  greatly  esteemed  by 
Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of  Macedonia,  at 
whose  court  he  passed  much  of  his  time 
and  by  whose  desire  he  wrote  a  poem  on 
astronomy ,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of 
the  situations,  rising  and  setting,  number 
and  motion  of  the  stars.  Aratus  wrote  be- 
sides,  hymns  and  epigrams,  &c.  and  had 
among  his  interpreters  and  commentators 
many  of  the  learned  men  of  Greece  whose 
works  are  lost,  besides  Cicero,  Claudius 
and  Germanicus  Caesar,  who,  in  their 
youth,  or  moments  of  relaxation,  translat 

ed  the  phenomena  into  Latin  verse. The 

son  of  CHnias  and  Aristodama,  was  born 
at  Sicyon  in  Achaia,  near  the  river  Aso- 
pus.  When  he  was  but  seven  years  of 
age,  his  father,  who  held  the  government 
of  Sicyon,  was  assassinated  by  Abantidas, 
who  made  himself  absolute.  After  some 
revolutions,  the  sovereignty  came  into  the 
hands  of  Nicocles,  whom  Aratus  murder- 


AR 


GO 


AR 


ed,  to  restore  his  country  to  liberty.  He 
was  so  jealous  of  tyrannical  power,  that 
he  even  destroyed  a  picture,  which  was 
the  representation  of  a  tyrant.  He  joined 
the  republic  of  Sicyon  in  the  Achaean 
league,  which  he  strengthened,  by  making 
a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  Corinthians, 
and  with  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt.  He  was 
chosen  chief  commander  of  the  forces  of 
the  Achaeans,  and  drove  away  the  Macedo- 
nians from  Athens  and  Corinth.  He  made 
war  against  the  Spartans,  but  was  con- 
quered in  a  battle  by  their  king  Cleomenes. 
To  repair  the  losses  he  had  sustained,  he 
solicited  the  assistance  of  king  Antigonus, 
and  drove  away  Cleomenes  from  Sparta, 
who  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  killed  him- 
self. The  ^Etolians  soon  after  attacked  the 
Achaeans  ;  and  Aratus,  to  support  his  char- 
acter, was  obliged  to  call  to  his  aid  Philip 
king  of  Macedonia.  His  friendship  with 
this  new  ally  did  not  long  continue.  Phi- 
lip showed  himself  cruel  and  oppressive  ; 
and  put  to  death  some  of  the  noblest  of 
the  Achaeans,  and  even  seduced  the  wife 
of  the  son  of  Aratus.  Aratus,  who  was 
now  advanced  in  years,  showed  his  dis- 
pleasure by  withdrawing  himself  from  the 
society  and  friendship  of  Philip.  But  this 
rupture  was  fatal.  Philip  dreaded  the 
power  and  influence  of  Aratus,  and  there- 
fore he  caused  him  and  his  son  to  be  poi- 
soned. Some  days  before  his  death,  Ara- 
tus was  observed  to  spit  blood  ;  and  when 
apprized  of  it  by  his  friends,  he  replied, 
"  Such  are  the  rewards  which  a  connexion 
with  kings  will  produce."  He  was  buried 
with  great  pomp,  by  his  countrymen  ;  and 
two  solemn  sacrifices  were  annually  made 
to  him,  the  first  on  the  day  that  he  deliv- 
ered Sicyon  from  tyranny,"  and  the  second 
on  the  day  of  his  birth.  During  these  sa- 
crifices, which  were  called  JLralcia,  the 
priests  wore  a  ribbon  bespangled  with 
white  and  purple  spots,  and  the  public 
school-master  walked  in  procession  at  the 
head  of  his  scholars,  and  was  always  ac- 
companied by  the  richest  and  most  emi- 
nent senators,  adorned  with  garlands. 
Aratus  died  in  the  sixty-second  year  of  his 
age,  B.  C.  213.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Achaean  league,  much  commended  by  Po- 
lybius. 

Araxes,  now  Arras,  a  celebrated  river 
which  separates  Armenia  from  Media,  and 

falls  into  the   Caspian  sea. Anoiher 

which  falls  into  the  Euphrates. Anoth- 
er in  Europe,  now  called  Volga. 

Arraces,  a  Mede  who  revolted  with 
Belesis  against  Sardanapalus,  and  founded 
the  empire  of  Media  upon  the  ruins  of  the 
Assyrian  power,  eight  hundred  and  twen- 
ty years  before  the  Christian  era.  He 
reigned  above  fifty  years,  and  was  famous 
for  the  greatness  of  his  undertakings,  as 
well  as  for  his  valor. 

Arbela,  now  Irhll.  a  town  of  Persia,  on 


the  river  Lycus,  famous  for  a  battle  fought 
there  between  Alexander  and  Darius,  the 
second  of  October,  B.  C.  331. 

Arbela,  a  town  of  Sicily,  whose  inhab- 
itants were  very  credulous. 

Arbis,  a  river  on  the  western  bounda- 
ries of  India. 

Arbocala,  a  city  taken  by  Annibal  as 
he  marched  against  Rome. 

Arbuscula,  an  actress  on  the  Roman 
stage,  who  laughed  at  the  hisses  of  the 
populace,  while  she  received  the  applauses 
of  the  knights. 

Arcadia,  a  country  in  the  middle  of 
Peloponnesus,  surrounded  on  every  side 
by  land.  It  received  its  name  from  Areas 
son  of  Jupiter,  and  was  anciently  called 
Drymodes,  on  account  of  the  great  numbei 
of  oaks  (fyfc)  it  produced,  and  afterwards 
Lycaonia  and  Pelasgia.  The  country  has 
been  much  celebrated  by  the  poets,  and 
was  famous  for  its  mountains.  The  in- 
habitants were  for  the  most  part  all  shep 
herds,  who  lived  upon  acorns,  were  skil- 
ful warriors,  and  able  musicians.  They 
thought  themselves  more  ancient  than  the 
moon.    Pan,  the  god  of  shepherds,  chiefly 

lived  among  them. A  fortified  village 

of  Zacynthus. 

Arcadius,  eldest  son  of  Theodosius  the 
Great,  succeeded  his  father  A.  D.  395 
Under  him  the  Roman  power  was  divided 
into  the  eastern  and  western  empire.  He 
made  the  eastern  empire  his  choice,  and 
fixed  his  residence  at  Constantinople  ; 
while  his  brother  Honorius  was  made 
emperor  of  the  west,  and  lived  in  Rome. 
In  the  reign  of  Arcadius,  Alaricus  atttack 
ed  the  western  empire,  and  plundered 
Rome.  Arcadius  married  Eudoxia,  a  bold 
ambitious  woman,  and  died  in  the  thirty 
first  year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  thir 
teen  years,  in  which  he  bore  the  charac 
ter  of  an  effeminate  prince,  who  suffered 
himself  to  be  governed  by  favorites,  ami 
who  abandoned  his  subjects  to  the  tyran- 
ny of  ministers,  while  he  lost  himself  in 
the  pleasures  of  a  voluptuous  court. 

Arcanum,  a  villa  of  Cicero's  near  the 
Minturni. 

Arc  as,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Callisto. 
He  nearly  killed  his  mother,  whom  June 
had  changed  into  a  bear.  He  reigned  in 
Pelasgia,  which  from  him  was  called  Ar- 
cadia, and  taught  his  subjects  agriculture  . 
and  the  art  of  spinning  wool.  After  his. 
death,  Jupiter  made  him  a  constellation, 
with  his  mother.  As  lie  was  one  day 
hunting,  he  met  a  wood  nymph,  who  beg 
ged  his  assistance,  because  the  tree  ovet 
which  she  presided,  and  on  whose  pre- 
servation her  life  depended,  was  going  to 
be  carried  away  by  the  impetuous  torrent 
of  a  river.  Areas  changed  the  course  of 
the  waters,  and  preserved  the  tree,  anc 
married  the  nymph,  by  whom  he  ban 
three  sons,  Azan,  Aphidas,  and  Elatus 


AR 


61 


AR 


among  whom  he  divided  his  kingdom. 

One  of  Action's  dogs. 

Arce,  a  daughter  of  Thaumas,  son  of 
Pontus  and  Terra. 

Arcena,  a  town  of  Phoenicia,  where 
Alexander  Severus  was  born. 

Arcens,  a  Sicilian  who  permitted  his 
son  to  accompany  iEneas  into  Italy,  where 
lie  was  killed  by  Mezentius. 

Arcesilaus,  son  of  Battus,  king  of  Cy- 
rene,  was  driven  from  his  kingdom  in  a 
sedition,  and  died  B.  C.  575.     The  second 

of  that  name  died  B.  C.  550. One  of 

Alexander's  generals,  who  obtained  Mes- 
opotamia at  the  general  division  of  the 

provinces  after  the  king's  death. A 

chief  of  Catana,  which  he  betrayed  to  Di- 

onysius  the  elder. A  philosopher  of 

Pitane  in  iEolia,  disciple  of  Polemon.  He 
visited  Sardes  and  Athens,  and  was  the 
founder  of  the  middle  academy,  as  Socra- 
tes founded  the  ancient,  and  Carneades 
the  new  one.  He  pretended  to  know 
nothing,  and  accused  others  of  the  same 
ignorance.  He  was  very  fond  of  Homer, 
and  generally  divided  his  time  among  the 
pleasures  of  philosophy,  love,  reading,  and 
the  table.  He  died  in  his  seventy-fifth 
year,  B.  C.  241,  or  300  according  to  some. 

- The  name  of  two  painters. A 

statuary. A  leader  of  the  Boeotians  dur- 
ing the  Trojan  war. A  comic  and  ele- 
giac poet. 

Arcesitjs,  son  of  Jupiter,  was  grand- 
father to  Ulysses. 

Arch^a,  a  city  of  iEolia. 

Archsanax  of  Mitylene  was  intimate 
with  Pisistratus  tyrant  of  Athens.  He 
fortified  Sigseum  with  a  wall  from  the 
ruins  of  ancient  Troy. 

Arch-eatidas,  a  country  of  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Archagathus,  son  of  Archaga.th.us,  was 
slain  in  Africa  by  his  soldiers,  B.  C.  285. 
He  killed  his  grandfather  Agathocles,  ty- 
rant of  Syracuse. A  physician  at  Rome, 

B.  C.  219. 

Archander,  father-in-law  to  Danaus. 

Archandros,  a  town  of  Egypt. 

Arche,  one  of  the  muses,  according  to 
Cicero. 

Archegetes,  a  surname  of  Hercules. 

Archelaus,  a  name  common  to  some 
kings  of  Cappadocia. A  king  of  Mace- 
donia, who  succeeded  his  father  Perdiccas 
the  second.  He  patronized  the  poet  Euri- 
pides.  A  king  of  the  Jews,  surnamed 

Herod.  Cassar  banished  him,  for  his  cru- 
elties, to  Vienna,  where  he  died. A 

king  of  Lacedagmon,sonof  Agesilaus. A 

celebrated  general  of  Mithridates,  against 

Sylla. A  philosopher  of  Athens  or  Mes- 

senia,  son  of  Apollodorus,  and  successor 
to  Anaxagoras.  He  was  preceptor  to  So- 
crates, arid  was  called   Physicus. A 

man  set  over  Snsa  by  Alexander,  with  a 

garrison  of  three  thousand  men, A 

G 


Greek  philosopher,  who  wrote  a  history 

of  animals. A  son  of  Electryon  and 

Anaxo. A  sculptor  of  Priene,  in  the 

age  of  Claudius. A  writer  of  Thrace. 

Archemachus,  a  Greek  writer,  who 
published  an  history  of  Eubcea. — —A  son 
of  Hercules — of  Priam. 

Archemorus,  or  Opheltes,  son  of  Ly- 
curgus,  king  of  Nemsa,  in  Thrace,  by 
Eurydice,  was  brought  up  by  Hypsipyle, 
queen  of  Lemnos,  who  had  fled  to  Thrace, 
and  was  employed  as  a  nurse  in  the  king's 
family.  Hypsipyle  was  met  by  the  ar 
my  of  Adrastus,  who  was  going  against 
Thebes  ;  and  she  was  forced  to  show  them 
a  fountain  where  they  might  quench  their 
thirst.  To  do  this  more  expeditiously,  she 
put  down  the  child  on  the  grass,  and  at 
her  return  found  him  killed  by  a  serpent. 

Archepolis,  a  man  in  Alexander's  ar- 
my who  conspired  against  the  king  with 
Dymnus. 

Archeptolemus,  son  of  Iphitus,  king 
of  Elis,  went  to  the  Trojan  war,  and 
fought  against  the  Greeks.  As  he  was 
fighting  near  Hector,  he  was  killed  by 
Ajax  son  of  Telamon. 

Archestratus,  a  tragic  poet,  whose 
pieces  were  acted  during  the  Peloponne- 

sian  war. A  man  so  small  and  lean, 

that  he  could  be  placed  in  a  dish  without 
filling  it. A  follower  of  Epicurus. 

ARCHETiMus,the  first  philosophical  wri- 
ter in  the  age  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece. 

Archetius,  a  Rutulian,  killed  by  the 
Trojans. 

Archia,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  wife  to 
Inachus. 

Archias,  a  Corinthian  descended  from 
Hercules.      He  founded   Syracuse   B.  C. 

732. A  poet  of  Antioch,  intimate  with 

the  Luculli.  He  obtained  the  rank  and 
name  of  a  Roman  citizen  by  the  means  of 
Cicero,  who  defended  him  in  an  elegant 
oration,  when  his  enemies  had  disputed 

his  privileges  of  citizen  of  Rome. A 

Polemarch  of  Thebes,  assassinated  in  the 

conspiracy  of  Pelopidas. A  high-priest 

of  Athens,  contemporary  and  intimate 
with  the  Polemarch  of  the  same  name. 

Archibiades,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
who  affected  the  manners  of  the  Spar- 
tans. 

Archibius,  the  son  of  the  geographer 
Ptolemy. 

Archidamia,  a  priestess  of  Ceres,  who, 
on  account  of  her  affection  for  Aristo- 
menes,  restored  him  to  liberty  when  he 
had  been  taken  prisoner  by  her  female  at- 
tendants at  the  celebration  of  their  festi- 
vals.  A  daughter  ol'Cleadas,  who,  upon 

hearing  that  her  countrymen  the  Spartans, 
were  debating  whether  they  should  send 
away  their  women  to  Crete  against  the 
hostile  approach  of  Pyrrhus,  seized  a 
sword,  and  ran  to  the  senate  house,  ex- 


AR 


62 


AR 


claiming  that  the  women  were  a9  able  to 
fight  as  the  men.  Upon  this  the  decree 
was  repealed. 

Archidamus,  son  of  Theopompus,  king 
of  Sparta,  died  before  his  father. An- 
other,  king  of  Sparta,  son  of  Anaxida- 

inus,  succeeded  by  Agasicles. Another, 

grandson  of  Leotychidas,  by  his  son  Zeux- 
idamus.  He  was  called  to  the  aid  of  Ta- 
rentum  against  the  Romans,  and  killed 
there  in  a  battle,  after  a  reign  of  thirty- 
three  years. 

Archidas,  a  tyrant  of  Athens,  killed  by 
his  troops. 

Aechidemus,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  who 
willingly  exiled  himself  among  the  Par- 
thians. 

Archideus,  a  son  of  Amyntas,  king  of 
Macedonia. 

Archidium,  a  city  of  Crete,  named  af- 
ter Archidius  son  of  Tegeates. 

Archi  callus,  the  high-priest  of  Cybele's 
temple.    Fid.  Galli. 

Archigenes,  a  physician,  born  at  Apa- 
mea,  in  Syria.  He  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Domitian,"  Nerva,  and  Trajan,  and  died 
in  the  seventy -third  year  of  his  age. 

Archilochus,  a  poet  ofParos,  who  wrote 
elegies,  satires,  odes,  and  epigrams,  and 
was  the  first  who  introduced  iambics  in 
his  verses.  He  flourished  685  B.  C.  and  it 
is  said  that  lie  was  assassinated.  Some 
fragments  of  his  poetry  remain,  which 
display  vigor  and  animation,  boldness  and 
vehemence  in  the  highest  degree  ;  from 
which  reason,  perhaps,  Cicero  calls  viru- 
lent edicts,  Archilochia  edicta. A  son 

of  Nestor,  killed  by  Memnon  in  the  Tro- 
jan war. 

Archimedes,  a  famous  geometrician  of 
Syracuse,  who  invented  a  machine  of 
glass  that  faithfully  represented  the  mo- 
tion of  all  the  heavenly  bodies.  When 
Marcellus,  the  Roman  consul,  besieged 
Syracuse,  Archimedes  constructed  ma- 
chines which  suddenly  raised  up  in  the 
air  the  ships  of  the  enemy  from  the  bay 
before  the  city,  and  then  let  them  fall  with 
such  violence  into  the  water  that  they 
sunk.  He  set  them  also  on  fire  with  his 
burning  glasses.  When  the  town  was 
taken,  the  Roman  general  gave  strict  or- 
ders to  his  soldiers  not  to  hurt  Archimedes, 
and  even  offered  a  reward  to  him  who 
should  bring  him  alive  and  safe  into  his 
presence.  All  these  precautions  were 
useless :  the  philosopher  was  so  deeply 
engaged  in  solving  a  problem,  that  he  was 
even  ignorant  that  the  enemy  were  in 
possession  of  the  town ;  and  a  soldier, 
without  knowing  who  he  was,  killed  him, 
because  he  refused  to  follow  him,  B.  C.212. 
Archi nus,  a  man  who,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  distribute  new  arms  among 
the  populace  of  Argos,  raised  a  mercenary 

band,  and  made  himself  absolute. A 

rhetorician  of  Athens. 


Archipelagic,  a  part  of  a  sea  where 
islands  in  great  number  are  interspersed, 
such  as  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
which  lies  between  Greece  and  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  is  generally  called  MareiEgeum 

Archi  polis,  a  soldier  who  conspired 
against  Alexander  with  Dymnus. 

Archippe,  a  city  of  the  Marsi,  destroy- 
ed by  an  earthquake,  and  lost  in  the  lake 
of  Fucinus. 

Archippus,  a  king  of  Italy,  from  whom 
perhaps  the  town  of  Archippe  received  ita 

name. A  philosopher  of  Thebes,  pupil 

to  Pythagoras. An  archon  at  Athens 

A  comic  poet  of  Athens,  of  whose 


eight  comedies  only  one  obtained  the  prize. 
A  philosopher  in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

Architis,  a  name  of  Venus,  worship- 
ped on  mount  Libanus. 

Archon,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
who  received  the  provinces  of  Babylon, 
at  the  general  division  after  the  king's 
death. 

Archontes,  the  name  of  the  chief  ma- 
gistrates of  Athens.  They  were  nine  in 
number,  and  none  were  chosen  but  such 
as  were  descended  from  ancestors  who 
had  been  free  citizens  of  the  republic  for 
three  generations.  They  took  a  solemn 
oath,  that  they  would  observe  the  laws, 
administer  justice  with  impartiality,  and 
never  suffer  themselves  to  be  corrupted. 
They  all  had  the  power  of  punishing  mal- 
efactors with  death.  The  chief  among 
them  was  called  Archon,  and  the  year  took 
its  denomination  from  him.  These  offi- 
cers of  state  were  chosen  after  the  death 
of  king  Codrus  ;  their  power  was  origin- 
ally for  life,  but  afterwards  it  was  limited 
to  ten  years,  and  at  last  to  one  year. 

Archylus  Thurius,  a  general  of  Dio- 
nysius  the  elder. 

Archytas,  a  musician  of  Mitylene,  who 

wrote  a  treatise  on  agriculture. The 

son  of  Hestiams  of  Tarentum,  was  a  fol- 
lower of  the  Pythagorean  philosophy,  and 
an  able  astronomer  and  geometrician.  He 
invented  some  mathematical  instruments, 
and  made  a  wooden  pigeon  which  could 
fly.  He  perished  in  a  shipwreck,  about 
three  hundred  and  ninety-four  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era. 

ARciTENENs,an  epithet  applied  to  Apol- 
lo, from  his  bearing  a  bow. 

Arctinus,  a  Milesian  poet  said  to  be 
pupil  to  Homer. 

A.RCTOPHYH.X,  a  star  near  the  great 
bear,  called  also  Bootes. 

Arctos,  a  mountain  near  Propontis,  in- 
habited by  giants  and  monsters. Two 

celestial  constellations  near  the  north 
pole,  commonly  called  Ursa  Major  and 
Minor. 

Arcturus,  a  star  near  the  tail  of  the 
great  bear,  whose  rising  and  setting  were 
generally  supposed  to  portend  great  tem- 
pests. 


AR 


63 


AR 


Ardalus,  a  son  of  Vulcan,  said  to  have 
been  the  first  who  invented  the  pipe. 
Ardania,  a  country  of  Egypt. 
Ardaxanus,  a  small  river  of  Illyricum. 
Ardea,  formerly  Ardua,  a  town  of  La- 
tium,  built  by  Danae,  or  according  to  some, 
by  a  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe.     It  was 
the  capital  of  the  Rutuli. 

Ardericca,  a  small  town  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, north  of  Babylon. 

Ardi^i,  a  people  of  Illyricum,  whose 
capital  was  called  Ardia. 
Aroonea,  a  town  of  Apulia. 
Ardua,  an  ancient  name  of  Ardea. 
Arduenna,  now  Ardenne,  a  large  forest 
of  Gaul,  in  the  time  of  J.  Caesar,  which 
extended  fifty  miles  from  the  Rhine  to  the 
borders  of  the  Nervii. 

Arduixe,  the  goddess  of  hunting  among 
the  Gauls  ;  represented  with  the  same  at- 
tributes as  the  Diana  of  the  Romans. 
Ard tenses,  a  nation  near  the  Rhone. 
Ardys,  a  son  of  Gyges,  king  of  Lydia, 
who  reigned  forty-nine"years,  took  Priene, 
and  made  war  against  Miletus. 

Area,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  from  her 
temple  on  Mars'  hill  («■<?*;?)  erected  by 
Orestes. 
Areacidje,  a  nation  of  Numidia. 
Areas,  a  general  chosen  by  the  Greeks 
against  ^Etolia. 

Aregonis,  the  mother  of  Mopsus  by 
Ampyx. 

Arelatum,  a  town  of  Gallia  Narbonen- 
sis. 

Arellius,  a  celebrated  painter  of  Rome, 
in  the  age  of  Augustus.  He  painted  the 
goddesses  in  the  form  of  his  mistresses. 

Aremorica,  a  part  of  Gaul,  at  the  north 
of  the  Loire,  now  called  Brittany. 

Arena  and  Arene,  a  city  of  Messenia, 
in  Peloponnesus. 
Arenacum,  a  town  of  Germany. 
Areopagit.3c,  the  judges  of  the  Areopa- 
gus, a  seat  of  justice  on  a  small  eminence 
near  Athens.  The  number  of  judges  that 
composed  this  august  assembly  is  not 
known.  The  most  worthy  and  religious 
of  trie  Athenians  were  admitted  as  mem- 
bers, and  such  archons  as  had  discharged 
their  duty  with  care  and  faithfulness. 
The  Areopagite3  took  cognizance  of  mur- 
ders, impiety,  and  immoral  behavior,  and 
particularly  of  idleness,  which  they  deem- 
ed the  cause  of  all  vice.  They  watched 
over  the  laws,  and  they  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  public  treasury ;  they  had  the 
liberty  of  rewarding  the  virtuous,  and  of 
inflicting  severe  punishment  upon  such 
as  blasphemed  against  the  gods,  or  slight- 
ed the  celebration  of  the  holy  mysteries. 
They  always  sat  in  the  open  air,  because 
they  took  cognizance  of  murder  ;  and  by 
their  laws  it  was  not  permitted  for  the 
murderer  and  his  accuser  to  be  both  under 
the  same  roof, 


Areopagus,  a  hill  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Athens.    Vid.  Areopagita?. 

Arest.e,  a  people  of  India,  conquered 
by  Alexander. 

Aresthanas,  a  countryman,  whose  goat 
suckled  iEsculapius,  when  exposed  by  his 
mother. 

Arestorides,  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  hundred-eyed  Argus,  as  son  of  Ares- 
tor. 

Areta,  the   mother  of  Aristippus  the 

philosopher. A  daughter  of  Dionysius, 

who  married  Dion.    She  was  thrown  into 

the  sea. A  female  philosopher  of  Cv- 

rene,  B.  C.  377. 

Areta,  a  daughter  of  Rhexenor,  de- 
scended from  Neptune. 

Aret^eus,  a  physician  of  Cappadocia, 
very  inquisitive  after  the  operations  of  na- 
ture. 

Aretaphila,  the  wife  of  Melanippus,  a 
priest  of  Cyrene.. 

Aretales,  a  Cnidian,  who  wrote  an 
history  of  Macedonia,  besides  a  treatise 
on  islands. 

Arete.    Vid.  Areta. 

Aretes,  one  of  Alexander's  officers. 

Arethusa,  a  nymph  of  Elis,  daughter 
of  Oceanus,  and  one  of  Diana's  attend- 
ants. As  she  returned  one  day  from  hunt- 
ing, she  sat  near  the  Alpheus,  and  bathed 
in  the  stream.  The  god  of  the  river  was 
enamored  of  her,  and  he  pursued  her  over 
the  mountains  and  all  the  country,  when 
Arethusa  ready  to  sink  under  fatigue, 
implored  Diana,  who  changed  her  into  a 
fountain.  The  Alpheus  immediately  min- 
gled his  streams  with  hers,  and  Diana 
opened  a  secret  pas-age  under  the  earth 
and  under  the  sea,  where  the  waters  of 
Arethusa  disappeared,  and  rose,  in  the  is- 
land of  Ortygia,  near  Syracuse  in  Sicily, 
The  river  Alpheus  followed  her  also  under 

the  sea,  and  rose  also  in  Ortygia. One 

of  the  Hesperides. A  daughter  of  Heri- 

leus,  mother  of  Abas,  by  Neptune. 

One  of  Action's  dogs. A  lake  of  upper 

Armenia,  near  the  fountains  of  the  Tigris. 

Nothing  can  sink  under  its  waters. A 

town  of  Thrace. Another  in  Syria. 

Aretinum,  a  Roman  colony  in  Efruria. 

Aretus,  a  son  of  Nestor  and  Anaxibia. 

A  Trojan  against  the  Greeks.     He 

was  killed  by  Automedon.— — A  famous 
warrior,  whose  only  weapon  was  an  iron 
club.  He  was  treacherously  killed  by  Ly- 
curgus,  king  of  Arcadia. 

Areus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  preferred  in 
the  succession  to  Cleonymus,  brother  of 
Acrotatus,  who  had  made  an  alliance  with 
Pyrrhus. A  king  of  Sparta. A  phi- 
losopher of  Alexandria,  intimate  with  Au- 
gustus.  A  poet  of  Laconia. 

Arg^eus  and  Argeus,  a  son  of  Apollo 

and  Cyrene. A  son  of  Perdiccas,  who 

succeeded  his  father  in  the  kingdom  of 
Macedonia. A  mountain  of  Cappado- 


AR 


64 


AR 


cia,  covered  with  perpetual  snows. A 

son  of  Ptolemy,  killed  by  his  brother. 

Argalus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  son  of  Amy- 
clas. 

Akgathona,  a  huntress  of  Ciosin  Bithy- 
nia,  whom  Rhesus  married  before  he  went 
to  the  Trojan  war.  When  she  heard  of 
his  death,  she  died  in  despair. 

ARGATHONius,akingofTartessus,  who, 
according  to  Pliny,  lived  one  hundred  and 
twenty  years,  and  three  hundred  accord- 
ing to  Italicus. 

Arge,  a  beautiful  huntress,  changed 
into  a  stag  by  Apollo. One  of  the  Cy- 
clops.  A  daughter   of  Thespius,  by 

whom  Hercules  had  two  sons. 

Argea,  a  place  at  Rome,  where  certain 
Argives  were  buried. 

Arg^athjg,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Argemnum,  a  promontory  of  Ionia. 

Arges,  a  son  of  Crelus  and  Terra,  who 
had  only  one  eye  in  his  forehead. 

Argestratus,  a  king  of  Lacedaemon, 
who  reigned  thirty-five  years. 

Argeus,  a  son  of  Perdiccas,  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, who  obtained  the  kingdom  when 
Amyntas  was  deposed  by  the  Illyrians. 

Argia,  daughter  of  Adrastus,  married 
Polynices,  whom  she  loved  with  uncom- 
mon tenderness.  When  he  was  killed  in 
the  war,  she  buried  his  body  in  the  night, 
against  the  positive  orders  of  Creon,  for 
which  pious  action  she  was  punished  with 

death. A  country  of  Peloponnesus, 

called  also  Argolis. One  of  the  Oceani- 

des. The  wife  of  Inachus,  and  mother 

of  Io. The  mother  of  Argos  by  Polybus. 

A  daughter  of  Autesion. 

Argias,  a  man  who  founded  Chalcedon, 
A.  U.  C.  148. 

Argiletum,  a  place  at  Rome,  where  the 
tradesmen  generally  kept  their  shops. 

Argilius,  a  favorite  youth  of  Pausanias, 
who  revealed  his  master's  correspondence 
with  the  Persian  king,  to  the  Ephori. 

Argillus,  a  mountain  of  Egypt  near 
the  Nile. 

Argilus,  a  town  of  Thrace,  near  the 
Strymon,  built  hy  a  colony  of  Andrians. 

Arginus.e,  three  small  islands  near  the 
continent,  between  Mitylene  and  Me- 
thymna. 

Argiope,  a  nymph  of  mount  Parnassus. 

Argiphontes,  a  surname  given  to  Mer- 
cury, because  he  killed  the  hundred-eyed 
Argus,  by  order  of  Jupiter. 

Argippei,  a  nation  among  the  Sauro- 
matians,  born  bald,  and  with  flat  noses. 

Argiva,  a  surname  of  Juno,  worshipped 
at  Argos. 

Argivi,  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of 
Argos  and  the  neighboring  country.  The 
word  is  indiscriminately  applied  to  all  the 
inhabitants  of  Greece. 

Argius,  a  steward  of  Galba,  who  pri- 
vately interred  the  body  of  his  master  in 
his  gardens. 


Argo,  the  name  of  the  famous  ship 
which  carried  Jason  and  his  fifty- four 
companions  to  Colchis,  when  they  re- 
solved to  recover  the  golden  fleece.  The 
poets  have  made  her  a  constellation  in 
heaven. 

Argolicus  sinus,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of 
Argolis. 

Argoeis  and  Argia,  a  country  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus between  Arcadia  and  the  iEgean 
sea.     Its  chief  city  was  called  Argos. 

Argon,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Her- 
cules,"who  reigned  in  Lydia  five  hundred 
and  five  years  before  Gyges. 

Argonaut.*:,  a  name  given  to  those  an- 
cient heroes  who  wrent  with  Jason  on 
board  the  ship  Argo  to  Colchis,  about 
seventy-nine  years  before  the  taking  of 
Troy,  or  1263  B.  C.  The  causes  of  this 
expedition  arose  from  the  following  cir- 
cumstance:— Athamas,  king  of  Thebes, 
had  married  Ino,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus, 
whom  he  divorced  to  marry  Nephele,  by 
whom  he  had  two  children,  Phryxus  and 
Helle.  As  Nephele  was  subject  to  certain 
fits  of  madness,  Athamas  repudiated  her, 
and  took  a  second  time  Ino,  by  whom  he 
had  soon  after  two  sons,  Learchus  and 
Melicerta.  As  the  children  of  Nephele 
were  to  succeed  to  their  father  by  right  of 
birth,  Ino  conceived  an  immortal  hatred 
against  them,  and  she  caused  the  city  of 
Thebes  to  be  visited  by  a  pestilence,  by 
poisoning  all  the  grain  which  had  been 
sown  in  the  earth.  Upon  this  the  oracle 
was  consulted  ;  and  as  it  had  been  cor- 
rupted by  means  of  Ino,  the  answer  was, 
that  Nephele's  children  should  be  immo- 
lated to  the  gods.  Phryxus  was  apprized 
of  this,  and  he  immediately  embarked 
with  his  sister  Helle,  and  fled  to  the  court 
of  iEetes,  king  of  Colchis,  one  of  his  near 
relations.  The  poets  have  embellished  the 
flight  of  Phryxus,  by  supposing  that  he 
and  Helle  fled  through  the  air  on  a  ram 
which  had  a  golden  fleece  and  wings,  and 
was  endowed  with  the  faculties  of  speech. 
As  they  were  going  to  be  sacrificed,  the 
ram  took  them  on  his  back,  and  instantly 
disappeared  in  the  air.  On  their  way 
Helle  was  giddy,  and  fell  into  that  part  of 
the  sea  which  from  her  was  called  the 
Hellespont.  When  Phryxus  came  to  Col- 
chis, he  sacrificed  the  ram  to  Jupiter,  or, 
according  to  others,  to  Mars,  to  whom  he 
also  dedicated  the  golden  fleece.  He  soon 
after  married  Chalciope  the  daughter  of 
iEetes  ;  but  his  father-in-law  envied  him 
the  possession  of  the  golden  fleece,  and 
therefore  to  obtain  it  he  murdered  him. 
Some  time  after  this  event,  when  Jason 
the  son  of  vEson,  demanded  of  his  uncle 
Pelias  the  crown  which  he  usurped,  Pelias 
said  that  he  would  restore  it  to  him,  pro- 
vided he  avenged  the  death  of  their  com- 
mon relation  Phryxus,  whom  ^Eetes  had 
basely  murdered  in  Colchis.    Jason,  who 


AR 


65 


AR 


was  in  the  vigor  of  youth,  and  of  an  am- 
bitious soul,  cheerfully  undertook  the  ex- 
pedition, and  embarked  with  all  the  young 
princes  of  Greece  in  the  ship  Argo.  They 
stopped  at  the  island  of  Lemnos,  where 
they  remained  two  years.  After  they  had 
left  Lemnos,  tiiey  visited  Samothrace, 
where  they  ottered  sacrifices  to  the  gods, 
and  thence  passed  to  Troas  and  to  Cyzi- 
cum.  Here  they  met  with  a  favorable 
reception  from  Cyzieus  the  king  of  the 
country.  From  Cyzicum  they  visited 
Bebrycia,  and  were  driven  from  Bebrycia 
by  a  storm,  to  Salmydessa,  on  the  coast  of 
Thrace,  where  they  delivered  Phineus, 
king  of  the  place,  from  the  persecution  of 
the  harpies.  Fhineus  directed  their  course 
through  the  Cyanean  rock  or  the  Symple- 
gades,  and  they  safely  entered  the  Euxine 
sea.  They  visited  the  country  of  the  Ma- 
riandinians,  where  Lycus  reigned,  and 
lost  two  of  their  companions,  Idmon,  and 
Tiphis  their  pilot.  After  they  had  left 
this  coast,  they  were  driven  upon  the  is- 
land of  Arecia,  where  they  found  the  chil- 
dren of  Phryxus,  whom  ^etes  their  grand- 
father had  sent  to  Greece  to  take  pos- 
session of  their  father's  kingdom.  From 
this  island  they  at  last  arrived  safe  in  zEa, 
the  capital  of  Colchis.  Jason  explained 
the  causes  of  his  voyage  to  zEetes  ;  but  the 
conditions  on  which  he  was  to  recover  the 
golden  fleece,  were  so  hard,  that  the  Ar- 
gonauts must  have  perished  in  the  attempt, 
had  not  Medea,  the  king's  daughter,  fallen 
in  love  with  their  leader,  fcfhe  had  a  con- 
ference with  Jason,  and  after  mutual  oaths 
of  fidelity  in  the  temple  of  Hecate,  Medea 
pledged  herself  to  deliver  the  Argonauts 
from  her  father's  hard  conditions,  if  Jason 
married  her,  and  carried  her  with  him  to 
Greece.  He  was  to  tame  two  bulls,  which 
had  brazen  feet  and  horns,  and  which 
vomited  clouds  of  fire  and  smoke,  and  to 
tie  them  to  a  plough  made  of  adamant 
stone,  and  to  plough  a  field  of  two  acres 
of  ground  never  before  cultivated.  After 
this  he  was  to  sow  in  the  plain,  the  teeth 
of  a  dragon,  from  which  an  armed  multi- 
tude were  to  rise  up,  and  to  be  all  destroy- 
ed by  his  hands.  This  done,  he  was  to 
kill  an  ever-watchful  dragon,  which  was 
at  the  bottom  of  the  tree,  on  which  the 
colden  fleece  was  suspended.  All  these 
labors  were  to  be  performed  in  one  day ; 
;md  Medea's  assistance,  whose  knowledge 
of  herbs,  magic,  and  potions,  was  unpa- 
ralleled, easily  extricated  Jason  from  all 
danger,  to  the  astonishment  and  terror  of 
his  companions,  and  of  iEetes,  and  the 
people  of  Colchis,  who  had  assembled  to 
be  spectators  of  this  wonderful  action. 
He  obtained  the  golden  fleece,  and  imme- 
diately set  sail  with  Medea.  He  was  soon 
pursued  by  Absyrtus,  the  king's  son,  who 
came  up  to  them,  and  was  seized  and  mur- 
dered by  Jas  jn  and  Medea.     The  mangled 


limbs  of  Absyrtus  were  strewed  in  the 
way  through  which  ^Eetes  was  to  pass, 
that  his  further  pursuit  might  be  stopped 
After  the  murder  of  Absyrtus,  they  en- 
tered the  Palus  Mseotis,  and  by  pursuing 
their  course  towards  the  left,  according  to 
the  foolish  account  of  poets  who  were  ig- 
norant of  geography,  they  came  to  the  is- 
land Peucestes,  and  to  that  of  Circe.  Al- 
ter many  disasters,  they  at  last  came  in 
sight  of  the  promontory  of  Melea,  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  where  Jason  was  purified 
of  the  murder  of  Absyrtus,  and  soon  after 
arrived  safe  in  Thessaly.  This  famous 
expedition  has  been  celebrated  in  the 
ancient  ages  of  the  world ;  many  writ- 
ers have  given  an  extensive  account  of 
its  most  remarkable  particulars.  The 
number  of  the  Argonauts  is  not  exactly 
known.  Apollodorus  and  Diodorus  say 
that  they  were  fifty-four.  Tzetzes  admits 
the  number  of  fifty,  but  Apollodorus  men- 
tions only  forty-five.  Jason,  son  of  iEson, 
as  is  well  known,  was  the  chief  of  the 
rest.  iEsculapius  was  physician,  and  Ti- 
phys  was  pilot. 

Argos,  an  ancient  city,  capital  of  Argo- 
lis  in  Peloponnesus,  about  two  miles  from 
the  sea,  on  the  bay  called  Argolicus  sinus, 
Juno  was  the  chief  deity  of  the  place. 
The  kingdom  of  Argos  was  founded  by 
Inachus  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-six 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  and  after  it 
had  flourished  for  about  five  hundred  and 
fifty  years  it  was  united  to  the  crown  of 

Mycenae. A  town  of  Thessaly,  called 

Pelasgicon  by  the  Peiasgians. Another 

in  Epirus,  called  Amphilochium. 

Argus,  a  king  of  Argos,  who  reigned 

seventy    years. A  son    of   Arestor, 

whence  he  is  often  called  Aristvridcs. 
As  he  had  an  hundred  eyes,  of  which  only 
two  were  asleep  at  one  time,  Juno  set  him 
to  watch  lo,  whom  Jupiter  had  changed 
into  a  heifer ;  but  Mercury,  by  order  of 
Jupiter,  slew  him,  by  lulling  all  his  eyes 
asleep  with  the  sound  of  his  lyre.  Juno 
put  the  eyes  of  Argus  on  the  tail  of  the 

peacock,  a  bird  sacred  to  her  divinity. 

A  son  of  Agenor. A  son  of  Danaus, 

who  built  the  ship  Argo.— — A  son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Niobe,  the  first  child  which  the  fa- 
ther of  the  gods  had  by  a  mortal.— — A 

son  of  Pyras  and  Callirhoe. A  son  of 

Phryxus. A   son    of   Polybus. One 

of  Action's  dogs. rA  dog  of  Ulysses, 

who  knew  his  master  after  an  absence 
of  twenty  years. 

Argyll^,  an  ancient  name  of  Care,  in 
Etruria. 

Argynnis,  a  name  of  Venus,  which 
she  received  from  Argynnus,  a  favorite 
youth  of  Agamemnon,  who  was  drowned 
in  the  Cephisus. 

Argyra,  a  nymph  greatly  beloved  by 
a  shepherd  called  Selimnus.  She  was 
changed  into  a  fountain,  and  the  shepherd 


AR 


66 


AR 


into  a  river  of  the  same    name,  whose  r 
Waters  make  lovers  forget  the  object  of 

their  affections. — —A  city  of  Troas. 

Also  the  native  place  of  Diodorus  Sicu- 
lus,  in  Sicily. 

Argryaspides,  a  Macedonian  legion 
which  received  this  name  from  their  silver 
helmets. 

Argyre,  an  island  beyond  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Indus,  abounding  in  metal. 

Argyripa,  a  town  of  Apulia,  built  by 
Dioinedes  after  the  Trojan  war,  and  call- 
ed by  Polybius  Argipana. 

Aria,  a  country  of  Asia,  situate  at  the 

east  of  Parthia. The  wife  of  Paetus 

Cecinna,  of  Padua,  a  Roman  senator  who 
was  accused  of  conspiracy  against  Clau- 
dius, and  carried  to  Rome  by  sea.  She 
accompanied  him,  and  in  the  boat  she 
slabbed  herself,  and  presented  the  sword 
to  her  husband,  who  followed  her  exam- 
ple. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos  2d,  king  of 
Crete,  by  Pasiphae,  fell  in  love  with  The- 
seus, who  was  shut  up  in  the  labyrinth  to 
be  devoured  by  the  Minotaur,  and  gave 
him  a  clue  of  thread,  by  which  he  extri- 
cated himself  from  the  "difficult  windings 
of  his  confinement.  After  he  had  con- 
quered the  Minotaur,  he  carrried  her 
away  according  to  the  promise  he  had 
made,  and  married  her  ;  but  when  he  ar- 
rived at  the  island  of  Naxcs  he  forsook 
her.  Plutarch  says,  that  Ariadne  lived 
many  years  after,  and  had  some  children 
by  Onarus,  the  priest  of  Bacchus. 

Ari-eus,  an  officer  who  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  surviving  army  after 
the  death  of  Cyrus  the  younger,  after  the 
battle  of  Cunaxa. 

Ap,iA>n  and  Arjeni,  a  people  of  Asia. 

Ariantas,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who  year- 
ly ordered  every  one  of  his  subjects  to 
present  him  with  an  arrow. 

Ariamnes,  a  king  of  Cappadocia,  son 
of  Ariarathes  3d. 

Aeurathes,  the  name  of  several  kings 
of  Cappadocia. 

Arieb.eus,  a  general  mentioned  by 
Polysenus. 

Aricia,  an  Athenian  princess,  niece  to 
.Egeus,  whom  Hippolytus  married  after 
he  had  been  raised  from  the  dead  by  JEs- 
culapius.    He  built  a  city  in  Italy,  which 

he  called  by  her  name. A  very  ancient 

town  of  Italy,  now  Riccia,  built  by  Hip- 
poly  tus,  son  "of  Theseus,  after  he  had  been 
raised  from  the  dead  by  jEsculapius,  and 
transported  into  Italy  by  Diana.  In  a 
grove  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Aricia, 
Theseus  built  a  temple  to  Diana,  where 
he  established  the   same  rites  as  were  in 

the  temple  of  that  goddess  in  Tauris. 

Egeria  the  favorite  nymph,  and   invisible 
protectress  of  Numa,  generally  resided  in  , 
this  famous  grove,  which  was  situated  on  j 
the  Appiaii  way,  beyond  mount  A2!>buus.  i 

Anic:r:.v.  a  surname  of  Diana,  from  her  \ 


temple  near  Aricia. The  mother  of 

Octavius. 

Arid-eus,  a  companion  of  Cyrus  the 
younger.  An  illegitimate  son  of  Philip, 
who,  after  the  death  of  Alexander,  was 
made  king  of  Macedonia,  till  Roxane, 
who  was  pregnant  by  Alexander,  brought 
into  the  world  a  legitimate  male  successor. 
He  was  seven  years  in  possession  of  the 
sovereign  power,  and  was  put  to  death, 
with  his  wife  Eurydice,  by  Olympias. 

Arienis,  daughter  of  Alyattes,  married 
Astyages  king  of  Media. 

Arigjeum,  a  town  of  India,  which  Alex- 
ander found  burnt,  and  without  inhabit- 
ants. 

Arii,  a  savage  people  of  India. Of 

Arabia. Of  Scythia. Of  Germany. 

Arima,  a  place  of  Cilicia  or  Syria, 
where  Typhosus  was  overwhelmed  under 
the  ground. 

Arimarius,  a  god  of  Persia  and  Media. 

Arimaspi,  a  people  conquered  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

Arimaspias,  a  river  of  Scythia  with 
golden  sands.  The  neighbouring  inhabi- 
tants had  but  one  eye  in  the  middle  of 
their  forehead,  and  waged  continual  war 
against  the  Griffins,  monstrous  animals 
that  collected  the  gold  of  the  river. 

Ariamsthje,  a  people  near  the  Euxine 
sea. 

Ari mazes,  a  powerful  prince  of  Sog- 
diana,  who  treated  Alexander  with  much 
insolence,  and  even  asked,  whether  he 
could  fly  to  aspire  to  so  extensive  a  domin- 
ion. He  surrendered,  and  was  exposed 
on  a  cross  with  his  friends  and  relations. 

Ari  mi,  a  nation  of  Syria. 

Ariminum,  (now Rimini)  an  ancient  city 
of  Italy,  near  the  Rubicon. 

Ariminus,  a  river  of  Italy,  rising  m 
the  Appennine  mountains. 

Arimph^i,  a  people  of  Scythia,  near 
the  Riphsean  mountains. 

Arimus,  a  king  of  Mysia. 

Ariobarzanes,  a  man  made  king  of 
Cappadocia  by  the  Romans,  after  the  trou- 
bles, which  the  false  Ariarathes  had  rais- 
ed, had  subsided.  He  followed  the  inter- 
est of  Pompey,  and  fought  at  Pharsaiia 
against  J.   Cffisar.     He  and  his  kingdom 

were  preserved  by  means  of  Cicero. 

A  satrap  of  Phrygia,  who,  after  the  death 
of  Mithridates,  invaded  the  kingdom  of 
Pontus,  and  kept  it  for  twenty-six  years, 

A  general  of   Darius,  who  defended 

the  passes  of  Susa  with  fifteen  thousand 
foot  against  Alexander.  After  a  bloody 
encounter  with  the  Macedonians,  he  was 
killed  as  he  attempted  to  seize  the  city  of 

Persepolis. A  Mede  of  elegant  stature, 

and  great  prudence,  whom  Tiberius  ap- 
pointed to  settle  the  troubles  of  Armenia, 

A  mountain  between  Parthia  and  the 

country  of  the  Massagetre. A   satrap, 

who  revolted  from  the  Persian  king. 


AR 


67 


AR 


Ariomandes,  son  of  Gobryas,  was  gen- 
eral of  Athens  against  the  Persians. 

AmoMARDUs,  a  son  of  Darius,  in  the 
army  of  Xerxes  when  he  went  against 
Greece. 

Akiomedes,  a  pilot  of  Xerxes. 

Arion,  a  famous  lyric  poet  and  musi- 
cian, son  of  Cyclos,  of  Methymna,  in  the 
island  of  Lesbos.  He  went  into  Italy 
with  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth,  where 
he  obtained  immense  riches  by  his  profes- 
sion. Seme  time  after,  he  wished  to  re- 
visit his  country ;  and  the  sailors  of  the 
ship,  in  which  he  embarked,  resolved  to 
murder  him,  to  obtain  the  riches  which 
he  was  carrying  to  Lesbos.  Arion  seeing 
them  inflexible  in  their  resolutions,  beg- 
ged that  he  might  be  permitted  to  play 
some  melodious  tune ;  and  as  soon  as  he 
had  finished  it,  he  threw  himself  into  the 
sea.  A  number  of  Dolphins  had  been  at- 
tracted round  the  ship  by  the  sweetness 
of  his  music;  and  it  is  said,  that  one  of 
them  carried  him  safe  on  his  back  to  Taj- 
narus,  whence  he  hastened  to  the  court  of 
Periander,  who  ordered  all  the  sailers  to 

be  crucified  at  their  return. A  horse 

sprung  from  Ceres  and  Neptune.  It  had 
the  power  of  speech,  the  feet  on  the  right 
side  like  those  of  a  man,  and  the  rest  of 
the  body  like  a  horse. 

AaiovrsTus,  a  king  of  Germany,  who 
professed  himself  a  friend  of  Rome. 
When  Caesar  was  in  Gaul,  Ariovistus 
marched  against  him,  and  was  conquered 
with  the  loss  of  eighty  thousand  men. 

Aris,  a  river  of  Messenia. 

Akisba,  a  town  of  Lesbos,  destroyed  by 

an  earthquake. A  colony  of  the  Mity- 

leneans  in  Troas,  destroyed  by  the  Tro- 
jans before  the  coming  of  the  Greeks. 

The  name  of  Priam's  first  wife,  divorced 
that  the  monarch  might  marry  Hecuba. 

Aeislenetus,  a  writer  whose  epistles 
hnve  been  beautifully  edited  by  Abresch. 
Z,voil<c,  1749. 

Aristjetjm,  a  city  of  Thrace  at  the  foot 
of  mount  KcEinus. 

Arist.etjs,  son  of  Apollo  and  the  nymph 
Gyrene,  was  born  in  the  deserts  of  Lyfoia, 
and  brought  up  by  the  Seasons,  and  fed 
upon  nectar  and  ambrosia.  He  fell  in 
love  with  Surydice,  the  itvil'e  of  Orpheus, 
and  pursued  her  in  the  fields.  She  was 
string  by  a  serpent  that  lay  in  the  grass, 
and  died,  for  which  the  gods  destroyed  all 
the  bees  of  AristEeus.  In  this  calamity  he 
applied  to  his  mother,  who  directed  him 
to  seize  the  sea-god  Proteus,  and  consult 
him  how  he  might  repair  the  losses  he  had 
sustained.  Proteus  advised  him  to  ap- 
pease the  manes  of  Eurydice  by  the  sac- 
rifice of  four  buHs  and  four  heifers;  and 
as  soon  as  he  had  d.-ne  it,  and  left  them 
in  the  air,  swarms  of  bees  immediately 
sprang  from  the  rotten  carca.3.<e~,  and  re- 
stored Aristaeus  to  his  farmer  r-i--cPsrifv 


Aristae  us  went  to  live  on  mount  Haeinus, 
where    he    died.     He   was,  after  death, 

worshipped  as  a  demi-god. A  general 

who  commanded  the  Corinthian  forces  at 
the  siege  of  Potideea. 

Aristagoras,  a  writer  who  composed 

an  history  of  Egypt. A  son-in-law  of 

Histiaeus  tyrant  of  Miletus,  who  revolted 
from  Darius,  and  incited  the  Athenians 
against  Persia,  and  burnt  Sardis.  He  was 
killed  in  a  battle  against  the  Persians, 
B.  C.  499. 

Aristander,   a  celebrated  soothsayer, 

greatly  esteemed  by  Alexander. An 

Athenian,  who  wrote  on  agriculture. 

Aristandros,  a  statuary  of  Sparta. 

Aristarche,  a  matron  of  Ephesus,  who 
by  order  of  Diana  sailed  to  the  coasts  of 
Gaul  with  the  Phocaeans,  and  was  made 
priestess. 

Aristarchus,  a  celebrated  grammarian 
of  Samos,  disciple  of  Aristophanes.  He 
lived  the  greatest  part  of  his  life  at  Alex- 
andria. He  was  famous  for  his  critical 
powers,  and  he  revised  the  poems  of  Ho- 
mer with  such  severity,  that  ever  after  all 
severe  critics  were  called  Aristarchi.  In 
his  old  age  he  became  dropsical,  upon 
which  he  starved  himself,  and  died  in  his 

72d  year,  B.  C.  157. A  tragic  poet  of 

Tegea  in  Arcadia,  about  454  years  B.  C. 

A  physician  to  queen  Berenice,  the 

widow    of   Antiochus. An    orator    of 

Ambracia. An  astronomer  of   Samos, 

who  first  supposed  that  the  earth  turned 
round  its  axis,  and  revolved  round  the 
sun. 

Aristazanes,  a  noble  Persian  in  favor 
with  Artaxerxes  Genus. 

Aristeas,  a  poet  of  Proconnesus,  who, 
as  fables  report,  appeared  seven  years  af- 
ter his  death  to  his  countrymen,  and  five 
hundred  and  forty  years  after  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Metapontum  in  Italy,  and  com- 
manded them  to  raise  him  a  statue  near 

the  temple  of  Apollo. A  physician  of 

Rhodes. A  geometrician,  intimate  with 

Euclid. A  poet,  son  of  Demochares,  in 

the  age  of  Croesus. 

Aristerje,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Peloponnesus. 

Aristeus,  a  man  of  Argos,  who  excited 
king  Pyrrhus  to  take  up  amis  against  his 
countrymen,  the  Argives. 

Aristhekss,    a  shepherd    who    found 
Aesculapius,  when  lie  had  been  exp 
in  the  woods  by  his  mother  Coronis. 

Arjsthus,  an  historian  of  Arcadia. 

Aristibus,  a  river  of  Paeonia. 

Aristide3,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  son 
of  Lysimachus,  whose  great  temperance 
and  virtue  procured  him  the  surname  of 
Just.  He  was  rival  to  Themistocles,  by 
whose  influence  he  was  banished  for  ten 
years,  B.  C.  484 ;  but  before  six  years  of 
his  exile  had  elapsed,  he  was  recalled  by 
the  Athenians.     He  died  so  poor,  that  tha 


AR 


68 


AR 


expenses  of  his  funeral  were  defrayed  at 
the  public  charge,  and  his  two  daughters, 
on  account  of  their  father's  virtues,  receiv- 
ed a  dowry  from  the  public  treasury  when 
they  were  come   to   marriageable    years. 

An  historian  of  Miletus,  fonder  of 

stories  and  of  anecdotes,  than  of  truth. 

An  Athlete,  who  obtained   a  prize 

at  the   Olympian,  Nemean  and    Pythian 

games. A  painter  of  Thebes  in  Bceotia, 

in  the  age  of  Alexander  the  Great. A 

Greek  orator  wiio  wrote  fifty  orations,  be- 
sides other  tracts. A  man   of  Locris, 

who  died  by  the  bite  of  a  weasel. A 

philosopher  of  Mysia,  intimate   with  M. 

Antoninus. An  Athenian,  who  wrote 

treatises  on  animals,  trees,  and  agricul- 
ture. 

Aristjllus,  a  philosopher  of  the  Alex- 
andrian school. 

Aristio,  a  sophist  of  Athens,  who 
seized  the  government  of  his  country, 
and  made  himself  absolute.  He  poisoned 
himself  when  defeated  by  Sylla. 

Abistifpusj  the  elder,  a  philosopher  of 
Cyrene,  disciple  to  Socrates,  and  founder 

of  the  Cyrenaic  sect. His  grandson  of 

the  same  name,  called  the  younger,  was  a 
warm  defender  of  his  opinions.  He  flour- 
ished about  363  years  B.  C— — A  tyrant 
of  Argos. A  man  who  wrrote  an  histo- 
ry of  Arcadia. 
'  M.  Aristius,  a  tribune  of  the   soldiers 

in  Ctesar's  army. A  satirist,  who  wrote 

a  poem  called  Cyclops. 

Aeisto,     Vid.  Ariston. 

Aristobula,  a  name  gis'en  to  Diana  by 
Themistocles. 

Aristoeulus,  a  name  common  ,to  some 
of  the  high  priests  and  kings  of  Judfea. 

. A   brother  of  Epicurus. One  of 

Alexander's  attendants,  who  wrote  the 
king's  life,  replete  with  adulation  and  un- 
truth.-  A  philosopher  of  Judsca,  B.  C. 

150. 

Aristoclea,  a  beautiful  woman,  seen 
naked  by  Strato,  as  she  was  offering  a 
sacrifice.  She  was  passionately  loved  by 
C'allisthenes,  and  was  equally  admired  by 
Strato.  The  two  rivals  so  furiously  con- 
tended for  her  hand,  that  she  died  during 
their  quarrel,  upon  which  Strato  killed 
himself,  and  Callisthenes  was  never  seen 
after. 

Aristocles,  a  peripatetic  philosopher  of 
Messenia,  who  reviewed,  in  a  treatise  on 
philosophy,  the  opinions  of  his  predeces- 
sors.  A  grammarian  of  Rhodes. A 

stoic  of  Lampsacus. An  historian. 

A  musician. — —A  prince  of  I'egaea. 

This  name  is  common  to  many  Greeks,  of 
whom  few  or  no  particulars  are  recorded. 

Aristoclides,  a  tyrant  of  Orehome- 
nus. 

Aristocrates,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  put 
to  death  by  his  subjects  for  offering  vio- 
lence to  the  priestess  of  Diana,. A'Eho- 


dian.- A  man  who  endeavored  to  de- 
stroy the  democratical  power  at  Athens. 
An  Athenian  general  sent  to  the  as- 
sistance of  Corcyra  with  twenty-five  gal- 
lies.- A  Greek  historian,  son  of  Hip- 
pare  bus. 

Aristocreon,  the  writer  of  a  book  on 
geography, 

Aristocritus,  wrote  a  treatise  concern 
ing  Miletus. 

Aristodeme,  a  daughter  of  Priam. 

Aristodemus,  son  of  Aristomachus, 
was  one  of  the  Heraclidre.  He,  with  his 
brothers  Temenus  and  Chrespontes,  in- 
vaded Peloponnesus,  conquered  it,  and  di- 
vided the  country  among  themselves,  1104 

years  before  the  Christian  era. A  king 

of  Messenia,  who  maintained  a  famous 
war  against  Sparta.  Aristodemus  put  his 
daughter  to  death  for  the  good  of  his 
country  ;  but  being  afterwards  persecuted 
in  a  dream  by  her  manes,  he  killed  him- 
self, after  a  reign  of  six  years  and  some 
months,  in  which  be  had  obtained  much 

military  glory,  B.  C.  724, A  tyrant  of 

Camas. A  philosopher  of  ^Egina. A 

Spartan  who  taught  the  children  of  Pau- 
sanias. — -A  man  who  xvas  preceptor  to 

the  children  of  Pompey. A  tyrant  of 

Arcadia. A  Carian  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  painting". A  philosopher  of  ISTv- 

sa,  B.  C.  €3. 

Aristogeses,  a  physician   of  Cnidos. 

A  Thasian   who   wrote    tAventy-four 

books  on  medicine, 

Aristogitojv  and  Hakmodius,  two  cel- 
ebrated friends  of  Athens,  who,  by  their 
joint  efforts,  delivered  their  country  from 
the  tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidae,  B,  C.  510- 
They  received  immortal  honors  from  the 
Athenians,  and  had  statues  raised  to  their 
memory.— — An  Athenian  orator, surnam- 
ed  Canis,  for  his  impudence. A  stat- 
uary. 

Aristolaus,  a  painter. 

Aristomacke,  the  wife  of  Dionysias  of 

Sj-faetjse.-— The  wife  of  Dion. A 

poetess. A   daughter  of  Priam,  who 

married  C-ritolaus, 

Aristoma.chus,  an  Athenian,  who 
wrote  concerning  the  preparation  of  wine. 

A  man  so  excessively  fond  of  bees, 

that  he  devoted  fifty-eight  years  of  his 
life  in  raising  swarms  of  them.— — The 
son  of  Cleodams,  and  grandson  of  Hyllus, 
whose  three  sons,  Cresphontes,  Teme- 
nus, and  Aristodeiiuus,  called   Ileraclida?, 

conquered  Peloponnesus, A  man  who 

laid  aside  his  sovereign  power  at  Argos, 
at  the  persuasion  of  Aratus. 

Aristomedes,  a  Thessalian  general  in 
the  interest  of  Darius  3d. 

AristomjEnes,  a  commander  of  the 
fleet  of  Darius  on  the  Hellespont,  con- 
quered by  the  Macedonians. A  famous 

general  of  Messenia,  who  encouraged 
his  countrymen  to  shake  off  the  Laced  :y 


AR 


69 


AR 


niouian  yoke,  under  which  they  had  la- 
bored for"  abuve  thirty  years.  He  refused 
to  assume  the  title  of  king,  but  was  satis- 
lied  with  that  of  commander.  He  acquir- 
ed the  surname  of  Jast,  from  his  equity, 
to  which  he  joined  the  true  valor,  sagaci- 
ty, and  perseverance  of  a  general.      He 

died  671  B.  C. A  Spartan  sent  to  the 

assistance  of  Dionysius. 

Ariston,  the  son  of  Agasicles,  king  of  | 

Sparta. A  general  of  iEtolia. A 

sculptor. A  Corinthian  who  assist- 
ed the  Syracusans  against  the  Athenians. 

An  officer  in  Alexander's  army. 

A  tyrant  of  Methymna,  who,  being  igno- 
rant that  Chios  had  surrendered  to  the 
Macedonians,  entered  into  the  harbor,  and 
was  taken  aud  put  to  death. A  philos- 
opher of  Chios,  pupil  to  Zeno  the  stoic, 
and  founder  of  a  sect  which  continued 
but  a  little  while. A  lawyer  in  Tra- 
jan's reign. A  peripatetic  philosopher 

of  Alexandria,  who  wrote  concerning  the 

course  of  the  Nile. A  wrestler  of  Ar- 

gos,  under  whom  Plato  performed  some 

exercises. A   musician    of    Athens. 

A   tragic    poet. A    peripatetic    of 

Cos. A  native  of  Pella,  in  the  age  of 

Adrian,  who  wrote  on  the  rebellion  of  the 
Jews. 

Aristonaut^:,  a  naval  dock  of  Pellene. 

Artstonicus,  son  of  Eumenes,  by  a 
concubine  of  Ephesus,  126  B.  C.  invaded 
Asia  and  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  which 
Attains  had  left  by  his  will  to  the  Roman 
people.    He  was  conquered  by  the  consul 

Perpenna,  and  strangled  in  prison. A 

musician  of  Olynthus. A  grammarian 

of  Alexandria. 

Aristonides,  a  noble  statuary. 

Aristonus,  a  captain  of  Alexander's 
cavalry. 

Aristonymus,  a  comic  poet  under  Phi- 
ladelphus,  keeper  of  the  library  of  Alex- 
andria.  One  of  Alexander's  musicians. 

Aristophanes,  a  celebrated  comic  poet 
of  Athens,  son  of  Philip  of  Rhodes.  He 
wrote  fifty-four  comedies,  of  which  only 
eleven  are  come  down  to  us.  He  lived  in 
the  age  of  Socrates,  Demosthenes,  and 
Euripides,  B.  C.  434,  and  lashed  the  vices 
of  his  age  with  a  masterly  hand.  The 
wit  and  excellence  of  his  comedies  are 
well  known  ;  but  they  abound  sometimes 
too  much  with  obscenity,  and  his  attack 
upon  the  venerable  character  of  Socrates 
has  been  always  censured,  and  with  jus- 
tice.  A  grammarian  of   Byzantium, 

keeper  of  the  library  of  Alexandria  under 

Ptolemy  Evergetes. A  Greek  historian 

of  Bceotia. A  writer  on  agriculture. 

Aristophilides,  a  king  of  Tarentum 
in  the  reign  of  Darius  son  of  Hystaspes. 

Aristophon,  a  painter  in  the  age  of  So- 
crates.  A  comic  poet  in  the  age  of  Al- 
exander, many  of  whose  fragments  are  col- 
lected in  Athenaeus. 


Aristor,  the  father  of  Argus  the  hun- 
dred-eyed keeper  of  lo. 

Aristorides,  the  patronymic  of  Argus. 

Aristoteleia,  festivals  in  honor  of 
Aristotle,  because  he  obtained  the  restitu- 
tion of  his  country  from  Alexander. 

Aristoteles,  a  famous  philosopher,  son 
of  the  physician  Nicomachus  by  Festiada, 
born  at  Stagira.  After  his  father's  death 
he  went  to  Athens,  to  hear  Plato's  lec- 
tures, where  he  soon  signalized  himself  by 
the  brightness  of  his  genius.  He  had  been 
of  an  inactive  and  dissolute  disposition  in 
his  youth,  but  now  he  applied  himself 
with  uncommon  diligence,  and  after  he 
had  spent  twenty  years  in  hearing  the  in- 
structions of  Plato,  he  opened  a  school  for 
himself,  for  which  he  was  accused  of  in- 
gratitude and  illiberality  by  his  ancient 
master.  He  was  moderate  in  his  meals  ; 
he  slept  little,  and  always  had  one  arm 
out  of  his  couch  with  a  bullet  in  it,  which 
by  falling  into  a  brazen  bason  underneath, 
early  awakened  him.  He  was,  according 
to  some,  ten  years  preceptor  to  Alexander, 
who  received  his  instructions  with  much 
pleasure  and  deference,  and  always  re- 
spected him.  Almost  all  his  writings, 
which  are  composed  on  a  variety  of  sub- 
jects, are  extant :  he  gave  them  to  Theo- 
phrastus  at  his  death,  and  they  were  bought 
by  one  of  the  Ptolemies,  and  placed  in  the 
famous  library  of  Alexandria.  The  writ- 
ings of  Aristotle  have  been  compared  with 
those  of  Plato  ;  but  the  one  are  the  effu- 
sions of  a  lively  and  fruitful  imagination, 
whilst  the  philosopher  of  Stagira  studied 
nature  more  than  art,  and  had  recourse  to 
simplicity  of  expression  more  than  orna- 
ment. He  died  in  the  sixty-third  vear  of 
his  age,  B.C.  322.  The  people  of  Stagira 
instituted  festivals  in  his  honor,  because 
he  had  rendered  important  services  to 
their  city.  There  were  besides  seven  of 
the  same  name, — A  magistrate  of  Athens. 

A   commentator    on   Homer's   Iliad. 

An  orator  of  Sicily,  who  answered 

the  panegyric  of  Isocrates. A  friend  of 

jEschines. A    man  of   Cyrene  who 

wrote  on  poetry. A  schoolmaster  men- 
tioned in  Plato's  life,  written  by  Aristo- 
xenus. An  obscure  grammarian. 

Arjstotimus,  a  tyrant  of  Elis,  271  years 
B.C. 

Aristoxenus,  a  celebrated  musician, 
disciple  of  Aristotle,  and  born  at  Taren- 
tum.  A  philosopher  of  Cyrene. A 

physician  whose  Avritings  are  quoted  by 
Galen. A  poet  of  Selinus. A  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

Aristus,  a  Greek  historian  of  Salamis, 
who  wrote  an  account  of  Alexander's  ex- 
pedition. 

Aristyllus,  an  obscure  poet. An 

astronomer  of  Alexandria,  292  B.  C. 
Aritjs,  a  river  of  Gaul,  and  of  Asia. 
,  The  inhabitants  in  the  neighborhood  are 


AR 


70 


AR 


called  Arii. A  celebrated  writer,  the 

origin  of  the  Arian  controversy,  that  de- 
nied the  eternal  divinity  and  consubstan- 
tiality  of  the  word.  He  died  the  very 
night  he  was  going  to  enter  the  church  of 
Constantinople  in  triumph. 

Armenes,  a  son  of  Nabis,  led  in  triumph 
at  Rome. 

Armenia,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Armenia. 
The  Armenians  were  a  long  time  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Medes  and  Persians, 
till  they  were  conquered,  with  the  rest  of 
Asia,  by  Alexander  and  his  successors. 
The  Romans  made  it  one  of  their  pro- 
vinces, and,  under  some  of  the  emperors, 
the  Armenians  had  the  privilege  of  choos- 
ing their  own  kings,  but  they  were  after- 
wards reduced. 

Armentarius,  a  Caesar  in  Dioclesian's 
reign. 

Armillatus,  one  of  Domitian's  favor- 
ites. 

Armiltjstrium,  a  festival  at  Rome  on 
the  nineteenth  of  October.  When  the 
sacrifices  were  offered,  all  the  people  ap- 
peared under  arms. 

Armin-ius,  a  warlike  general  of  the 
Germans,  who  supported  a  bloody  war 
against  Rome  for  some  time,  and  was  at 
last  conquered  by  German icus  in  two  great 
battles.  He  was  poisoned  by  one  of  his 
friends,  A.  D.  39,  in  the  thirty-seventh 
year  of  his  age. 

Armorick,  cities  of  Celtic  Gaul,  famous 
for  the  warlike,  rebellious,  and  inconstant 
disposition  of  the  inhabitants  called  Ar- 
morici.  Armorica  extended  between  the 
rivers  Liger,  and  Sequana,  and  compre- 
hended those  rich  and  populous  provinces 
now  called  Britany  and  Normandy. 

Arive,  a  city  of  Lycia,  called  afterwards 

Xanthus. A  town  of  Umbria  in  Italy. 

A  daughter  of  ^Eolus,  who  gave  her 

name  to  two  towns,  one  in  Thessaly,  the 
other  in  Bceotia. 

Arni,  a  people  of  Italy,  destroyed  by 
Hercules. 

Arniensis,  a  tribe  in  Rome. 

Arnobius,  a  philosopher  in  Dioclesian's 
reign,  who  became  a  convert  to  Christ- 
ianity. He  applied  for  ordination,  but  was 
refused  by  the  bishops  till  he  gave  them  a 
proof  of  his  sincerity. 

Arnus,  a  river  of  Etruria,  tising  on  the 
Appennine  mountains,  and  falling  into  the 
Mediterranean. 

Aroa,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

Aroma,  a  town  of  Caria of  Cappa- 

docia. 

Arpani,  a  people  of  Italy. 

Arpi,  a  city  of  Apulia,  built  by  Diome- 
des  after  the  Trojan  war. 

Arpinum,  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  famous 
for  giving  birth  to  Cicero  and  Marius.— — 
A  town  of  Magna  Gnecia. 

ARR^i;  a  people  of  Thrace 


Aruuafjeus,  the  king  of  a  nation  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Macedonia,  who  greatly 
distressed  Archelaus. 

Arria.     Vid.  Aria. 

Arria  Galla,  a  beautiful  but  immodest 
woman  in  the  reign  of  the  emperors. 

Arria nus,  a  philosopher  of  Nicomedia, 
priest  of  Ceres  and  Proserpine,  and  disci- 
ple of  Epictetus,  called  a  second  Xenophon 
from  the  elegance  and  sweetness  of  his 
diction,  and  distinguished  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  military  and  political 
life.  He  flourished  about  the  one  hun- 
dred and  fortieth  year  of  Christ,  and  was 
rewarded  with  the  consulship  and  gov- 
ernment of  Cappadocia,  by  M.  Antoni- 
nus.  A  Greek  historian. An  Athe- 
nian who  wrote  a  treatise  on  hunting, 

and  the  manner  of  keeping  dogs. A 

poet  who  wrote  an  epic  poem  in  twenty- 
four  books  on  Alexander. 

Arrius,  a  friend  of  Cicero. Aper,  a 

Roman  general  who  murdered  the  em- 
peror. 

Arrius  and  Arius,  a  philosopher  of 
Alexandria,  who  so  ingratiated  himself 
with  Augustus,  after  the  battle  of  Acti- 
um,  that  the  conqueror  declared  the  peo- 
ple of  Alexandria  owed  the  preservation 
of  their  city  to  three  causes ;  because 
Alexander  was  their  founder,  because  of 
the  beauty  of  the  situation,  and  because 
Arrius  was  a  native  of  the  place. 

Arruntius,  a  Roman  consul. A  fa- 
mous geographer,  who,  upon  being  accus- 
ed of  adultery  and  treason,  under  Tibe- 
rius, opened  his  veins. 

Arsabes,  a  satrap  of  Armenia. Of 

Persia 

Arsaces,  a  man  of  obscure  origin,  who, 
upon  seeing  Seleucus  defeated  by  the 
Gauls,  invaded  Parthia,  and  conquered 
the  governor  of  the  province  called  An- 
dragoras,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  an 
empire,  250  B.  C. His  son  and  succes- 
sor bore  the  same  name.  He  carried  war 
against  Antiochus  the  son  of  Seleucus, 
I  who  entered  the  field  with  one  hundred 
I  thousand  foot  and  twenty  thousand  horse. 
He  afterwards  made  peace  with  Antio- 
chus, and  died  B.  C.  217. The  third  king 

of  Parthia,  of  the  family  of  the  Arsacida;, 
bore  the  same  name,  and  was  also  called 

Priapatius.     He  reigned  twelve  years.-* 

A  king  of  Pontus  and  Armenia,  in  alli- 
ance with  the  Romans. The  eldest  son 

of  Artabanus,  appointed  over  Armenia  by 
his  father,  after  the  death  of  king  Artax- 
ias. A  servant  of  Themistocles. 

Arsacid-je,  a  name  given  to  some  of  the 
rnonarchs  of  Parthia,  in  honor  of  Arsaces, 
the  founder  of  the  empire. 

Arsamenes,  a  satrap  of  Persia,  at  the 
battle  of  the  Gianicus. 

Arsametes,  a  river  of  Asia,  near  Parthia. 

Arsamosata,  a  town  of  Armenia  Major, 
seventy  miles  from  the  Euphrates. 


AR 


71 


AR 


Arsanes,  ths  son  of  Ockus,  and  father 
of  Codomanus. 

Arsanias,  a  river  of  Armenia. 

Arse.va,  a  marsh  of  Armenia  Major, 
whose  fishes  are  all  of  the  same  sort. 

Arses,  the  youngest  son  of  Ochus,whom 
Bagoas  raised  to  the  throne  of  Persia,  and 
destroyed  with  his  children,  after  a  reign 
of  three  years. 

An3iA,"a  wood  of  Etruria,  famous  for  a 
battle  between  the  Romans  and  the  Vei- 

entes. A  small  river  between    Illyri- 

cum  and  Istria,  falling  into  the  Adriatic. 

A  river  of  Italy,  flowing  through 

Campania. 

Arsid-xus,  a  son  of  Datames. 

Arsinoe,  daughter  of  Leucippus  and  i 
Philodice,  was  mother  of  ^Esculapius  by 
Apollo,  according  to  some  authors.  She 
received  divine  honors  after  death  at 
Sparta. A  daughter  of  Phlegeus,  pro- 
mised  in   marriage  to   Alcmamn. A 

fountain  of  Peloponnesus. The  sister 

and  wife  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  wor- 
shipped after  death  under  the  name  of 
Venus  Zephyritis. A  daughter  of  Pto- 
lemy Lagus,  who  married  Lysimachus 
king  of  Macedonia. A  younger  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  sister  to  Cleopa- 
tra.  A  daughter  of  Lysimachus. A 

town  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the  lake  of  | 
Maeris,  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Nile, 
where  the  inhabitants  paid  the  highest 

veneration  to  the  crocodiles. A  town 

of  Cilicia of  iEolia of  Syria of 

Cyprus of  Lycia,  <fcc. 

Arsites,  a  satrap  of  Paphlagonia. 

Artabanus,  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  bro- 
ther to  Darius  the  first.  He  dissuaded  his 
nephew  Xerxes  from  making  war  against 
the  Greeks,  and  at  his  return,  he  assassi- 
nated him  with  the  hopes  of  ascending 
the  throne.  Darius,  the  son  of  Xerxes, 
was  murdered  in  a  similar  manner  ;  and 
Artaxerxes,  his  brother,  would  have  shar- 
ed the  same  fate,  had  not  he  discovered 
the  snares  of  the  assassin,  and  punished 

him  with  death. A  king  of  Parthia 

after  the  death  of  his  nephew  Phraates2d. 
He  undertook  a  war  against  a  nation  of 

Scythia,  in  which  he  perished. A  king 

of  Media,  and  afterwards  of  Parthia,  af- 
ter the  expulsion  of  Vonones,  whom  Ti- 
berius had  made  king  there.  He  was  ex- 
pelled from  his  throne,  which  Tiridates 
usurped ;  and  some  time  after,  he  was 
restored  again  to  his  ancient  power,  and 

died  A.  D.  48. A  king  of  Parthia,  very 

inimical  to  the  interest  of  Vespasian. 

Another  king  of  Parthia,  who  made  war 
against  the  emperor  Caracalla,  who  had 
attempted  his  life  on  pretence  of  courting 
his  daughter.  He  was  murdered,  and  the 
power  of  Parthia  abolished,  and  the  crown 
translated  to  the  Persian  monarchs. 

Artabazases  or  Artamenes,  the  eld- 
est son  of  Darius,  when  a  private  person. 


He  attempted  to  succeed  to  the  Persian 
throne,  in  preference  to  Xerxes.  — - 

Arfabazus,  a  son  of  Pharnaces,  general 
in  the  army  of  Xerxes.  He  fled  from 
Greece  upon  the  ill  success  of  Mardonius. 
-A  general  who  made  war  against 


Artaxerxes,  and  was  defeated.  He  was 
afterwards  reconciled  to  his  prince,  and 
became  the  familiar  friend  of  Darius  3d. 
An  officer  of  Artaxerxes  against  Da- 
tames. 

Artabri  and  Artabrite,  a  people  of 
Lusitania. 

Artacjeas,  an  officer  in  the  army  of 
Xerxes,  the  tallest  of  all  the  troops,  the 
king  excepted. 

Artacena,  a  city  of  Asia,  near  Aria. 

Artace,  a  town  and  seaport  near  Cyzi- 
cus.    It  did  not  exist  in  the  age  of  Pliny. 

A  city  of  Phrygia. A  fortified  place 

of  Bithynia. 

Artace ne,  a  country  of  Assyria  near 
Arbela,  where  Alexander  conquered  Da- 
rius. 

Aktacia,  a  fountain  in  the  country  of 
the  Lnestrygones. 

Artjei,  a  name  by  which  the  Persians 
were  called  among  their  neighbors. 

Artageras,  a  town  of  Upper  Armenia. 

Artagerses,  a  general  in  the  army  of 
Artaxerxes,  killed  by  Cyrus  the  younger. 

Artanes,  a  king  of  the  southern  parts 
of  Armenia. A  river  of  Thrace  flow- 
ing into  the  Ister. A  river  of  Colchis. 

Artaphernes,  a  general  whom  Dariua 
sent  into  Greece  with  Datis.  He  was  con- 
quered at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  by  Mil- 
tiades.   . 

Artatus,  a  river  of  Illyria. 

Artatasdes,  a  son  of  Tigranes  king  of 
Upper  Armenia,  who  wrote  "tragedies,  and 
shone  as  an  elegant  orator  and  faithful 
historian.  He  was  murdered.  The  crown 
of  Armenia  was  given  by  Tiberius  to  a 
person  of  the  same  name,  who  was  ex- 
pelled.— -Augustus  had  also  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Armenia  a  person  of  the  same 
name. 

Artaxa  and  Artaxias,  a  general  of 
Antiochus  the  Great,  who  erected  the 
province  of  Armenia  into  a  kingdom,  by 
his  reliance  on  the  friendship  of  the  Ra- 
mans. 

Artaxta,  {ovum)  now  Jlrdesh,  a  strongly 
fortified  town  of  Upper  Armenia,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  empire,  where  the  kings  gen- 
erally resided. 

Artaxerxes  1st,  succeeded  to  the  king- 
dom- of  Persia,  after  his  father  Xerxes. 
He  destroyed  Artabanus  who  had  mur- 
dered Xerxes,  and  attempted  to  destroy 
the  royal  family  to  raise  himself  to  the 
throne.  He  reigned  thirty-nine  years,  and 
died  B.  C.  425.— — -The  2d  of  that  name, 
king  of  Persia,  was  surnamed  Mnernon, 
on  account  of  his  extensive  memory.  His 
brother  Cyrus,  was  of  such  an  ambitious 


AR 


72 


AR 


disposition,  that  he  resolved  to  make  him- 
self king,  in  opposition  to  Artaxerxes. 
Having  been  appointed  over  Lydia  and 
the  sea  coasts,  he  assembled  a  large  army 
under  various  pretences,  and  at  last 
marched  against  his  brother  at  the  head 
of  one  hundred  thousand  Barbarians  and 
thirteen  thousand  Greeks.  He  was  op- 
posed by  Artaxerxes  with  nine  hundred 
thousand  men,  and  a  bloody  battle  was 
fought  at  Cunaxa,  in  which  Cyrus  was 
killed,  and  his  forces  routed.  Artaxerxes 
died  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence 
of  his  son's  unnatural  behaviour,  in  the 
ninety-fourth  year  of   his    age,   after    a 

reign  of  46  years,  B.  C.  358. The  3d, 

surnamed  Ochus,  succeeded  his  father 
Artaxerxes  2d,  and  established  himself  on 
his  throne  by  murdering  about  eighty  of 
his  nearest  relations.  His  behaviour  in 
Egypt,  and  his  cruelty  towards  the  inhab- 
itants, offended  his  subjects,  and  Bagoas 
at  last  obliged  his  physician  to  poison 
him,  B.  C.  337,  and  afterwards  gave  his 
flesh  to  be  devoured  by  cats,  and  made 
handles  for  swords  with  his  bones. 

Artaxerxes  or  Artaxares  1st,  a  com- 
mon soldier  of  Persia,  who  killed  Artaba- 
nus,  A.  D.  228,  and  erected  Persia  again 
into  a  kingdom,  which  had  been  extinct 

since  the  death  of  Darius. One  of  his 

successors,  son  of  Sapor,  bore  bis  name, 
and  reigned  eleven  years,  during  which 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  cruelties. 

Artaxias,  son  of  Artavasdes,  king  of 
Armenia,  was  proclaimed  king  by  his 
father's  troops.  He  opposed  Antony,  by 
whom  he  was  defeated,  and  became  so 
odious  that  the  Romans,  at  the  request 
of  the  Armenians,  raised  Tigranes  to  the 

throne. Another,   son  of   Polemon, 

whose  original  name  was  Zeno.  After 
the  expulsion  of  Venones  from  Armenia, 
he  was  made  king  by  Germanicus. 

Artayctes,  a  Persian  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Sestos  by  Xerxes.  He  was  hung 
on  a  cross  by  the  Athenians  for  his  cruel- 
ties. 

Artaynta,  a  Persian  lady,  whom 
Xerxes  gave  in  marriage  to  his  son  Da- 
rius. 

Artayntes,  a  Persian  appointed  over  a 
fleet  in  Greece,  by  Xerxes. 

Artembares,  a  celebrated  Mede  in  the 
reign  of  Cyrus  the  Great. 

Artemidorus,  a  native  of  Ephesus, 
who  wrote  an  history  and  description  of 
the  earth,  in  eleven  books.    He  flourished 

about  104  years  B.  C. A  physician  in 

the  age  of  Adrian. A  man  in  the  reign 

of  Antoninus,  who  wrote  a  learned  work 

on  the  interpretation  of  dreams. A 

man  of  Cnidus,  son  to  the  historian  The- 
opompus.  As  he  was  a  friend  of  J.  Oresar, 
he  wrote  down  an  account  of  the  con- 
spiracy which  was  formed  against  him. 


He  gave  it  to  the  dictator  from  among  the 
crowd  as  he  was  going  to  the  senate,  but 
J.  Csesar  put  it  with  other  papers  which 
he  held  in  his  hand,  thinking  it  to  be  of 
no  material  consequence. 

Artemis,  the  Greek  name  of  Diana 
Her  festivals,  called  Artemisia,  were  ce- 
lebrated in  several  parts  of  Greece,  par- 
ticularly at  Delphi.  There  was  a  solem- 
nity of  the  same  name  at  Syracuse. 

Artemisia,  daughter  of  Lygdamis  of 
Halicarnassus,  reigned  over  Halicarnas- 
sus  and  the  neighboring  country.  It  is 
said  that  she  was  fond  of  a  youth  of  Aby- 
dos,  called  Dardanus,  and  that,  to  punish 
his  disdain,  she  put  out  his  eyes  while  he 
was  asleep,  and  afterwards  leaped  down 

the  promontory  of  Leucas. There  was 

also  another  queen  of  Cariaof  that  name. 
She  was  married  to  Mausolus,  famous  for 
his  personal  beauty.  She  was  so  fond 
of  her  husband,  that  at  his  death  she 
drank  in  her  liquor  his  ashes  after  his 
body  had  been  burned,  and  erected  to  his 
memory  a  monument,  which  for  its  gran- 
deur and  magnificence,  was  called  one 
of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world.  This 
monument  she  called  Mausoleum,  a  name 
which  has  been  given  from  that  time  to 
all  monuments  of  unusual  splendor. 

Artemisia.     Vid.  Artemis. 

Artemisium,  a  promontory  of  Euboea, 
where  Diana  had  a  temple.  The  neigh- 
boring  part  of  the  sea  bore  the   same 

name. A  lake  near  the  grove  Aricia, 

with  a  temple  sacred  to  Artemis. 

Artemita,  a  city  at  the  east  of  Seleu- 

cia. An  island  opposite  the  mouth  of 

the  Achelous. 

Artemon,  an  historian  of  Pergamus. 

A  native  of  Clazomenae,  who  was 

with  Pericles  at  the  siege  of  Samos,  where 
it  is  said  he  invented  the  battering-ram, 
the  testudo,  and   other  equally   valuable 

military  engines. A  man  who  wrote  a 

treatise  on  collecting  books. A  native 

of  Magnesia,  who  wrote  the  history  of 

illustrious  women. A  physician  of 

Clazomenas. A  painter. A    Syrian 

whose  features  resembled,  in  the  strong- 
est manner,  those  of  Antiochus. 

Artimpasa,  a  name  of  Venus  among 
the  Scythians. 

Artobarzanes,  a  son  of  Darius,  who 
endeavored  to  ascend  the  throne  in  pre- 
ference to  his  brother  Xerxes,  but  to  no 
purpose. 

Artochmes,  a  general  of  Xerxes,  who 
married  one  of  the  daughters  of  Darius. 

Artona,  a  town  of  the  Latins,  taken 
by  the  yEqui. 

Artontes,  a  son  of  Mardonius. 

Artonius,  a  physician  of  Augustus. 

ARToxAREs,an  eunuch  of  Paphlagonia, 
in  Hie  reign  of  Artaxerxes  1st,  cruelly  put 
to  death  by  Parysatis. 


AS 


73 


AS 


Arturius,  an  obscure  fellow,  raised  to 
honors  and  wealth  by  his  flatteries. 
Artynes,  a  king  of  Media. 
Artynia,  a  lake  of  Asia  Minor. 
Artystona,  a  daughter  of  Darius. 

Aru^,  a  people  of  Hyrcania,  where 
Alexander  kindly  received  the  chief  offi- 
cers of  Darius. 

Arvales,  a  name  given  to  twelve  priests 
who  celebrated  the  festivals  called  Am- 
barvalia. 

Arueri9,  a  god  of  the  Egyptians,  son 
of  Isis  and  Osiris. 

Arverni,  a  powerful  people  of  Gaul, 
now  Auvergne,  near  the  Ligeris,  who 
took  up  arms  against  J.  Csesar.  They 
were  conquered  with  great  slaughter. 

Arviragtjs,  a  king  of  Britain. 

Arvisium  and  Arvisus,  a  promontory 
of  Chios,  famous  for  its  wine. 

L.  Arunculeius  Costa,  an  oflicer  sent 
by  J.  Cffisar  against  the  Gauls,  by  whom 
he  was  killed. 

Aruns,  an  Etrurian  soothsayer  in  the 

age  of  Marius. A  soldier  who  slew 

Camilla,  and  was  killed  by  a  dart  of  Di- 
ana.  A  brother  of  Tarquin  the  Proud. 

He  married  Tullia,  who  murdered  him  to 
espouse  Tarquin,  who  had  assassinated 

his  wife. A  son  of  Tarquin  the  Proud, 

A  son   of   Porsena  king  of  Etruria, 

sent  by  his  father  to  take  Aricia. 

Aruntius.  a  Roman  who  ridiculed  the 

rites  of  Bacchus. A  man  who  wrote 

an  account  of  the  Punic  wars  in  the  style 

of  Sallust,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

Another  Latin  writer". Paterculus,  a 

man  who  gave  yEmylius  Censorinus,  ty- 
rant of  ^Egesta,  a  brazen  horse  to  torment 
criminals.  The  tyrant  made  the  first  ex- 
periment upon  the  body  of  the  donor. 
Stella,  a  poet  descended  of  a  con- 
sular family  in  the  age  of  Domitian. 

Arupinus,  a  maritime  town  of  Istria. 

Aruspex.     Vid.  Haruspex. 

Arxata,  a  town  of  Armenia,  near  the 
Araxes. 

Aryandes,  a  Persian  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Egypt  by  Cambyses.  He  was 
put  to  death  because  he  imitated  Darius 
in  whatever  he  did,  and  wished  to  make 
himself  immortal. 

Arybas,  a  native  of  Sidon,  whose 
daughter  was   carried   away  by  pirates. 

A  king  of  the  Molossi,  who  reigned 

ten  years. 

Aryptjeus,  a  prince  of  the  Molossi, 
who  privately  encouraged  the  Greeks 
against  Macedonia,  and  afterwards  em- 
braced the  party  of  the  Macedonians. 

Asander,  a  man  who  separated,  by  a 
wall,  Chersonesus  Taurica  from  the  con- 
tinent. 

Asbestjz  and  Asbyst.e,  a  people  of 
Libya  above  Cyrene,  where  the  temple 
of  Ammon  is  built.  Jupiter  is  sometimes 
called  on  that  account  Asbystius. 


Asbolus  (black  hair),  one  of  Actaeon'a 
dogs. 

Ascalaphus,  the  son  of  Acheron  and 
Nox ;  turned  into  an  owl  by  Ceres,  for 
informing  Pluto  that  Proserpine  had  eaten 
some  grains  of  a  pomegranate  in  hell. 

Ascalon,  a  town  of  Syria,  near  the 
Mediterranean,  about  five  hundred  and 
twenty  stadia  from  Jerusalem,  still  in 
being.  It  was  anciently  famous  for  its 
onions. 

Ascania,  an  island  of  the  JEge&n  sea. 
A  city  of  Troas,  built  by  Ascanius. 

Ascanius,  son  of  iEneas  by  Creusa, 
was  saved  from  the  flames  of  Troy  by 
his  father,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his 
voyage  to  Italy.  He  was  afterwards  call- 
ed lulus.  The  descendants  of  Ascanius 
reigned  in  Alba  for  above  four  hundred 
and  twenty  years. A  river  of  Bithynia. 

Ascii,  a  nation  of  India,  in  whose 
country  objects  at  noon  have  no  shadow. 

Asclepia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Ascle- 
pius,  or  yEsculapius,  celebrated  all  over 
Greece,  when  prizes  for  poetical  and  mu- 
sical compositions  were  honorably  dis- 
tributed. 

Asclepiades,  a  rhetorician  in  the  age 
of  Eumenes,  who  wrote  an  historical  ac- 
count of  Alexander. A  disciple  of 

Plato. A    philosopher,    disciple    to 

Stilpo,  and  very  intimate  with  Mene- 
demus.  The  two  friends  lived  toge- 
ther, and  that  they  might  not  be  sepa- 
rated when  they  married,  Asclepiades 
married  the  daughter,  and  Menedemus, 
though   much   the  younger,  the  mother. 

A  physician  of  Bithynia,  B.  C.  90, 

who  acquired  great  reputation  at  Rome, 
and  was  the  founder  of  a  sect  in  physic. 

An  Egyptian,  who  wrote  hymns  on 

the  gods  of  his  country,  and  a  treatise  on 
the  coincidence  of  all  religions. A  na- 
tive of  Alexandria,  who  gave  an  history 

of  the  Athenian  archons. A  disciple 

of  Isocrates. A  physician  in  the  age 

of  Pompey. A  tragic  poet. Another 

physician  of  Bithynia,  under  Trajan. 

Asclepiodorus,  a  painter  in  the  age  of 
Apeiles,  twelve  of  whose  pictures  of  the 
gods  were  sold  for  three  hundred  minse 

each,  to  an  African  prince. A  soldier 

who  conspired  against  Alexander  with 
Hermolaus. 

Asclepiodotus,  a  general  of  Mithri- 
dates. 

Asclepius.    Fid.  iEsculapius. 

Ascletarion,  a  mathematician  in  the 
age  of  Domitian,  who  said  that  he  should 
be  torn  by  dogs.  The  emperor  ordered 
him  to  be  put  to  death,  and  his  body  care- 
fully secured  ;  but  as  soon  as  he  was  set 
on  the  burning  pile,  a  sudden  storm  arose 
which  put  out  the  flames,  and  the  dogs 
came  and  tore  to  pieces  the  mathemati- 
cian's body. 

AscLus/a  town  of  Italy. 
D 


AS  74 


AS 


Ascolia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
celebrated,  about  December,  by  the  Athe- 
nian husbandmen,  who  generally  sacri- 
ficed a  goat  to  the  god,  because  that  ani- 
mal is  a  great  enemy  to  the  vine. 

Asconius  Labeo,  a  preceptor  of  Nero. 

Pedia,  a  man  intimate  with  Virgil 

and  Livy. — Another  of  the  same  family 
in  the  age  of  Vespasian,  who  became 
blind  in  his  old  age,  and  lived  twelve 
years  after. 

Ascra,  a  town  of  Bceotia,  built,  accord- 
ing to  some,  by  the  giants  Otus  and  Ephi- 
altes,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon. 

Asculum,  now  Ascoli,  a  town  of  Pice- 
num,  famous  for  the  defeat  of  Pyrrhus  by 
Curius  and  Fabricius. Another  in  Apu- 
lia, near  the  Aufidus. 

Asdrubal,  a  Carthaginian,  son-in-law 
of  Hamilcar.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
the  Numidian  war,  and  was  appointed 
chief  general  on  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law,  and  for  eight  years  presided  with 
much  prudence  and'  valor  over  Spain, 
which  submitted  to  his  arms  with  cheer- 
fulness. Here  he  laid  the  foundation  of 
new  Carthage,  and  saw  it  complete.  He 
was  killed  in  the  midst  of  his  soldiers, 
B.C.  220,  by  a  slave  whose  master  he  had 

murdered. A  son  of  Hamilcar,  who 

came  from  Spain  with  a  large  reinforce- 
ment for  his  brother  Annibal.  He  crossed 
the  Alps  and  entered  Italy ;  but  some  of 
his  letters  to  Annibal  having  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  the  Romans,  the  consuls  M. 
Livius  Salinator  and  Claudius  Nero,  at- 
tacked him  suddenly  near  the  Metaurus, 
and  defeated  him,  B.  C.  207.  He  was 
killed  in  the  battle,  and  fifty-six  thousand 
of  his  men  shared  his  fate,  and  five  thou- 
sand four  hundred  were  taken  prisoners  ; 
about  eight  thousand  Romans  were  killed. 

-7 A  Carthaginian  general,  surnamed 

Calvus,  appointed   governor  of  Sardinia, 

and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Romans. 

Another,  son  of  Gisgon,  appointed  general 
of  the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain,  in  the 
time  of  the  great  Annibal.  He  made  head 
against  the  Romans  in  Africa,  with  the 
assistance  of  Scyphax,  but  he  was  soon 
after  defeated  by  Scipio.  He  died  E.  C. 
206. Another,  who  advised  his  coun- 
trymen to  make  peace  with  Rome,  and 
upbraided   Annibal  for  laughing  in    the 

Carthaginian  senate. A  grandson  of 

Masinissa,  murdered  in  the  senate-house 

by  the  Carthaginians. Another,  whose 

camp  was  destroyed  in  Africa  by  Scipio, 
though  at  the  head  of  twenty  thousand 
men,  in  the  last  Punic  war.  He  was  not 
of  the  same  family  as  Hannibal. A  Car- 
thaginian general,  conquered  by  L.  Caecil- 
ius  Metellus  in  Sicily,  in  a  battie  in  which 
lie  lost  one  hundred  and  thirty  elephants. 

Asellio,  Sempronius,  an  historian  and 
military  tribune,  who  wrote  an  account  of 
the  actions  in  which  he  was  present. 


of  the  an- 
rope  by  the 
id  Mediter- 


Asia,  one  of  the  three  parts 
cient  world,  separated  from  Europe 
Tanais,  the  Euxine,  JEzean,  and  " 
ranean  seas.  The  Nile  and  Egypt  divide 
it  from  Africa.  It  receives  its  name  from 
Asia,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus.  This  part 
of  the  globe  has  given  birth  to  many  of  the 
greatest  monarchies  of  the  universe,  and 
to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Asia  we  are 
indebted  for  most  of  the  arts  and  sciences. 
The  soil  is  fruitful,  and  abounds  with  all 
the  necessaries  as  well  as  luxuries  of  life. 
— -One  of  the  Oceanides,  who  married 
Japetus,  and  gave  her  name  to  one  of  the 

three  quarters  of  the  ancient  globe. 

One  of  the  Nereides. A  mountain  of 

Laconia. 

Asia  Palus,  a  lake  in  Mysia. 

Asiaticus,  a  Gaul,  in  the  age  of  Vitel- 

lius. The  surname  of  one  of  the  Sci- 

pios,  and  others,  for  their  conquests  or 
campaigns  in  Asia. 

Asilas,  an  augur,  who  assisted  iEneaa 
against  Turnus. A  Trojan  officer. 

Asinaria,  a  festival  in  Sicily. 

Asinarius,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Asine,  one  of  the  Sporades. An  is-  . 

land  of  the  Adriatic. Three  towns  of 

Peloponnesus  bore  that  name,  viz.  in  La- 
conia, Argolis,  and  Messenia. 

Asines,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Asinius  Gallus,  son  of  Asinius  Pollio 
the  orator,  married  Vipsania  after  she  had 
been  divorced  by  Tiberius.  This  marriage 
gave  rise  to  a  secret  enmity  between  the 
emperor  and  Asinius,  who  starved  him- 
self to  death,  either  voluntarily,  or  by  or- 
der of  his  imperial  enemy. Marcellus, 

grandson  of  Asinius  Pollio,  was  accused 

of  some  misdemeanors,  but  acquitted. 

Pollio,  an  excellent  orator,  poet,  and  his- 
torian, intimate  with  Augustus.  He  tri- 
umphed over  the  Dalmatians,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  the  wars  of  Casar  and  Pompey, 
in  seventeen  books,  besides  poems.  He 
died  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age,  A.  D. 

4. A  commander  of  Mauritania,  under 

the  first  emperors,  &c. An  historian  in 

the  age  of  Pompey. Another  in  the 

third  century. Ouadratus,  a  man  who 

published  the  history  of  Parthia,  Greece, 
and  Rome. 

Asrus,  a  son  of  Dymas,  brother  of  Hec- 
uba. He  assisted  Priam  in  the  Trojan  war, 

and  was  killed  by  Idomeneus.- A  poet 

of  Samos,  who  wrote  about  the  genealogy 

of  ancient  heroes  and  heroines. A  son 

of  Imbracus,  who  accompanied  ^Eneas  in- 
to Italy. 

Asiu9  Campus,  a  place  near  the  Cayster. 

Asnaus,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia,  near 
which  the  river  Aous  flows. 

Asophis,  a  small  country  of  Peloponne- 
sus, near  the  Asopus. 

Asopia,  the  ancient  name  of  Sicyon. 

Asopiades,  a  patronymic  of  .(Eacus,  son 
of  iEgina,  the  daughter  of  Asopus. 


AS 


75 


AS 


Asopi3,the  daughter  of  the  Asopus. 

A  daughter  of  Thespius,  mother  of  Men- 
tor. 

Asopus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  falling  into 
the  bay  of  Malia,  at  the  north  of  Ther- 
mopylae.  A  river  of  Bosotia. A  river 

of  Asia,  flowing  into  the  Lycus  near  La- 
odicea. A  river  of  Peloponnesus,  pass- 
ing by  Sicyon. Another  of  Macedonia, 

flowing  near  Heraclea. A  river  of  Phoe- 
nicia.  A  son  of  Neptune,  who  gave 

his  name  to  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Aspa,  a  town  of  Parthia,  now  Ispahan, 
the  capital  of  the  Persian  empire. 

Aspamithres,  a  favorite  of  Xerxes,  who 
conspired  with  Artabanus  to  destroy  the 
king  and  the  royal  family. 

Asparaqium,  a  town  near  Dyrrhachium. 

Aspasia,  a  daughter  of  Hermotimus  of 
Phocaea,  famous  for  her  personal  charms 
and  elegance.  She  was  called  Milto,  Ver- 
million, on  account  of  the  beauty  of  her 
complexion. Another  woman,  daugh- 
ter of  Axiochus,  born  at  Miletus.  She 
came  to  Athens,  where  she  taught  elo- 
quence, and  Socrates  was  proud  to  be 
among  her  scholars.  She  so  captivated 
Pericles,  by  her  mental  and  personal  ac- 
complishments, that  he  became  her  pupil, 
and  at  last  took  her  for  his  mistress  and 
wife. 

Aspasicts,  a  peripatetic  philosopher  in 

the  second  century. A  sophist,  who 

wrote  a  panegyric  on  Adrian. 

Aspastes,  a  satrap  of  Carmania,  sus- 
pected of  infidelity  to  his  trust  while  Al- 
exander was  in  the  east. 

Aspathines,  one  of  the  seven  noble- 
men of  Persia,  who  conspired  against  the 
usurper  Smerdis. 

Aspendus,  a  town  of  Pamphylia,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Eurymedon.  The  in- 
habitants sacrificed  swine  to  Venus. 

Asfhaltites,  a  lake.  Vid.  Mare  Mor- 
tuum. 

Aspis,  a  satrap  of  Chaonia,  who  revolt- 
ed from  Artaxerxes.  He  was  reduced  by 
Datames. A  city  and  mountain  of  Af- 
rica.  One  of  the  Cyclades. A  city 

of  Macedonia. 

Aspledon,  a  son  of  Neptune.  He  gave 
his  name  to  a  city  of  Bceotia,  whose  in- 
habitants went  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Asporenus,  a  mountain  of  Asia  Minor, 
near  Pergamus. 

Assa,  a  town  near  mount  Athos. 

Assabinus,  the  Jupiter  of  the  Arabians. 

Assaracus,  a  Trojan  prince,  son  of  Tros 
by  Callirhoe.     He  was  father  to  Capys, 

the  father  to  Anchises. Two  friends  of 

.<£neas  in  the  Butulian  war. 

Asserini,  a  people  of  Sicily. 

Assorus,  a  town  of  Sicily,  between  En- 
na  and  Argyrium. 

Assos,atown  of  Lycia  on  the  sea  coast. 

Assyria.  The  name  of  Assyria  is  ap- 
plied to  all  that  territory  which  lies  be- 


tween Media,  Mesopotamia,  Armenia,  and 
Babylon.  The  Assyrian  empire  is  the 
most  ancient  in  the  world.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Ninus  or  Belus,  B.  C.  2059,  and  last- 
ed till  the  reign  of  Sardanapalus,  the  thir- 
ty-first sovereign  since  Ninus,  B.  C.  820. 
In  ancient  authors,  the  Assyrians  are  often 
called  Syrians,  and  the  Syrians  Assyrians. 
The  king  of  Assyria  generally  styled  him- 
self king  of  kings,  as  a  demonstration  of 
his  power  and  greatness.  The  country  is 
now  called  Curdistan. 
Asta,  a  city  in  Spain. 
Astacojini,  a  people  of  India,  near  the 
Indus. 

Astacus,  a  town  of  Bithynia.  Lysima- 
chus  destroyed  it,  and  carried  the  inhabit- 
ants to  the  town  of  Nicomedia,  which  was 

then  lately  built. A  city  of  Acarnania. 

Astapa,  a  town  of  Hispania  Baetica. 
Astafus,  a  river  of  ^Ethiopia,  falling  in- 
to the  Nile. 

Astarte,  a  powerful  divinity  of  Syria, 
the  same  as  the  Venus  of  the  Greeks. 
She  was  represented  in  medals  with  a 
long  habit,  and  a  mantle  over  it,  tucked 
up  on  the  left  arm. 

Aster,  a  dexterous  archer  of  Amphipo- 
lis,  who  offered  his  service  to  Philip  king 
of  Macedonia.  Upon  being  slighted,  he 
retired  into  the  city,  and  aimed  an  arrow 
at  Philip,  who  pressed  it  with  a  siege. 
The  arrow,  on  which  was  written, "  aim- 
ed at  Philip's  right  eye,"  struck  the  king's 
eye,  and  put  it  out ;  and  Philip,  to  return 
the  pleasantry,  threw  back  the  same  ar- 
row, with  these  words,  "  If  Philip  takes 
the  town,  Aster  shall  be  hanged."  The 
conqueror  kept  his  word. 

Asteria,  a  daughter  of  Ceus,  one  of  the 
Titans,  by  Phoebe,  daughter  of  Ccelus  and 
Terra.    Falling  under  the  displeasure  of 

Jupiter,  she  was  changed  into  a  quail. 

A  town  of  Greece,    whose    inhabitants 

went  to  the  Trojan  war. One  of  the 

daughters  of  Danaus,  who  married  Chse- 
tus,  son  of  iEgyptus. One  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas,  mother  of  CEnomaus,  king 

of  Pisa. A  mistress  of  Gyges. 

Asterion  and  AsTERius,a  river  of  Pe- 
loponnesus, which  flowed    through   the 

country  of  Argolis. A  son  of  Cometes, 

who  was  one  of  the  Argonauts. A 

statuary,  son  of  ^Eschylus. A  son  of 

Minos  2d,  king  of  Crete,  by  Pasiphae.  He 

was  killed  by  Theseus. A  son  of  N® 

leus  and  Chloris. 
Asterodia,  the  wife  of  Endymion. 
Asterope  and  Asturopba,  one  of  the 
Pleiades,  who  were  beloved  by  the"  gods 
and   most  illustrious    heroes,   and  made 

constellations  after  death. A  daughter 

of  Pelias,  king  of  Iolchos. A  daughter 

of  Deion  by  Diomede. The  wife  of 

^Esacus. 

AsTERopiEus,  a  king  of  Paeonia,  son  of 
Pelegon 


AS 


76 


AT 


Asterusius,  a  mountain  at  the  south  of 
Crete. A  town  of  Arabia  Felix. 

Astinome,  the  wife  of  Hipponous. 

Astiochus,  a  general  of  Lacedaemon , 
who  conquered  the  Athenians  near  Cni- 
dus,  and  took  PhocEea  and  Cumee,  B.  C. 
411. 

Astr.s;a,  a  daughter  of  Astraaus,  king  of 
Arcadia,  or,  according  toothers,  of  Titan, 
Saturn's  brother,  by  Aurora.  She  was 
called  Justice,  of  which  virtue  she  was  the 
goddess.  She  lived  upon  the  earth,  as  the 
poets  mention,  during  the  golden  age,  but 
the  wickedness  and  impiety  of  mankind 
drove  her  to  heaven  in  the  brazen  and 
iron  ages,  and  she  was  placed  among  the 
constellations  of  the  zodiac,  under  the 
name  of  Virgo. 

Astrjeus,  one  of  the  Titans  who  made 
war  against  Jupiter. A  ri  ver  of  Mace- 
donia, near  Therm  a'. 

Astu,  a  Greek  word  which  signifies 
city,  generally  applied  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, to  Athens,  which  was  the  most  capi- 
tal city  of  Greece. 

Astur,  an  Etrurian,  who  assisted  ^Eneas 
against  Turnus. 

Astura,  a  small  river  and  village  of  La- 
tium,  where  Antony's  soldiers  cut  off  Ci- 
cero's head. 

Astures,  a  people  of  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis. 

Astyage,  a  daughter  of  Hypseus,  who 
married  Periphas,  by  whom  she  had  An- 
tion,  the  father  of  Ixion. 

Astyages,  son  of  Cyaxares,  was  the  last 
king  of  Media.  He  was  father  to  Man- 
dane,  whom  he  gave  in  marriage  to  Cam- 
byses,  an  ignoble  person  of  Persia,  be- 
cause he  was  told  by  a  dream,  that  his 
daughter's  son  would  dispossess  him  of 
his  crown.  Astyages  was  very  cruel  and 
oppressive  ;  and  Harpagus,  one  of  his  of- 
ficers, whose  son  he  had  wantonly  mur- 
dered, encouraged  Mandane's  son,  who 
was  called  Cyrus,  to  take  up  arms  against 
his  grandfather,  and  he   conquered  him 

and  took  him  prisoner,  559  B.  C. A 

grammarian  who  wrote  a  commentary  on 

Callimachus. A  man  changed  into  a 

stone  by  Medusa's  head. 

Astyalus,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Neoptole- 
mus. 

Astyanax,  a  son  of  Hector  and  An- 
dromache.  An  Arcadian,  who  had  a 

statue  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  on  mount 
Lyceus. A  son  of  Hercules. A  wri- 
ter in  the  age  of  Gallienus. 

Astycratia,  a  daughter  of  ^Eolus. 

A  daughter  of  Amphion  and  Niobe. 

Astydamas,  an  Athenian,  pupil  to  Iso- 
crates.  He  wrote  two  hundred  and  forty 
tragedies,  of  which  only  fifteen  obtained 

the  poetical  prize. -A  Milesian,  three 

times  victorious  at  Olympia.  He  was  fa- 
mous for  his  strength,  as  well  as  for  his 
voracious  appetite. Two  tragic  writers 


bore  the  same  name,  one  of  whom  was 

disciple  to  Socrates. A  comic  poet  of 

Athens. 

Astydamia,  or  Astyadamia,  daughter 
of  Amyntor,  king  of  Orchomenos  in  Bceo- 
tia,  married  Acastus,  son  of  Pelias,  who 
was  king  of  Iolchos.  She  became  en- 
amored of  Peleus,  son  of  ^Eacus,  and  ac- 
cused him  of  attempting  her  virtue.  Acas- 
tus readily  believed  his  wife's  accusation, 
but  dissembled  his  resentment.  At  last 
they  went  in  a  hunting  party  to  mount 
Pelion,  where  Peleus  was  tied  to  a  tree, 
by  order  of  Acastus,  that  he  might  be  de- 
voured by  wild  beasts.  Jupiter  was  mov- 
ed at  the  innocence  of  Peleus,  and  sent 
Vulcan  to  deliver  him.  When  Peleus  was 
set  at  liberty,  he  marched  with  an  army 
against  Acastus,  whom  he  dethroned,  and 
punished  with  death  the  cruel  and  false 

Astydamia. A  daughter  of  Ormenus, 

carried  away  by  Hercules. 

Astylus,  one  of  the  centaurs,  who  had 

the  knowledge  of  futurity. A  man  of 

Crotona,  who  was  victorious  three  suc- 
cessive times  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Astymedusa,  a  woman  whom  CEdipua 
married  after  he  had  divorced  Jocasta. 

Astynome,  the  daughter  of  Chryses  the 
priest  of  Apollo,  sometimes  called  Chry- 
seis.  She  fell  to  the  share  of  Achilles,  at 
the  division  of  the  spoils  of  Lyrnessus. 
A  daughter  of  Amphion, — of  Talaus. 

Astynous,  a  Trojan  prince. 

Astyoche  and  Astyochia,  a  daughter 
of  Actor,  who  had  by  Mars,  Ascalaphus, 
and  Ialmenus,  who  were  at  the  Trojan 

war. A  daughter  of  Laomedon,  by 

Strymo. A  daughter  of  Amphion  and 

Niobe. A  daughter  of  the  Simois,  who 

married  Erichthonius. The  wife  of 

Strophius,  sister  to  Agamemnon. 

Astypal^a,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  be- 
tween Cos  and  Carpathos,  called  after  As- 
typalaea,  the  daughter  of  Phcenix,  and  mo- 
ther of  Ancaeus,  by  Neptune. 

Astyphilus,  a  soothsayer,  well  skilled 
in  the  knowledge  of  futurity. 

Astyron,  a  town  built  by  the  Argo- 
nauts, on  the  coast  of  Illyricum. 

Asychis,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  succeed- 
ed Mycerinus,  and  made  a  law,  that  who- 
ever borrowed  money,  must  deposit  his 
father's  body  in  the  hand  of  his  creditors, 
as  a  pledge  of  his  promise  of  payment.  He 
built  a  magnificent  pyramid. 

Asylas,  a  friend  of  ^Eneas,  skilled  in 
auguries. 

Asyllus,  a  gladiator. 

Atabulus,  a  wind  which  was  frequent 
in  Apulia. 

Axabyris,  a  mountain  in  Rhodes,  where 
Jupiter  had  a  temple,  whence  he  was  stor- 
named. 

Atace,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Atalanta,  a  daughter  of  Schoeneus 
king  of  Scvros.     Atalanta  determined  t» 


AT 


77 


AT 


live  in  perpetual  celibacy ;  but  her  beauty 
gained  her  many  admirers,  and  to  free 
herself  from  their  importunities,  she  pro- 
posed to  run  a  race  with  them.  Her  lovers 
were  to  start  first,  and  whoever  arrived  at 
the  goal  before  her,  would  be  made  her 
husband;  but  all  those  whom  she  over- 
took, were  to  be  killed.  As  she  was  al- 
most invincible  in  running,  many  of  her 
suitors  perished  in  the  attempt,  till  Hippo- 
menes  the  son  of  Macareus,  proposed  him- 
self as  her  admirer.  Venus  had  presented 
him  with  three  golden  apples  from  the 
garden  of  the  Hesperides,  and  as  soon  as 
he  had  started  in  the  course,  he  artfully 
threw  down  the  apples,  at  some  distance 
one  from  the  other.  While  Atalanta, 
charmed  at  the  sight,  stopped  to  gather 
the  apples,  Hippomenes  hastened  on  his 
course,  arrived  first  at  the  goal,  and  ob- 
tained Atalanta  in  marriage. An  island 

near  Eubcea  and  Locris. 

Atarantes,  a  people  of  Africa,  ten  days' 
journey  from  the  Garamantes. 

Atarbechis,  a  town  in  one  of  the  is- 
lands of  the  Delta,  where  Venus  had  a 
temple. 

Atargaiis,  a  divinity  among  the  Syri- 
ans, represented  as  a  Siren. 

Atarnea,  a  part  of  Mysia,  opposite  Les- 
bos, with  a  small  town  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  same  name. 

Atas  and  Athas,  a  youth  of  wonderful 
velocity,  who  is  said  to  have  run  seventy- 
five  miles  between  noon  and  the  evening. 

At  ax,  now  Aude,  a  river  of  Gaul  Nar- 
bonensis,  falling  into  the  Mediterranean 
sea. 

Ate,  the  goddess  of  all  evil,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter.  She  is  the  same  as  the  Dis- 
cord of  the  Latins. 

Atella,  a  town  of  Campania,  famous 
for  a  splendid  amphitheatre,  where  inter- 
ludes were  first  exhibited,  and  thence 
called  Atellanae  Fabuls:. 

Atenomarus,  a  chieftain  of  Gaul,  who 
made  war  against  the  Romans. 

Athamanes,  an  ancient  people  of  Epi- 
rus,  who  existed  long  before  the  Trojan 
war,  and  still  preserved  their  name  and 
customs  in  the  age  of  Alexander.  There 
was  a  fountain  in  their  territories,  whose 
waters,  about  the  last  quarter  of  the  moon, 
were  so  sulphureous  that  they  could  set 
wood  on  fire. 

Athamas,  king  of  Thebes,  in  Bceotia, 
was  son  of  ^Eolus.  He  married  Themisto, 
whom  some  call  Nephele,  and  Pindar,  De- 
motice,  and  by  her  he  had  Phryxus  and 
Helle.  Some  time  after,  on  pretence  that 
Nephele  was  subject  to  fits  of  madness,  he 
married  Ino,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons,  Learchus  and 
Melicerta.  Ino  became  jealous  of  the 
children  of  Nephele  ;  because  they  were 
to  ascend  their  father's  throne  in  prefer- 
ence to  her  own,  therefore  she  resolved  to 
7* 


destroy  them  ;  but  they  escaped  from  her 
fury  to  Colchis,  on  a  golden  ram.  The 
prosperity  of  Ino  was  displeasing  to  Juno, 
and  more  particularly  because  she  was  de- 
scended from  Venus.  The  goddess  there- 
fore sent  Tisiphone,  one  of  the  furies,  t'» 
the  house  of  Athamas,  who  became  in- 
flamed with  such  sudden  fury,  that  he 
took  Ino  to  be  a  lioness,  and  her  two  chil- 
dren to  be  whelps.  In  this  fit  of  madness 
he  snatched  Learchus  from  her,  and  killed 
him  against  a  wall ;  upon  which,  Ino  fled 
with  Melicerta,  and,  with  him  in  her  arms, 
she  threw  herself  into  the  sea,  from  a  high 
rock,  and  was  changed  into  a  sea  deity. 
After  this,  Athamas  recovered  the  use  of 
his  senses ;  and  as  he  was  without  chil- 
dren, he  adopted  Coronus  and  Aliartus, 

the  sons  of  Thersander  his  nephew. 

A  servant  of  Atticus. A  stage  dancer. 

A  tragic  poet. One  of  the  Greeks, 

concealed  in  the  wooden  horse  at  the  siege 
of  Troy. 

Athamantiades,  a  patronymic  of  Meli- 
certa, Phryxus,  or  Helle, children  of  Atha- 
mas. 

Athanasius,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
celebrated  for  his  sufferings,  and  the  de- 
termined opposition  he  maintained  against 
Arius  and  his  doctrine.  The  creed  which 
bears  his  name,  is  supposed  by  some  not 
to  be  his  composition.  Athanasius  died 
2d  May,  373  A.  D.  after  filling  the  archi- 
episcopal  chair  forty-seven  years,  and 
leading  alternately  a  life  of  exile  and  of 
triumph. 

Athanis,  a  man  who  wrote  an  account 
of  Sicily. 

Atheas,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who  im- 
plored the  assistance  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
donia against  the  Istrians,  and  laughed  at 
him  when  he  had  furnished  him  with  an 
army. 

Athena,  the  name  of  Minerva  among 
the  Greeks ;  and  also  among  the  Egyp- 
tians, before  Cecrops  had  introduced  the 
worship  of  the  goddess  into  Greece. 

Athene,  a  celebrated  city  of  Attica, 
founded  about  1556  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era,  by  Cecrops  and  an  Egyptian 
colony.  It  was  called  Cecropia  from  its 
founder,  and  afterwards  Athena  in  honor 
of  Minerva.  It  was  governed  by  seven- 
teen kings ;  commencing  with  Cecrops, 
and  ending  with  Codru3 1112  B.  C.  After 
the  death  of  Codrus,  the  monarchical 
power  was  abolished,  and  the  state  was 
governed  by  thirteen  perpetual,  and,  three 
hundred  and  seventeen  years  after,  by 
seven  decennial,  and  lastly,  B.  C.  684, 
after  an  anarchy  of  three  years,  by  annual 
magistrates,  called  Archons.  Under  this 
democracy,  the  Athenians  signalized 
themselves  by  their  valor  in  the  field, 
their  munificence,  and  the  cultivation  of 
the  fine  arts.  They  were  deemed  so  pow- 
erful by  the  Persians,  that  Xerxes,  when 


AT 


he  invaded  Greece,  chiefly  directed  his 
arms  against  Athens,  which  he  took  and 
burnt.  The  ancients,  to  distinguish 
Athens  in  a  more  peculiar  manner,  called 
it  Astu,  one  of  the  eyes  of  Greece,  the 
learned  city,  the  school  of  the  world,  the 
common  patroness  of  Gieece.  The  Athe- 
nians thought  themselves  the  most  an- 
cient nation  of  Greece,  and  the  original 
inhabitants  of  Attica.  They  sometimes 
wore  golden  grasshoppers  in  their  hair  as 
badges  of  lienor,  to  distinguish  them  from 
other  people  of  later  origin  and  less  noble 
extraction,  because  those  insects  are  sup- 
posed to  be  sprung  from  the  ground. 

Athenjea,  festivals  in  honor  of  Miner- 
va, celebrated  at  Athens. 

Athen.eum,  a  place  at  Athens,  sacred 
to  Minerva,  where  the  poets,  philosophers, 
and  rhetoricians  generally  declaimed  ana 
repeated  their  compositions. A  pro- 
montory of  Italy. A  fortified  place  be- 
tween j^toiia  and  Macedonia. 

AraENiEus,  a  Greek  cosmographer. 

A  peripatetic  philosopher  of  Cilicia  in  the 

time  of  Augustus. A  Spartan  sent  by 

his  countrymen  to  Athens,  to  settle  the 

peace  during  the  Peioponnesian  war. 

A  grammarian  of  Naucratis. A  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  an  account  of  Semira- 

mis. A  brother  of  king  Eumenes  2d, 

famous  for  his  paternal  affection. A 

Roman  general,  in  the  age  of  Gallienus, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  written  a  book 

on   military  engines. A  physician  of 

Cilicia  in  the  age  of  Piiny,  who  made 
heat,  cold,  wet,  dry,  and  air,  the  elements, 
instead  of  the  four  commonly  received. 

Athenagoras,  a  Greek  in  the  time  of 
Darius,  to  whom  Pharnabazus  gave  the 

government  of  Chios. A  writer  on 

agriculture. A  Christian  philosopher 

in  the  age  of  Aurelius.  The  romance  of 
Theagenea  and  Charis  is  falsely  ascribed 
to  him. 

Athenais,  a  Sibyl  of  Eiythrsa,  in  the 

age  of  Alexander.- A  daughter  of  the 

philosopher  Leontius. 

Athekion,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  108 

B.  C. A  general  of  the  Sicilian  slaves. 

A  tyrant  of  Athens,  surnamed  Ariston. 

Athenocles,  a  general. A  turner 

of  Mitylene. 

AthesodoeuSj  a  philosopher  of  Tar- 
sus, intimate  with  Augustus.  The  em- 
peror often  profited  by  his  lessons,  and 
was  advised  by  him  always  to  repeat  the 
twenty-four  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
before'  he  gave  way  to  the  impulse  of  an- 
ger.  A  poet  who  wrote  in  the  age  of 

Alexander. A  stoic  philosopher  of 

Cana,  near  Tarsus,  in  the  age  of  Augus- 
tus.    He  was  intimate  with  Strabo. A 

philosopher,  disciple  to  Zeno,  and  keeper 

of  the  royal   library  at   Pergamus A 

marble  sculptor. A  man  assassinated 

at  Bactra  for  making  himself  absolute. 


Atheos,  a  surname  of  Biagoras  and 
Theodorus,  because  they  denied  the  ex- 
istence of  a  deity. 

Athesis,  now  Adige,  a  river  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  near  the  To,  falling  into  the 
Adriatic  sea. 

Athos,  a  very  high  mountain  of  Mace- 
donia, one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, projecting  into  the  JDgean 
sea  like  a  promontory.  When  Xerxes  in- 
vaded Greece,  he  made  a  trench  of  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  length  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountain,  into  which  he  brought  the  sea- 
water,  and  conveyed  his  fleet  over  it.  A 
sculptor,  called  Denocrates,  offered  Alex- 
ander to  cut  mount  Athos,  and  to  make 
with  it  a  statue  of  the  king  holding  a  town 
in  his  left  hand,  and  in  the  right  a  spacious 
basin,  to  receive  all  the  waters  which 
flowed  from  it.  Athos  is  now  called 
Monte  Santo,  famous  for  monasteries, 
said  to  contain  some  ancient  and  valu- 
able manuscripts. 

Athrulla,  a  town  of  Arabia. 

Athvmbra,  a  city  of  Caria,  afterwards 
called  Nyssa. 

Atia,  a  city  of  Campania. A  law 

enacted  A.  U.  C.  690,  by  T.  Atius  Labi- 
enus,  the  tribune  of  the  people.  It  abo- 
lished the  Cornelian  law,  and  put  in 
full  force  the  Lex  Domitia,  by  transfer- 
ring the  right  of  electing  priests  from  the 

college  of  priests  to  the  people. The 

mother  of  Augustus.    Fid.  Accia. 

Atilia  lex  gave  the  pretor  and  a  ma- 
jority of  the  tribunes,  power  of  appointing 
guardians  to  those  minors  who  were  not 
previously  provided  for  by  their  parents. 

It  was  enacted  about  A.  IT.  C.  560. 

Another  A.  U.  C.  443,  which  gave  the 
people  power  of  electing  twenty  tribunes 
of  the  soldiers  in  four  legions. 

Atilius,  a  freed  man,  who  exhibited 
combats  of  gladiators  at  Fidenae.  The 
amphitheatre, which  contained  the  specta- 
tors, fell  during  the  exhibition,  and  about 
fifty  thousand  persons  were  killed  or  mu- 
tilated. 

Atilla,  the  mother  of  the  poet  Lucan. 
She  was  accused  of  conspiracy  by  her 
son,  who  expected  to  clear  himself  of  the 
charge. 

Atina,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Volsci, 
one  of  the  first  that  began  hostilities 
against  iEneas. 

Atinas,  a  friend  of  Turnus. 

Atima  lex,  was  enacted  by  the  tribune 
Atinius.  It  gave  a  tribune  of  the  people 
the  privileges  of  a  senator,  and  the  right 
of  sitting  in  the  senate. 

Atlantes,  a  savage  people  of  Africa  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Atlas. 

Atlantiades,  a  patronymic  of  Mercury, 
as  grandson  of  Atlas. 

Atlantides,  a  people  of  Africa,  near 
mount  Atlas.  They  boasted  of  being  in 
possession  of  the  country  in  which  all  the 


AT 


79 


AT 


gods  of  antiquity  received  their  birth. 

The  daughters  cf  Atlas,  seven  in  number, 
Maia,  Electra,  Taygeta,  Asterope,  Me- 
rope,  Alcyone,  and  Celaeno.  They  mar- 
ried some  of  the  gods,  and  most  illustrious 
heroes,  and  their  children  were  founders 
of  many  nations  and  cities. 

Atlantis,  a  celebrated  island  mention- 
ed by  the  ancients.  Its  situation  is  un- 
known, and  even  its  existence  doubted  by 
some  writers. 

Atlas,  one  of  the  Titans,  son  of  Jape- 
tus  and  Clymene,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 
He  married  Pleione,  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
by  whom  he  had  seven  daughters,  called 
Atlantides.  He  was  king  of  Mauritania, 
and  master  of  a  thousand  flocks  of  every 
kind,  as  also  of  beautiful  gardens,  abound- 
ing in  every  species  of  fruit,  which  he 
had  intrusted  to  the  care  of  a  dragon. 
Perseus,  after  the  conquest  of  the  Gor- 
gons,  passed  by  the  palace  of  Atlas,  and 
demanded  hospitality.  The  king  refused 
to  receive  him,  and  even  offered  him  vio- 
lence. Perseus  who  was  unequal  in 
strength,  showed  him  Medusa's  head,  and 
Atlas  was  instantly  changed  into  a  large 
mountain.  This  mountain  is  so  high  that 
the  ancients  have  imagined  that  the  hea- 
vens rested  on  its  top,  and  that  Atlas  sup- 
ported the  world  on  his  shoulders. A 

river  flowing  from  mount  Hamius  into  the 
Ister. 

Atossa,  a  daughter  of  Cyrus,  who  was 
one  of  the  wive3  of  Cambyses,  Smerdis, 
and  afterwards  of  Darius,  by  whom  she 
had  Xerxes.  She  is  supposed  by  some  to 
be  the  Vasthi  of  scripture. 

Atraces,  a  people  of  ^Etolia,  who  re- 
ceived their  name  from  Atrax,  son  of  JEto- 
lus.    Their  country  was  called  Atracia. 

Atramyttium,  a  town  of  Mysia. 

Atrapes,  an  officer  of  Alexander,  who 
at  the  general  division  of  the  provinces, 
received  Media. 

ATRAX,ason  of  jEt.olus,  or,  according  to 
others,  of  the  river  Peneus.  He  was  king 
of  Thessaly,  and  built  a  town  which  he 
called  Atrax  or  Atracia,  and  which  became 

very  famous. A    city  of  Thessaly, 

whence  the  epithet  of  Atracius. A 

river  of  ^Etolia,  which  falls  into  the  Ionian 
sea. 

Atrebatje,  a  people  of  Britain,  who 
were  in  possession  of  the  modern  counties 
of  Berks,  Oxford,  &c. 

Atrebates,  now  Jlrtois,  a  people  of 
Gaul,  who,  together  with  the  Nervii,  op- 
posed J.  Caesar  with  fifteen  thousand  men. 
They  were  conquered,  and  Comius,  a 
friend  of  the  genera!,  was  set  over  them 
as  king.  They  were  reinstated  in  their 
former  liberty  and  independence,  on  ac- 
count of  the  services  of  Comius. 

Atreni,  a  people  of  Armenia. 

Atreus,  son  of  Pelops  by  Hippodamia, 
daughter  of  CEnomaus  king  of  Pisa,  was 


king  of  Mycens,  and  brother  to  Pittheus, 
Traazen,  Thyestes,  and  Chrysippus.  As 
Chrysippus  was  an  illegitimate  son,  and 
at  the  same  time  a  favorite  of  his  father, 
Hippodamia  resolved  to  remove  him.  She 
persuaded  her  sons  Thyestes  and  Atreus 
to  murder  him  ;  but  their  refusal  exasper- 
ated her  more,  and  she  executed  it  herself. 
This  murder  was  grievous  to  Pelops  ;  he 
suspected  his  two  sons,  who  fled  away 
from  his  presence.  Atreus  retired  to  the 
court  of  Eurystheus  king  of  Argos,  his  ne- 
phew, and  upon  his  death  he  succeeded 
him  on  the  throne.  He  married  as  some 
report,  ^Erope,  his  predecessor's  daughter. 
Thyestes  had  followed  his  brother  to  Ar- 
gos, where  he  lived  with  him  and  de- 
bauched his  wife.  This  incestuous  com- 
merce offended  Atreus,  and  Thyestes  was 
banished  from  his  court.  He  was  how- 
ever soon  after  recalled  by  his  brother, 
who  determined  cruelly  to  revenge  the 
violence  offered  to  his  bed.  To  affect  this 
purpose,  he  invited  his  brother  to  a  sump- 
tuous feast,  where  Thyestes  was  served 
up  with  the  flesh  of  his  own  children.  Af- 
ter the  repast  was  finished,  the  arms  and 
the  heads  of  the  murdered  children  were 
produced,  to  convince  Thyestes  of  what 
he  had  feasted  upon.  This  action  appear- 
ed so  cruel  and  impious,  that  the  sun  is 
said  to  have  shrunk  back  in  his  course  at 
the  bloody  sight.  Thyestes  immediately 
fled  to  the  court  of  Thesprotus,  and  thence 
to  Sicyon. 

Atrid-e,  a  patronymic  given  by  Homer 
to  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus,  as  being 
the  sons  of  Atreus. 

Atronius,  a  friend  of  Turnus,  killed  by 
the  Trojans. 

Atropatia,  a  part  of  Media. 

Atropos,  one  of  the  Parcae,  daughters 
of  Nox  and  Erebus.  She  is  inexorable, 
and  inflexible,  and  her  duty  among  the 
three  sisters  is  to  cut  the  thread  of  life, 
without  any  regard  to  sex,  age,  or  quality. 

T.  Q_.  Atta,  a  writer  of  merit  in  the 
Augustan  age,  who  seems  to  have  receiv- 
ed this  name  from  some  deformity  in  hia 
legs  or  feet. 

Attalia,  a  city  of  Pamphylia,  built  by 
king  Attalus. 

Attalicus.    Fid.  Attalus  3d. 

Attalu3  1st,  king  of  Pergamue,  suc- 
ceeded Eumenes  1st.  He  defeated  the 
Gauls  who  had  invaded  his  dominions, 
extended  his  conquests  to  mount  Taurus, 
and  obtained  the  assistance  of  the  Romans 
against  Antiochus.  He  died  at  Pergamus 
after  a  reign  of  forty-four  years,  B.  C.  197. 

The  2d  of  that  name,  was  sent  on  an 

embassy  to  Rome  by  his  brother  Eumenes 
the  2d,  and  at  his  return  was  appointed 
guardian  to  his  nephew  Attalus  the  3d, 
who  was  then  an  infant.  Attalus,  who 
has  received  the  name  of  PJiiladelphus, 
from  hie  fraternal  love,  wa*  a  munificent 


AT 


80 


AT 


patron  of  learning,  and  the  founder  of  sev- 
eral cities.  He  was  poisoned  by  his  ne- 
phew in  the  eighty -second  year  of  his  age, 

B.  C.  138. The  3d,  succeeded  to  the 

kingdom  of  Pergamus,  by  the  murder  of 
Attalus  the  2d,  and  made  himself  odious 
by  his  cruelty  to  his  relations,  and  his 
wanton  exercise  of  power.  He  lived  in 
great  amity  with  the  Romans  ;  and  as  he 
died  without  issue  by  his  wife  Berenice, 
he  left  in  his  will  the  words  P.  R.  meorum 
hares  esto,  which  the  Romans  interpreted 
as  themselves,  and  therefore  took  posses- 
sion of  his  kingdom,  B.  C.  133.  From  this 
-ircumstance  whatever  was  a  valuable  ac- 
luisition,  or  an  ample  fortune,  was  called 
by  the  epithet  of  Attalicus.  Attalus,  as 
well  as  his  predecessors,  made  themselves 
celebrated  for  the  valuable  libraries  which 
they  collected  at  Pergamus,  and  for  the 
patronage  which  merit  and  virtue  always 
found  at  their  court. An  officer  in  Al- 
exander's army. Another  very  inimical 

to  Alexander.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
Parmenio,  and  Alexander  was  accused  of" 

the  murder. A  philosopher  preceptor  to 

Seneca. An  astronomer  of  Rhodes. 

Attarras,  an  officer  who  seized  those 
that  had  conspired  with  Dymnus  against 
Alexander. 

Atteius  Capito^  consul  in  the  age  of 
Augustus,  who  wrote  treatises  on  sacer- 
dotal laws,  public  courts  of  justice,  and 
the  duty  of  a  senator. 

Attes,  a  son  of  Calaus  of  Phrygia. 
He  introduced  the  worship  of  Cybele 
among  the  Lydians,  and  became  a  great 
favorite  of  the  goddess.  Jupiter  was 
jealous  of  his  success,  and  sent  a  wild 
boar  to  lay  waste  the  country  and  destroy 
Attes. 

Atthis,  a  daughter  of  Cranaus  the  2d, 
king  of  Athens,  who  gave  her  name  to 
Attica. 

Attica,  a  country  of  Achaia  or  Hellas, 
at  the  south  of  Boeotia,  west  of  the  iEgean 
sea,  north  of  the  Saronicus  Sinus,  and 
east  of  Megara.  The  most  famous  of  its 
cities  is  called  Athens,  whose  inhabitants 
sometimes  bear  the  name  of  Attici. 

Atticus,  one  of  Galba's  servants,  who 
entered  his  palace  with  a  bloody  sword, 

and  declared  he  had  killed  Otho. (T. 

Pomponius)  a  celebrated  Roman  knight  to 
whom  Cicero  wrote  a  great  number  of  let- 
ters, which  contained  the  general  history 
of  the  age.  They  are  now  extant,  and  di- 
vided into  seventeen  books.  Tn  the  time 
of  Marius  and  Sylla,  Atticus  retired  to 
Athens,  where  he  so  endeared  himself  to 
the  citizens,  that  after  his  departure,  they 
erected  statues  to  him  in  commemoration 
of  his  munificence  and  liberality.  It  is 
said  that  he  refused  to  take  aliments  when 
unable  to  iiet  the  better  of  a  fever,  and  died 
in  his  seventy-seventh  year,  B.  C.  32,  af- 
ter bearing  the  amiable  character  of  peace- 


maker among  his  friends. Herodes,  an 

Athenian  in  the  age  of  the  Antonines,  de- 
scended from  Miltiades,  and  celebrated 
for  his  munificence.  His  son  of  the  same 
name  was  honored  with  the  consulship. 
A  consul  in  the  age  of  Nero. 

Attila,  a  celebrated  king  of  the  Huns, 
a  nation  in  the  southern  parts  of  Scythia, 
who  invaded  the  Roman  empire  in  the 
reign  of  Valentinian,  with  an  army  of 
five  hundred  thousand  men.  He  took  the 
town  of  Aquileia,  and  marched  against 
Rome ;  but  his  retreat  and  peace  were 
purchased  with  a  large  sum  of  money  by 
the  feeble  emperor.  Attila,  who  boasted 
in  the  appellation  of  the  scourge  of  Ood, 
died  A.  D.  453. 

Attilius,  a  Roman  consul  in  the  first 

Punic  war.    Vid.  Regulus. Calatinus, 

a  Roman  consul  who  fought  the  Cartha- 
ginian fleet. Marcus,  a  poet. Regu- 
lus, a  Roman  censor  who  built  a  temple  to 

the  goddess  of  concord. The  name  of 

Attilius  was  common  among  the  Romans, 
and  many  of  the  public  magistrates  are 
called  Attilii ;  their  life  however  is  not 
famous  for  any  illustrious  event. 

Attinas,  an  officer  set  over  Bactriana 
by  Alexander. 

Attius  Pelignus,  an  officer  of  Caesar. 

Tullius,  the  general  of  the  Volsci,  to 

whom   Coriolanus    fled    when    banished 

from  Rome. Varus  seized  Auxinum  in 

Pompey's  name,  whence  he  was  expelled. 
After  this   he  fled  to  Africa,  which  he 

alienated  from  J.  Caesar. The  family 

of  the  Attii  was  descended  from  Atys,  one 
of  the  companions  of  iEneas. 

Aturus,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  the  Jidour, 
which  runs  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenean 
mountains  into  the  bay  of  Biscay. 

Atyad.e,  the  descendants  of  Atys  the 
Lydian 

Atys,  an  ancient  king  of  Lydia,  who 
sent  away  his  son  Tyrrhenus,  with  a  co- 
lony of  Lydians,  who  settled  in  Italy. 

A  son  of  Croesus  king  of  Lydia.  He  was 
forbidden  the  use  of  all  weapons  by  his  fa- 
ther, who  had  dreamt  that  he  had  been 
killed.  Some  time  after  this,  Atys  pre- 
vailed on  his  father  to  permit  him  to  go  to 
hunt  a  wild  boar,  which  laid  waste  the 
country  of  Mysia,  and  he  was  killed  in  the 
attempt  by  Adrastus,  whom  Croesus  had 
appointed  guardian  over  his  son,  and  thus 
the  apprehensions  of  the  monarch  were 

realized. A  Trojan,  who  came  to  Italy 

with  TEneas,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
progenitor  of  the  family  of  the  Attii  at 

Rome. A  youth  to  whom  Ismene  the 

daughter  of  CEdipus  was  promised  in  mar- 
riage.    He  was  killed  by  Tydeus  before 

his  nuptials. A  son  of  Limniace,  the 

daughter  of  the  river  Ganges,  who  assist- 
ed Cepheus  in  preventing  the  marriage  of 
Andromeda,  and  was  killed  by  Perseus 
with  a  burning  log  of  wood. A  csle- 


AU 


81 


AU 


brated  shepherd  of  Phrygia,  of  whom  the 
mother  of  the  gods,  generally  called  Cy- 

bele,  became  enamoured. Sylvius,  son 

of  Albius  Sylvius,  was  king  of  Alba. 

Avaricum,  a  strong  and  fortified  town 
of  Gaul,  now  called  Bourges  the  capital  of 
Berry. 

Avella,  a  town  of  Campania,  abound- 
ing in  nuts,  whence  nuts  have  been  called 
avellinee. 

Aventinus,  a  son  of  Hercules,  by  Rhea, 
who  assisted  Turnus  against  ^Eneas,  and 

distinguished   himself  by  his  valor. A 

king  of  Alba  buried  upon   mount  Aven- 

tine. One  of  the  seven  hills  on  which 

part  of  the  city  of  Rome  was  built.  It- 
was  thirteen  thousand  and  three  hundred 
feet  in  circumference,  and  was  given  to 
the  people  to  build  houses  upon,  by  king 
Ancus  Martius. 

Avernus  or  Averna,  a  lake  of  Campa- 
nia, near  Baiae,  whose  waters  were  so  un- 
wholesome and  putrid,  that  no  birds  were 
seen  on  its  banks.  The  ancients  made  it 
the  entrance  of  hell,  as  also  one  of  its  rivers. 

Atesta,  a  book  composed  by  Zoroaster. 

Aufeia  aqua,  called  afterwards  Marcia, 
was  the  sweetest  and  most  wholesome  wa- 
ter in  Rome. 

Aufidena,  now  Mfidena,  a  city  of  the 
Peligni  in  Italy. 

Aufidia  lex,  was  enacted  by  the  tri- 
bune Aufidius  Lurco,  A.  U.  C.  692.  It  or- 
dained, that  if  any  candidate  in  canvass- 
ing for  an  office,  promised  money  to  the 
tribunes  and  failed  "in  the  performance, 
he  should  be  excused  ;  but  if  he  actually 
paid  it,  he  should  be  compelled  to  pay 
every  tribune  six  thousand  sesterces. 

Aufidius,  an    effeminate     person    of 

Chios. Bassus,  a  famous  historian  in 

the  age  of  Cuintilian,  who  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  Germany,  and  of  the  civil  wars. 

A  Roman  senator,  famous  for  his 

blindness  and  abilities. Lurco,  a  man 

who  enriched  himself  by  fattening  pea- 
cocks, and  selling  them  for  meat.- — Lus- 
cus,  a  man  obscurely  born,  and  made  a 
pretor  of  Fundi,  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Aufidus,  a  river  of  Apulia  falling  into 
the  Adriatic  sea,  and  now  called  Ofatito. 
It  was  on  its  banks  that  the  Romans  were 
defeated  by  Hannibal  at  Cannaa.  The 
spot  is  still  shown  by  the  inhabitants,  and 
bears  the  name  of  the  field  of  blood. 

Auga  and  Auge  and  Augea,  daughter 
of  Aleus  king  of  Tegea,  by  Neasra. 

Augarus,  an  Arabian,  who,  for  his 
good  offices,  obtained  the  favors  of  Pom- 

pey,  whom  he  vilely  deceived. A  king 

of  Osroene,  whom  Caracalla  imprisoned, 
after  he  had  given  him  solemn  promises 
of  friendship  and  support. 

Ahges,  a  town  of  Laconia. Another 

of  Locris. 

Augias  and  Augeas,  son  of  Eleus,  or 
Elius,  was  one  of  the  Argonauts,  and  af- 


terwards ascended  the  throne  of  Elis. 
He  had  an  immense  number  of  oxen  and 
goats,  and  the  stables  in  which  they  were 
kept  had  never  been  cleaned,  so  that  the 
task  seemed  an  impossibility  to  any  man 
Hercules  undertook  it  on  promise  of  re- 
ceiving for  a  reward,  the  tenth  part  of  the 
herds  of  Augias,  or  something  equivalent. 
The  hero  changed  the  course  of  the  river 
Alpheus,  or,  according  to  others,  of  the 
Peneus,  which  immediately  carried  away 
the  dung  and  filth  from  the  stables.  Au- 
gias refused  the  promised  recompense,  on 
pretence  that  Hercules  had  made  use  of 
artifice,  and  had  not  experienced  any  la- 
bor or  trouble,  and  he  further  drove  hia 
own  son  Phyleus  from  his  kingdom,  be- 
cause he  supported  the  claims  of  the  hero. 
The  refusal  was  a  declaration  of  war. 
Hercules  conquered  Elis,  put  to  death  Au- 
gias, and  gave  the  crown  to  Phyleus. 

Augil.£,  a  people  of  Africa,  who  sup- 
posed that  there  were  no  gods  except  the 
manes  of  the  dead,  of  whom  they  sought 
oracles. 

Auginus,  a  mountain  of  Liguria. 

Augures,  certain  officers  at  Rome  who 
foretold  future  events.  They  were  first 
created  by  Romulus,  to  the  number  of 
three.  Servius  Tullius  added  a  fourth, 
and  the  tribunes  of  the  people  A.  U.  C. 
454,  increased  the  number  to  nine ;  and 
Sylla  added  six  more,  during  his  dictator- 
ship. They  had  a  particular  college,  and 
the  chief  amongst  them  was  called  magis- 
ter  collegii.  Their  office  was  honorable  ; 
and  if  any  one  of  them  was  convicted  of 
any  crime,  he  could  not  be  deprived  of  his 
privileges ;  an  indulgence  granted  to  no 
other  sacerdotal  body" at  Rome. 

Augusta,  a  name  given  to  seventy  cities 
in  the  Roman  provinces,  in  honor  of  Au- 
gustus Cassar. London,  as  capital  of 

the  country  of  the  Trinobantes,  was  called 
Augusta  Trinobantina. Messalina,  fa- 
mous for  her  debaucheries,  was  called  Au- 
gusta, as  wife  of  the  emperor  Claudius. 

Augustalia,  a  festival  at  Rome,  in 
commemoration  of  the  day  on  which  Au- 
gustus returned  to  Rome,  after  he  had  es- 
tablished peace  over  the  different  parts  of 
the  empire. 

Augustinus,  bishop  of  Hippo,  in  Africa, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  writings,  as 
well  as  by  the  austerity  of  his  life.  He 
died  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 
A.  D.  430. 

Augustodunum,  now  Autan,  a  town  of 
Gaul,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  yEdui. 

Augustulus,  the  last  Roman  emperor 
of  the  west,  A.  D.  475,  conquered  by  Od- 
oacer,  king  of  the  Heruli. 

Augustus  Octavianus  Cjesar,  second 
emperor  of  Rome,  was  son  of  Octavius  a 
senator,  and  Accia  daughter  of  Julius,  and 
sister  to  Julius  Caesar.  He  was  adopted 
by  his  uncle  Cassar,  and  inherited  the 
D* 


AU 


82 


AU 


greatest  part  of  his  fortune.  He  lost  his 
father  at  the  age  of  four ;  and  though  only 
eighteen  when  his  uncle  was  murdered, 
he  hastened  to  Rome,  where  he  ingratiat- 
ed himself  with  the  senate  and  people, 
and  received  the  honors  of  the  consulship 
two  years  after,  as  the  reward  of  his  hy- 
pocrisy. But  when  he  perceived  that  by 
making  him  fight  against  Antony,  the  se- 
nate wished  to  debilitate  both  antagonists, 
he  changed  his  views,  and  uniting  himself 
with  his  enemy,  soon  formed  the  second 
triumvirate,  in  which  his  cruel  proscrip- 
tions shed  the  innocent  blood  of  three 
hundred  senators  and  two  hundred 
knights,  and  did  not  even  spare  the  life 
of  his  friend  Cicero.  By  the  divisions 
which  were  made  among  the  triumvirs, 
Augustus  retained  for  himself  the  more 
important  provinces  of  the  west,  and  ban- 
ished, as  it  were,  his  colleagues,  Lepidus 
and  Antony,  to  more  distant  territories. 
But  as  long  as  the  murderers  of  Caesar 
were  alive,  the  reigning  tyrants  had  rea- 
sons for  apprehension,  and  therefore  the 
forces  of  the  triumvirate  were  directed 
against  the  partisans  of  Brutus  and  the 
senate.  The  battle  was  decided  at  Phi- 
lippi,  where  it  is  said  that  the  valor  and 
conduct  of  Antony  alone  preserved  the 
combined  armies,  and  effected  the  defeat 
of  the  republican  forces.  The  friendship 
which  subsisted  between  Augustus  and 
Antony  was  broken  as  soon  as  the  fears  of 
a  third  rival  vanished  away,  and  the  as- 
piring heir  of  Czesar  was  easily  induced  to 
take  up  arms  by  the  little  jealousies  and 
resentment  of  Fulvia.  Her  death,  how- 
ever, retarded  hostilities ;  the  two  rivals 
were  reconciled ;  their  united  forces  were 
successfully  directed  against  the  younger 
Pompey  ;  and,  to  strengthen  their  friend- 
ship, Antony  agreed  to  marry  Octavia,  the 
sister  of  Augustus.  But  as  this  step  was 
political,  and  not  dictated  by  affection, 
Octavia  was  slighted,  and  Antony  resign- 
ed himself  to  the  pleasures  and  company 
of  the  beautiful  Cleopatra.  Augustus  was 
incensed,  and  immediately  took  up  arms 
to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  his  sister,  and 
perhaps  "more  eagerly  to  remove  a  man 
whose  power  and  existence  kept  him  in 
continual  alarms,  and  made  him  depend- 
ent. Both  parties  met  at  Actium,  B.  C.  31, 
to  decide  the  fate  of  Rome.  Antony  was 
supported  by  all  the  power  of  the  east, 
and  Augustus  by  Italy.  Cleopatra  fled 
from  the  battle  with  sixty  ships,  and  her 
flight  ruined  the  interest  of  Antony,  who 
followed  her  into  Egypt.  The  conqueror 
soon  after  passed  into  Egypt,  besieged 
Alexandria,  and  honored,  with  a  magni- 
ficent funeral,  the  unfortunate  Roman, 
and  the  celebrated  queen,  whom  the  fear 
of  being  led  in  the  victor's  triumph  at 
Rome  had  driven  to  commit  suicide.  Af- 
ter he  had  established  peace  all  over  the 
world,  Augustus  shut  up  the  gates  of  the 


temple  of  Janus,  the  year  our  Saviour  Avas 
born.  He  died  at  Nola,  in  the  seventy- 
sixth  year  of  his  age,  A.  D.  14,  after  he 
had  held  the  sovereign  power  during  forty- 
four  years. The  name  of  Augustus  was 

afterwards  given  to  the  successors  of  Oc- 
tavianus  in  the  Roman  empire  as  a  per- 
sonal, and  the  name  of  Cmsar,  as  a  family, 
distinction.  In  a  more  distant  period  of 
the  empire,  the  title  of  Augustus  waa 
given  only  to  the  emperor,  while  that  of 
Cresar  was  bestowed  on  the  second  person 
in  the  state,  who  was  considered  as  pre- 
sumptive heir. 

Avidienus,  a  rich  and  sordid  man. 

Avidius  Cassius,  a  man  saluted  em- 
peror, A.  D.  175.  He  reigned  only  three 
months  and  was  assassinated  by  a  centu- 
rion. 

Rufus  Festus  Avienus,  a  poet  in  the 
age  of  Theodosius. 

Avitus,  a  governor  of  Britain  under 
Nero. Alcinus,  a  christian  poet. 

Avium,  a  city  between  Tyre  and  Sidon. 

Aulerci,  a  people  of  Gaul,  between  the 
Seine  and  the  Loire. 

Aulestes,  a  king  of  the  Etrurians  when 
iEneas  came  into  Italy. 

Auletes,  a  general  who  assisted  JEneaa 

in  Italy,  with  one  hundred  ships. The 

surname  of  one  of  the  Ptolemean  kings, 
father  to  Cleopatra. 

Aulis,  a  daughter  of  Ogyges. A 

town  of  Bceotia  near  Chalcis  on  the  sea 
coast,  where  all  the  Greeks  conspired 
against  Troy. 

Aulon,  a  mountain  of  Calabria,  oppo- 
site Tarentum,  famous  for  its  wine. 

A  place  of  Messenia. 

Aulonius,  a  surname  of  JEsculapius. 

Aulus,  a  praenomen,  common  among 
the  Romans. 

Auras,  an  European  river,  flowing  into 
the  Ister  from  mount  Hasmus. 

Aurelia  lex,  was  enacted  A.  U.  C 
653,  by  the  pretor  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  to  in- 
vest the  Senatorian  and  Equestrian  or- 
ders, and  the  Tribuni  jErarii,  with  judi- 
cial power. Another,  A.  U.  C.  678. 

It  abrogated  a  clause  of  the  Lex  Cornelia, 
and  permitted  the  tribunes  to  hold  other 
offices  after  the  expiration  of  the  tribune- 
ship. 

Aurelia,  a  town  of  Hispania  Baetica. 

The  mother  of  J.  Caesar. A  fish 

woman. 

Aurelianus,  emperor  of  Rome  after 
Flavius  Claudius,  was  austere,  and  even 
cruel  In  the  execution  of  the  laws,  and 
punished  his  soldiers  with  unusual  sever- 
ity. He  rendered  himself  famous  for  his 
military  character ;  and  his  expedition 
against  Zenobia,  the  celebrated  queen  of 
Palmyra,  gained  him  great  honors.  He 
beautified  Rome,  was  charitable  to  the 
poor,  and  the  author  of  many  salutary 
laws.  He  was  naturally  brave  ;  and  in 
all  the  battles  he  fought,  it  is  said,  he  kill  • 


AU 


83 


AZ 


ed  no  less  than  eight  hundred  men  with 
his  own  hand.  In  his  triumph  he  exhibit- 
ed to  the  Romans,  people  of  fifteen  differ- 
ent nations,  all  of  which  he  had  conquer- 
ed. He  was  the  first  emperor  who  wore 
a  diadem.  After  a  glorious  reign  of  six 
years,  as  he  marched  against  the  northern 
barbarians,  he  was  assassinated  near  By- 
zantium, A.  D.  275. A  physician  of  the 

fourth  century. 

Aurelius,  emperor  of  Rome.  Vld.  An- 
toninus Bassianus. A  painter  in  the 

age  of  Augustus. Victor,  an  historian 

in  the  age  of  Julian. Antoninus,  an 

emperor.    Vid.  Antoninus. 

Aureolus,  a  general  who  assumed  the 
purple  in  the  age  of  Gallienus. 

Aurinia,  a  prophetess  held  in  great  ven- 
eration by  the  Germans. 

Aurora,  a  goddess,  daughter  of  Hype- 
rion and  Thia  or  Tbea,  or,  according  to 
others,  of  Titan  and  Terra.  She  married 
Astrseus,  by  whom  she  had  the  winds,  the 
stars,  &c.  Aurora  is  generally  represent- 
ed by  the  poets  drawn  in  a  rose  colored 
chariot,  and  opening  with  her  rosy  fingers 
the  gates  of  the  east,  pouring  the  dew  upon 
the  earth,  and  making  the  flowers  grow. 
Her  chariot  is  generally  drawn  by  white 
horses,  and  she  is  covered  with  a  veil. 
Nox  and  Somnus  fly  before  her,  and  the 
constellations  of  heaven  disappear  at  her 
approach. 

Aurunce,  an  ancient  town  of  Latium, 
built  by  Auson,  the  son  of  Ulysses  by  Ca 
lypso. 

Auschisje,  a  people  of  Libya. 

Ausci,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Auser,  Auseris,  and  Anser,  a  river  of 
Etruna. 

Auses,  a  people  of  Africa,  whose  vir- 
gins yearly  fight  with  sticks  in  honor  of 
Minerva. 

Auson,  a  son  of  Ulysses  and  Calypso. 

Ausonia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of 
Italy,  which  it  received  from  Auson  the 
son  of  Ulysses. 

Decim.  Magnus  AusoNius,a  poet,  born 
at  Bourdeaux  in  Gaul,  in  the  fourth  centu- 
ry, preceptor  to  Gratian,  son  of  the  empe- 
ror Valentinian,  and  made  consul  by  the 
means  of  his  pupil.  His  compositions  have 
been  long  admired. 

Auspices,  a  sacerdotal  order  at  Rome, 
.nearly  the  same  as  the  augurs. 

Auster,  one  of  the  winds  blowing  from 
the  south,  whose  breath  was  pernicious  to 
flowers  as  well  as  to  health.  He  was  pa- 
rent of  rain. 

Austesion,  a  Theban,  son  of  Tisame- 
nus.  His  son  Theras  led  a  colony  into 
an  island,  which,  from  him,  was  called 
Thera. 

Autobulus,  a  painter. 

Autochthones,  the  original  inhabitants 
of  a  country  who  are  the  first  possessors 
of  it,  and  who  never  have  mingled  with 
other  nations 


Autocles,  an  Athenian,  sent  by  his 
countrymen  with  a  fleet  to  the  assistance 
of  Alexander  of  Pherse. 

Autocrates,  an  historian. 

Autololje,  a  people  of  Mauritania,  de- 
scended from  the  Gaetuli.  They  excelled 
all  their  neighbors  in  running. 

Autolycus,  a  son  of  Mercury  by  Chi- 
one,  a  daughter  of  Daedalion.  He  was  one 
of  the  Argonauts.    His  craft  as  a  thief  has 

been   greatly  celebrated. A   son  of 

Phryxus  and  Chalciope. 

Automate,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  called 
also  Hera. A  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Automedon,  a  son  of  Dioreus,  who 
went  to  the  Trojan  war  with  ten  ships 
He  was  the  charioteer  of  Achilles. 

Automedusa,  a  daughter  of  Alcathous, 
killed  by  Tydeus. 

Automenes,  one  of  the  Ileraclida?,  king 
of  Corinth. 

Automoli,  a  nation  of  ./Ethiopia. 

Autonoe,  a  daughter  of  Cadmus,  who 
married  Aristreus,  by  whom  she  had  Ac- 
tion, often  called  Autoneius  heros. One 

of  the  Danaides. One  of  the  Nereides. 

A  female  servant  of  Penelope. 

AuToPHRADATEs,asatrapofLydia,  who 
revolted  from  Artaxerxes. 

Autura,  the  Eure,  a  river  of  Gaul  which 
falls  into  the  Seine. 

Auxesia  and  Damia,  two  virgins  who 
came  from  Crete  to  Trcezene,  where  the 
inhabitants  stoned  them  to  death  in  a  se- 
dition. 

Axenus,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Eux- 
ine  sea. 

Axiochus,  a  philosopher,  to  whom  Plato 
dedicated  a  treatise  concerning  death. 

Axi  on,  brother  of  Alphesibcea,  murdered 
Alcmoeon,  her  sister's  husband,  because 
he  wished  to  reeover  from  her  a  golden 
necklace. 

Axiotea,  a  woman  who  regularly  went 
in  a  man's  dress  to  hear  the  lectures  of 
Plato. 

Axiothea,  the  wife  of  Nicocles,  king 
of  Cyprus. 

Axis,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Axius,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 

Axona,  a  river  of  Belgic  Gaul,  which 
falls  into  the  Seine  below  Paris. 

Axur  and  Anxur,  a  surname  of  Jupi- 
ter, who  had  a  temple  at  Trachis  in  Thes- 
saly. 

Axus,  a  town  about  the  middle  of  Crete 

Azan,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  sacred  to 

Cybele. A  son  of  Areas,  king  of  Area- 

dia,  by  Erato,  one  of  the  Dryades. 

Aziris,  a  place  of  Libya,  surrounded  on 
both  sides  by  delightful  hills  covered  with 
trees,  and  watered  by  a  river  where  Bat- 
lus  built  a  town. 

Azonax,  a  man  who  taught  Zoroaster 
the  art  of  magic. 

Azorus,  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

Azotus,  now  Jlsdod,  a  large  town  of  Sy- 
ria, on  the  borders  of  the  Mediterranean 


BA 


84 


BA 


BABILIUS,  a  Roman,  who,  by  the  help 
of  a  certain  herb,  is  said  to  have  pass- 
ed in  six  days  from  the  Sicilian  sea  to  Al- 
exandria. 

Babilus,  an  astrologer  in  Nero's  age. 

Babylon,  a  celebrated  city  on  the  banks 
of  the  Euphrates,  the  capital  of  the  Assy- 
rian empire.  It  was  anciently  the  most 
magnificent  city  in  the  world,  and  became 
famous  for  the  death  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  for  the  new  empire  which  was 
afterwards  established  there  under  the  Se- 
leucidee.  Its  greatness  was  so  reduced  in 
succeeding  ages,  that  in  the  time  of  Pliny 
it  was  but  a  desolate  wilderness  ;  and  at 
present,  the  place  where  it  stood  is  un- 
known to  travellers.  Its  inhabitants,  call- 
ed Babylonii,  were  early  acquainted  with 

astrology. There  is  also  a  town  of  the 

same  name  near  the  Bubastic  branch  of 
the  Nile,  in  Egypt. 

Babylonia,  a  large  province  of  Assyria, 
of  which  Babylon  was  the  capital. 

Babylonii,  the  inhabitants  of  Babylon, 
famous  for  their  knowledge  of  astrology, 
first  divided  the  year  into  twelve  months, 
and  the  zodiac  into  twelve  signs. 

Babyrsa,  a  fortified  castle  near  Artax- 
ata. 

Babytace,  a  city  of  Armenia,  whose  in- 
habitants despise  gold. 

Bacabasus,  betrayed  the  snares  of  Ar- 
tabanus,  brother  of  Darius,  against  Arta- 
xerxes. 

Bacchje,  the  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

Bacchanalia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus at  Rome,  the  same  as  the  Dionysia 
of  the  Greeks 

Bacchantes,  priestesses  of  Bacchus, 
who  are  represented  at  the  celebration  of 
the  orgies  almost  naked,  with  garlands  of 
ivy,  with  a  thyrsus  and  dishevelled  hair. 

Bacchi,  a  mountain  of  Thrace,  near 
Philippi. 

Bacchiadje,  a  Corinthian  family  de- 
scended from  Bacchia,  daughter  of  Diony- 
sius. 

Bacchides,  a  general  who  betrayed  the 
town  of  Sinope  to  Lucullus. 

Bacchis,  or  Balus,  king  of  Corinth, 
succeeded  his  father  Prumnides.  His  suc- 
cessors were  always  called  Bacchida,  in 
remembrance  of  tlie  equity  and  modera- 
tion of  his  reign. 

Bacchium,  a  small  island  in  the  iEgean 
sea,  opposite  Smyrna. 

Bacchius  and  Bithus,  two  celebrated 
gladiators  of  equal  age  and  strength; 
whence  the  proverb  to  express  equality, 
Bithus  contra  Bacchium. 

Bacchus,  was  son  of  Jupiter  ajd  Se- 
mele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus.  Bacchus 
is  the  Osiris  of  the  Egyptians,  and  his  his- 
tory is  drawn  from  the  Egyptian  traditions 
concerning  that  ancient  king.  In  his 
youth  he  was  taken  asleep  in  the  island 
of  Naxos,  and  carried  away  by  some  mari- 


ners whom  he  changed  into  dolphins,  ex- 
cept the  pilot,  who  had  expressed  some 
concern  at  his  misfortune.  His  expedition 
into  the  east  is  most  celebrated.  He 
marched,  at  the  head  of  an  army  composed 
of  men,  as  well  as  of  women,  all  inspired 
with  divine  fury,  and  armed  with  thyr- 
suses,  cymbals,  and  other  musical  instru- 
ments. He  has  received  the  name  of  Li- 
ber, Bromius,  Lyaeus,  Evan,  Thyonaeus, 
Psilas,  &c.  which  are  mostly  derived  from 
the  places  where  he  received  adoration,  or 
from  the  ceremonies  observed  in  his  festi- 
vals. As  he  was  the  god  of  vintage,  of 
wine,  and  of  drinkers",  he  is  generally 
represented  crowned  with  vine  and  ivy 
leaves,  with  a  thyrsus  in  his  hand.  His 
figure  is  that  of  an  effeminate  young  man, 
to  denote  the  joys  which  commonly  pre- 
vail at  feasts  ;  and  sometimes  that  of  an 
old  man,  to  teach  us  that  wine  taken  im- 
moderately will  enervate  us,  consume  oui 
health,  render  us  loquacious  and  childish 
like  old  men,  and  unable  to  keep  secrets. 
He  is  sometimes  represented  like  an  in- 
fant, holding  a  thyrsus  and  clusters  of 
grapes  with  a  horn.  He  often  appears 
naked,  and  riding  upon  the  shoulders  of 
Pan,  or  in  the  arms  of  Silenus,  who  was 
his  foster  father.  He  also  sits  upon  a  ce- 
lestial globe,  bespangled  with  stars,  and 
is  then  the  same  as  the  Sun  or  Osiris  of 
Egypt.  The  festivals  of  Bacchus,  gene- 
rally called  Orgies,  Bacchanalia,  or  Diony- 
sia, were  introduced  into  Greece  from 
Egypt  by  Danaus  and  his  daughters.  Bac- 
chus married  Ariadne,  after  she  had  been 
forsaken  by  Theseus  in  the  island  of  Nax- 
os ;  and  by  her  he  had  many  children. 
According  to  some,  he  was  the  father  of 
Hymenaeus,  whom  the  Athenians  made 
the  god  of  marriage.  The  Egyptians  sa- 
crificed pigs  to  him,  before  the  doors  of 
their  houses.  The  fir-tree,  the  yew-tree, 
the  fig-tree,  the  ivy,  and  the  vine,  were 
sacred  to  him  ;  and  the  goat  was  generally 
sacrificed  to  him,  on  account  of  the  great 
propensity  of  that  animal  to  destroy  the 
vine. 

Bacchylides,  a  Lyric  poet  of  Cos,  ne- 
phew to  Simonides,  who,  like  Pindar, 
wrote  the  praises  of  Hiero. 

Bacenis,  a  wood  in  Germany. 

Bacis,  a  famous  soothsayer  of  Bceotia. 

A  king  of  Corinth,  called  also  Bacchis. 

An  athlete  of  Troezene. 

Bactra,  (orum),  now  Balk,  the  capital 
of  Bactriana,  on  the  river  Bactros  in 
Asia. 

Bactri  and  Bactriani,  the  inhabitants 
of  Bactriana,  who  Jived  upon  plunder, 
and  were  always  under  arms.  They  were 
conquered  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Bactriana,  a  country  of  Asia,  fruitful 
as  well  as  extensive.  It  formed  once  part 
of  the  Persian  empire,  on  the  eastern  parts 
of  which  it  is  situated. 


BA 


85 


BA 


Bactros,  now  Dahesh,  a  river  on  the 
borders  of  Asiatic  Scythia. 

Bacuntius,  a  river  of  Pannonia,  which 
falls  into  the  Save  above  Sirmium. 

Badaca,  a  town  of  Media. 

Badia,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Badius,  a  Campanian,  who  challenged 
T.  Q..  Crispinus,  one  of  his  friends,  by 
fiiiom  he  was  killed. 

Baduhesxj;,  a  place  in  the  country  of 
Ihe  Frisii,  where  nine  hundred  Romans 
were  killed. 

B  tbi a  lex  was  enacted  for  the  election 
of  four  pretors  every  other  year. An- 
other law  by  M.  Baebius  a  tribune  of  the 
people,  which  forbade  the  division  of  the 
lands,  whilst  it  substituted  a  yearly  tax  to 
be  paid  by  the  possessors,  and  to  be  di- 
vided among  the  people. 

M.  Bsbius,  a  Roman,  in  whose  consul- 
ship the  tomb  of  Nuraa  was  discovered. 

Lucius,  a  Roman  pretor,  who,  being 

surprised  by  the  Ligurians,  fled  to  Mar- 
seilles, where  he  died  three  days  after. 

B^itis,  a  river  of  Spain,  from  which  a 
part  of  the  country  has  received  the  name 
flf  BcBtka.  It  now  bears  the  name  of  Gua- 
dalquiver. 

Bjeton,  a  Greek  historian  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

Bagistame,  a  delightful  country  of  Me- 
dia. 

Bagjstaives,  a  friend  of  Bessus,  whom 
he  abandoned  when  he  murdered  Darius. 

Bagoas  and  Bagosas,  an  Egyptian  in 
the  court  of  Artaxerxes  Ochus,  so  power- 
ful that  nothing  could  be  done  without  his 
consent.  He  was  at  last  killed,  B.  C.  335, 
by   Darius,   whom,   after    raising  to  the 

crown,  he  had  attempted  to  poison. 

Another,  greatly  esteemed  by  Alexander. 
The  name  of  Bagoas  occurs  very  fre- 
quently in  the  Persian  history. 

Bagodares,  a  friend  of  Bessus,  whom 
he  abandoned  when  he  attempted  the  life 
of  Darius. 

Bagophanes,  a  governor  of  Babylon, 
who,  when  Alexander  approached  the 
city,  strewed  all  the  streets  and  burned 
incense  on  the  altars,  &c. 

Bagrada,  now  Megerda,  a  river  of  Af- 
rica near  Utica,  where   Regulus  killed  a  j 
serpent  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long. 

Bat^:,  a  city  of  Campania  near  the  sea, 
founded  by  Baius,  one  of  the  companions 
of  Ulysses.  It  was  famous  for  its  delight- 
ful situation  and  baths,  where  many  of  "the 
Roman  senators  had  country  houses. 

Bala,  a  surname  of  Alexander  king  of 
Syria. 

Balacrus,  an  officer  in  Alexander's  ar- 
my, who  took  Miletus. Another  officer, 

who  commanded  some  auxiliaries. 

BiLANAGR.E,  a  town  of  Cyrene. 

Balanea,  a  town  between  Syria  and 
Phoenicia. 

Balanus,  a  prince  of  Gaul,  who  assisted 


the  Romans  in  their  Macedonian  war 
A.  U.  C.  581. 

Balari,  a  people  of  Sardinia. 

C.  Balbillus,  a  learned  and  benevolent 
man,  governor  of  Egypt,  of  which  he  wrote 
the  history,  under  Nero. 

Balbinus,  an  admirer  of  Agna. A 

Roman,  who,  after  governing  provinces 
with  credit  and  honor,  assassinated  the 
Gordians,  and  seized  the  purple.  He  was 
some  time  after  murdered  by  his  soldiers, 
A. D.  238. 

Balbus,  a  mountain  of  Africa,  famous 
for  the  retreat  of  Masinissa,  after  he  had 
fought  a  battle  against  Syphax. 

L.  Balbus,  a  lawyer,  &c.  one  amongthe 

pupils  of  Scaevola. A  man  killed  by  the 

assassins  of  the  triumvirs. 

Baleares,  three  islands  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, modernly  called  Majorca,  Minorca, 
and  Yvica,  on  the  coast  of  Spain. 

Baletus,  a  son  of  Hippo,  who  first 
founded  Corinth. 

Balius,  a  horse  of  Achilles. 

Balista,  a  mountain  of  Liguria. 

Ballonoti,  a  people  of  European  Sar- 
matia. 

Balne-e  (baths)  were  very  numerous  at 
Rome,  private  as  well  as  public.  In  the 
ancient  times  simplicity  was  observed,  but 
in  the  age  of  the  emperors  they  became 
expensive  ;  they  were  used  after,  walking, 
exercise,  or  labor,  and  were  deemed  more 
necessary  than  luxurious.  It  is  said,  that 
Dioclesian  employed  forty  thousand  of  his 
soldiers  in  building  his  baths;  and  when 
they  were  finished,  he  destroyed  all  the 
workmen.  Alexander  Severus  first  per- 
mitted the  people  to  use  them  in  the  night, 
and  he  himself  often  bathed  with  the  com- 
mon people. 

Balventius,  a  centurion  of  great  valor 
in  Caesar's  army,  killed  by  Ambiorix. 

Balyras,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

BAMURUiE,  a  people  of  Libya. 

BaNttia,  now  St.  Mariade  Vans  e,  a  town 
of  Apulia,  whence  Bantlnus. 

L.  Bantius,  a  gallant  youth  of  Nola, 
whom  Annibal  found,  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  almost  dead  amongst  the  heap  of 
slain.  He  was  sent  back  home  with  great 
humanity,  upon  which  he  resolved  to  be- 
tray his  country  to  so  generous  an  enemy. 
Marcellus  the  Roman  general  heard  of  it, 
and  rebuked  Bantius,  who  continued  firm 
and  faithful  to  the  interest  of  Rome. 

Baphtrus,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 

Baptje,  the  priests  of  Cotytto. A 

comedy  of  Eupolis. 

Bak^i,  a  people  of  Cholcis  and  Iberia, 
who  burnt  the  bodies  of  their  friends  who 
died  by  disease,  but  gave  to  the  fowls  of 
the  air  such  as  fell  in  war. 

Barathrum,  a  deep  and  obscure  gulf  at 
Athens,  where  criminals  were  thrown. 

Barbari,  a  name  originally  applied  to 
those    who   spoke    inelegantly,   or  with 


BA 


86 


BA 


harshness  and  difficulty.  The  Greeks 
and  Romans  generally  called  all  nations, 
except  their  own,  by  the  despicable  name 
of  Barbarians. 

Barbaria,  a  river  of  Macedonia. A 

name  given  to  Phrygia  and  Troy. 

Barbatds,  the  surname  of  a  Roman 
family. 

BARBt>sTHENEs,a  mountain  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, ten  miles  from  Sparta. 

Barbythace,  a  city  of  Persia. 

Barca,  a  friend  of  Cato  the  elder. 

Barcjei,  or  Barcitje,  a  warlike  nation 
of  Africa,  near  Carthage. 

Barce,  the  nurse  of  Sichaeus. A 

large  country  of  Africa. Also  a  city 

about  nine  miles  from  the  sea,  founded  by 
the  brothers  of  Arcesilaus  king  of  Cyrene, 
five  hundred  and  fifteen  years  before  the 

Christian  era. A  small  village  of  Bac- 

triana,  where  the  people  who  had  been 
taken  prisoners  by  Darius  in  Africa,  were 
confined. A  city  of  Media. 

Barcha,  the  surname  of  a  noble  family 
at  Carthage,  of  which  Annibal  and  Ham- 
ilcar  were  descended. 

Bard-ei,  a  people  of  Illyricum,  concern- 
ed in  the  factions  of  Marius. 

Bardi,  a  celebrated  sacerdotal  order 
among  the  ancient  Gauls,  who  praised 
their  heroes,  and  published  their  fame  in 
their  verses,  or  on  musical  instruments. 

Bardyllis,  an  Illyrian  prince,  whose 
daughter  Bircenna  married  king  Pyrrhus. 

Bareas  Soranus,  a  youth  killed  by  his 
tutor  Egnatius,  a  Stoic  philosopher. 

Bares,  a  naval  officer  of  Persia,  who 
wished  to  destroy  Cyrene,  but  was  oppos- 
ed by  Amasis. 

Bargusii,  a  people  of  Spain,  at  the  east 
of  the  Iberus. 

Bargyli.e,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Barisses,  one  of  the  seven  conspirators 
against  the  usurper  Smerdis. 

Barium,  a  town  of  Apulia,  on  the  Adri- 
atic, now  called  Bari,  and  remarkable  for 
its  fine  fish. 

Barnutts,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  near 
Heraclea. 

Barrus,  a  man  ridiculed  by  Horace  as 
proud  of  his  beauty. 

Barsine  and  Barsene,  a  daughter  of 
Darius,  who  married  Alexander,  by  whom 
she  had  a  son  called  Hercules.  Cassan- 
der  ordered  her  and  her  child  to  be  put  to 
death. 

Barzaentes,  a  satrap  who  revolted  from 
Alexander,  &c. 

Barzanes,  a  king  of  Armenia,  tributary 
to  Ninus. 

Basilea,  a  daughter  of  Ccelus  and  Ter- 
ra, who  was  mother  of  all  the  gods. 

An  island  at  the  north  of  Gaul,  famous 

for  its  amber. An  island  in  the  Euxine 

sea. 

Basilid.e,  European  Sarmatians,  de- 
scended from  Hercules  and  Echidna. 


BAsiLiDEs,the  father  of  Herodotus,  who 
with  others,  attempted  to  destroy  Strattes, 

tyrant  of  Chios. A  family  who  held  an 

oligarchical  power  at  Erythrre. A  priest 

of  mount  Carmel,  who  foretold  many  mo- 
mentous events  to  Vespasian,  when  he 
offered  sacrifices. 

Basilipotamos,  the  ancient  name  of 
the  Eurotas. 

Basilis,  an  historian  who  wrote  con- 
cerning India. A  city  of  Arcadia,  built 

by  Cypselus,  near  the  river  Alpheus. 

Basilius,  a  river  of  Mesopotamia  fall- 
ing into  the  Euphrates. A  celebrated 

bishop  of  Africa,  very  animated  against 
the  Arians,  whose  tenets  and  doctrines  he 
refuted  with  warmth,  but  great  abilitv. 
Erasmus  has  placed  him  in  the  number  of 
the  greatest  orators  of  antiquity.  He  died 
in  his  fifty-first  year,  A.D.  379. 

Basilus,  a  general  who  assisted  Anto- 
ny.  An  insignificant  lawyer. A  pre- 

tor  who  plundered  the  provinces. 

Bassje,  a  place  of  Arcadia,  where  Apol- 
lo had  a  temple. 

Bas3ania,  a  town  of  Macedonia  near 
Illyricum. 

Bassareus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  from 
the  dress  or  long  robe,  called  Bassaris, 
which  his  priests  wore. 

Bas9arides,  a  name  given  to  the  vota- 
ries of  Bacchus,  and  to  Agave  by  Persius. 

Bassus  Aufidius,  an  historian  in  the 
age  of  Augustus,  who  wrote  on  the  Ger- 
manic war. Caesius,  a  lyric  poet  in 

Nero's  age,  to  whom  Persius  addressed 
his  sixth  satire.     Some  of  his  verses  are 

extant. Julius,  an  orator  in  the  reign 

of  Augustus,  some  of  whose  orations  have 
been  preserved  by  Seneca. A  man  spo- 
ken of  by  Horace,  and  described  as  fond 
of  wine  and  women. 

Bastarn.*:  and  Easterns,  a  people  of 
European  Sarmatia,  destroyed  by  a  sud- 
den storm  as  they  pursued  the  Thracians. 

Bastia,  the  wife  of  Metellus. 

Bata,  a  sea-port  of  Asia,  on  the  Eux- 
ine, opposite  Sinope. 

Eatavi,  a  people  of  Germany,  who  in- 
habited that  part  of  the  continent  known 
under  the  modern  name  of  Holland,  and 
called  by  the  ancients,  Batavorum  insula. 

Bathos,  a  river  near  the  Alpheus. 

Bathycles,  a  celebrated  artist  of  Mag- 
nesia. 

Bathyllu3,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Samos, 
greatly  beloved  by  Polycrates  the  tyrant, 

and  by  Anacreon. Mecaenas  was  also 

fond  of  a  youth  of  Alexandria,  of  the  same 

name. The  poet  who  claimed  as  his 

own  Virgil's  distich,  Nocte  plait  totd,  <$*c. 

bore  also  the  same  name. A  fountain 

of  Arcadia. 

Lent.  Batiatus,  a  man  of  Campania, 
who  kept  a  house  full  of  gladiators,  who 
rebelled  against  him. 

Batia,  a  naiad  who  married  CEbalus. — 


BE 


87 


BE 


A  daughter  of  Teucer,  who  married  Dar- 
danus. 

Batina  and  Basttina.    Vid.  Barftia. 

Batis,  governor  of  Gaza,  who,  upon  be- 
ing unwilling  to  yield,  was  dragged  round 
the  city  tied  by  the  heels  to  Alexander's 
chariot. 

Bato,  a  Dardanian,  who  revolted  to 
Rome,  from  king  Philip. 

Uaton  of  Sinope  wrote  commentaries 

OM  the  Persian  affairs. A  charioteer  of 

Auiphiaraus. 

Batrachomyomachia^  poem,  describ- 
ing the  fight  between  frogs  and  mice,  writ- 
ten by  Homer. 

Battiades,  a  patronymic  of  Callima- 

chus,  from  his  father  Battus. A  name 

given  to  the  people  of  Cyrene  from  king 
Battus. 

Battis,  a  girl  celebrated  by  Philetas  the 
elegiac  poet. 

Battus  1st,  a  Lacedemonian  who  built 
the  town  of  Cyrene,  B.  C.  630,  with  a  col- 
ony from  the  island  of  Thera. The 

second  of  that  name  was  grandson  to  Bat- 
tus 1st,  by  Arcesilaus. A  shepherd  of 

Pylos,  who  promised  Mercury  that  he 
would  not  discover  his  having  stolen  the 
flocks  of  Admetus,  which  Apollo  tended. 
He  violated  his  promise,  and  was  turned 

into  a  pumice  stone. A  general  of 

Corinth  against  Athens. A  buffoon  of 

Cesar's. 

Batulum,  a  town  of  Campania,  whose 
inhabitants  assisted  Turnus  against  ^Ene- 
as. 

Batulus,  a  surname  of  Demosthenes, 
from  his  effeminacy  when  young. 

Batyllus,  a  celebrated  dancer  in  Domi- 
tian's  reign. 

Baubo,  a  woman  who  received  Ceres 
when  she  sought  her  daughter  all  over  the 
world,  and  gave  her  some  water  to  quench 
her  thirst. 

Baucis,  a  poor  old  woman  of  Phrygia  ; 
who,  with  her  husband,  Philemon,  lived 
in  a  penurious  manner  in  a  small  cottage, 
and  entertained  Jupiter  and  Mercury, 
when  they  travelled  in  disguise  over  Asia. 
The  gods  were  so  pleased  with  their  hos- 
pitality, that  they  metamorphosed  their 
dwelling  into  a  magnificent  temple,  of 
which  Baucis  and  her  husband  were  made 
priests.  They  both  died  at  the  same  hour, 
and  at  an  extremely  old  age ;  and  their 
bodies  were  changed  into  trees  before  the 
doors  of  the  temple. 

Bavitjs  and  M_evius,  two  stupid  and 
malevolent  poets  in  the  age  of  Augustus, 
who  attacked  the  superior  talents  of  the 
contemporary  writers. 

Bauli,  a  small  town  of  Latium,  near 
Baiae. 

Bazaentes,  a  friend  of  Bessus. 

Bazaria,  a  country  of  Asia. 

Bebius,  a  famous  informer  in  Vespa- 
sian's reign. 


Bebriacum,  now  Caneto,  a  village  be- 
tween Cremona  and  Verona,  where  Vitel- 
lius  overcame  Otho. 

Bebryce,  a  daughter  of  Danaus,  who  is 
said  to  have  spared  her  husband.  Most 
authors,  however,  attribute  that  character 
of  humanity  to  Hypermnestra. 

Bebryces  and  Bebrycii,  a  nation  of 
Asia  near  Pontus,  of  Thracian  origin. 
They  were  expert  in  the  battle  of  the  ces- 
tus. 

Bebrycia,  an  ancient  name  of  Bithy- 
nia,  from  Bebryce,  the  daughter  of  Da- 
naus. 

Belemina,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Belenus,  a  divinity  of  the  Gauls,  the 
same  as  the  Apollo  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
Orus  of  the  Egyptians. 

Belephantes,  a  Chaldean,  who,  from 
hi3  knowledge  of  astronomy,  told  Alex- 
ander that  his  entering  Babylon  would  be 
attended  with  fatal  consequences  to  him. 

Belesis,  a  priest  of  Babylon,  who  told 
Arbaces  governor  of  Media,  that  he  should 
reign  one  day  in  the  place  of  Sardanapa- 
Jus.     His  prophecy  was  verified. 

Belg^:,  a  warlike  people  of  ancient 
Gaul,  separated  from  the  Celt©  by  the  riv- 
ers Matrona  and  Sequana. 

Belgica,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of 
Gaul  near  the  Rhine. 

Belgium,  the  capital  of  Gallia  Belgica 
The  word  is  often  used  to  express  the 
whole  country. 

Belgius,  a  general  of  Gaul,  who  de- 
stroyed an  army  of  Macedonians. 

Belides,  a  surname  given  to  the  daugh- 
ters of  Belus. 

Belides,  a  name  applied  to  Palamedes, 
as  descended  from  Belus. 

Belisama,  the  name  of  Minerva  among 
the  Gauls,  signifying  queen  of  heaven. 

Belisarius,  a  celebrated  general  in  the 
reign  of  Justinian  emperor  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  died,  after  a  life  of  military 
glory,  and  the  trial  of  royal  ingratitude,  in 
the  "five  hundred  and  sixty-fifth  year  of 
the  Christian  era. 

Belistida,  a  woman  who  obtained  a 
prize  at  Olympia. 

Belit^:,  a  nation  of  Asia. 

Bellerophon,  son  of  Glaucus  king  of 
Ephyre,  by  Eurymede,  was  at  first  called 
Hipponous.  The  murder  of  his  brother, 
whom  some  call  Alcimenns  and  Beller, 
procured  him  the  name  of  Bellerophon,  or 
murderer  of  Beller.  After  this  murder,  Bel- 
lerophon fled  to  the  court  of  Proetus  king 
of  Argos.  As  he  was  of  a  handsome  ap- 
pearance, the  king's  wife,  called  Antasa 
or  Stenoboea,  fell  in  love  with  him  ;  and 
as  he  slighted  her  passion,  she  accused 
him  before  her  husband  of  attempts  upon 
her  virtue.  Prretus,  unwilling  to  violate 
the  laws  of  hospitality,  by  punishing  Bel- 
lerophon, sent  him  away  to  his  father-in- 
law  Jobates  king  of  Lycia,  and  gave  him 


BE 


88 


BE 


a  letter,  in  which  he  begged  the  king  to 
punish  with  death,  a  man  who  had  so  dis- 
honorably treated  his  daughter.  Jobates, 
to  satisfy  his  son-in-law,  sent  Bellerophon 
to  conquer  a  horrible  monster  called  Chi- 
maera,  in  which  dangerous  expedition  he 
hoped,  and  was  even  assured,  he  must 
perish.  But  the  providence  of  Minerva 
supported  him,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the 
winged  horse  Pegasus,  he  conquered  the 
monster,  and  returned  victorious.  Jobates 
afterwards  gave  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage, and  made  him  his  successor  on  the 
throne  of  Lycia. 

Bellerus  and  Beller,  a  brother  of 
Hipponous.    Vid.  Bellerophon. 

Belli  enus,  a  Roman,  whose  house  was 
set  on  flames  at  Cresar's  funeral. 

Bellona,  the  goddess  of  war,  daughter 
to  Phorcys  and  Ceto.  She  prepared  the  cha- 
riot of  Mars  when  he  was  going  to  war; 
and  she  appeared  in  battles  armed  with  a 
whip  to  animate  the  combatants,  with 
dishevelled  hair,  and  a  torch  in  her  hand. 
The  Romans  paid  great  adoration  to  her ; 
but  she  was  held  in  the  greatest  venera- 
tion by  the  Cappadocians,  and  chiefly  at 
Comana,  where  she  had  above  three  thou- 
sand priests. 

Bello  narii,  the  priests  of  Bellona. 

Bello  vaci,  a  people  of  Gaul,  conquered 
by  J.  Caesar.  They  inhabited  the  modern 
Beauvais  in  the  isle  of  France. 

Bello  vesus,  a  king  of  the  Celtse,  who, 
in  the  reign  of  Tarquin  Priscus  was  sent 
at  the  head  of  a  colony  to  Italy  by  his  un- 
cle Ambigatus. 

Belon,  a  general  of  Alexander's. A 

city  and  river  of  Hispania  Baetica. 

Belus,  one  of  the  most  ancient  kings 
of  Babylon,  about  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred years  before  the  age  of  Semiramis, 
was  made  a  god  after  death,  and  worship- 
ped with  much  ceremony  by  the  Assyri- 
ans and  Babylonians. A  king  of  Egypt, 

son  of  Epaphus  and  Libya,  and  father  of 

Agenor. Another  son  of  Phoenix  the 

son  of  Agenor,  who  reigned  in  Phoenicia. 

A  river  of  Syria,  where  glass  was  first 

invented. 

Benacus,  a  lake  of  Italy,  now  Lago  di 
Oarda,  from  which  the  Mincius  flows  into 
the  Po. 

Bendidium,  a  temple  of  Diana  Bendis. 

Bendis,  a  name  of  Diana  among  the 
Thracians  and  their  northern  neighbors. 
Her  festivals,  called  Bendidia,  were  intro- 
duced from  Thrace  into  Athens. 

Beneventum,  a  town  of  the  Hirpini, 
built  by  Diomedes,  twenty-eight  miles 
from  Capua.  It  abounds  in  remains  of 
ancient  sculpture  above  any  other  town  in 
Italy. 

Benthesicyme,  a  daughter  of  Neptune, 
the  nurse  of  Eumoipus. 

Bepolitanus,  a  youth  whose  life  was 
saved  by  the  delay  of  the  executioner, 


who  wished  not  to  stain  the  youth's  fine 
clothes  with  blood, 

Berbice,  a  nation  who  destroyed  their 
relations  when  arrived  at  a  certain  age. 

Ber.ea,  a  town  of  Syria,  ninety  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  one  hundred  from  the 
Euphrates,  now  called  Aleppo. 

Berecynthia,  a  surname  of  Cybele. 

Berenice  and  Beronice,  a  woman  fa- 
mous for  her  beauty,  mother  of  Ptolemy 

Philadelphus  by  Lagus. A  daughter 

of  Philadelphus,  who  married  Antiochua 
king  of  Syria,  after  he  had  divorced  Lao- 
dice,  his  former  wife.  After  the  death  of 
Philadelphus,  Laodice  was  recalled,  and 
mindful  of  the  treatment  she  had  receiv- 
ed, she  poisoned  her  husband,  placed  her 
son  on  the  vacant  throne,  and  murdered 
Berenice  and  her  child  at  Antioch,  where 

she  had  fled,  B.  a  248. A  daughter  of 

Ptolemy  Auletes,  who  usurped  her  father's 
throne  for  some  time,  strangled  her  hus- 
band Seleucus,  and  married  Archelaus  a 
priest  of  Bellona.     Her  father  regained  his 

power,  and  put  her  to  death,  B.  C.  55. 

The  wife  of  Mithridates,  who,  when  con- 
quered by  Lucullus,  ordered  all  his  wives 

to  destroy  themselves. The  mother  of 

Agrippa,  who  shines  in  the  history  of  the 
Jews,  as  daughter-in-law  of   Herod   the 

Great. A  daughter  of  Agrippa,  who 

married  her  uncle  Herod,  and  afterwards 

Polemon  king  of  Cilicia. A  wife  of 

king  Attalus. Another,  daughter  of 

Philadelphus  and  Arsinoe,  who  married 
her  own  brother  Evergetes,  whom  she 
loved  with   much  tenderness.     She  was 

put  to  death  by  her  son,  B.  C.  221. 

This  name  is  common  to  many  of  the 
queens  and  princesses  in  the  Ptolemean 

family  in  Egypt. A  city  of  Libya 

Two  towns  of  Arabia. One  in  Egypt, 

on  the  Red  sea,  where  the  ships  from  In- 
dia generally  landed  their  cargoes. An- 
other near  the  Syrtes,  &c. 

Beremcis,  a  part  of  Africa,  near  the 
town  of  Berenice. 

Bergion  and  Albion,  two  giants,  sons 
of  Neptune,  who  opposed  Hercules  as  he 
attempted  to  cross  the  Rhone,  and  were 
killed  with  stones  from  heaven. 

Bergistani,  a  people  of  Spain,  at  the 
east  of  the  Iberus. 

Beris  and  Baris,  a  river  of  Cappadocia. 
A  mountain  of  Armenia. 

BERMius,a  mountain  of  Macedonia. 

Beroe,  an  old  woman  of  Epidaurus, 
nurse  to  Semele.  Juno  assumed  her  shape 
when  she  persuaded  Semele  not  to  grant 
her  favors  to  Jupiter,  if  he  did  not  appear 

in  the  majesty  of  a  god. The  wife  of 

Doryclus,  whose  form  was  assumed  by  Iris 
at  the  instigation  of  Juno,  when  she  ad- 
vised the  Trojan  women  to  burn  the  fleet 

of  iEneas  in  Sicily. One  of  the  Oceani- 

des,  attendant  upon  Cyrene. 

Bero3a,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 


BI 


39 


BI 


Beronice.     Vid.  Berenice. 

Berosus,  a  native  of  Babylon,  priest  to 
Belus. 

Berrhcea,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Berytus,  now  Berut,  an  ancient  town 
of  Phoenicia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Besa,  a  fountain  in  Thessaly. 

Besidije,  a  town  of  the  Brutii. 

Besippo,  a  town  of  Hispania  Baitica, 
where  Mela  was  born. 

Bessi,  a  people  of  Thrace,  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Strymon,  who  lived  upon  rapine. 

Bessus,  a  governor  of  Bactriana,  who, 
after  the  battle  of  Arbela,  seized  Darius, 
his  sovereign,  and  put  him  to  death.  Af- 
ter this  murder,  he  assumed  the  title  of 
king,  and  was  some  time  after  brought  be- 
fore Alexander,  who  gave  him  to  Oxatres, 
the  brother  of  Darius.  The  prince  or- 
dered his  hands  and  ears  to  be  cut  off,  and 
his  body  to  be  exposed  on  a  cross,  and  shot 
at  by  the  soldiers. 

L.  Bestia,  a  seditious  Roman,  who  con- 
spired with  Catiline  against  his  country. 

Betis,  a  river  in  Spain.  Vid.  Beetis. 
A  governor  of  Gaza,  who  bravely  de- 
fended himself  against  Alexander,  for 
which  he  was  treated  with  cruelty  by  the 
conqueror. 

Beturia,  a  country  in  Spain. 

Bia,  a  daughter  of  Pallas  by  Styx. 

Bianor,  a  son  of  Tiberius  and  Manto 
the  daughter  of  Tiresias,  who  received  the 
surname  of  Ocnus,  and  reigned  over  Et- 
ruria. A  Trojan  chief  killed  by  Agam- 
emnon.  A  centaur  killed  by  Theseus. 

Bias,  son  of  Amythaon  and  Idomene, 
was  king  of  Argos,  and  brother  to  the  fa- 
mous soothsayer  Melampus.  He  fell  in 
love  with  Perone,  daughter  of  Neleus  king 
of  Pylos ;  but  the  father  refused  to  give  his 
daughter  in  marriage  before  he  received 
the  oxen  of  Iphiclus.  Melampus  at  his 
brother's  request,  went  to  seize  the  oxen, 
and  was  caught  in  the  fact.  He,  however, 
one  year  after  received  his  liberty  from 
Iphiclus,  who  presented  him  with  his  oxen 
as  a  reward  for  his  great  services.  Bias 
received  the  oxen  from  his  brother,  and 
obliged  Neleus  to  give  him  his  daughter  in 

marriage. A  Grecian  prince,  who  went 

to  the  Trojan  war. A  river  of  Pelopon- 
nesus.  One  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 

Greece. 

Bibaculu9,  (M.  Furius)  a  Latin  poet,  in 
the  age  of  Cicero. 

Biblia  and  Billia,  a  Roman  lady  fa- 
mous for  her  chastity.  She  married  Duil- 
lius. 

Biblis,  a  woman  who  became  ena- 
moured of  her  brother  Caunus,  and  was 
changed  into  a  fountain  near  Miletus. 

Biblina,  a  country  of  Thrace. 

Biblus,  a  city  of  Phoenicia. 

Bibracte,  a  large  town  of  the  JEdul  in 
Gaul,  where  Caesar  often  wintered. 


BibijL'js,  a  son  of  M.  Calpurnius  Bibu- 

lus  by  Portia,  Cato's  daughter. One  of 

the  friends  of  Horace  bore  that  name. 

Bice 3,  a  marsh  near  the  Palus  Mceotis. 

Bicon,  a  Greek  who  assassinated  Athe- 
nodorus,  because  he  made  himself  master 
of  a  colony  which  Alexander  had  left  at 
Bactra. 

Bicorniger,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Bicornis,  the  name  of  Alexander  among 
the  Arabians. 

Biformis,  (two  forms,)  a  surname  of 
Bacchus  and  of  Janus. 

Bifrons,  a  surname  of  Janus,  because 
he  was  represented  with  two  faces  among 
the  Romans,  as  acquainted  with  the  past 
and  future. 

Bilbilis,  a  town  of  Celtiberia,  where 
Martial  was  born. A  river  of  Spain. 

Bimater,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  which 
signifies  that  he  had  two  mothers. 

Bingium,  a  town  of  Germany. 

Bion,  a  philosopher  and  sophist  of  Bo- 
rysthenes  in  Scythia,  who  rendered  him- 
self famous  for  his  knowledge  of  poetry, 
music,  and  philosophy.    He  died  241 B.  C. 

A  Greek  poet  of  Smyrna,  who  wrote 

pastorals  in  an  elegant  style. A  soldier 

in  Alexander's  army. A  native  of  Pro- 

pontis  in  the  age  of  Pherecydes. A 

man  of  Syracuse,  who  wrote  on  rhetoric. 

A  native  of  Abdera,  disciple  to  De- 

mocritus. A  man  of  Soli,  who  compos- 
ed an  history  of  ^Ethiopia. Another 

who  wrote  nine  books  on  rhetoric. 

Birrhus.   Vid.  Coelius. 

Bi3ALTjE,a  people  of  Scythia,  or  accord- 
ing to  some,  of  Thrace  or  Macedonia. 

Bisaltes,  a  man  of  Abydos. 

Bisaltis,  a  patronymic  of  Theophane. 

Bisanthe,  a  town  on  the  Hellespont. 

Biston,  son  of  Mars  and  Callirhoe,  built 
Bistonia  in  Thrace,  whence  the  Thracians 
are  often  called  Bistones. 

Bi8toni9,  a  lake  of  Thrace,  near  Ab- 
dera. 

Bithus.   Vid.  Bacchius. 

Bithya:,  a  certain  race  of  women  in 
Scythia,  whose  eyes,  as  Pliny  reports,  kill- 
ed those  who  gazed  upon  them  for  some 
time. 

Bithynia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  for 
merly  called  Bebrycia.  It  was  bounded 
by  the  Euxine  on  the  north,  on  the  south 
by  Phrygia  and  Mysia,  on  the  west  by  the 
Propontis,  and  the  east  by  Paphlagonia. 

Bitias,  a  Trojan,  son  of  Alcanor  and 
Hiera,  brought  up  in  a  wood  sacred  to  Ju- 
piter. He  followed  the  fortune  of  iEneas, 
and,  with  his  brother,  was  killed  by  the 
Rutuli  in  Italy, One  of  Dido's  lovers. 

Biton.  Vid.  Cloebis. 

Bituitus,  a  king  of  the  Allobroges,  con- 
quered by  a  small  number  of  Romans. 

Bituntum,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Bituriges,  a  people  of  Gaul  divided 
from  the  ;Edui  by  the  Ligeria. 


BCE 


90 


BO 


Bituricum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Belgaj. 

Bizia,  a  citadel  near  Rhodope  belong- 
ing to  the  kings  of  Thrace.  Tereus  was 
born  there. 

Bl_ena,  a  fruitful  country  of  Pontus. 

Bljesii,  two  Romans,  who  killed  them- 
selves because  Tiberius  deprived  them  of 
the  priesthood. 

Jun.  Bljesus,  a  governor  of  Gaul. 

Blandenona,  a  place  near  Placentia. 

BLANDU9iA,a  fountain  on  the  borders  of 
the  country  of  the  Sabines  near  Mandela, 
Horace's  country  seat. 

Blastofhcenices,  a  people  of  Lusitania. 

Blemmyes,  a  people  of  Africa,  who,  as 
is  fabulously  reported,  had  no  heads,  but 
had  the  eyes  and  mouth  placed  in  the 
breast. 

Blenina,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Blitius  Catulinus,  was  banished  into 
the  iEgean  sea  after  Piso's  conspiracy. 

Blucium,  a  castle  where  king  Dejotarus 
kept  his  treasures  in  Bithynia. 

Boadicea.   Vid.  Boudicea. 

Bo^:  and  Boea,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Boagrius,  a  river  of  Locris. 

Bocalias,  a  river  in  the  island  of  Sala- 
mis. 

Boccae,  a  king  of  Mauritania.  Applied 
in  a  general  sense  to  any  native  of  Africa. 

Bocchoris,  a  wise  king  and  legislator 
of  Egypt. 

Bocchus,  a  king  of  Getulia,  in  alliance 
with  Rome,  who  perfidiously  delivered 
J.gurtha  to  Sylla,  the  lieutenant  of  Mari- 
us. 

Boduagnatus,  a  leader  of  the  Nervii, 
when  Ccesar  made  war  against  them. 

Boduni,  a  people  of  Britain  who  sur- 
rendered to  Claudius  Caesar. 

Boea.   Vid.  Boae. 

Ba!BE,  a  town  of  Thessaly. A  lake 

of  Crete. 

Bcebeis,  a  lake  of  Thessaly  near  mount 

Bcebia  lex  was   enacted  to  elect  four 

pretors  every  year. Another  to  insure 

proprietors  in  the  possession  of  their  lands. 

Another,  A.  U.  C.  571,  against  using 

bribes  at  elections. 

Boedromia,  an  Athenian  festival. 

Bceotarchje,  the  chief  magistrates  in 
Boeotia. 

Bceotia,  a  country  of  Greece,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Phocis,  south  by  Attica, 
east  by  Euboea,  and  west  by  the  bay  of 
Corinth.  The  inhabitants  were  reckon- 
ed rude  and  illiterate,  fonder  of  bodilv 
strength  than  of  mental  excellence ;  yet 
their  country  produced  many  illustrious 
men,  such  as  Pindar,  Hesiod,  Plutarch, 
&c. 

Bceotus,  a  son  of  Itonus  by  Menalippa. 

B(eorobistas,  a  man  who  made  himself 
absolute  among  the  Getee,  by  the  strictness 
of  his  discipline. 


Boethius,  a  celebrated  Roman,  banish- 
ed and  afterwards  punished  with  death, 
on  a  suspicion  of  a  conspiracy,  by  Theo- 
doric  king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  A.  D.  525. 

Boetus,  a  foolish  poet  of  Tarsus,  who 

wrote  a  poem  on  the  battle  of  Pbilippi. 

A  river  of  Spain,  more  properly  called 
Bcetis. 

Ba:us,  one  of  the  Heraclida?. 

Boges  and  Boes,  a  Persian  who  des- 
troyed himself  and  family  when  besieged 
by  the  Athenians. 

Bogud,  a  king  of  Mauritania  in  the  in- 
terest of  Cassar. 

Bogus,  a  king  of  the  Maurusii,  present 
at  the  battle  of  Actium. 

Bon,  a  people  of  Celtic  Gaul,  who  mi- 
grated into  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  the  north 
of  Italy  on  the  banks  of  the  Po. 

Bojocalus,  a  general  of  the  Germans 
in  the  age  of  Tiberius,  &,c. 

Bola,  a  town  of  the  ^Equi  in  Italy. 

Bolanus.   Vid.  Bollanus. 

Bolbe,  a  marsh  near  Mygdonia. 

Bolbitinum,  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 
Naucrautis  was  built  near  it. 

Bolgius,  a  general  of  Gaul,  in  an  expe- 
dition against  Ptolemy  king  of  Macedo- 
nia. 

Bolina,  a  virgin  of  Achaia,  who  reject- 
ed the  addresses  of  Apollo,  and  threw  her- 
self into  the  sea  to  avoid  his  importunities. 

Bolinjeus,  a  river  near  Bolina. 

Bolissus,  a  town  and  island  near  Chios. 

Bollanus,  a  man  whom  Horace  repre- 
sents, as  of  the  most  irascible  temper,  and 
the  most  inimical  to  loquacity. 

Bolus,  a  king  of  the  Cimbri,  who  kill 
ed  a  Roman  ambassador. 

Bomienses,  a  people  near  ^Etolia. 

Bomilcar,  a  Carthaginian  general,  son 
of  Amilcar.  He  was  suspected  of  a  con- 
spiracy with  Agathocles,  and  hung  in  the 
forum,  where  he  had  received  all  his  dig- 
nity.  An  African,  for  some  time  the 

instrument  of  all  Jugurtha's  cruelties. 
He  conspired  against  Jugurtha,  who  put 
him  to  death. 

Bomonice,  youths  that  were  whipt  at 
the  altar  of  Diana  Orthia,  during  the  fes- 
tivals of  the  goddess. 

Bona  Dea,  a  name  given  to  Ops,  Vesta, 
Cybele,  Rhea,  by  the  Greeks  ;  and  by  the 
Latins,  to  Fauna,  or  Fatua.  Her  festivals 
were  celebrated  only  in  the  night  by  the 
Roman  matrons  in  the  houses  of  the  high- 
est officers  of  the  state.  In  the  latter  ages 
of  the  republic,  however,  the  sanctity  of 
these  mysteries  was  profaned. 

Bononia,  called  also  Felsina,  a  town 
on  the  borders  of  the  Rhine. 

Bonosius,  an  officer  of  Probus,  who  as- 
sumed the  imperial  purple  in  Gaul. 

Bonus  Eventus,  a  Roman  deity,  whose 
worship  was  first  introduced  by  the  pea- 
sants. 


BR 


91 


BR 


Boosura,  {bovis  cauda)  a  town  of  Cy- 
prus, where  Venus  had  an  ancient  temple. 

Bootes,  a  northern  constellation  near 
Jhe  Ursa  Major,  also  called  Bubulcus  and 
Arctophylax. 

Bootus  and  Bceotus,  a  son  of  Neptune 
and  Menalippe,  exposed  by  his  mother, 
but  preserved  by  shepherds. 

Borea,  a  town  taken  by  Sext.  Pompey. 

Boreades,  the  descendants  of  Boreas, 
who  long  possessed  the  supreme  power 
and  the  priesthood  in  the  island  of  the 
Hyperboreans. 

Boreas,  the  name  of  the  north  wind 
blowing  from  the  Hyperborean  mountains. 
According  to  the  poets,  he  was  son  of  As- 
traeus  and  Aurora,  but  others  make  him 
son  of  the  Strymon.  He  was  worshipped 
as  a  deity,  and  represented  with  wings 
and  white  hair. 

Boreasmi,  a  festival  at  Athens  in  honor 
of  Boreas. 

Boreus,  a  Persian. 

Borges,  a  Persian  who  burnt  himself  ra- 
ther than  submit  to  the  enemy. 

Bornos,  a  place  of  Thrace. 

Borsippa,  a  town  of  Babylonia,  sacred 
to  Apollo  and  Diana.  The  inhabitants 
eat  bats. 

Borus,  a  son  of  Perieres,  who  married 
Polydora  the  daughter  of  Peleus. 

Borvsthenes,  a  large  river  of  Scythia, 
falling  into  the  Euxine  sea,  now  called 

the  Dnieper. There  was  a  city  of  the 

same  name  on  the  borders  of  the  river, 
built  by  a  colony  of  Milesians,  655  years 
before  the  christian  era.  It  was  also  call- 
ed Olba  Salvia. A  horse  with  which 

the  emperor  Adrian  used  to  hunt.  At  his 
death,  he  was  honored  with  a  monument. 

Bosphorus  and  Bosporus,  two  narrow 
straits,  situate  at  the  confines  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  One  was  called  Cimmerian, 
and  the  other,  Thracian  Bosporus. 

Boter,  a  freedman  of  Claudius. 

Bottia,  a  colony  of  Macedonians  in 
Thrace.     The  people  were  called  Bottiai. 

Bottijeis,  a  country  at  the  north  of 
Macedonia,  on  the  bay  of  Therma. 

Boudicea,  a  queen  in  Britain,  who  re- 
belled upon  being  insulted  by  the  Ko- 
mans.  She  poisoned  herself  when  con- 
quered, A.  D.  61. 

Bouianum,  an  ancient  colony  of  the 
Samnites,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines 
not  far  from  Beneventum. 

Bovill.s2,  a  town  of  Latium  near  Rome. 
Another  in  Campania. 

Brachmanes,  Indian  philosophers,  who 
derive  their  name  from  Brahma,  one  of 
the  three  beings  whom  God,  according  to 
their  theology,  created,  and.  with  whose 
assistance  he  formed  the  world. 

Br^sia,  a  daughter  of  Cinyras  and  Me- 
tharme. 

Branchiale9,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Branchid-s,  a  people  of  Asia  near  the 


river  Oxus,  put  to  the  sword  by  Alexan 

der. The  priests  of  Apollo  Didymaeus, 

who  gave  oracles  in  Caria. 

Branchsxlides,  a  chief  of  the  Boeo- 
tians. 

Branchus,  a  youth  of  Miletus,  son  of 
Smicrus,  beloved  by  Apollo,  who  gave 
him  the  power  of  prophecy.  He  gave  ora- 
cles at  Didyme,  which  became  inferior  to 
none  of  the  Grecian  oracles,  except  Del- 
phi. 

Brasi SL)  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Brasidas,  a  famous  general  of  Lace- 
dajinon,  son  of  Tellus,  who,  after  many 
great  victories  over  Athens  and  other  Gre- 
cian states,  died  of  a  wound  at  Amphi- 
polis,  which  Cleon,  the  Athenian,  had  be- 
sieged, B.  C.  422. A  man  of  Cos. 

Brasideia,  festivals  at  Lacedajmon,  in 
honor  of  Brasidas. 

Brasilas,  a  man  of  Cos. 

Braure,  a  woman  who  assisted  in  the 
murder  of  Pittacus,  king  of  the  Edoni. 

Brauron,  a  town  of  Attica,  where  Di- 
ana had  a  temple.  The  goddess  had 
three  festivals  called  Brauronia,  celebrated 
once  every  fifth  year.  They  sacrificed  a 
goat  to  the  goddess,  and  it  was  usual  to 
sing  one  of  the  books  of  Homer's  Iliad. 
The  most  remarkable  that  attended  were 
young  virgins  in  yellow  gowns,  consecrat- 
ed to  Diana. 

Brenni  and  Breuni,  a  people  of  Nori- 
cum. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  the  Galli  Seno- 
nes,  who  invaded  Italy,  defeated  the  Ro- 
mans at  the  river  Allia,  and  entered  their 
city  without  opposition.  The  Romans 
fled  into  the  capitol,  and  left  the  whole 
city  in  the  possession  of  the  enemies. 
The  Gauls  climbed  the  Tarpeian  rock  in 
the  night,  and  the  capitol  would  have 
been  taken  had  not  the  Romans  been 
awakened  by  the  noise  of  geese  which 
were  before  the  doors,  and  immediately 
repelled  the  enemy.  Camillus,  who  was 
in  banishment,  marched  to  the  relief  of 
his  country,  and  so  totally  defeated  the 
Gauls,  that  not  one  remained  to  carry 
the  news  of  their  destruction.- — Another 
Gaul,  who  made  an  irruption  into  Greece 
with  150,000  men  and  15,000  horse,  and 
endeavoured  Jo  plunder  the  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  killed  himself  in  a 
fit  of  intoxication,  B.  C.  278,  after  being 
defeated  by  the  Delphians. 

Brenthe,  a  ruined  city  of  Arcadia. 

Brescia,  a  city  of  Italy,  which  had 
gods  peculiar  to  itself. 

Brettii,  a  people  of  Italy. 

Briareus,  a  famous  giant,  son  of  Coelus 
and  Terra,  who  had  100  hands  and  50 
heads,  and  was  called  by  men  iEgeon, 
and  only  by  the  gods  Briareus. A  Cy- 
clops, made  judge  between  Apollo  and 
Neptune,  in  their  dispute  about  the  isth- 
mus and  promontory  of  Corinth,  He  gave 


BR 


92 


BR 


the  former  to  Neptune,  and  the  latter  to 
Apollo. 

Brias,  a  town  of  Pisidia. 

Brigantes,  a  people  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Britain. 

Briqanti  nus,  a  lake  of  Rhoetia  between 
the  Alps,  now  the  lake  of  Constance. — 
The  town  on  its  eastern  bank  is  now 
Bregentz  in  the  Tyrol,  anciently  called 
Brigantium. 

Brilessus,  a  mountain  of  Attica. 

Brimo,  (terror)  a  name  given  to  Proser- 
pine and  Hecate. 

Briseis,  a  woman  of  Lyrnessus,  call- 
ed also  Hippodamia.  When  her  country 
was  taken  by  the  Greeks,  and  her  hus- 
band Mines  and  brother  killed  in  the 
fight,  she  fell  to  the  share  of  Achilles,  in 
the  division  of  the  spoils. 

Brisks,  a  man  of  Lyrnessus,  brother  to 
the  priest  Chryses.  His  daughter  Hippo- 
damia was  called  Briseis  from  him. 

Briseus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  from 
his  nurse  Brisa,  or  his  temple  at  Brisa,  a 
promontory  at  Lesbos. 

Britanni,   the  inhabitants  of  Britain. 

(  Vid.    Britannia.) A  nation  in  Gallia 

Belgica. 

Britannia,  an  island  in  the  Northern 
ocean,  the  greatest  in  Europe,  conquered 
by  Julius  Cresar  during  his  Gallic  wars, 
B.  C.  55,  and  first  known  to  be  an  island 
by  Agricola,  who  sailed  round  it.  It  was 
a  Roman  province  from  the  time  of  its 
conquest  till  the  418th  year  of  the  christian 
era.  The  name  of  Britain  was  unknown 
to  the  Romans  before  Ctesar  conquered  it. 

Britannicus,  a  son  of  Claudius  Caesar 
by  Messalina.  Nero  was  raised  to  the 
throne  in  preference  to  him,  by  means  of 
Agrippina,  and  caused  him  to  be  poisoned. 
His  corpse  was  buried  in  the  night ;  but 
it  is  said  that  a  shower  of  rain  "washed 
away  the  white  paint  which  the  murderer 
had  put  over  his  face,  so  that  it  appeared 
quite  black,  and  discovered  the  effects  of 
poison. 

Britomartis,  a  beautiful  nymph  of 
Crete,  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Charme, 
who  devoted  herself  to  hunting,  and  be- 
came a  great  favorite  of  Diana. A  sur- 
name of  Diana. 

Britomarus,  a  chief  of  the  Galli  Insu- 
bres,  conquered  by  ^milius. 

Britones,  the  inhabitants  of  Britain. 

Brixellum,  a  town  in  Italy  near  Man- 
tua, where  Otho  slew  himself  when  de- 
feated. 

Brixia,  a  town  of  Italy  beyond  the  Po, 
at  the  north  of  Cremone,  now  Brescia. 

Brizo,  the  goddess  of  dreams,  worship- 
ped in  Delos. 

Brocubelus,  a  governor  of  Syria,  who 
fled  to  Alexander,  when  Darius  was  mur- 
dered by  Bessus. 

Bromius,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. A 

son  of  /Sgyptus. 


Bromus,  one  of  the  Centaurs. 

Brongus,  a  river  falling  into  the  lster. 

Brontes,  (thunder)  one  of  the  Cyclops. 

Brontinus,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher. 

The  father  of  Theano,  the  wife  of 

Pythagoras. 

Broteas  and  Ammon,  two  men  famous 

for  their  skill  in  the  cestus. One  of  the 

Lapithse. 

Brotheus,  a  son  of  Vulcan  and  Miner- 
va, who  burned  himself  to  avoid  the  ridi- 
cule to  which  his  deformity  subjected  him. 

Bructeri,  a  people  of  Germany,  inhab- 
iting the  country  at  the  east  of  Holland. 

Brumalia,  festivals  celebrated  at  Rome 
in  honor  of  Bacchus,  about  the  month  of 
December.  They  were  first  instituted  by 
Romulus. 

Brundusium  now  Brundisi,  an  ancient 
city  of  Calabria,  on  the  Adriatic  sea,where 
the  Appian  road  was  terminated.  The 
Romans  generally  embarked  at  Brundusi- 
um for  Greece.  It  is  famous  for  the  birth 
of  the  poet  Pacuvius,  and  the  death  of 
Virgil,  and  likewise  for  its  harbor.  Little 
remains  of  the  ancient  city,  and  even  its 
harbor  has  now  been  choked  up  by  the 
negligence  of  the  inhabitants. 

Brutidius,  a  man  dragged  to  prison  in 
Juvenal's  age,  on  suspicion  of  his  favoring 
Sejanus. 

Brutii,  a  people  in  the  furthest  parts  of 
Italy,  who  were  originally  shepherds  of 
the  Lucanians,  but  revolted,  and  went  in 
quest  of  a  settlement. 

Brutulus,  a  Samnite,  who  killed  him- 
self, upon  being  delivered  to  the  Romans 
for  violating  a  treaty. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  a  celebrated 
Roman,  son  of  M.  Junius  and  Tarquinia; 
who,  on  the  murder  of  his  father  and  bro- 
ther by  Tarquin  the  Proud,  being  unable  to 
revenge  their  death,  pretended  insanity, 
which  artifice  saved  his  life.  He  was  called 
Brutus  for  his  stupidity,  which,  however, 
he  soon  afterwards  showed  to  be  feigned. 
When  Lucretia,  to  avoid  the  brutality  of 
Tarquin,  killed  herself,  Brutus  snatched 
the  dagger  from  the  wound,  and  swore 
immortal  hatred  to  the  royal  family.  (B.  C. 
509.)  This  animated  the  Romans  ;  the 
Tarquins  were  proscribed,  and  the  royal 
authority  vested  in  the  hands  of  consuls. 
Brutus  made  the  people  swear  they  never 
would  again  submit  to  kingly  authority; 
but  the  first  who  violated  their  oaths  were 
his  own  sons,  who  conspired  with  the 
Tuscans  to  restore  the  Tarquins.  They 
were  tried  and  condemned  before  their 
father,  who  attended  at  their  execution. 
Brutus  was  slain  in  a  battle  with  Aruns, 
and  his  body  conveyed  to  Rome ;  where 
the  matrons  testified  their  grief  by  mourn- 
ing a  whole  year  for  the  father  of  the  re- 
public.  Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  who 

was  lineally  descended  from  Junius  Bru- 
tus.   He  inherited  the  republican  princi- 


BU 


93 


BU 


pies  of  his  great  progenitors  and  in  the 
civil  wars  joined  himself  to  the  side  of 
Pompey.  At  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  Cae- 
sar not  only  spared  the  life  of  Brutus,  hut 
made  him  one  of  his  most  intimate  friends. 
He,  however,  soon  forgot  the  favors  of 
Caesar,  who  was  now  become  ambitious 
and  tyrannical;  and  he  conspired  with 
many  illustrious  citizens  of  Rome,  and 
stabbed  him  in  the  senate-house.  B.  C. 
42.  Antony,  whom  Brutus,  contrary  to 
the  opinion  of  his  associates,  refused  to 
seize,  gained  ground  in  behalf  of  his  friend 
Caesar,  and  the  murderers  were  soon  oblig- 
ed to  leave  Rome.  Brutus  retired  into 
Greece,  where  he  gained  himself  many 
friends  by  his  arms,  as  well  as  by  persua- 
sion, and  he  was  soon  after  pursued  thither 
by  Antony,  whom  young  Octavius  ac- 
companied. A  battle  was  fought  at  Phi- 
lippi.  Brutus,  who  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  the  republican  army,  defeated  the 
enemy;  but  Cassius,  who  had  the  care 
of  the  left,  was  overpowered,  and  as  he 
knew  not  the  situation  of  his  friend,  and 
grew  desperate,  he  ordered  one  of  his 
freedmen  to  run  him  through.  Brutus 
deeply  deplored  his  fall,  and  in  the  ful- 
ness of  his  grief,  called  him  the  last  of 
the  Romans.  In  another  battle,  the  wing 
which  Brutus  commanded  obtained  a  vic- 
tory ;  but  the  other  was  defeated,  and  he 
found  himself  surrounded  by  the  soldiers 
of  Antony.  He  however  made  his  es- 
cape, and  soon  after  fell  upon  his  sword, 
B.  C.  42.  Antony  honored  him  with  a 
magnificent  funeral.  Brutus  is  not  less 
celebrated  for  his  literary  talents,  than 
his  valor  in  the  field.  He  married  Portia, 
the  daughter  of  Cato,  who  killed  herself, 
by  swallowing  burning  coals  when  she 

heard  the  fate  of  her  husband. D.  Jun. 

Albinus,  one  of  Caesar's  murderers,  who, 
after  the  battle  of  Mutina,  was  deserted 
by  the  legions,  with  which  he  wished  to 
march  against  Antony.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  Antony's  orders,  though  consul 

elect. Jun.,  one  of  the  first  tribunes  of 

the  people. One  of  Carbo's  generals. 

Bryas,  a  general  of  the  Argives  against 
Sparta,  put  to  death  by  a  woman,  to  whom 

he  had  offered  violence. A  general  in 

the  army  of  Xerxes. 

Bryaxis,  a  marble  sculptor,  who  assist- 
ed in  making  the  Mausoleum. 

Bryce,  a  daughter  of  Danaus  by  Po- 
lyxo. 

Bryges,  a  people  of  Thrace,  afterwards 
called  Phryges. 

Brygi,  a  people  of  Macedonia,  conquer- 
ed by  Mardonius. 

Brysea,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Bubacene,  a  town  of  Asia. 

Bueaces,  an  eunuch  of  Darius,  &c. 

Bubaris,  a  Persian  who  married  the 
daughter  of  Amyntas,  against  whom  he 
had  been  sent  with  an  army. 


Bubastiacus,  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile. 

Bubastis,  a  city  of  Egypt,  in  the  east- 
ern parts  of  the  Delta,  where  cats  were 
held  in  great  veneration. 

Bubasus,  a  country  of  Caria,  whence 
Bubasides  applied  to  the  natives. 

Bubon,  an  inland  city  of  Lycia. 

Bucephala,  a  city  of  India,  near  the 
Hydaspes,  built  by  Alexander,  in  honor  of 
his  favorite  horse  Bucephalus. 

Bucephalus,  a  horse  of  Alexander's, 
whose  head  resembled  that  of  a  bull. 
Alexander  was  the  only  one  who  could 
mount  on  his  back,  and  be  always  knelt 
down  to  take  up  his  master.  He  was 
thirty  years  old  when  he  died. 

Bucilianus,  one  of  Ca?sar's  murderers. 

Bucolica,  a  sort  of  poem  which  treats 
of  the  care  of  the  flocks,  and  of  the  plea- 
sures and  occupations  of  the  rural  life, 
with  simplicity  and  elegance. 

Bucolicum,  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile. 

Buconopf,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  after  La- 

ias. A   son   of   Laomedon  and    the 

nymph  Calybe. A  son  of  Hercules  and 

Praxithea. A  son  of  Lycaon,  king  of 

Arcadia. 

Bucolus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Marse. 
A  son  of  Hippocoon. 

Budii,  a  nation  of  Media. 

Budini,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Budorum,  a  promontory  of  Salamis. 

Bulbus,  a  Roman  senator,  remarkable 
for  his  meanness. 

Bulis,  a  town  of  Phocis,  built  by  a  co- 
lony from  Doris  near  the  sea,  above  the 

bay  of  Corinth. A  Spartan  given  up 

to  Xerxes,  to  atone  for  the  offence  his 
countrymen  had  done  for  putting  the 
king's  messengers  to  death. 

Bullatius,  a  friend  of  Horace. 

Bullis,  a  town  of  Illyricum,  near  the 
sea,  south  of  Apollonia. 

Bumellus,  a  river  of  Assyria. 

Bunea,  a  surname  of  Juno. 

Bunus,  a  son  of  Mercury  and  Alcida- 
mea,  who  obtained  the  government  of 
Corinth  when  ^Eetes  went  to  Colchis. 

Bupalus,  a  statuary  of  Clazomenae. 
Vid.  Anthermus. 

Buphagus,  a  son  of  Japetus  and  Thor- 
nax  killed  by  Diana.  A  river  of  Arcadia 
bears  his  name. A  surname  of  Hercu- 
les, given  him  on  account  of  his  gluttony. 

Buphonia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Jupi- 
ter at  Athens,  where  an  ox  was  immo- 
lated. 

Buprasium,  a  city,  country,  and  river 
of  Elis. 

Bura,  a  daughter  of  Jupiter,  from  whom 
Bura  or  Buris,  once  a  flourishing  city  in 
the  bay  of  Corinth  received  its  name. 

Buraicus,  an  epithet  applied  to  Hercu- 
les, from  his  temple  near  Bura. A  river 

of  Achaia. 


BU 


94 


BY 


Burrhus  AFRAMus3a  chief  of  the  pne- 

torian  guards,  put  to  death  by  Nero. 

A  brother-in-law  of  the  emperor  Coin- 
modus. 

Bursa,  the  capital  city  of  Bithynia. 

Bursia,  a  town  of  Babylonia. 

Busa,  a  woman  of  Apulia  who  enter- 
tained one  thousand  Romans  after  the 
battle  of  Cannre. 

Busjs,  a  nation  of  Media. 

Busiris,  a  king  of  Egypt,  son  of  Nep- 
tune and  Lybia,  or  Lysianassa,  who  sacri- 
ficed all  foreigners  to  Jupiter  with  the 
greatest  cruelty.  When  Hercules  visited 
Egypt,  Busiris  carried  him  to  the  altar 
bound  hand  and  foot.  The  hero  soon 
disentangled  himself,  and  offered  the  ty- 
rant, his  son  Amphidamas,  and  the  min- 
isters of  his  cruelty  on  the  altar. 

Buta,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

Buteo,  a  surname  of  M.  Fabius. A 

Roman  orator. 

Butes,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Amy- 
cus,  king  of  the  Bebry  ces,very  expert  in  the 
combat  of  the  cestus. One  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.  A  Trojan  slain  by  Camilla. 

A  son  of  Boreas  who  built  Naxos. 

A  son  of  Pandion  and  Zeuxippe,  priest 
of  Minerva  and   Neptune.      He   married 

Chthonia,  daughter  of  Erechtheus. An 

arm-bearer  to  Anchises,  and  afterwards  to 
Ascanius,  killed  by  Turnus. A  gov- 
ernor of  Darius,  besieged  by  Conon  the 
Athenian. 

Buthrotum,  now  Buti-into,  a  sea-port 
town  of  Epirus  opposite  Corcyra,  visited 
by  ^Eneas,  in  his  way  to  Italy  from  Troy. 

Buthrotus,  a  river  in  Italy  near  Locri. 

Buthvreus,  a  noble  statuary,  disciple  to 
Myron. 

Butoa,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  Crete. 

Butorides,  an  historian  who  wrote 
concerning  the  pyramids. 

Butos,  a  town  of  Egypt,  where  there 


was  a  temple  of  Apollo  and  Diana,  and 
an  oracle  of  Latona. 

Butuntum,  an  inland  town  of  Apulia. 

Botus,  a  son  of  Pandion. 

Buzvges,  an  Athenian  who  first  plough- 
ed with  harnessed  oxen. 

Byblesia  and  Bybassia,  a  country  of 
Caria. 

Byblia,  a  name  of  Venus. 

Byblii,  a  people  of  Syria. 

Byblis,  a  daughter  of  Miletus  and  Cy- 
anea.- — A  small  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Byblus,  a  town  of  Syria,  not  far  from 
the  sea,  where  Adonis  had  a  temple. 

Bylliones,  a  people  of  lllyricum. 

Byrrhus,  a  robber,  famous  for  his  dissi- 
pation. 

Byrsa,  a  citadel  in  the  middle  of  Car- 
thage, on  which  was  the  temple  of  iEscu- 
lapius.  Asdrubal's  wife  burnt  it  when 
the  city  was  taken.  When  Dido  came  to 
Africa,  she  bought  of  the  inhabitants  as 
much  land  as  could  be  encompassed  by  a 
bull's  hide.  After  the  agreement,  she  cut 
the  hide  in  small  thongs,  and  enclosed  a 
large  piece  of  territory,  on  which  she  built 
a  citadel  which  she  called  Byrsa,  (BtQOa, 
a  hide.) 

Byzacium,  a  country  of  Africa. 

Byzantium,  a  town  situate  on  the  Thra  • 
cian  Bosphorus,  and  chosen  by  Constan- 
tine  the  Great  for  the  capital  of  the  east- 
ern Roman  empire ;  afterwards  called  Con- 
stantinopolis. 

BvzAs,ason  of  Neptune,  king  of  Thrace, 
from  whom  it  is  said  Byzantium  received 
its  name. 

Byzeres,  a  people  of  Pontus,  between 
Cappadocia  and  Colchis. 

Byzes,  a  celebrated  artist  in  the  age  of 
Astyages. 

Byzia,  a  town  in  the  possession  of  the 
kings  of  Thrace,  hated  by  swallows,  on 
account  of  the  horrible  crimes  of  Tereus. 


CA 


CA 


CAANTHUS,  a  son  of  Oceanua  and 
Tethys.  He  was  ordered  by  his  fa- 
ther to  seek  his  sister  Malia,  whom  Apollo 
had  carried  away,  and  he  burnt  in  re- 
venge the  ravisher's  temple  near  the  Isth- 
mus. He  was  killed  for  this  impiety  by 
the  god,  and  a  monument  raised  to  his 
memory. 

Cabade9,  a  king  of  Persia. 

Cabala,  a  place  of  Sicily  where  the 
Carthaginians  were  conquered  by  Diony- 
eius. 

Cabales,  a  people  of  Africa. 

Cab  alii,  a  people  of  Asia  Minor. 


Cabalinus,  a  clear  fountain  on  mount 
Helicon,  sacred  to  the  muses,  and  called 
also  IFippocrenc,  as  raised  from  the  ground 
by  the  foot  of  Pegasus. 

Caballinum,  a  town  of  the  iEdui,  now 
Chalons,  on  the  Saone. 

Cabarnos,  a  deity  worshipped  at  Paros. 
His  priests  were  called  Cabarni. 

Cabas3us,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. A 

village  near  Tarsus. 

Caballio,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Cabira,  a  wife  of  Vulcan,  by  whom  she 

had  three  sons. A  town  of  Paphla- 

gonia. 


CA 


95 


c^: 


Cabiri,  certain  deities  held  in  the  great- 
est veneration  at  Thebes,  Lemnos,  Mace- 
donia, and  Phrygia,  but  more  particularly 
in  the  islands  of  Samothrace  and  Imbros. 

Cabiria,  a  surname  of  Ceres. The 

festivals  of  the  Cabiri. 

Cabuka,  a  fountain  of  Mesopotamia. 

Caburus,  a  chief  of  the  Helvii. 

Caca,  a  goddess  among  the  Romans, 
sister  to  Cacus.  The  vestals  offered  sa- 
crifices in  her  temple. 

Cachales,  a  river  of  Phocis. 

Cacus,  a  famous  robber,  son  of  Vulcan 
and  Medusa,  represented  as  a  three-head- 
ed monster,  and  as  vomiting  flames.  He 
resided  in  Italy,  and  the  avenues  of  his 
cave  were  covered  with  human  bones, 
lie  was  killed  by  Hercules. 

Cacuthis,  a  river  of  India  flowing  into 
the  Ganges. 

Cacyparis,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Cadi,  a  town  of  Phrygia — of  Lydia. 

Cadmea,  a  citadel  of  Thebes,  built  by 
Cadmus. 

Cadmeis,  an  ancient  name  of  Boeotia. 

Cadmus,  son  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoeni- 
cia, by  Telephassa  or  Agriope.  He  was 
sent  in  search  of  his  sister  Europa,  but  as 
his  search  proved  fruitless,  he  consulted 
the  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  was  ordered  to 
build  a  city,  and  to  call  the  country  Boe- 
otia. He  obeyed  the  directions  of  the 
oracle  ;  and  as  he  wished  to  thank  the 
god  by  a  sacrifice,  he  sent  his  companions 
to  fetch  water  from  a  neighboring  grove. 
The  waters  were  sacred  to  Mars,  and 
guarded  by  a  dragon.  Cadmus  attacked 
the  dragon,  and  overcame  it,  and  sowed 
the  teeth  in  a  plain,  upon  which  armed 
men  suddenly  rose  up  from  the  ground. 
He  threw  a  stone  in  the  midst  of  them, 
and  they  instantly  turned  their  arms  one 
against  the  other,  till  all  perished  except 
five,  who  assisted  him  in  building  his  city. 
Cadmus  was  the  first  who  introduced  the 
use  of  letters  into  Greece  ;  but  some  main- 
tain, that  the  alphabet  which  he  brought 
from  Phoenicia,  was  only  different  from 
that  which  is  used  by  the  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  Greece.  This  alphabet  consisted 
only  of  sixteen  letters,  to  which  Palame- 
des  afterwards  added  four,  and  Simonides 
of  Melos  the  same  number.  The  worship 
of  many  of  the  Egyptian  and  Phoenician 
deities  was  also  introduced  by  Cadmus, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  come  into  Greece 
one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  years  before  the  Christian  era,  and 
to  have  died  sixty-one  years  after.   He  also 

founded  the  city  of  Thebe3. A  son  of 

Pandion  of  Miletus,  celebrated  as  an  his- 
torian in  the  age  of  Crcesus,  and  as  the 
writer  of  an  account  of  some  cities  of 
Ionia,  in  four  books.  He  is  called  the  an- 
cient, in  contradistinction  from  another  of 
the  same  name  and  place,  son  of  Arche- 
laus. A  Roman  executioner. 


Cadra,  a  hill  of  Asia  Minor. 

Caduceus,  a  rod  intwined  at  one  end 
by  two  serpents,  in  the  form  of  two  equal 
semicircles.  It  was  the  attribute  of  Mer- 
cury and  the  emblem  of  power,  and  it 
had  been  given  him  by  Apollo  in  return 
for  the  lyre. 

Cadurci,  a  people  of  Gaul,  at  the  east 
of  the  Garonne. 

Cadusci,  a  people  near  the  Caspian  sea. 

Cadytis,  a  town  of  Syria. 

C-«a,  an  island  of  the  JRgean  sea  among 
the  Cyclades,  called  also  Ceos  and  Cea, 
from  Ceus  the  son  of  Titan. 

C.ecias,  a  wind  blowing  from  the  north. 

Cecilia,  the  wife  of  Sylla. The 

mother  of  Lucullus. A  daughter  of 

Atticus. 

Cecilia  Caia,  or  Tanaquil.  Vid.  Ta- 
naquil. 

C.tecilia  j„ex,  was  proposed  A.  U.  C. 
693,  by  Csecil.  Metellus  Nepos,  to  remove 
taxes  from  all   the  Italian  states,  and  to 

give  them  free  exportation. Another 

called  also  Didia,  A.  U.  C.  656,  by  the 
consul  Q,.  Caecilius  Metellus,  and  T.  Di- 
dius.  It  required  that  no  more  than  one 
single  matter  should  be  proposed  to  the 
people  in  one  question :  and  that  every 
law,  before  it  was  preferred,  should  be 
exposed  to  public  view  on  three  market 

days. Another,  concerning  fullers. 

Another,  A.  U.  C.  701,  to  restore  to  the 
censors  their  original  rights  and  privileges, 
which  had  been  lessened  by  P.  Clodius 

the  tribune. Another  called  also  Ga- 

binia,  A.  U.  C.  685,  against  usury. 

CiEcrLiANus,  a  Latin  writer  before  the 
age  of  Cicero. 

C.*:cilii,  a  plebeian  family  at  Rome, 
which  gave  birth  to  many  illustrious  gen- 
erals and  patriots. 

C-ecilius  Claudius  Isidorus,  a  man 
who  left  in  his  will  to  his  heirs,  four  thou- 
sand one  hundred  and  sixteen  slaves,  three 
thousand  six  hundred  yokes  of  oxen,  two 
hundred  and  fifty-seven  thousand  small 
cattle,  and  six  hundred  thousand  pounds 
of  silver. Epirus,  a  freedman  of  Atti- 
cus, who  opened  a  school  at  Rome,  and  is 
said  to  have  first  taught  reading  to  Virgil 
and  some  other  growing  poets. A  Sici- 
lian orator  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  who 
wrote  on  the  Servile  wars,  a  comparison 
between  Demosthenes  and  Cicero,  and 
an  account  of  the  orations  of  Demosthenes. 

Metellus.     Vid.  Metellus. Statius, 

a  comic  poet,  deservedly  commended  by 
Cicero  and  Gluintilian. 

C.ecina  Tuscus,  a  son  of  Nero's  nurse, 

made  governor  of  Egypt. A  Roman 

who  wrote  some  physical  treatises. A 

citizen  of  Volaterra?  defended  by  Cicero. 

C-ecubum,  a  town  of  Campania  in  Italy, 
near  the  bay  of  Caieta,  famous  for  the  ex- 
cellence and  plenty  of  its  wines. 

Cjeculus,  a  son  of  Vulcan.    He  was 


c^: 


96 


CM 


called  Cceculus,  because  his  eyes  were 
small.  After  a  life  spent  in  plundering 
and  rapine,  he  built  Prameste  ;  but  be- 
ing unable  to  find  inhabitants,  he  implored 
Vulcan  to  show  whether  he  really  was 
his  father.  Upon  this  a  flame  suddenly 
shone  among  a  multitude  who  were  as- 
sembled to  see  some  spectacle,  and  they 
were  immediately  persuaded  to  become 
the  subjects  of  Caeculus. 

Q.  Cjedicius,  a  consul,  A.  U.  C.  498. 

Another,  A.  U.  C.  465. A  military 

tribune  in  Sicily,  who  bravely  devoted 
himself  to  rescue  the  Roman  army  from 
the  Carthaginians,  B.  C.  254.  He  escaped 
with  his  life. A  friend  of  Turnus. 

Cjelia  lex,  was  enacted  A.  U.  C.  635, 
by  Cffilius,  a  tribune.  It  ordained,  that  in 
judicial  proceedings  before  the  people,  in 
cases  of  treason,  the  votes  should  be  given 
upon  tablets  contrary  to  the  exception  of 
the  Cassian  law. 

Celius,   an  orator,  disciple  to  Cicero. 

He  died  very  young. A  man  of  Tarra- 

cina,  found  murdered  in  his  bed.  His 
sons  were  suspected  of  the  murder,  but 

acquitted. Aurelianus,  a  writer  about 

three  hundred  years  after  Christ. L. 

Antipater,  wrote  an  history  of  Rome. 

Tubero,  a  man  who  came  to  life  after  he 

had  been  carried  to  the  burning  pile. 

Vibienus,  a  king  of  Etruria,  who  assisted 

Romulus  against  the  Caeninenses. Sa- 

binus,  a  writer  in  the  age  of  Vespasian, 
who  composed  a  treatise  on  the  edicts  of 

the  curule  ediles. One  of  the  seven 

hills  on  which  Rome  was  built. 

Cemaro,  a  Greek,  who  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  India. 

Cene,  a  small  island  in  the  Sicilian 

sea. A  town  on  the  coast  of  Laconia, 

whence  Jupiter  is  called  Caenius. 

C.eneus,  one  of  the  Argonauts. A 

Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 

C.enides,  a  patronymic  of  Eetion,  as 
descended  from  Caeneus. 

Cenina,  a  town  of  Latium  near  Rome. 

C^enis,  a  promontory  of  Italy,  opposite 
to  Pelorus  in  Sicily. 

Cenis,  a  Thessalian  woman,  daughter 
of  Elatus.  In  the  wars  of  the  Lapithne 
against  the  Centaurs,  she  offended  Jupi- 
ter, and  was  overwhelmed  with  a  huge 
pile  of  wood,  and  changed  into  a  bird. 

Q,.  Servilius  Cjepio,  a  Roman  consul, 
A.  U.  C.  648,  in  the  Cimbrian  war.  He 
plundered  a  temple  at  Tolossa,  for  which 

he  was  punished  by  divine  vengeance 

A  quaestor  who  opposed  Saturninus. 

C^eratus,  a  town  of  Crete. A  river. 

C^ere,  Cjeres,  anciently  Agylla,  now 
Cer-vetej-i,  a  city  of  Etruria,  once  the  cap- 
ital of  the  whole  country.  It  was  in  be- 
ing in  the  age  of  Strabo. 

Cjsresi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

C-esar,  a  surname  given  to  the  Julian 
family  at   Rome,  either  because  one   of 


them  kept  an  elephant,  which  bears  the- 
same  name  in  the  Punic  tongue,  or  be- 
cause one  was  born  with  a  thick  head  of 
hair.  The  twelve  first  Roman  emperors 
were  distinguished  by  the  surname  of 
C&sar.  In  Domitian,  or  rather  in  Nero, 
the  family  of  Julius  Caesar  was  extinguish- 
ed. But  after  such  a  lapse  of  time,  the 
appellation  of  Caesar  seemed  inseparable 
from  the  imperial  dignity,  and  therefore  it 
was  assumed  by  the  successors  of  the  Ju- 
lian family. C.  Julius  Caesar,  the  first 

emperor  of  Rome,  was  son  of  L.  Caesar 
and  Aurelia  the  daughter  of  Cotta.  He 
was  descended,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, from  Julus  the  son  of  iEneas. 
When  he  reached  his  fifteenth  year  he  lost 
his  father,  and  the  year  after  he  was  made 
priest  of  Jupiter.  Sylla  was  aware  of  his 
ambition,  and  endeavored  to  remove  him  ; 
but  Caesar  understood  his  intentions,  and, 
to  avoid  discovery,  changed  every  day  his 
lodgings.  He  was  received  into  Sylla's 
friendship  some  time  after.  His  eloquence 
procured  him  friends  at  Rome  ;  and  the 
generous  manner  in  which  he  lived,  equal- 
ly served  to  promote  his  interest.  He  ob- 
tained the  office  of  high  priest,  and  after 
he  had  passed  through  the  inferior  em- 
ployments of  the  state,  he  was  appointed 
over  Spain.  At  his  return  to  Rome,  he- 
was  made  consul.  He  was  appointed  for 
the  space  of  five  years  over  the  Gauls,  by 
the  interest  of  Pompey,  to  whom  he  had 
given  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage.. 
Here  he  enlarged  the  boundaries,  of  the 
Roman  empire  by  conquest,  and  invaded 
Britain,  which  was  then  unknown  to  the 
Roman  people.  The  death  of  Julia  and 
of  Crassus,  the  corrupted  state  of  the  Ro- 
man senate,  and  the  ambition  of  Caesar 
and  Pompey,  soon  became  the  causes  of  a 
civil  war.  Caesar's  petitions  were  receiv- 
ed with  coldness  or  indifference  by  the 
Roman  senate  ;  and,  by  the  influence  of 
Pompey,  a  decree  was  passed  to  strip  him 
of  his  power.  Antony,  who  opposed  it  as 
tribune,  fled  to  Caesar's  camp  with  the 
news  ;  and  the  ambitious  general  at  once 
made  it  a  plea  of  resistance.  On  pretence 
of  avenging  the  violence  which  had  been 
offered  to  the  sacred  office  of  tribune,  he 
crossed  the  Rubicon,  which  was  the  boun- 
dary of  his  province.  This  was  a  decla- 
ration of  war,  and  Ctesar  entered  Italy 
sword  in  hand.  Upon  this,  Pompey,  with' 
all  the  friends  of  liberty,  left  Rome,  and 
retired  to  Dyrrachium  ;  and  Caesar,  after 
he  had  subdued  all  Italy,  in  sixty  days,, 
entered  Rome,  and  provided  himself  with 
money  from  the  public  treasury.  He  went 
to  Spain,  where  he  conquered;  the  parti- 
sans of  Pompey,  and,  at  his.  return  to. 
Rome,  was  declared  dictator,  and  soon 
after  consul.  When  he  left  F;Qme,  he  went 
in  quest  of  Pompey.  In  (he  plains  of 
Pharsalia,  B.  C.  48,  the  tvs.q, hostile  gen> 


C.E 


97 


CA 


erals  engaged.     Pompey  was  conquered, 
and  fled  into  Egypt,  where  he  was  mur- 
dered.    Caesar,  after  he  had  made  a  noble 
use  of  victory,  pursued  his  adversary  into 
Egypt,  where  he  for  some  time  forgot  his 
fame  and  character  in  the  arms  of  Cleo- 
patra.    After  several  conquests  in  Africa, 
the  defeat  of  Cato,  Scipio,  and  Juba,  and 
that  of  Pompey 's  sons  in  Spain,  he  entered 
Rome,  and  triumphed  over  five  different 
nations,  Gaul,  Alexandria,  Pontus,  Africa, 
and  Spain,  and  was  created  perpetual  dic- 
tator.    But  now  his  uncommon   success 
created  him  enemies,  and  the  chiefest  of 
the  senators,  among  whom  was  Brutus  his 
most  intimate  friend,   conspired  against 
him,  and  stabbed  him  in  the  senate-house 
on  the  ides  of  March.     He  died,  pierced 
with   twenty-three   wounds,  the   15th  of 
March,  B.  C.  44,  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of 
his  age.     Casca  gave  him  the  first  blow, 
and   immediately  he  attempted  to  make 
some  resistance  ;  but  when  he  saw  Brutus 
among  the  conspirators,  he  submitted  to 
his  fate,  and  fell  down  at  their  feet,  muf- 
fling up  his  mantle,  and  exclaiming,  Tu 
quoque  Brute !    The  learning  of  Caesar  de- 
serves commendation,  as  well  as  his  mili- 
tary character.     He  reformed  the  calendar. 
He  wrote  his  commentaries  on  the  Gallic 
wars,  on  the  spot  where  he  fought  his 
battles  ;  and  the  composition  has  been  ad- 
mired for  the  elegance  as  well  as  the  cor- 
rectness of  its  style.     His  qualities  were 
such  that  in  every  battle  he  could  not  but 
be  conqueror,  and  in  every  republic,  mas- 
ter.    It  was  after  his  conquest  over  Phar- 
naces  in  one  day,  that  he  made  use  of 
tbese  remarkable   words,  to  express  the 
celerity  of  his  operations  ;  Veni,  vidi,  vici. 
Conscious  of  the  services  of  a  man  who 
beautified  and  enriched  the  capital  of  his 
country  with  public  buildings,  libraries, 
and  porticos,  the  senate  permitted  the  dic- 
tator to  wear  a  laurel  crown  on  his  bald 
head  ;  and  h*is  said,  that  they  were  going 
to  give  him  the  title  of  king  all  over  the 
Roman   empire,   except  Italy,   when   he 
was   murdered.    It  is  said  that  he  con- 
quered three  hundred  nations,  took  eight 
hundred  cities,  and  defeated  three  millions 
of  men,  one  of  which  fell  in  the  field  of 
battle.     Pliny  says  that  he  could  employ 
at  the  same  time,  his  ears  to  listen,  his 
eyes  to  read,  his  hand  to  write,  and  his 
mind  to  dictate.     His  death  was  preceded 
by  uncommon  prodigies  ;  and  immediately 
after  his  death,  a  large  comet  made  its  ap- 
pearance.  Lucius,  was  father  to  the 

dictator.  He  died  suddenly,  when  putting 
on  his  shoes. Octavianus.  Vid.  Au- 
gustus.  Caius,  a  tragic  poet  and  orator. 

His  brother  C.  Lucius  was  consul,  and 
followed,  as  well  as  himself,  the  party  of 
Sylla.    They  were  both  put  to  death  by 

order  of  Marius. Lucius,  an  uncle  of 

M.  Antony,  who  followed  the  interest  of 
9 


Pompey,  and  was  proscribed  by  Augustus, 
for  which  Antony  proscribed  Cicero,,  the 
friend  of  Augustus.     His  son  Lucius  was 

put  to  death  by  J.  Caesar,  in  his  youth. 

Two  sons  of  Agrippa  bore  also  the  name 
of  Caesars,  Caius,  and  Lucius. Augus- 
ta, a  town  of  Spain,  built  by  Augustus,  on 
the  Iberus,  and  now  called  Saragossa. 
Cesarea,  a  city  of  Cappadocia, — of  Bi- 

thynia, of  Mauritania, — of  Palestine. 

There  are  many  small  insignificant  towns 
of  that  name. 

C.ksarion,  the  son  of  J.  Caesar,  by  queen 
Cleopatra.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Au- 
gustus. 

Cjesennius  P-etus,  a  general  sent  by 
Nero  to  Armenia. 

Cesetius,  a  Roman  who  protected  his 
children  against  Caesar. 

Cassia,  a  surname  of  Minerva. A 

wood  in  Germany. 
Cesius,  a  Latin  poet,  whose  talents 

were  not  of  uncommon  brilliancy. A 

lyric  and  heroic  poet  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
C.eso,  a  son  of  &.  Cincinnatus,  who  re- 
volted to  the  Volsci. 

C-esonia,  an  infamous  woman  who 
married  Caligula,  and  was  murdered  at 
the  same  time  with  her  daughter  Julia. 

Cjesonius  Maximus,  was  banished  from 
Italy  by  Nero,  on  account  of  his  friendship 
with  Seneca,  &c. 
Cetulum,  a  town  of  Spain. 
Cagaco,  a  fountain  of  Laconia. 
Caicinus,  a  river  of  Locris. 

Caicus,  a  companion  of  .<Eneas. A 

river  of  Mysia,  falling  into  the  iEgean  sea, 
opposite  Lesbos. 

Caieta,  a  town,  promontory,  and  har- 
bor of  Campania,  which  received  its  name 
from  Caieta,  the  nurse  of  iEneas,  who  was 
buried  there. 

Cafus  and  Caia,  a  praenomen  very  com- 
mon at  Rome  to  both  sexes. 
Caius,  a  son  of  Agrippa  by  Julia. 
Q,.  Calaber,  called  also  Smyrnseus. 
wrote  a  Greek  poem  in  fourteen  books,  as 
a  continuation  of  Homer's  Iliad,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  third  century. 

Calabria,  a  country  of  Italy  in  Magna 
Graecia.  It  was  fertile,  and  produced  a 
variety  of  fruits,  much  cattle,  and  excel- 
lent honey. 
Calabrus,  a  river  of  Calabria. 
Calagurritani,  a  people  of  Spain,  who 
ate  their  wives  and  children,  rather  than 
yield  to  Pompey. 

Calais  and  Zethes.    Vid.  Zethes. 
Calagutis,  a  river  of  Spain. 
Calamis,  an  excellent  carver. 
Calamisa,  a  place  of  Samos. 
Calamos,  a  town  of  Asia,  near  mount 
Libanus. A  town  of  Phoenicia. An- 
other of  Babylonia. 

Calamus,  a  son  of  the  river  Maeander, 
who  was  tenderly  attached  to  Carpo. 
Calanus.  a  celebrated  Indian  philoso 
E 


CA 


98 


CA 


pher,  one  of  the  gymnosophists.  He  fol- 
lowed Alexander  in  his  Indian  expedition, 
and  being  sick,  in  his  eighty-third  year, 
he  ordered  a  pile  to  be  raised,  upon  which 
he  mounted,  to  the  astonishment  of  the 
king  and  of  the  army.  When  the  pile  was 
fired,  Alexander  asked  him  whether  he 
had  any  thing  to  say  :  "  No,"  said  he,  "  I 
shall  meet  you  again  in  a  very  short  time." 
Alexander  died  three  months  after  in  Bab- 
ylon. 

Calaon,  a  river  of  Asia,  near  Colophon. 

Calaris,  a  city  of  Sardinia. 

Calathana,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Calathion,  a  mountain  of  Laconia. 

Calathus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  An- 
tiope. 

Calates,  a  town  of  Thrace  near  To- 
mus,  on  the  Euxine  sea. 

Calatia,  a  town  of  Campania,  on  the 
Appian  way.  It  was  made  a  Roman  col- 
ony in  the  age  of  Julius  Caesar. 

Calatije,  a  people  of  India,  who  eat 
the  flesh  of  their  parents. 

Calavif,  a  people  of  Campania. 

Calavius,  a  magistrate  of  Capua,  who 
rescued  some  Roman  senators  from  death. 

Calaurea  and  Calauri  a,  an  island  near 
Trcezene  in  the  bay  of  Argos.  The  tomb 
of  Demosthenes  was  seen  there. 

Calbis,  a  river  of  Caria. 

Cajlce,  a  city  of  Campania. 

Calchas,  a  celebrated  soothsayer,  son 
ofThestor.  He  accompanied  the  Greeks 
lo  Troy,  in  the  office  of  high  priest.  He 
nad  received  the  power  of  divination  from 
Apollo.  Calchas  was  informed,  that  as 
soon  as  he  found  a  man  more  skilled  than 
nimself  in  divination,  he  must  perish  ; 
and  this  happened  near  Colophon,  after 
the  Trojan  war.  He  was  unable  to  tell 
how  many  figs  were  in  the  branches  of  a 
certain  fig-tree ;  and  when  Mopsus  men- 
tioned the  exact  number,  Calchas  died 
through  grief. 

Calchedonia.    Vid.  Calchedon. 

Calchinia,  a  daughter  of  Leucippus. 
She  had  a  son  by  Neptune,  who  inherited 
his  grandfather's  kingdom  of  Sicyon. 

Caldus  Cjelius,  a  Roman  who  killed 
himself  when  detained  by  the  Germans. 

Cale,  Cales,  and  Calenum,  now  Cal- 
vi,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Caledonia,  a  country  at  the  north  of 
Britain,  now  called  Scotland.  The  red- 
dish hair  and  lofty  stature  of  its  inhabit- 
ants seemed  to  denote  a  German  extrac- 
tion. 

Calentum,  a  place  of  Spain,  where  it 
is  said  they  made  bricks  so  light  that  they 
swam  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Calenus,  a  famous  soothsayer  of  Etru- 

ria,  in  the  age  of  Tarquin. A  lieutenant 

of  Caesar's  army.  After  Cfesar's  murder, 
he  concealed  some  that  had  been  pro- 
scribed by  the  triumvirs,  and  behaved 
with  great  honor  to  them. 


Cales.    Fid.  Cale. A  city  of  Bithy- 

nia  on  the  Euxine. 

Calesius,  a  charioteer  of  Axylus,  killed 
by  Diomedes  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Caletje,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  now 
Pays  de  Cauz,  in  Normandy.  Their  town 
is  called  Caletum. 

Caletor,  a  Trojan  prince,  slain  by 
Ajax  as  he  was  going  to  set  fire  to  the  ship 
of  Protesilaus. 

Calex,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  falling 
into  the  Euxine  sea. 

Caliadne,  the  wife  of  Egyptus. 

Caliceni,  a  people  of  Macedonia. 

M.  Calidius,  an  orator  and  pretorian 
who  died  in  the  civil  wars,  &c. L.  Ju- 
lius, a  man  remarkable  for  his  riches,  the 
excellency  of  his  character,  his  learning 
and  poetical  abilities.  He  was  proscribed 
by  Volumnius,  but  delivered  by  Atticus. 

Caligula,  Cjesar,  fourth  emperor  of 
the  Romans,  was  son  of  Germanicus,  and 
grandson  of  Tiberius.  He  was  a  most 
cruel  and  tyrannical  monarch,  and  often 
immolated  innocent  persons  for  his  amuse- 
ment. Wild  beasts  were  fed  in  his  palace 
with  human  victims,  and  a  favorite  horse 
was  made  high  priest  and  consul,  kept  in 
marble  apartments,  and  adorned  with  the 
most  valuable  trappings  and  pearls.  He 
frequently  appeared  in  public  places  in 
the  most  indecent  manner,  encouraging 
roguery,  committing  incest  with  his  three 
sisters,  and  establishing  public  places  of 
prostitution.  He  was  at  length  murdered, 
in  his  twenty-ninth  year,  by  his  subjects 

Calipus,  a  mathematician  of  Cyzicus, 
B. C.  330. 

Calis,  a  man  in  Alexander's  army,  tor- 
tured for  conspiring  against  the  king. 

Call.escherus,  the  father  of  Critias. 

Callaici,  a  people  of  Lusitania,  now 
Oallicia,  at  the  north  of  Spain. 

Callas,  a  general  of  Alexander. Of 

Cassander  against  Polyperchon. A  riv- 
er of  Euboea. 

Callatebus,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Calle,  a  town  of  ancient  Spain,  now 
Oporto,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Douro  in  Por- 
tugal. 

Calleteria,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Calleni,  a  people  of  Campania. 

Callia,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Calli  ade9,  a  magistrate  of  Athens  when 
Xerxes  invaded  Greece. 

Calli  as,  an  Athenian  appointed  to  make 
peace  between  Artaxerxes  and  his  coun- 
try.  A  son  of  Temenus,  who  murdered 

his  father  with  the  assistance  of  his  bro- 
thers.  A  Greek  poet,  son  of  Lysima- 

chus.     His  compositions  are  lost. A 

partial  historian  of  Syracuse. An  Athe- 
nian greatly  revered  for  his  patriotism. 
A  soothsayer. An  Athenian,  com- 
mander of  a  fleet  against  Philip,  whose 

ships  he  took. A  rich  Athenian,  who 

liberated  Cimon  from  prison,  on  condition 


CA 


99 


CA 


of  marrying  his  sister  and  wife  Elpinice. 
A  historian,  who  wrote  an  explana- 
tion of  the  poems  of  Alcaeus  and  Sappho. 

Callibius,  a  general  in  the  war  be- 
tween Mantinea  and  Sparta. 

Callicerus,  a  Greek  poet,  some  of 
whose  epigrams  are  preserved  in  the  An- 
thologia. 

Callichorus,  a  place  of  Phocis,  where 
the  orgies  of  Bacchus  were  yearly  cele- 
brated. 

Callicles,  an  Athenian,  whose  house 
was  not  searched  on  account  of  his  recent 
marriage,  when  an  inquiry  was  made  af- 
ter the  money  given  by  Harpalus. A 

statuary  of  Megara. 

Callicolona,  a  place  of  Troy,  near  the 
Simois. 

Callicrates,  an  Athenian,  who  seized 
upon  the  sovereignty  of  Syracuse,  by  im- 
posing upon  Dion  when  he  had  lost  his 
popularity.  He  was  expelled  by  the 
sons  of  Dionysius,  after  reigning  thirteen 

months. An  officer  intrusted  with  the 

care  of  the  treasures  of  Susa  by  Alexan- 
der.  An  artist,  who  made,  with  ivory, 

ants  and  other  insects,  so  small  that  they 

could  scarcely  be  seen. An  Athenian, 

who,  by  his  perfidy  constrained  the  Athe- 
nians to  submit  to  Rome. A  Syrian, 

who  wrote  an  account  of  Aurelian's  life. 

A  brave  Athenian  killed  at  the  battle 

of  Plataea. 

Callicratidas,  a  Spartan,  who  suc- 
ceeded Lysander  in  the  command  of  the 
fleet.  He  was  defeated  and  killed  near 
the  Arginusae,  in  a  naval  battle,  B.  C.  406. 

One  of  the  four  ambassadors  sent  by 

the  Lacedaemonians  to  Darius,  upon  the 
rupture  of  their  alliance  with  Alexander. 
A  Pythagorean  writer. 

Callidius,  a  celebrated  Roman  orator, 
contemporary  with  Cicero. 

Callidromus,  a  place  near  Thermopy- 
lae. 

Calligetus^  man  of  Megara,  received 
in  his  banishment  by  Pharnabazus. 

Callimachus,  an  historian  and  poet  of 
Cyrene.  He  had,  in  the  age  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  kept  a  school  at  Alexandria, 
and  had  Apollonius  of  Rhodes  among  his 
pupils,  whose  ingratitude  obliged  Calli- 
machus to  lash  him  severely  in  a  satirical 
poem,  under  the  name  of  Ibis.  He  wrote 
a  work  in  one  hundred  and  twenty  books 
on  famous  men,  besides  treatises  on  birds  ; 
but  of  all  his  numerous  compositions,  only 
thirty-one  epigrams,  an  elegy,  and  some 

hymns  on  the  gods,  are  extant.- An 

Athenian  general  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Marathon.  His  body  was  found  in  an 
erect  posture,  all   eovered  with  wounds. 

A  Colophonian,  who  wrote  the  life  of 

Homer. 

Callimedon,  a  partisan  of  Phocion,  at 
Athens,  condemned  by  the  populace. 

Calumeles,  a  youth  ordered  to  be  kill- 


ed and  served  up  as  meat  by  Apollodorus 
of  Cassandrea. 

Callinus,  an  orator,  who  is  said  to  have 
first  invented  elegiac  poetry,  B.  C.  776. 
Some  of  his  verses  are  to  be  found  in  Sto- 
baeus. 

Calliope,  one  of  the  Muses,  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne,  who  presided 
over  eloquence  and  heroic  poetry.  She  is 
said  to  be  the  mother  of  Orpheus  by  Apol- 
lo, and  Horace  supposes  her  able  to  play 
on  any  musical  instrument. 

Callipatira,  daughter  of  Diagoras,  and 
wife  of  Callianax  the  athlete,  went  dis- 
guised in  man's  clothes  with  her  son  Pi- 
sidorus,  to  the  Olympic  games.  When 
Pisidorus  was  declared  Victor,  she  discov- 
ered her  sex  through  excess  of  joy,  and 
was  arrested,  as  women  were  not  permit- 
ted to  appear  there  on  pain  of  death.  The 
victory  of  her  son  obtained  her  release  ; 
and  a  law  was  instantly  made,  which 
forbade  any  wrestlers  to  appear  but  na- 
ked. 

Calliphon,  a  painter  of  Samos,  famous 

for  his  historical  pieces, A  philosopher 

who  made  the  summum  bonum  consist  in 
pleasure  joined  to  the  love  of  honesty. 
This  system  was  opposed  by  Cicero. 

Calliphron,  a  celebrated  dancing  mas- 
ter, who  had  Epaminondas  among  his  pu- 
pils. 

Callipidje,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Callipolis,  a  city  of  Thrace  on  the  Hel 

lespont. A  town  of  Sicily  near  ^Etna. 

A  city  of  Calabria  on  the  coast  of  Ta- 

rentum,  now  called  Gallipoli. 

Callipus,  or  Calippus,  an  Athenian, 
disciple  to  Plato.    He  destroyed  Dion,  &c. 

Vid.  Callicrates. A  Corinthian,  who 

wrote  an  history  of  Orchomenos. A 

philosopher. A  general  of  the  Atheni- 
ans when  the  Gauls  invaded  Greece  by 
Thermopylae. 

Callipyges,  a  surname  of  Venus. 

Callirhoe,  a  daughter  of  the  Scaman- 
der,  who  married  Tros,  by  whom  she  had 

Ilus,  Ganymede,  and   Assaracus. A 

fountain  of  Attica  where  Callirhoe  killed 

herself.    Vid.  Coresus. A  daughter  of 

Oceanus  and  Tethys  mother  of  Echidna, 

Orthos,  and  Cerberus,  by  Chrysaor. A 

daughter  of  Lycus  tyrant  of  Libya,  who 
kindly  received  Diomedes  at  his  return 
from  Troy.  He  abandoned  her,  upon  which 

she  killed  herself. A  daughter  of  the 

Achelous,  who  married  Alcmreon. A 

daughter  of  Phocus  the  Boeotian,  whose 

beauty  procured  her  many  admirers. A 

daughter  of  Piras  and  Niobe. 

Calliste,  an  island  of  the  vEgean  sea 
called  afterwards  Thera.  Its  chief  town 
was  founded  one  thousand  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  before  the  Christian  era, 
by  Theras. 

Callisteia,  a  festival  at  Lesbos,  during 
which,  all  the  women  presented  them- 


CA 


100 


CA 


selves  in  the  temple  of  Juno,  and  the  fair- 
est was  rewarded  in  a  public  manner. 

Callisthenes,  a  Greek  who  wrote  an 
history  of  his  own  country  in  ten  books. 

• A  man  who  with  others  attempted 

to  expel  the  garrison  of  Demetrius  from 

Athens. A  philosopher  of  Olynthus, 

intimate  with  Alexander,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  his  oriental  expedition,  in 
the  capacity  of  a  preceptor.  He  refused  to 
pay  divine  honors  to  the  king,  for  which 
he  was  accused  of  conspiracy,  mutilated, 
exposed  ,to  wild  beasts,  and  dragged  about 
in  chains,  till  Lysimachus  gave  him  poison 
which  ended  together  his  tortures  and  his 

life,  B.  C.  328 A  writer  of  Sybaris. 

A  freedman  of  Lucrfllus.  It  is  said  that  he 
gave  poison  to  his  master. 

Callisto  and  Calisto,  called  also  He- 
lice,  was  daughter  of  Lycaon  king  of  Ar- 
cadia, and  one  of  Diana's  attendants. 

Callistonicus,  a  celebrated  statuary  at 
Thebes. 

Callistratus,  an  Athenian,  appointed 
general  with    Timotbeus    and    Chabrias 

against  Lacedaemon. An  orator    of 

Aphidna,  in  the  time  of  Epaminondas,  the 

most  eloquent  of  his  age. An  Athenian 

orator,  with  whom  Demosthenes  made  an 
intimate  acquaintance  after  he  had  heard 

him  plead. A  Greek  historian. A 

comic  poet,  rival  of  Aristophanes. A 

statuary. A  secretary  of  Mithridates. 

A  grammarian,  who  made  the  alpha- 
bet of  the  Samians  consist  of  twenty-four 
letters. 

Callixena,  an  infamous  woman  of 
Thessaly. 

Callixenus,  a  general  who  perished  by 

famine. An  Athenian,  imprisoned  for 

passing  sentence  of  death  upon  some  pris- 
oners. 

Calon,  a  statuary. 

Calor,  now  Calore,  a  river  in  Italy  near 
Beneventum. 

Calpe,  a  lofty  mountain  in  the  most 
southern  parts  of  Spain,  opposite  to  mount 
Abyla  on  the  African  coast.  These  two 
mountains  were  called  the  pillars  of  Her- 
cules.    Calpe  is  now  called  Gibraltar. 

Calphurnia,  a  daughter  of  L.  Piso, 
who  was  Julius  Caesar's  fourth  wife.  The 
night  previous  to  her  husband's  murder, 
she  dreamed  that  the  roof  of  her  house 
had  fallen,  and  that  he  had  been  stabbed 
in  her  arms  ;  and  on  that  account  she  at- 
tempted, but  in  vain,  to  detain  him  at 
home. 

Calphurnius  Bestia,  a  noble  Roman 
bribed  by  Jugurtha.     It  is  said  that  he 

murdered  his  wives  when   asleep. 

Crassus,  a  patrician,  who  went  with  Reg- 
ulus  against  the  Massyli.  He  was  seized 
by  the  enemy,  and  was  ordered  to  be  sac- 
rificed to  Neptune.  Bisaltia,  the  king's 
daughter,  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  gave 
him  an  opportunity  of  escaping  and  con- 


quering her  father.  Calphurnius  returned 
victorious,  and  Bisaltia  destroyed  herself. 
A  man  who  conspired  against  the  em- 
peror Nerva. Galerianus,  son  of  Piso. 

Piso,  condemned  for  using  seditious 

words  against  Tiberius. Another  fa- 
mous for  his  abstinence. Titus,  a  Latin 

poet,  born  in  Sicily  in  the  age  of  Diocle- 
sian,  seven  of  whose  eclogues  are  extant, 
and  generally  found  with  the  works  of 
the  poets  who  have  written  on  hunting. 

Calpurnia,  or  Calphurnia,  a  noble 
family  in  Rome,  derived  from  Calpus  son 
of  Numa.  It  branched  into  the  families 
of  the  Pisones  Bibuli,  Flammae,  Caesen- 
nini,  Asprftnates,  &c. 

Calpurnia  and  Calphurnia  lex,  was 
enacted  A.  U.  C.  604,  severely  to  punish 
such  as  were  guilty  of  using  bribes,  &c. 
A  daughter  of  Marius,  sacrificed  to 


the  gods  by  her  father,  who  was  advised 
to  do  it,  in  a  dream,  if  he  wished  to  con- 
quer the  Cimbri. A  woman  who  killed 

herself  when  she  heard  that  her  husband 
was  murdered  in  the  civil  wars  of  Marius. 

The  wife  of  J.  Caesar. A  favorite 

of  the  emperor  Claudius. A  woman 

ruined  by  Agrippina  on  account  of  her 
beauty. 

Calyia,  a  female  minister  of  Nero's 
hists. 

CALviNA,an  infamous  woman  of  Rome. 

Calvisius,  a  friend  of  Augustus. 

Calumnia  and  Impudentia,  two  dei- 
ties worshipped  at  Athens. 

Calusidius,  a  soldier  in  the  army  of 
Germanicus.  When  this  general  wished 
to  stab  himself  with  his  own  sword,  Calu- 
sidius offered  him  his  own,  observing  that 
it  was  sharper. 

Calu9ium,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Calvus  Corn.  Licinius,  a  famous  ora- 
tor, equally  known  for  writing  iambics. 

Calybe,  a  town  of  Thrace. The 

mother  of  Bucolion  by  Laomedon. An 

old  woman  priestess  "in  the  temple  which 
Juno  had  at  Ardea. 

Calycadnus,  a  river  of  Cilicia. 

Calyce,  a  daughter  of  ^Eolus,  son  of 
flelenus  and  Enaretta  daughter  of  Del- 

machus. A  Grecian  girl,  who  fell  in 

love  with  a  youth  called  Evathlus.  As 
she  was  unable  to  gain  the  object  of  her 
love,  she  threw  herself  from  a  precipice. 

A  daughter  of  Hecaton  mother  of 

Cycnus. 

Calydium,  a  town  on  the  Appian  way. 

Calydna,  an  island  in  the  Myrtoan  sea. 

Calydon,  a  city  of  iEtolia,  where  GEne- 
us,  the  father  of  Meleager,  reigned.  Dur- 
ing the  reign  of  GEneus,  Diana  sent  a  wild 
boar  to  ravage  the  country,  on  account  of 
the  neglect  which  had  been  shown  to  her 
divinity  by  the  king.  All  the  princes  of 
the  age  assembled  to  hunt  this  boar,  which 
is  greatly  celebrated  by  the  poets,  under 
the  name  of  the  chase  of  Calydon,  or  the 


CA 


103 


CA 


Calyduiiian  boar.  Melcag;r  killed  the  an- 
imal  with  his  own  hand,  and  gave  tiie 
head  to  Atalanta,  of  whom  he  was  en- 
amored.  A  son  of  ^Etolus  and  Pronoe 

daughter  of  Phorbus.  He  gave  his  name 
to  a  town  of  iEtolia. 

Calydonis,  a  name  of  Deianira,  as  liv- 
ing in  Calydon. 

Calybonius,  a  surname  cf  Bacchus. 

Calymne,  an  island  near  Lebynthos. 

Calynda,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Calypso,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  was 
goddess  of  silence,  and  reigned  in  the  is- 
land of  Ogygia,  whose  situation  and  even 
existence  is  doubted.  When  Ulysses  was 
shipwrecked  on  her  coasts,  she  received 
him  with  great  hospitality,  and  offered 
him  immortality  if  he  would  remain  with 
her  as  a  husband. 

Camalodunum,  a  Roman  colony  in  Bri- 
tain, supposed  Maiden,  or  Colchester. 

CiMASiiuM,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor. 

C  a  marina,  a  town  of  Italy. A  lake 

of  Sicily,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
built  B.  C.  55:2.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
Syracusans,  and  rebuilt  by  a  certain  Hip- 
ponous. 

Cambaules,  a  general  of  some  Gauls 
who  invaded  Greece. 

Cambes,  a  prince  of  Lydia,  of  such  vo- 
racious appetite  that  he  ate  his  own 
wife. 

Cambre,  a  place  near  Puteoli. 

Cambunii,  mountains  of  Macedonia. 

Cambyses,  king  of  Persia,  was  son  of 
Cyrus  the  Great.  He  conquered  Egypt, 
and  was  so  offended  at  the  superstition  of 
the  Egyptians,  that  he  killed  their  god 
Apis,  and  plundered  their  temples.  He 
killed  his  brother  Smerdis  from  mere  sus- 
picion, and  flead  alive  a  partial  judge, 
whose  skin  he  nailed  on  the  judgment 
seat,  and  appointed  his  son  to  succeed 
him,  telling  him  to  remember  where  he 
sat.  He  died  of  a  small  wound  he  had 
given  himself  with  his  sword  as  he  mount- 
ed on  horseback,  five  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-one years  before  Christ.  He  left  no 
issue  to  succeed  him,  and  his  throne  was 
usurped  by  the  magi,  and  ascended  by  Da- 
rius soon  after. A  person  of  obscure 

origin,  to  whom  king  Astyages  gave  his 

daughter  Mandane   in    marriage. A 

river  of  Asia  which  flows  from  mount 
Caucasus  into  the  Cyrus. 

Camelani,  a  people  of  Italy. 

Camelit^:,  a  people  of  Mesopotamia. 

Camera,  a  field  of  Calabria. 

Camerinum  and  Camertium,  a  town  of 
Umbria,  very  faithful  to  Rome.  The  in- 
habitants were  called  Camertes. 

Camerinus,  a  Latin  poet,  who  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  taking  of  Troy  by  Hercules. 

Some  of  the  family  of  the  Camerini 

were  distinguished  for  their  zeal  as  citi- 
zens, as  well  as  for  their  abilitie?  as  schol- 
ars. 

9* 


Camerium,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy 
near  Rome,  taken  by  Romulus. 

Camertes,  a  friend  of  Turnus  killed  by 
^Eneas.    Fid.  Camerinum. 

Camilla,  queen  of  the  Volsci,  was 
daughter  of  Metabus  and  Casmilla.  She 
was  educated  in  the  woods,  inured  to  the 
labors  of  hunting,  and  fed  upon  the  milk 


of  mares.  Her  father  devoted  her,  when 
young,  to  the  service  of  Diana.  When 
she  was  declared  queeu,  she  marched  at 
the  head  of  an  army  and  accompanied  by 
three  youthful  females  of  equal  courage  as 
herself,  to  assist  Turnus  against  iEneas. 
She  was  so  swift  that  she  could  run,  or 
rather  fly  over  a  field  of  corn  without 
bending  the  blades,  and  make  her  way 
,  over  the  sea  without  wetting  her  feet. 
I  She  died  by  a  wound  she  had  received 
from  Aruns. 

Camilii  and  Camilla,  the  priests  in- 
stituted by  Romulus  for  the  service  of  the. 
gods. 

Camillus,  L.  Furius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, called  a  second  Romulus,  from  his 
services  to  his  country.  He  was  banishel 
by  the  people  for  distributing,  contrary  fy 
his  vow,  the  spoils  he  had  obtained  at 
Veii.  During  his  exile,  Rome  was  be. 
sieged  by  the  Gauls  under  Brennus.  In 
the  midst  of  their  misfortunes,  the  besieg- 
ed Romans  elected  him  dictator,  and  he 
forgot  their  ingratitude,  and  marched  to 
the  relief  of  his  country,  which  he  deliv- 
ered, after  it  had  been  for  some  time  in 
the  possession  of  the  enemy.  He  died  in 
the  eightieth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  365. 

A  name  of  Mercury. An  intimate 

friend  of  Cicero. 

Camiro  and  Clytia,  two  daughters  of 
Pandarus  of  Crete.  Jupiter  to  punish 
upon  them  the  crime  of  their  father,  who 
was  accessary  to  the  impiety  of  Tantalus, 
ordered  the  harpies  to  carry  them  away 
and  deliver  them  to  the  furies. 

C'AMiRUsandCAMiRA,atown  of  Rhodes. 

Camissares,  a  governor  of  part  of  Cili- 
cia,  father  to  Datames. 

CAMMA,awomanof  Galatia,  who  aveng- 
ed the  death  of  her  husband  Sinetus  upon 
his  murderer  Sinorix,  by  making  him 
drink  in  a  cup,  of  which  the  liquor  was 
poisoned. 

Camcenje,  a  name  given  to  the  muses 
from  the  sweetness  and  melody  of  their 
songs. 

Campana  lex,  or  Julian  agrarian  law, 
was  enacted  by  J.  Caesar,  A.  U.  C.  691,  to 
divide  some  lands  among  the  people. 

Campania,  a  country  of  Italy,  of  which 
Capua  was  the  capital.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  delightful  views,  and  for  its  fertili- 
ty.    Capua  is  often  called  Campana  urbs. 

Campe,  kept  the  hundred-handed  mon- 
sters confined  in  Tart;irus.  Jupiter  killed 
her,  because  she  refused  to  give  them  their 
liberty  to  come  to  his  assistance  against 
the  Titans. 


CA 


102 


CA 


Camfasfe  and  Pancaste,  a  beautiful 
Concubine  of  Alexander,  whom  the  king 
gave  to  Apelles. 

Campi  Diomedis,  a  plain  situate  in 
Apulia. 
Campsa,  a  town  near  Pallene. 
Campus  Martius,  a  large  plain  at  Rome, 
without  the  walls  of  the  city,  where  the 
Roman  youths  performed  their  exercises, 
and  learnt  to  wrestle  and  box,  to  throw 
the  discus,  hurl  the  javelin,  ride  a  horse, 
drive  a  chariot,  &c.  The  public  assem- 
blies were  held  there,  and  the  officers  of 
state  chosen,  and  audience  given  to  for- 
eign ambassadors.  It  was  adorned  with 
statues,  columns,  arches,  and  porticos, 
and  its  pleasant  situation  made  it  very 
frequented.  It  was  called  Martius,  be- 
cause dedicated  to  Mars. 

Camuloginus,  a  Gaul  raised  to  great 
honors  by  Caesar,  for  his  military  abili- 
ties. 

Camulus,  a  surname  of  Mars  among  the 
Sabines  and  Etrurians. 
Can  a,  a  city  and  promontory  of  iEolia. 
Canace,  a  daughter  of  iEolus  and  Ena- 
retta. 
Canache,  one  of  Action's  dogs. 
Canachus,  a  statuary  of  Sicyori. 
Can.e,  a  city  of  Locris — of  JBolia. 
Canarii,  a  people  near  mount  Atlas  in 
Africa,  who  received  this  name  because 
Ihey  fed  in  common  with  their  dogs.   The 
islands  which  they  inhabited  were  called 
Fortunate  by  the  ancients,  and   are  now 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Canaries. 
Canathus,  a  fountain  of  Nauplia. 
Candace,  a  queen  of  ^Ethiopia,  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

Candavia,  a  mountain  of  Epirus,  which 
separates  Illyria  from  Macedonia. 

Candaules,  or  Myrsilus,  son  of  Myr- 
sus,  was  the  last  of  the  Heraclidae  who 
sat  on  the  throne  of  Lydia. 

Candei,  a  people  of  Arabia  who  fed  on 
serpents. 
Candiope,  a  daughter  of  Oenopion. 
Candyba,  a  town  of  Lycia. 
Canens,  a  nymph  called  also  Venilia, 
daughter  of  Janus  and  wife  to  Picus  king 
of  the  Laurentes.   When  Circe  had  chang- 
ed her  husband  into  a  bird,  she  lamented 
him  so  much,  that  she  pined  away,  and 
was  changed  into  a  voice.    She  was  reck- 
oned as  a  deity  by  the  inhabitants. 

Canephoria,  festivals  at  Athens  in 
honor  of  Bacchus,  or,  according  to  others, 
of  Diana. 

Canethum,  a  place  of  Eubaea. A 

mountain  in  Bceotia. 

Caniculares  dies,  certain  days  in  the 
eummer,  in  which  the  star  Canis  is  said 
to  influence  the  season,  and  to  make  the 
days  more  warm  during  its  appearance. 

Caridia,  a  certain  woman  of  Neapolis, 
against  whom  Horace  inveighed  as  a  sor- 
ceress. 


Canidius,  a  tribune,  who  proposed  a 
law  to  empower  Poinpey  to  go  only  with 
twolictors,  to  reconcile  Ptolemy  and  the 
Alexandrians. 

Caninefates,  a  people  near  Batavia, 
where  modern  Holland  now  is  situate. 

C.  Caninius  Rebilus,  a  consul  with  J. 
Ceesar,  after  the  death  of  Trebonius.  He 
was  consul  only  for  seven  hours,  because 
his  predecessor  died  the  last  day  of  the 
year,  and  he  was  chosen  only  for  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  day. Lucius,  a 

lieutenant  of  Cagsar's  army  in  Gaul. 

Rufus,  a  friend  of  Pliny  the  younger. 

Gallus,  an  intimate  friend  of  Cicero. 

Canistius,  a  Lacedaemonian  courier, 
who  ran  one  thousand  two  hundred  stadia 
in  one  day. 

Can i us,  a  poet  of  Gades,  cotemporary 
with  Martial.     He  was  so  naturally  merry 

that  he  always  laughed. A  Roman 

knight,  who  went  to  Sicily  for  his  amuse- 
ment, where  he  bought  gardens  well 
stocked  with  fish,  which  disappeared  on 
the  morrow. 

Cannje,  a  small  village  of  Apulia,  near 
the  Ausidus,  where  Hannibal  conquered 
the  Romans.  The  spot  where  this  famous 
battle  was  fought  is  now  shown  by  the 
natives,  and  denominated  the  field  of 
blood. 

Canopicum  ostium,  one  of  the  mouths 
of  the  Nile,  twelve  miles  from  Alexan- 
dria. 

Canopus,  a  city  of  Egypt,  twelve  miles 
from  Alexandria,  celebrated  for  the  tem- 
ple of  Serapis.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Spartans,  and  it  received  its  name  from 
Canopus  the  pilot  of  the  vessel  of  Mene- 
laus,  who  was  buried  in  this  place.  The 
inhabitants  were  dissolute  in  their  man- 
ners.  The  pilot  of  the  ship  of  Mene- 

laus,  who  died  in  his  youth  on  the  coast 
of  Egypt,  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent. 

Cantabra,  a  river  falling  into  the  In- 
dus. 

Cantabri,  a  ferocious  and  warlike  peo- 
ple of  Spain. 

Cantaerije  lacus,  a  lake  in  Spain, 
where  a  thunderbolt  fell,  and  in  which 
twelve  axes  were  found. 

Cantharus,  a  famous  sculptor  of  Si- 
cyon. A  comic  poet  of  Athens. 

Canthus,  a  son  of  Abas,  one  of  the 
Argonauts. 

Cantium,  a  country  in  the  eastern  parts 
of  Britain,  now  called  Kent. 

Canui.eia,  one  of  the  first  vestals  cho 

sen  by   Numa. A  law.     Vid.  Canu- 

leius. 

C.  Canuleius,  a  tribune  of  the  people 
of  Rome,  A.  U.  C.  310,  who  made  a  law 
to  render  it  constitutional  for  the  patri- 
cians and  plebeians  to  intermarry. 

Canulia,  a  Roman  girl. 

Canusium,  now  Canom,  a  town  of  Apu- 
lia. 


CA 


103 


CA 


Canusius,  a  Gree^  historian  under  Pto- 
lemy Auletes. 

Canutius  Tiberinus,  a  tribune  of  the 
people,  who,  like  Cicero,  furiously  attack- 
ed Antony  when   declared  an  enemy  to 

the  state.   His  satire  cost  him  his  life. 

A  Roman  actor. 

Capaneus,  a  noble  Argive,  son  of  Hip- 
ponous  and  Astinome,  and  husband  to 
Evadne.  He  was  so  impious,  that  when 
he  went  to  the  Theban  war,  he  declared 
that  he  would  take  Thebes  even  in  spite 
of  Jupiter.  Such  contempt  provoked  the 
god,  who  struck  him  dead  with  a  thun- 
derbolt. 

Capella,  an  elegiac  poet  in  the  age  of 

J.  Caesar. Martianus,  a  Carthaginian, 

A.  D.  490,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  the  mar- 
riage of  Mercury  and  philology,  and  in 
praise  of  the  liberal  arts. A  gladiator. 

Capena,  a  gate  of  Rome. 

Capenas,  a  small  river  of  Italy. 

Capeni,  a  people  of  Etruria,  in  whose 
territory  Feronia  had  a  grove  and  a  temple. 

Caper,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor. 

Capetus,  a  king  of  Alba,  who  reigned 
25  years. A  suitor  of  Hippodamia. 

Caphareus,  a  lofty  mountain  and  pro- 
montory of  Euboea. 

Caphyje,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Capio,  a  Roman,  famous  for  his  friend- 
ship with  Cato. 

Capito,  the  uncle  of  Paterculus,  who 

joined  Agrippa  against  Crassus. Fon- 

teius,  a  man  sent  by  Antony  to  settle  his 
disputes  with  Augustus. A  man  ac- 
cused of  extortion  in  Cilicia,  and  severely 

punished  by  the  senate. An  epic  poet 

of  Alexandria,  who  wrote  on  love. An 

historian  of  Lycia. A  poet  who  wrote 

on  illustrious  men. 

Capitolini  ludi.  games  yearly  cele- 
brated at  Rome  in  honor  of  Jupiter,  who 
preserved  the  capitol  from  the  Gauls. 

Cafitolinus,    a  surname    of   Jupiter, 

from  his  temple  on  mount  Capitolinus. 

A  surname  of  M.  Manlius,  who,  for  his 
ambition,  was  thrown  down  from  the 
Tavpeian  rock  which  he  had  so  nobly  de- 
fended.  A  mountain  at  Rome,  called 

also  Mons  Tarpeius,  and  Mons  Saturni. 
The  capitol  was  built  upon  it. A  con- 
sul with  Marcellus. Julius,  an  author 

in  Dioclesian's  reign. 

Capitolium,  a  celebrated  temple  and 
citadel  at  Rome  on  the  Tarpeian  rock.  It 
was  begun  by  Servius  Tullius,  finished  by 
Tarquin  Superbus,  and  consecrated  by 
the  consul  Horatius  after  the  expulsion 
of  the  TarquinS  from  Rome.  It  was  built 
upon  four  acres  of  ground  ;  the  front  was 
adorned  with  three  rows  of  pillars,  and 
the  other  sides  with  two.  The  ascent  to 
it  from  the  ground  was  by  an  hundred 
steps.  Its  thresholds  were  made  of  brass, 
and  its  roof  was  gold.  It  was  adorned 
with  vessels  and  shields  of  solid  silver. 


with  golden  chariots,  &x.  It  was  burin 
during  the  civil  wars  of  Marius,  and  Syl- 
la  rebuilt  it,  but  died  before  the  dedica- 
tion, which  was  performed  by  Q.  Catulus. 
It  was  again  destroyed  in  the  troubles 
under  Vitellius  ;  and  Vespasian,  who  en- 
deavoured to  repair  it,  saw  it  again  in 
ruins  at  his  death.  Domitian  raised  it 
again,  for  the  last  time,  and  made  it  more 
grand  and  magnificent  than  any  of  his 
predecessors,  and  spent  12,000  talents  in 
gilding  it.  The  consuls  and  magistrates 
offered  sacrifies  there,  when  they  first  en- 
tered  upon  their  offices,  and  the  proces- 
sion in  triumphs  was  always  conducted 
to  the  capitol. 

Cappadocia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor, 
between  the  Halys,  and  the  Euphrates, 
and  the  Euxine.  The  inhabitants  were 
of  a  dull  and  submissive  disposition,  and 
addicted  to  every  vice.  The  kings  of 
Cappadocia  mostly  bore  the  name  of  Aria- 
rathes. 

Cappadox,  a  river  of  Cappadocia. 

Capraria,  now  Cabrera,  a  mountain  is- 
land on  the  coast  of  Spain,  famous  for  its 
goats. 

Capreje,  now  Capri,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  abounding  in  quails, 
and  famous  for  the  residence  and  de- 
baucheries of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  dur- 
ing the  seven  last  years  of  his  life. 

Capreje  Palus,  a  place  near  Rome, 
where  Romulus  disappeared. 

Capricornus,  a  sign  of  the  Zodiac,  in 
which  appear  28  stars  in  the  form  of  a 
goat.  When  the  sun  enters  this  sign  it  is 
the  winter  solstice,  or  the  longest  night 
in  the  year. 

Caprificialis,  a  day  sacred  to  Vulcan, 
on  which  the  Athenians  offered  him  mo- 
ney. 

Caprima,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Capripedes,  a  surname  of  Pan,  the 
Fauni  and  the  Satyrs,  from  their  having 
goats'  feet. 

Caprius,  a  great  informer  in  Horace's 
age. 

Caprotina,  a  festival  celebrated  at 
Rome  in  July,  in  honor  of  Juno,  at  which 
women  only  officiated. 

Cafrus,  a  harbor  near  mount  Athos. 

Capsa,  a  town  of  Libya,  surrounded  by 
vast  deserts  full  of  snakes. 

Capsage,  a  town  of  Syria. 

Capua,  the  chief  city  of  Campania  m 
Italy,  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by 
Capys,  the  companion  of  Anchises.  The 
city  was  very  ancient,  and  so  opulent  that 
it  even  rivalled  Rome,  and  was  called  al- 
tera Roma. 

Capys,  a  Trojan  who  came  with  ^Eneas 
into  Italy,  and  founded  Capua.  A  son  of 
Assaracus  by  a  daughter  of  the  Simois. 
He  was  father  of  Anchises  by  Themis. 

Capys  Sylvius,  a  king  of  Alba,  who 
I  reigned  twenty-eight  years. 


CA 


104 


CA 


Car,  a  son  of  Phoroneus,  king  of  Me- 

gara. A  son  of  Manes,  who  married 

Callirhoe,  daughter  of  the  Mreander.  Ca- 
rta received  its  name  from  him. 

Carabactra,  a  place  in  India. 

Carabis,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Caracalla.     Vid.  Antoninus. 

Caracates,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Caractacus,  a  king  of  the  Britons,  con- 
quered by  an  officer  of  Claudius  Cssar, 
A.  D. 47. 

Carje,  certain  places  between  Susa  and 
the  Tigris,  where  Alexander  pitched  his 
camp. 

Cak-eus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  in  Bcco- 
tia, — in  Caria. 

Caralis,  the  chief  city  of  Sardinia. 

Carambis,  now  Kerempi,  a  promontory 
of  Paphlagonia. 

Caram's,  one  of  the  Heraclidffi,  the  first 
who  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Macedo- 
nian empire,  B.  C.  814. A  general  of 

Alexander. An  harbor  of  Phoenicia. 

Carau9ius,  a  tyrant  of  Britain  for  seven 
years,  A.  D.  293. 

Carbo,  a  Soman  orator  who  killed  him- 
self because  he  could  not  curb  the  licen- 
tious manners  of  his  countrymen. 

Cneus,  a  son  of  the  orator  Carbo,  who 
embraced  the  party  of  Marius,  and  after 
the  death  of  Cinna  succeeded  to  the  gov- 
ernment.    He  was  killed  in  Spain,  in  his 

third   consulship. An    orator,    son   of 

Carbo  the  orator,  killed  by  the  army  when 
desirous  of  reestablishing  the  ancient  mil- 
itary discipline. 

Carchedon,  the  Greek  name  of  Car- 
thage. 

Carcinus,  a  tragic  poet  of  Agrigentum, 
in  the  age  of  Philip  of  Macedon. Ano- 
ther of  Athens. Another  of  Naupac- 

tum. A  man  of  Ehegium. An  Athe- 
nian general,  who  laid  waste  Peloponne- 
sus in  the  time  Pericles. 

Carcinus,  a  constellation,  the  same  as 
the  Cancer. 

Cardaces,  a  people  of  Asia  Minor. 

Cardamyle,  a  town  of  Argos. 

Cardia,  a  town  in  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus. 

Carduchi,  a  warlike  nation  of  Media, 
along  the  borders  of  the  Tigris. 

Cares,  a  nation  which  inhabited  Caria, 
and  thought  themselves  the  original  pos- 
sessors of  that  country. 

Caresa,  an  island  of  the  ^Egean  sea, 
opposite  Attica. 

Caressus,  a  river  of  Troas. 

Carfinia,  an  immodest  woman  of 
Rome. 

Caria,  now  Mdinclli,  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  whose  boundaries  have  been  dif- 
ferent in  different  ages.  It  was  at  the 
south  of  Ionia,  at  the  east  and  north  of 
the  Icarian  sea,  and  at  the  west  of  Phry- 
gia  Major  and  Lycia.    It  has  been  called 


Phoenicia.  The  chief  town  was  Iialicar- 
nassus. A  port  of  Thrace. 

Carias,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. A 

general. 

Cariate,  a  town  of  Bactriana,  where 
Alexander  imprisoned  Callisthenes. 

Cakilla,  a  town  of  the  Piceni,  destroy- 
ed by  Annibal,  for  its  great  attachment  to 
Rome. 

Carina,  a  virgin  of  Caria. 

Carinje,  certain  edifices  at  Rome,  built 
in  the  manner  of  ships,  which  were  in 
the  temple  of  Tellus.  Some  suppose  that 
it  was  a  street  in  which  Pompey's  house 
was  built. 

Carine,  a  town  near  the  Caicus  in  Asia 
Minor. 

Carinus,  (M.  Aurelius)  a  Roman  who 
attempted  to  succeed  his  father  Carus  as 
emperor.  He  was  famous  for  his  de- 
baucheries and  cruelties.  Dioclesian  de- 
feated him  in  Dalmatia,  and  he  was  kill- 
ed by  a  soldier,  A.  D.  268. 

Carisiacum,  a  town  of  ancient  Gaul, 
now  Cressy  in  Picardy. 

Carissanum,  a  place  of  Italy  near 
which  Milo  was  killed. 

Caristum,  a  town  of  Liguria. 

Carmania,  a  country  of  Asia,  between 
Persia  and  India. 

Carmanor,  a  Cretan,  who  purified 
Apollo  of  slaughter. 

Carme,  a  nymph,  daughter  of  Eubulu8 
and  mother  of  Britomartis  by  Jupiter. 
She  was  one  of  Diana's  attendants. 

Carmelus,  a  god  among  the  inhabitants 
of  mount  Carmel,  situate  between  Syria 
and  Judsea. 

Carmenta  and  Carmentis,  a  prophet- 
ess of  Arcadia,  mother  of  Evander,  with 
whom  she  came  to  Italy,  and  was  receiv- 
ed by  king  Faunus,  about  60  years  before 
the  Trojan  war.  She  was  the  oracle  of 
the  people  of  Italy  during  her  life,  and 
after  death  she  received  divine  honors. 
She  had  a  temple  at  Rome,  and  the  Greeks 
offered  her  sacrifices  under  the  name  of 
Themis. 

Carmentales,  festivals  at  Rome  in  ho- 
nor of  Carmenta,  celebrated  the  11th  of 
January,  near  the  Porta  Carmentalis,  be- 
low the  capitol. 

Carmentalis  Porta,  one  of  the  gates 
of  Rome  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  cap- 
itol. It  was  afterwards  called  Scelerala, 
because  the  Fabii  passed  through  it  in 
going  to  that  fatal  expedition  where  they 
perished. 

Carmides,  a  Greek  of  an  uncommon 
memory. 

Carna  and  Cardinea,  a  goddess  at 
Rome.  The  Romans  offered  her  beans, 
bacon,  and  vegetables,  to  represent  the 
simplicity  of  their  ancestors. 

Carnasius,  a  village  of  Messenia  in 
Peloponnesus. 


CA 


105 


CA 


Ca-r.n-ea.des,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene  in 
Africa,  founder  of  a  sect  called  the  third 
or  new  Academy.  Carneades  denied  that 
any  thing  could  he  perceived  or  under- 
stood in  the  world,  and  he  was  the  first 
who  introduced  an  universal  suspension 
of  assent.  He  died  in  the  90th  year  of 
his  age,  B.  C.  128. 

Carneia,  a  festival  observed  in  most  of 
the  Grecian  cities,  but  more  particularly 
at  Sparta,  where  it  was  first  instituted, 
about  675  B.  C.  in  honor  of  Apollo  sur- 
named  Carneus. 

Carnion,  a  town  of  Laconia. A 

river  of  Arcadia. 

Carnus,  a  prophet  of  Acarnania,  from 
whom  Apollo  was  called  Carneus. 

Carnutes,  a  people  of  Celtic  Gaul. 

Carpasia  and  Carpasium,  a  town  of 
Cyprus. 

Carpathus,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean between  Rhodes  and  Crete,  now 
called  Scapanto. 

Carpia,  an  ancient  name  of  Tartessus. 

Carpis,  a  river  of  Mysia. 

Carpo,  a  daughter  of  Zephyrus,  and 
one  of  the  Seasons.  She  was  drowned 
in  the  Maeander,  and  was  changed  by 
Jupiter  into  all  sorts  of  fruit. 

Carpophora,  a  name  of  Ceres  and  Pro- 
serpine in  Tegea. 

Carpophorus,  an  actor  greatly  esteem- 
ed by  Domitian. 

Carr.^e  and  Carrhje,  a  town  of  Meso- 
potamia, near  which  Crassus  was  killed. 

Carri  nates  Secundus,  a  poor  but  in- 
genious rhetorician,  who  came  from  Ath- 
ens to  Rome,  where  the  boldness  of  hi9 
expressions  exposed  him  to  Caligula's  re- 
sentment. 

Carruca,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Carseoli,  a  town  of  the  iEqui,  at  the 
west  of  the  lake  Fucinus. 

Cartalias,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Carteia,  a  town  at  the  extremity  of 
Spain,  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  Calpe. 

Cartexa,  a  town  of  Mauritania,  now 
Tenet,  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Carth^ea,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Cea. 

Carthaginienses,  the  inhabitants  of 
Carthage,  a  rich  and  commercial  nation. 

Carthago,  a  celebrated  city  of  Africa, 
:he  rival  of  Rome,  and  long  the  capital 
of  the  country,  and  mistress  of  Spain,  Si- 
cily 13)3  Sardinia.  Most  writers  seem  to 
agree  that  it  was  first  built  by  Dido,  about 
869  yeara  before  the  christian  era.  This 
city  and  republic  flourished  for  737  years, 
and  the  time  of  its  greatest  glory  was  un- 
der Annibal  and  Amilcar.  It  maintained 
three  famous  wars  against  Rome,  called 
the  Punic  wars  ;  in  the  third  of  which 
Carthage  was  totally  destroyed  by  Scipio 
the  second  Africanus,  B.  C."l47,  and  only 
5000  persons  were  found  within  the  walls. 
ft  was  23  miles  in  circumference,  and 


when  it  was  set  on  fire  by  the  Romans,  it 
burned  incessantly  during  17  days.  It 
was  afterwards  partly  rebuilt  by  the  dif- 
ferent emperors.  Carthage  was  conquer- 
ed from  the  Romans  by  the  arms  of  Gen- 
seric,  A.  D.  439  ;  and  it  was  for  more  than 
a  century  the  seat  of  the  Vandal  empire 
in  Africa,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Saracens  in  the  seventh  century.  The  Car- 
thaginians were  governed  as  a  republic, 
and  had  two  persons  yearly  chosen  among 
them  with  regal  authority.  They  were 
very  superstitious,  and  generally  offered 
human  victims  to  their  gods.  They  bore 
the  character  of  a  faithless  and  treacher- 
ous people,  and  the  proverb  Punica  fides 
is  well  known.  Nova,  a  town  built  in 
Spain,  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, by  Asdrubal  the  Carthaginian  gene- 
ral. It  now  bears  the  name  of  Carthagena. 
A  daughter  of  Hercules. 

Carthasis,  a  Scythian,  &x. 

Carthea,  a  town  of  Cos. 

Carvilius,  a  king  of  Britian,  who  at- 
tacked Caesar's  naval  station  by  order  of 

Cassivelaunus,  &c. Spurius,  a  Roman 

who  made  a  large  image  of  the  breast- 
plates taken  from  the  Samnites,  and 
placed  it  in  the  capitol. The  first  Ro- 
man who  divorced  his  wife  during  the 
space  of  above  600  years. 

Carus,  a  Roman  emperor  who  succeed- 
ed Probus.  He  was  a  prudent  and  active 
general,  he  conquered  the  Sarmatians, 
and  continued  the  Persian  war  which  hia 
predecessor  had  commenced.  He  reigned 
two  years,  and  died  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tigris  as  he  was  going  in  an  expedition 

against  Persia,  A.  D.  283. One  of  those 

who  attempted  to  scale  the  rock  Aornus, 
by  order  of  Alexander. 

Carva,  a  town  of  Arcadia. A  city 

of  Laconia.  Here  a  festival  was  observed 
in  honor  of  Diana  Caryatis.  Tt  was  then 
usual  for  virgins  to  meet  at  the  celebra- 
tion, and  join  in  a  certain  dance,  said 
to  have  been  first  instituted  by  Castor  and 
Pollux. 

Caryanda,  a  town  and  island  on  the 
coast  of  Caria,  now  Karacoion. 

Caryat.'e,  a  people  of  Arcadia. 

Carystius  Antigonus,  an  historian, 
B.  C.  248. 

Carystus,  a  maritime  town  on  the 
south  of  Euboea,  still  in  existence,  famous 
for  its  marble. 

Caryum,  a  place  of  Laconia,  where 
Aristomenes  preserved  some  virgins. 

Casca,  one  of  Caesar's  assassins,  who 
gave  him  the  first  blow. 

Cascellius  Aulus,  a  lawyer  of  great 
merit  in  the  Augustan  age. 

Casilinum,  a  town  of  Campania. — 
When  it  was  besieged  by  Hannibal,  a 
mouse  sold  for  200  denarii. 

Casina  and  Casinum,  a  town  of  Cam- 
pania. 

E* 


CA 


106 


CA 


Casius,  a  mountain  near  the  Euphrates. 

Another  at  the  east  of  Pelusium, 

where  Pompey's  tomb  was  raised  by  Adri- 
an.  Another  in  Syria,  from  whose  top 

the  sun  can  be  seen  rising,  though  it  be 
still  the  darkness  of  night  at  the  bottom 
of  the  mountain. 

Casmenje,  a  town  built  by  the  Syracu- 
sans  in  Sicily. 

Casmilla,  the  mother  of  Camilla. 

Casperia,  wife  of  Rhoetus  king  of  the 
Marrubii. A  town  of  the  Sabines. 

Casperula,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 

Caspije  Port.e,  certain  passes  of  Asia, 
which  some  place  about  Caucasus  and  the 
Caspian  sea,  and  others  between  Persia 
and  the  Caspian  sea. 

Caspiana,  a  country  of  Armenia. 

Caspii,  a  Scythian  nation  near  the  Cas- 
pian sea.  Such  as  had  lived  beyond  their 
seventieth  year  were  starved  to  death. 
Their  dogs  were  remarkable  for  their 
fierceness. 

Caspium  mare,  or  Hyrcanum,  a  large 
sea  in  the  form  of  a  lake,  which  lies  be- 
tween the  Caspian  and  Hyrcanian  moun- 
tains, at  the  north  of  Parthia,  receiving  in 
'ts  capacious  bed  the  tribute  of  several 
large  rivers.  Ancient  authors  assure  us, 
that  it  produced  enormous  serpents  and 
fishes,  different  in  color  and  kind  from 
those  of  all  other  waters. 

Caspius  mon3,  a  branch  of  mount  Tau- 
rus, between  Media  and  Armenia,  at  the 
east  of  the  Euphrates. 

Cassandane,  the  mother  of  Cambyses 
by  Cyrus. 

Cassander,  son  of  Antipater,  made 
himself  master  of  Macedonia  after  his  fa- 
ther's death,  where  he  reigned  for  eighteen 
years.     He  died  of  a  dropsy. 

Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, was  passionately  loved  by  Apollo, 
who  promised  to  grant  her  whatever  she 
might  require.  She  asked  the  power  of 
knowing  futurity  ;  and  as  soon  as  she  had 
received  it,  slighted  her  heavenly  lover. 
The  god,  in  his  disappointment,  wetted 
her  lips  with  his  tongue,  and  by  this  ac- 
tion effected  that  no  credit  or  reliance 
should  ever  be  put  upon  her  predictions, 
however  true  or  faithful  they  might  be. 
She  was  looked  upon  by  the  Trojans  as 
insane,  and  she  was  even  confined,  and  her 
predictions  were  disregarded.  In  the  divi- 
sion of  the  spoils  of  Troy,  Agamemnon, 
who  was  enamored  of  her,  took  her  as  his 
wife,  and  returned  with  her  to  Greece. 
She  repeatedly  foretold  to  him  the  sudden 
calamities  that  awaited  his  return  ;  but 
he  gave  no  credit  to  her,  and  was  assas- 
sinated by  his  wife  Clytemnestra.  Cas- 
sandra shared  his  fate,  and  saw  all  her 
prophecies  but  too  truly  fulfilled. 

Cassanpria,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
ofPallenein  Macedonia,  called  also  Po- 
tid&a. 


Cassia  lex  was  enacted  by  Cassius 
Longinus,  A.  U.  C  649.  By  it  no  man 
condemned  or  deprived  of  military  power 
was  permitted  to  enter  the  senate-house. 

Another  enacted  by  C.  Cassius,  the 

pretor,  to  choose  some  of  the  plebeians  to 

be  admitted  among  the  patricians. 

Another,  A.  U.  C.  616,  to  make  the  suf- 
frages of  the  Roman  people  free  and  inde- 
pendent. It  ordained  that  they  should  be 
received  upon  tablets. Another  A.  U. 

C.  267,  to  make  a  division  of  the  territo- 
ries taken  from  the  Hernici,  half  to  the 

Roman  people,  and  half  to  the  Latins. 

Another  enacted  A.  U.  C.  596,  to  grant  a 
consular  power  to  P.  Anicius  and  Octa- 
vius  on  the  day  they  triumphed  over  Ma- 
cedonia. 

Cassiodorus,  a  great  statesman  and 
writer  in  the  sixth  century.     He  died  A. 

D.  562,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred. 
Cassiope  and  Cassiopea,  married  Ce- 

pheus,  king  of  ^Ethiopia,  by  whom  she 
had  Andromeda.  She  boasted  herself  to 
be  fairer  than  the  Nereides  ;  upon  which, 
Neptune  punished  the  insolence  of  Cas- 
siope, and  sent  a  huge  sea-monster  to 
ravage  ..Ethiopia.  The  wrath  of  Neptune 
could  be  appeased  only  by  exposing  An- 
dromeda to  the  fuiy  of  a  sea-monster ; 
and  just  as  she  was  going  to  be  devoured, 
Perseus  delivered  her.  Cassiope  was  made 
a  southern    constellation,   consisting    of 

thirteen  stars  called  Cassiope. A  city 

of  Epirus  near  Thesprotia. Another  in 

the  island  of  Corcyra. The  wife  of 

Epaphus. 

Cassiterides,  islands  in  the  western 
ocean,  where  tin  was  found,  supposed  to 
be  the  Stilly  islands,  the  Land's  end,  and 
Lizard  point,  of  the  moderns. 

Cassi  velaunus,  a  Britain  invested  with 
sovereign  authority  when  J.  Caesar  made 
a  descent  upon  Britain. 

C.  Cassius,  a  celebrated  Roman,  who 
made  himself  known  by  being  first  quaes- 
tor to  Crassus  in  his  expedition  against 
Parthia.  He  married  Junia  the  sister  of 
Brutus,  and  with  him  he  resolved  to  mur- 
der Caasar  on  account  of  his  oppressive 
ambition.  When  the  provinces  were  di- 
vided among  Caesar's  murderers,  Cassius 
received  Africa ;  and  when  his  party  hrd 
lost  ground  at  Rome,  by  the  superior  in- 
fluence of  Augustus  and  M.  Antony,  he 
retired  to  Philippi,  with  his  friend  Brutus 
and  their  adherents.  In  the  battle  that 
was  fought  there,  the  wing  which  Cas- 
sius commanded  was  defeated,  and  his 
camp  was  plundered.  Fearful  to  fall  into 
the  enemy's  hands,  h?  ordered  one  of  his 
freedmen  to  run  him  through,  and  he  per- 
ished by  that  very  sword  which  had  given 
wounds  to  Caesur.  He  was  a  strict  fol- 
lower of  the  doctrine  of  Epicurus. A 

Roman  citizen,  who  condemned  his  son 
to  death,  on  pretence  of  his  raising  com- 


CA 


107 


CA 


motions  in  the  state. A  tribune  of  the 

people,  who  made  many  laws  tendi  ng  to  di- 
minish the  influence  of  the  Roman  nobili- 
ty.  One  of  Poinpey's  officers,  who,  dur- 
ing the  civil  wars,  revolted  to  Cresar  with 

ten  ships. A  poet  of  Parma,  of  great 

genius. Spurius,  a  Roman,  put  to  death 

on  suspicion  of  his  aspiring  to  tyranny, 
after  he  had  been  three  times  consul,  B.  C. 

485. Brutus,  a  Roman  who  betrayed 

his  country  to  the  Latins,  and  fled  to  the 
temple  of  Pallas,  where  his  father  con- 
fined him,  and  he  was  starve  1  to  death. 

Longinus,  an  officer  of  Caesar  in 

Spain,  much  disliked. A  consul  to 

whom  Tiberius  married  Drusilla,  daugh- 
ter of  Germanicus. : — A  lawyer  whom 

Nero  put  to  death  because  he   bore  the 

name  of  J.  Ceesar's  murderer. L.  He- 

mina,  the  most  ancient  writer  of  annals 
at  Rome.  He  lived  A.  U.  C.  G08. Lu- 
cius, a  Roman  lawyer,  whose  severity  in 
Jhe  execution  of  the  law  has  rendered  the 
Jvords  Cas.<i<ii,t  justices  applicable  to  rigid 

judges. Longinus,  a  critic. Lucius, 

a  consul  with  C.  Marius,  slain  with  his 

army  by  the  Gauls  Senones. An  officer 

under  Aurelius,  made  emperor  by  his  sol- 
iiers,  and  murdered  three  months  after. 
Felix,  a  physician  in  the  age  of  Tibe- 
rius, who  wrote  on  animals. Severus, 

an  orator  who  wrote  a  severe  treatise  on 
illustrious  men  and  women.  He  died  in 
exile,  in  his  twenty-fifth  year.  The  fam- 
ily of  the  Cassii  branched  into  the  sur- 
name of  Longinus,  Viscellinus,  Brutus, 
&c. 

Cassotis,  a  nymph  and  fountain  of 
Phocis. 

Castabala,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  whose  in- 
habitants made  war  with  their  dogs. 

Castabus,  a  town  of  Chersonesus. 

Castalia,  a  town  near  Phocis. A 

daughter  of  the  Achelous. 

Castalius  fons,  or  Castalia,  a  foun- 
tain of  Parnassus,  sacred  to  the  muses. 
The  waters  of  this  fountain  were  cool  and 
excellent,  and  they  had  the  power  of  in- 
spiring those  that  drank  of  them  with  the 
true  fire  of  poetry.  The  muses  have  re- 
ceived the  surname  of  Castalides  from  this 
fountain. 

Castanea,  a  town  near  the  Peneus, 
whence  the  nuces  Castanea  received  their 
name. 

Castellum    menapiorum,  a  town   of 

Belgium  on  the  Maese,  now  Kessel. 

Morinorum,  now  mount  Cassel,  in  Flan- 
ders.  Cattorum,  now  Hesse  Cassel. 

Ca9thenes,  a  bay  of  Thrace,  near  By- 
zantium. 

Castianira,  a  Thracian  mistress  of 
Priam,  and  mother  of  Gorgythion. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  were  twin  broth- 
ers, sons  of  Jupiter,  by  Leda,  the  wife  of 

Tyndarus,  king  of  Sparta. Mercury, 

Immediately  after  their  birth,  carried  the 


two  brothers  to  Pallena,  where  they  were 
educated  ;  and  as  soon  as  they  had  arriv- 
ed to  years  of  maturity,  they  embarked 
with  Jason  to  go  in  quest  of  the  golden 
fleece.  In  this  expedition  both  behaved 
with  superior  courage  :  Pollux  conquered 
and  slew  Amycus,  in  the  combat  of  the 
cestus,  and  was  ever  after  reckoned  the 
god  and  patron  of  boxing  and  wrestling. 
Castor  distinguished  himself  in  the  man- 
agement of  horses.  The  brothers  cleared 
the  Hellespont,  and  the  neighboring  seas, 
from  pirates,  after  their  return  from  Col- 
chis, from  which  circumstance  they  have 
been  always  deemed  the  friends  of  navi- 
gation. During  the  Argonautic  expedi- 
tion, in  a  violent  storm,  two  flames  of 
fire  were  seen  to  play  around  the  heads 
of  the  sons  of  Leda,  and  immediately  the 
tempest  ceased  and  the  sea  was  calmed. 
From  this  occurrence  their  power  to  pro- 
tect sailors  has  been  more  firmly  credited, 
and  the  two  mentioned  fires,  which  are 
very  common  in  storms,  have  since  been 
known  by  the  name  of  Castor  and  Pollux  ; 
and  when  they  both  appeared  it  was  a 
sign  of  fair  weather  ;  but  if  only  one  was 
seen  it  prognosticated  storms,  and  the  aid 
of  Castor  and  Pollux  was  consequently 
solicited.  Castor  and  Pollux  made  war 
against  the  Athenians  to  recover  their  sis- 
ter Helen,  whom  Theseus  had  carried 
away  ;  and  from  their  clemency  to  the 
conquered,  they  acquired  the  surname  of 
Anaces,  or  benefactors.  They  were  in- 
itiated in  the  sacred  mysteries  of  the  Ca- 
biri,  and  in  those  of  Ceres  of  Eleusis. 
They  were  invited  to  a  feast  when  Lyn- 
ceus  and  Idas  were  going  to  celebrate 
their  marriage  with  Phnebe  and  Talaira, 
the  daughters  of  Leucippus,  who  was 
brother  to  Tyndarus.  Their  behavior  af- 
ter this  invitation  was  cruel.  They  be- 
came enamored  of  the  two  women  whose 
nuptials  they  were  to  celebrate,  and  re- 
solved to  carry  them  away  and  marry 
them.  This  violent  step  provoked  Lyn- 
ceus  and  Idas  :  a  battle  ensued,  and  Cas- 
tor killed  Lynceus,  and  was  killed  by 
Idas.  Pollux  revenged  the  death  of  his 
brother  by  killing  Idas  ;  and  as  he  was 
immoital,  and  tenderly  attached  to  his 
brother,  he  entreated  Jupiter  to  restore 
him  to  life,  or  to  be  deprived  himself  of 
immortality.  Jupiter  permitted  Castor  to 
share  the  immortality  of  his  brother  ;  and 
consequently,  as  long  as  the  one  was  upon 
the  earth,  so  long  was  the  other  detained 
in  the  infernal  regions,  and  they  alternate- 
ly lived  and  died  every  day  ;  or  according 
to  others,  every  six  months.  This  act  of 
fraternal  love  Jupiter  rewarded  by  making 
the  two  brothers  constellations  in  heaven, 
under  the  name  of  Oemini,  which  never 
appear  together,  but  when  one  rises  the 
other  sets,  and  so  on  alternately.  They 
received  divine  honors  after  death,  and 


CA 


108 


CA 


were  generally  called  Dioscuri,  sons  of 

Jupiter. An  ancient  physician. A 

swift  runner. A  friend  of  /Eneas,  who 

accompanied  him  into  Italy. An  ora- 
tor of  Rhodes,  related  to  king  Deiotarus. 
He  wrote  two  books  on  Babylon,  and  one 
on  the  Nile. A  gladiator. 

Castra  Alexandri,   a  place  of  Egypt 

about  Pehisium. Cornelia,  a  maritime 

town  of  Africa,  between   Carthage  and 

Utica. Annibalis,a  town  of  the  Brutii, 

now  Roccella. Cyri,  a  country  of  Cili- 

cia,  where   Cyrus    encamped    when    he 

marched  against  Croesus. Julia,  a  town 

of  Spain. Posthumiana,  a  place  of 

Spain. 

Castratius,  a  governor  of  Placentia 
during  the  civil  wars  of  Marius. 

Castrum  Novum,  a  place  on  the  coast 

of  Etruria. Truentinum,  a  town  of 

Picenum. -Inui,  a  town  on  the  shores 

of  the  Tyrrhene  sea. 

Castulo,  a  town  of  Spain,  where  An- 
nibal  married  one  of  the  natives. 

Catabathmos,  a  great  declivity  near 
Cyrene,  fixed  by  Sallust  as  the  boundary 
of  Africa. 

Catadupa,  the  name  of  the  large  cata- 
racts of  the  Nile. 

Catagogia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Venus 
celebrated  by  the  people  of  Eryx.  Vid. 
Anagogia. 

Catamentele3,  a  king  of  the  Sequani, 
in  alliance  with  Rome,  &c. 

Catana,  a  town  of  Sicily,  at  the  foot  of 
mount  /Etna,  founded  by  a  colony  from 
Chalcis,  seven  hundred  and  fifty-three 
years  before  the  Christian  era.  Ceres  had 
there  a  temple,  in  which  none  but  women 
were  permitted  to  appear. 

Cataonia,  a  country  above  Cilicia,  near 
Cappadocia. 

Cataracta,  a  city  of  the  Samnites. 

Cataractes,  a  river  of  Pamphylia,  now 
Dodcnsom. 

Catenes,  a  Persian  by  whose  means 
Bessus  was  seized. 

Cathjsa,  a  country  of  India. 

Cat-hart,  certain  gods  of  the  Arcadians. 

An  Indian  nation,  where  the  wives 

accompany  their  husbands  to  the  burning 
pile,  and  are  burnt  with  them. 

Catia,  an  immodest  woman,  mentioned 
by  Horace. 

Catiena,  an  infamous  woman  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Catienus,  an  actor  at  Rome  in  Horace's 
age. 

L.  Sergius  Catilina,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man descended  of  a  noble  family.  When 
he  had  squandered  away  his  fortune  by 
his  debaucheries  and  extravagance,  and 
been  refused  the  consulship,  he  secretly 
wieditated  the  rain  of  his  country,  and 
conspired  with  many  of  the  most  illustri- 
ous of  the  Romans,  as  dissolute  as  him- 
eelf,  to  extirpate  the  senate,  plunder  the 


treasury,  and  set  Rome  on  fire.  This  con 
spiracy  was  timely  discovered  by  the  con- 
sul Cicero,  whom  he  had  resolved  to  mur- 
der ;  and  Catiline,  after  he  had  declared 
his  intentions  in  the  full  senate,  and  at- 
tempted to  vindicate  himself,  on  seeing 
five  of  his  accomplices  arrested,  retired  to 
Gaul,  where  his  partisans  were  assem- 
bling an  army;  while  Cicero  at  Rome 
punished  the  condemned  conspirators. 
Petreius,  the  other  consul's  lieutenant,  at- 
tacked Catiline's  ill  disciplined  troops, 
and  routed  them.  Catiline  was  killed  in 
the  engagement,  bravely  fighting,  about 
the  middle  of  December,  B.  C.  63.  His 
character  has  been  deservedly  bianded 
with  the  foulest  infamy. 

Catilli,  a  people  near  the  river  Anio. 

Catilius,  a  pirate  of  Dalmatia. 

Catillus,  or  Catilus,  a  son  of  Amphi- 
araus,  who  came  to  Italy  with  his  broth- 
ers Coras  and  Tiburtus,  where  he  built 
Tibur,  and  assisted  Turnus  against  /Ene- 
as. 

Catina,  a  town  of  Sicily,  called  also 
Catana. Another  of  Arcadia. 

M.  Catius,  an  epicurean  philosopher  of 

Insubria. Vestinus,  a  military  tribune 

in  M.  Antony's  army. 

Catizi,  a  people  of  the  Pygnueans,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  driven  from  their  coun- 
try by  cranes. 

Cato,  a  surname  of  the  Porcian  family, 
rendered  illustrious  by  M.  Porcius  Cato,  a 
celebrated  Roman,  afterwards  called  Cen- 
sorius,  from  his  having  exercised  the  office 
of  censor.  He  rose  to  all  the  honors  of 
the  state,  and  the  first  battle  he  ever  saw 
was  against  Annibal,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, where  he  behaved  with  uncommon 
valor.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  love  of 
temperance ;  he  never  drank  but  water, 
and  was  always  satisfied  with  whatever 
meats  were  laid  upon  his  table  by  his  ser- 
vants, whom  he  never  reproved  with  an 
angry  word.  During  his  censorship,  he 
behaved  with  the  greatest  rigor  and  im- 
partiality, showed  himself  an  enemy  to  all 
luxury  and  dissipation,  and  even  accused 
his  colleague  of  embezzling  the  public 
money.  He  is  famous  for  the  great  oppo- 
sition which  he  made  against  the  intro- 
duction of  the  finer  arts  of  Greece  into 
Italy.  It  appears,  however,  that  he  chang- 
ed his  opinion,  and  made  himself  remark- 
able for_the  knowledge  of  Greek,  which 
he  acquired  in  his  old  age.  He  himself 
educated  his  son,  and  instructed  him  in 
writing  and  grammar.  He  was  univer- 
sally deemed  so  strict  in  his  morals,  that 
Virgil  makes  him  one  of  the  judges  of 
hell.  He  repented  only  of  three  thing3 
during  his  life  ;  to  have  gone  by  sea  when 
he  could  go  by  land,  to  have  passed  a  day 
inactive,  and  to  have  told  a  secret  to  his 
wife.  In  Cicero's  age  there  were  one 
hundred  and  fifty  orations  of  his,  besides 


CA 


109 


CA 


•etters,  and  a  celebrated  work  called  Oi- 
gines.    Cato  died  in  an  extreme  old  age, 

about  150  B.  C. Marcus,  the  son  of  the 

censor.  He  lost  his  sword  in  a  battle,  and 
though  wounded  and  tired,  he  went  to 
his  friends,  and,  with  their  assistance, 
renewed  the  battle,  and  recovered  his 
sword. A  courageous  Roman,  grand- 
father to  Cato  the  censor. Valerius,  a 

grammarian  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  in  the 

time  of  Sylla. xMarcus,  surnamed  Uti- 

censis,  from  his  death  at  Utica,  was  great 
grandson  to  the  censor  of  the  same  name. 
He  was  austere  in  his  morals,  and  a  strict 
follower  of  the  tenets  of  the  Stoics  ;  he 
was  careless  of  his  dress,  often  appeared 
barefooted  in  public,  and  never  travelled 
but  on  foot.  He  was  such  a  lover  of  dis- 
cipline, that  in  whatever  office  he  was 
employed,  he  always  reformed  its  abu- 
ses, and  restored  the  ancient  regulations. 
When  he  was  set  over  the  troops  in  the 
capacity  of  a  commander,  his  removal  was 
universally  lamented,  and  deemed  almost 
a  public  loss  by  his  affectionate  soldiers. 
In  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  he  support- 
ed Cicero,  and  was  the  chief  cause  that 
the  conspirators  were  capitally  punished. 
When  the  first  triumvirate  was  formed 
between  Cajsar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus, 
Cato  opposed  them  with  all  his  might,  and 
with  an  independent  spirit  foretold  to  the 
Roman  people  all  the  misfortunes  which 
soon  after  followed.  After  repeated  ap- 
plications he  was  made  pretor,  but  he 
seemed  rather  to  disgrace  than  support 
the  dignity  of  that  office,  by  the  meanness 
of  his  dress.  He  applied  for  the  consul- 
ship, but  could  never  obtain  it.  After  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  Cato  took  the  com- 
mand of  the  Corcyrean  fleet ;  and  when 
he  heard  of  Pompey's  death,  on  the  coast 
of  Africa,  he  traversed  the  deserts  of 
Libya,  to  join  himself  to  Scipio.  When 
Scipio  had  been  defeated,  partly  for  not 
paying  regard  to  Cato's  advice,  Cato  forti- 
fied himself  in  Utica,  but,  however,  not 
with  the  intentions  of  supporting  a  siege. 
When  Caesar  approached  near  the  city, 
Cato  disdained  to  fly,  and  rather  than  fall 
alive  into  the  conqueror's  hands,  he  stab- 
bed himself,  after  he  had  read  Plato's 
treatise  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
B.  C.  46,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  of  his  age. 
A  son  of  Cato  of  Utica,  who  was  kill- 
ed in  a  battle,  after  he  had  acquired  much 
honor. 

Catrea,  a  town  of  Crete. 

Catreus,  a  king  of  Crete,  killed  by  his 
son  at  Rhodes,  unknowingly. 

Oatta,  a  woman  who  had  the  gift  of 
prophecy. 

Catti,  a  people  of  Gaul  and  Germany. 

Catuliana,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  from 
L.  Catulus,  who  dedicated  a  standard  to 
her. 

Catullus,  C.  or  Q,.  Valerius,  a  poet 
10 


of  Verona,  whose  compositions,  elegant 
and  simple,  are  the  offspring  of  a  luxuri- 
ant imagination.  Catullus  was  the  first 
Roman  who  imitated  with  success  the 
Greek  writers,  and  introduced  their  num- 
bers among  the  Latins.  Catullus  died  in 
the  forty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  40. 
A  man  surnamed  Urbicarius,  was  a 


mimographer. 

Q,.  Luctatius  Catulus,  went  with  three 
hundred  ships  during  the  first  Punic  war 
against  the  Carthaginians,  and  destroyed 
six  hundred  of  their  ships  under  Hamil- 
car,  near  the  iEgates.  This  celebrated 
victory  put  an  end  to  the  war. An  ora- 
tor distinguished  also  as  a  writer  of  epi- 
grams, and  admired  for  the  neatness,  ele- 
gance, and  polished  style  of  his  composi- 
tions.  A  Roman  sent  by  his  country- 
men to  carry  a  present  to  the  god  of  Del- 
phi, from  the  spoils  taken  from  AsdrubaJ. 

Caturioes,  a  people  of  Gaul,  now  Char- 
ges, near  the  source  of  the  Durance. 

Cavares,  a  people  of  Gaul,  who  inhab- 
ited the  present  province  of  Comtat  in  Pro- 
vence. 

Cavarillus,  a  commander  of  some 
troops  of  the  iEdui  in  Caesar's  army. 

Cavarinus,  a  Gaul,  made  king  of  the 
Senones  by  Cassar,  and  banished  by  his 
subjects. 

Caucasus,  a  celebrated  mountain  be- 
tween the  Euxine  and  Caspian  seas,  which 
may  be  considered  as  the  continuation  of 
the  ridge  of  mount  Taurus.  Its  height  is 
immense.  It  was  inhabited  anciently  by 
various  savage  nations  who  lived  upon  the 
wild  fruits  of  the  earth.  Prometheus  was 
tied  on  the  top  of  Caucasus  by  Jupiter,  and 
continually  devoured  by  vultures,  accord- 
ing to  ancient  authors.  ' 

Caucon,  a  son  of  Clinus,  who  first  in- 
troduced the  Orgies  into  Messenia,  from 
Eleusis. 

Caucones,  a  people  of  Paphlagonia, 
originally  inhabitants  of  Arcadia,  or  of 
Scythia. 

Caudi  and  Caudium,  a  town  of  the 
Samnites. 

Cavii,  a  people  of  Illyricum. 

Caulonia,  or  Caulon,  a  town  of  Italy 
near  the  country  of  the  Brutii,  destroyed 
in  the  wars  between  Pyrrhus  and  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Caunius,  a  man -raised  to  affluence  from 
poverty  by  Artaxerxes. 

Caucus,  a  son  of  Miletus  and  Cyane. 

A  city  of  Caria,  opposite  Rhodes, 

where  Protogenes  was  born.  The  climate 
was  considered  as  unwholesome,  espe- 
cially in  summer. 

Cauros,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean  sea. 

Caurus,  a  wind  blowing  from  the  west. 

Caus,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Cayci,  or  Chauci,  a  nation  of  Germa- 
ny, now  the  people  of  Friesland  and 
Groningen. 


CE 


110 


CE 


C  a  reus,  a  river  of  Mysia. 

Cayster,  or  Caystrus,  now  KitchscJc- 
Meinder,  a  rapid  river  of  Asia.  Accord- 
ing to  the  poets,  the  banks  and  neighbor- 
hood of  this  river  were  generally  frequent- 
ed by  swans. 

Cea  or  Ceos,  an  island  near  Eubcea, 
called  also  Co. 

Ceades,  aThracian,  whose  son  Euphe- 
mus  was  concerned  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Ceba,  now  Ceva,  a  town  of  modern 
Piedmont,  famous  for  cheese. 

Ceballinus,  a  man  who  gave  informa- 
tion of  the  snares  laid  against  Alexander. 

Cebarenses,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Cebenna  mountains,  now  the  Cevennes. 

Cebes,  a  Theban  philosopher,  one  of 
the  disciples  of  Socrates,  B.  C.  405. 

Ceeren,  the  father  of  Asterope. 

Cebrenia,  a  country  of  Troas  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  called  after  the 
river  Cebrewus,  which  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

Cebriones,  one  of  the  giants  conquer- 
ed by  Venus. An  illegitimate  son  of 

Priam. 

Cebrus  now  Zebris,  a  river  falling  into 
the  Danube. 

Cecidas,  an  ancient  dithyrambic  poet. 

Cecilil:9.     Vid.  Ca?cilius. 

Cecina,  a  river  near  Volaterra,  in  Etru- 
ria. 

A.  CECiNNA,a  Roman  knight  in  the  in- 
terest of  Pompey,  who  used  to  breed  up 
young  swallows,  and  send  them  to  carry 

news  to  his  friends  as  messengers. 

A  scribe  of  Octavius  Caesar. A  consu- 
lar man  suspected  of  conspiracy,  and  mur- 
dered by  Titus,  after  an  invitation  to  sup- 
per. 

CECROPiA,the  original  name  of  Athens, 
in  honor  of  Cecrops,  its  first  founder. 

Cecropid-e,  an  ancient  name  of  the 
Athenians. 

Cecrops,  a  native  of  Sais  in  Egypt,  who 
led  a  colony  to  Attica  about  1556  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era,  and  reigned  over 
part  of  the  country  which  was  called  from 
iiim  Cecropia.  He  married  the  daughter 
of  Actseus  a  Grecian  prince,  and  was 
deemed  the  first  founder  of  Athens.  Af- 
ter a  reign  of  50  years,  spent  in  regulating 
his  newly  formed  kingdom,  and  in  polish- 
ing the  minds  of  his  subjects,  Cecrops  died, 
leaving  three  daughters,  Aglauros,  Herse, 

and  Pandrosos. The  second  of  that 

name,  was  the  seventh  king  of  Athens, 
and  the  son  and  successor  of  Erechtheus. 
He  reigned  40  years,  and  died  1307,  B.  C. 

Cercyphal-e,  a  place  of  Greece,  where 
the  Athenians  defeated  the  fleet  of  the 
Peloponnesians. 

CEDREATrs,  the  name  of  Diana  among 
the  Qrchomenians. 

Cedon,  an  Athenian  general,  killed  in 
an  engagement  against  the  Spartans. 

Csortjsii,  an  Indian  nation. 


Ceglcsa,  the  mother  of  Asopus  by  Nep- 
tune. 

Obi,  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  Cea. 

Celadon,  a  man   killed  by  Perseus,  at 

the  marriage   of  Andromeda. A  river 

of  Greece,  flowing  into  the  Alpheus. 

Celadus,  a  river  of  Arcadia. An  is- 
land of  the  Adriatic  sea. 

Celjen.'e,  or  Celene,  a  city  of  Phry- 
gia,  of  which  it  was  once  the  capital. 

Cel.eno,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Atlas, 
ravished  by  Neptune. One  of  the  har- 
pies.  One  of  the  Danaides. A 

daughter  of  Neptune  and  Ergea. A 

daughter  of  Hyamus,  mother  of  Delphus 
by  Apollo. 

Celejc,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Celeia  and  Cela,  a  town  of  Noricum. 

Celelates,  a  people  ofLiguria. 

Celendrje,  Celendris,  and  Celende- 
ris,  a  colony  of  the  Samians  in  Cilicia, 
with  a  harbor  of  the  same  name  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Selinus. 

Celeneus,  a  Cimmerian,  who  first 
taught  how  persons  guilty  of  murder 
might  be  expiated. 

Celenna  or  Cel-ena,  a  town  of  Cam 
pania,  where  Juno  was  worshipped. 

Celer,  a  man  who  with  Severus  un- 
dertook to  rebuild  Nero's  palace  after  the 

burning  of  Rome. A  man  called  Fabi- 

us,  who  killed  Remus  when  he  leaped 
over  the  walls  of  Rome,  by  order  of  Rom- 
ulus.  Metius,  a  noble  youth  to  whom 

Statius  dedicated  a  poem. 

Celeres,  three  hundred  of  the  noblest 
and  strongest  youths  at  Rome,  chosen  by 
Romulus  to  be  his  body  guards,  to  at- 
tend him  wherever  he  went,  and  to  pro- 
tect his  person. 

Celetrum,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Celeus,  a  king  of  Eleusis,  father  to 
Triptolemus  by  Metanira.  He  gave  a 
kind  reception  to  Ceres,  who  taught  his 

son   the  cultivation   of  the  earth. A 

king  of  Cephallenia. 

Celmus,  a  man  who  nursed  Jupiter, 
by  whom  he  was  greatly  esteemed.  He 
was  changed  into  a  magnet  stone  for  say- 
ing that  Jupiter  was  mortal. 

Celon.e,  a  place  of  Mesopotamia. 

Celsus,   an    epicurean    philosopher  in 

the  second  century. Corn,  a  physician, 

in  the  age  of  Tiberius,  who  wrote  eight 
books  on  medicine,  besides  treatises  on 
agriculture,  rhetoric,  and  military  affairs. 
Albinovanus,  a  friend  of  Horace. — 


Some  of  his  elegies  have  been  preserved. 

Juventius,  a  lawyer  who  conspired 

against  Domitian. Titus,  a  man  pro- 
claimed emperor,  A.  D.  265,  against  his 
will,  and  murdered  seven  days  after. 

Celt.*:,  a  name  given  to  the  nation  that 
inhabited  the  country  between  the  Ocean 
and  the  Palus  Maotis,  more  particularly 
given  to  a  part  of  the  Gauls,  whose  conn- 
trv,  called  Gallia  Celtica,  was  situate  be- 


CL 


111 


CE 


twees  the  rivers  Serruana  and  Garumna, 
modernly  called  la  Seine  and  la.  Oaronne. 

Celti'beri,  a  people  of  Spain,  descend- 
ed from  the  Celt<e.  Their  country,  called 
Celliucrui,  is  now  known  by  the  name  of 
Arragon. 

Celtica,  a  well  populated  part  of  Gaul, 
inuabited  by  the  Celts. 

Celtici,  a  people  of  Spain.  The  pro- 
montory which  bore  their  name  is  now 
Cape  Finislerrc. 

Celtillus,  the  father  of  Vercingetorix 
among  the  Arverni. 

Celtorii,  a  people  of  Gaul,  near  the 
Senones. 

Celtoscyth.e,  a  northern  nation  of 
Scythians. 

Cemmenus,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Gaul. 

Cempsi,  a  people  of  Spain  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Pyrenean  mountains. 

Oenabum,  or  Gexabum.  Vid.  Gena- 
bum. 

Cenjjcm,  a  promontory  of  Euboea, 
where  Jupiter  Caneus  had  an  altar  raised 
by  Hercules. 

Cenchre.e,  now  Kenkri,  a  town  of  Pe- 
loponnesus on  the  isthmus  of  Corinth. 

A  harbor  of  Corinth. 

CENCHREis,the  wife  of  Cinyras  king  of 
Cyprus,  or  as  others  say,  of  Assyria. 

Cenchreus,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Sa- 
lamis,  or  as  some  say  of  Pyrene.  He 
killed  a  large  serpent  at  Salamis. 

Cenchrius,  a  river  of  Ionia  near  Ephe- 
sus,  where  some  suppose  that  Latona  was 
washed  after  she  had  brought  forth. 

Cenepolis,  a  town  of  Spain,  the  same 
as  Carthago  Nova. 

Cenetium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Cenneus.     Vid.  Casnis. 

Cenimagni,  a  people  on  the  western 
parts  of  Britain. 

Cenisa.   Vid.  Caenina. 

CenoSt,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Censores,  two  magistrates  of  great  au- 
thority at  Borne,  first  created,  B.  C.  443. 
Their  office  was  to  number  the  people, 
estimate  the  possessions  of  every  citizen, 
reform  and  watch  over  the  manners  of  the 
people,  and  regulate  the  taxes.  They  could 
inquire  into  the  expenses  of  every  citizen, 
and  even  degrade  a  senator  from  all  his  pri- 
vileges and  honors,  if  guilty  of  any  extrav- 
agance. The  office  of  public  censor  was 
originally  exercised  by  the  kings.  The 
emperors  abolished  the  censors,  and  took 
upon  themselves  to  execute  their  office. 

Censorious.  Ap.  C!.  was  compelled, 
after  many  services  to  the  state,  to  assume 
the  imperial  purple  by  the  soldiers,  by 
whom  he  was  murdered  some  days  after, 

A.  D.  270. Martius,  a  consul. A 

grammarian  of  the  third  century. 

Cexsus,  the  numbering  of  the  people  at 

Rome. A  god  worshipped  at  Rome, 

the  same  as  Consus. 

Centaretus,  a  Galatian,  who,  when 


Antiochus  was  killed,  mounted  his  horse 
in  the  greatest  exultation.  The  horse,  as 
if  conscious  of  disgrace,  immediately  leap- 
ed down  a  precipice,  and  killed  himself 
and  his  rider. 

Cextauri,  a  people  of  Thessaly,  half 
men  and  half  horses.  They  were  the  off- 
spring of  Centaurus,  son  of  Apollo,  by 
Stilba,  daughter  of  the  Peneus.  This  fa- 
ble of  the  existence  of  the  Centaurs, 
monsters  supported  upon  the  four  legs  of 
a  horse,  arises  from  the  ancient  people  of 
Thessaly  having  tamed  horses,  and  hav- 
ing appeared  to  the  neighbors  mounted 
on  horseback,  a  sight  very  uncommon  at 
that  time,  and  which,  when  at  a  dis- 
tance, seems  only  one  body,  and  conse- 
quently one  creature.  Many  of  the  Cen- 
taurs were  slain  by  Hercules. 

Centaurus,  a  ship  in  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas, 
which  had  the  figure  of  a  Centaur. 

Centobrica,  a  town  of  Celtiberia. 

Centores,  a  people  ofScythia. 

Centoripa,  or  Centuripa.  Vid.  Cen- 
turipa. 

Centrites,  a  river  between  Armenia 
and  Media. 

Centrones,  a  people  of  Gaul,  severely 
beaten  by  J.  Caesar  when  they  attempted 
to  obstruct  his  passage.  They  inhabited 
the  modern  country  of  Tarantaise  in  Sa- 
voy. There  was  a  horde  of  Gauls  of  the 
same  name  subject  to  the  Nervii,  now 
supposed  to  be  near  Courtray  in  Flanders. 

Centronius,  a  man  who  squandered 
his  immense  riches  on  useless  and  whim- 
sical buildings. 

Centumviri,  the  members  of  a  court  of 
justice  at  Rome.  They  were  originally  cho- 
sen, three  from  the  thirty-five  tribes  of  the 
people,  and  though  one  hundred  and  five, 
they  were  always  called  Centumvirs. — 
They  were  afterwards  increased  to  the 
number  of  one  hundred  and  eighty,  and 
still  kept  their  original  name.  The  pretor 
sent  to  their  tribunal  causes  of  the  great- 
est importance,  as  their  knowledge  of  the 
law  was  extensive.  Their  tribunal  was 
distinguished  by  a  spear  with  an  iron 
head,  whence  a  decree  of  their  court  was 
called  Hastm  judicium.  Their  sentences 
were  very  impartial,  and  without  appeal. 

Centum  cellum,  a  sea-port  town  of 
Etruria  built  by  Trajan,  who  had  there  a 
villa.  It  is  now  Civita  Vecchia,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Pope. 

Centuria,  a  division  of  the  people 
among  the  Romans,  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred. The  Roman  people  were  originally 
divided  into  three  tribes,  and  each  tribe 
into  ten  Curias.  Servius  Tullius  made  a 
census  ;  and  when  he  had  the  place  of 
habitation,  name,  and  profession  of  every 
citizen,  which  amounted  to  eighty  thou- 
sand men,  all  able  to  bear  arms,  he  divid- 
ed them  into  six  classes,  and  each  class 
into  several  centuries  or  companies  of  a 


CE 


112 


CE 


hundred  men.  The  first  class  consisted 
of  80  centuries.  The  word  Centwria  is 
also  applied  to  a  subdivision  of  one  of  the 
Roman  legions  which  consisted  of  an 
hundred  men,  and  was  the  half  of  a 
manipulus,  the  sixth  part  of  a  cohort,  and 
the  sixtieth  part  of  a  legion.  The  com- 
mander of  a  centuria  was  called  centu- 
rion, and  he  was  distinguished  from  the 
rest  by  the  branch  of  a  vine  which  he 
carried  in  his  hand. 

Centuripa,  now  Centorlu,  a  town  of 
Sicily  at  the  foot  of  Mount  iEtna. 

Ceos  and  Cea,  an  island.     Vid.  Co. 

Cephalas,  a  lofty  promontory  of  Africa 
near  the  Syrtis  Major. 

Cefhaledion,  a  town  of  Sicily,  near 
the  river  Himera. 

Cefhallen,  a  noble  musician,  son  of 
Lampus. 

Cephalena,  and  Cephallenia,  an 
island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  below  Corcyra, 
whose  inhabitants  went  with  Ulysses  to 
the  Trojan  war.  It  abounds  in  oil  and 
excellent  wines.  It  is  about  90  miles  in 
circumference,  and  from  its  capital  Samo, 
or  Samos,  it  has  frequently  been  called 
Same. 

Cephalo,  an  officer  of  Eumenes. 

Cephaloedis  and  Cephaludium,  now 
Cephalu,  a  town  at  the  north  of  Sicily. 

Cephalon,  a  Greek  of  Ionia,  who 
wrote  an  history  of  Troy,  besides  an 
epitome  of  universal  history  from  the  age 
of  Ninus  to  Alexander,  which  he  divided 
into  nine  books,  inscribed  with  the  name 
of  the  nine  muses.  He  affected  not  to 
know  the  place  of  his  birth,  expecting  it 
would  be  disputed  like  Homer's.  He 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Adrian. 

Cephalus,  son  of  Deioneus,  king  of 
Thessaly,  by  Diomede,  daughter  of  Xu- 
thus,  married  Procris,  daughter  of  Erech- 
theus,  king  of  Athens.  Aurora  fell  in 
love  with  him,  and  carried  him  away  ; 
but  he  refused  to  listen  to  her  addresses, 
and  was  impatient  to  return  to  Procris. 
The  goddess  sent  him  back  ;  and  to  try 
the  fidelity  of  his  wife,  she  made  him  put 
on  a  different  form,  and  he  arrived  at  the 
house  of  Procris  in  the  habit  of  a  mer- 
chant. He  found  her  unfaithful,  and  she 
fled  from  her  husband,  and  devoted  her- 
self to  hunting  in  the  island  of  Eubcea, 
where  she  was  admitted  among  the  at- 
tendants of  Diana,  who  presented  her 
with  a  dog  always  sure  of  his  prey,  and 
a  dart  which  never  missed  its  aim,  and 
always  returned  to  the  hands  of  its  mis- 
tress of  its  own  accord.  After  this,  Pro- 
cris returned  in  disguise  to  Cephalus, 
and  a  reconciliation  was  easily  made  be- 
tween them.  They  loved  one  another 
with  more  tenderness  than  before,  and 
Cephalus  received  from  his  wife  the  pre- 
sents of  Diana.  As  he  was  particularly 
fond  Of  hunting,  he  every  morning  early 


repaired  to  the  woods,  and  after  much 
toil  and  fatigue,  laid  himself  down  in  the 
cool  shade,  and  earnestly  called  for  Aura, 
or  the  refreshing  breeze.  This  ambiguous 
word  was  mistaken  for  the  name  of  a 
mistress  ;  and  some  informer  reported  to 
the  jealous  Procris,  that  Cephalus  daily 
paid  a  visit  to  a  mistress,  whose  name 
was  Aura.  Procris  too  readily  believed 
the  information,  and  secretly  followed 
her  husband  into  the  woods.  According 
to  his  daily  custom,  Cephalus  retired  to 
the  cool,  and  called  after  Aura.  At  the 
name  of  Aura,  Procris  eagerly  lifted  up 
her  head  to  see  her  expected  rival.  Her 
motion  occasioned  a  rustling  among  the 
leaves  of  the  bush  that  concealed  her; 
and  as  Cephalus  listened,  he  thought  it  to 
be  a  wild  beast,  and  he  let  fly  his  uner- 
ring dart.  Procris  was  struck  to  the  heart, 
and  instantly  expired  in  the  arms  of  her 
husband,    confessing    that    ill-grounded 

jealousy  was  the  cause  of  her  death. 

A  Corinthian  lawyer,  who  assisted  Timo- 
leon  in  regulating  the  republic  of  Syra- 
cuse.  A  king  of  Epirus. An  orator 

frequently  mentioned  by  Demosthenes. 

Cepheis,  a  name  given  to  Andromeda 
as  daughter  of  Cepheus. 

Cephenes,  an  ancient    name    of  the 

Persians. A  name  of  the  ^Ethiopians, 

from  Cepheus,  one  of  their  kings. 

Cepheus,  a  king  of  -^Ethiopia,  father 
of  Andromeda,  by  Cassiope.  He  was 
one  of  the  Argonauts,  and  was  changed 

into  a  constellation  after  his  death. A 

son  of  Lycurgus  present  at  the  chase  of 
the  Calydonian  boar. 

Cephisia,  a  part  of  Attica,  through 
which  the  Cephisus  flows. 

Cephisiades,  a  patronymic  of  Eteocles. 

Cephisidorus,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens, 

in  the  age  of  iEschylus. An  historian 

who  wrote  an  account  of  the  Phocian 
war. 

Cephision,  the  commander  of  some 
troops  sent  by  the  Thebans  to  assist  Me- 
galopolis. 

Cephisodotus,  a  disciple  of  Isocrates, 
a  great  reviler  of  Aristotle,  who  wrote  a 
book  of  proverbs. 

Cephisus  and  Cephissus,  a  celebrated 
river  of  Greece,  which  flows  into  the  lake 
Copais.  The  Graces  were  particularly 
fond  of  this  river,  whence  they  are  called 
the  goddesses  of  the  Cephisus.  There 
was  a  river  of  the  same  name  in  Atti- 
ca, and  another  in  Argolis. A  man 

changed  into  a  sea-monster,  by  Apollo, 
when  lamenting  the  death  of  his  grand- 
son. 

Cephren,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  built 
one  of  the  pyramids. 

Cepio  or  Cjepio,  a  man  who  by  a  quar- 
rel  with  Drusus  caused   a  civil   war  al 

Rome. Servilius,  a  Roman   consul, 

who  put  an  end  to  the  war  in  Spain. 


CE 


113 


CE 


Cepion,  a  musician. 
Ceraca,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 
Ceracates,  a  people  of  Germany* 
Cerambus,    a    man    changed    into    a 
beetle,  or,  according  to  others,  into  a  bird, 
on  mount  Parnassus,  by  the  nymphs,  be- 
fore the  deluge. 

Ceramicus,  now  Keramo,  a  bay  of  Ca- 
ria,  near  Halicarnassus,  opposite  Cos,  re- 
ceiving its  name  from  Ceramus. A 

public  walk,  and  a  place  to  bury  those 
that  were  killed  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try, at  Athens. 

Ceramium,  a  place  of  Rome,  where 
Cicero's  house  was  built. 

Ceramus,  a  town  at  the  west  of  Asia 
Minor. 

Ceras,  a  people  of  Cyprus  metamor- 
phosed into  bulls. 

Ceras  us,  now  Kcresoun,  a  maritime 
city  of  Cappadocia,  from  which  cherries 
were  first  brought  to  Rome  by  Lucullus. 

Another,  built  by  a  Greek  colony  from 

Sinope. 
Cerata,  a  place  near  Megara. 
Ceratus,  a  river  of  Crete. 
Ceraunia,  a  town  of  Achaia. 
Ceraunia  and  Ceraunii,  large  moun- 
tains of  Epirus,  extending  far  into  the 
sea,  and  forming  a    promontory  which 
divides    the   Ionian    and   Adriatic  seas. 

Mount  Taurus  is  also  called  Cerau- 

nius. 

Cerauiui,  mountains  of  Asia,  opposite 
the  Caspian  sea. 

Ceraunus,  a  river  of  Cappadocia. 

A  surname  of  Ptolemy  the  2d,  from  his 
boldness. 
Cerausius,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 
Cerbalus,  a  river  of  Apulia. 
Cerberion,  a  town  of  the  Cimmerian 
Bosphorus. 

Cerberus,  a  dog  of  Pluto,  the  fruit  of 
Echidna's  union  with  Typhon.  He  was 
stationed  at  the  entrance  of  hell,  to  pre- 
vent the  living  from  entering  the  infernal 
regions,  and  the  dead  from  escaping  from 
their  confinement. 

Cercaphus,  a  6on  of  iEolus. A  son 

of  Sol,  of  great  power  at  Rhodes. 

Cercasorum,  a  town  of  Egypt,  where 
the  Nile  divides  itself  into  the  Pelusian 
and  Canopic  mouths. 
Cerceis,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 
Cercene,  a  country  of  Africa. 
Cercestes,    a    son    of  ^Egyptus    and 
Phnsnissa. 

Cercides,    a    native   of    Megalopolis, 
who  wrote  iambics. 
Cercii,  a  people  of  Italy. 
Cercina  and  Cercinna,  a  small  island 
of  the  Mediterranean,    near  the  smaller 
Syrtis,  on  the  coast  of  Africa. A  moun- 
tain of  Thrace,  towards  Macedonia. 
Cercinium,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 
Cercius  and  Rhetiu3,  charioteers  of 
Castor  and  Pollux. 

10* 


Cercope3,  a  people  of  Ephcsus,  mad* 

prisoners  by  Hercules. The  inhabitants 

of  the  island  Pithecusa  changed  into 
monkies  on  account  of  their  dishonesty. 

Cercops,  a  Milesian,  author  of  a  fab- 
ulous history,  mentioned   by  Athenceus. 

A  Pythagorean  philosopher. 

Cercyon  and  Cercyones,  a  king  of 
Eleusis,  son  of  Neptune,  or,  according  to 
others,  of  Vulcan.  He  obliged  all  stran- 
gers to  wrestle  with  him  ;  and  as  he  was 
a  dexterous  wrestler,  they  were  easily 
conquered  and  put  to  death.  After  many 
cruelties,  he  challenged  Theseus  in  wrest- 
ling, and  he  was  conquered  and  put  to 
death  by  his  antagonist. 

Cercyra  and  Corcyra,   an  island   in 
the  Ionian  sea. 
Cerdylium,  a  place  near  Amphipolis. 

Cere  alia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Ceres  ; 
first  instituted  at  Rome  by  Memmius  the 
edile,  and  celebrated  on  the  19th  of  April. 

Ceres,  the  goddess  of  corn  and  of  har- 
vests, was  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Vesta. 
She  had  a  daughter  by  Jupiter,  whom  she 
called  Pherephata,  fruit-bearing,  and  after- 
wards Proserpine.  This  daughter  was 
carried  away  by  Pluto,  as  she  was  gather- 
ing flowers  in  the  plains  near  Enna.  The 
grief  of  Ceres  for  the  loss  of  her  daughter 
was  so  great,  that  Jupiter  granted  Proser- 
pine to  pass  six  months  with  her  mother, 

and  the   rest  of  the   year  with  Pluto 

The  Sicilians  made  a  yearly  sacrifice  to 
Ceres,  every  man  according  to  his  abilities; 
and  the  fountain  of  Cyane,  through  which 
Pluto  opened  himself  a  passage  with  his 
trident,  when  carrying  away  Proserpine, 
was  publicly  honored  with  an  offering 
of  bulls,  and  the  blood  of  the  victims 
was  shed  in  the  waters  of  the  fountain. 
Ceres  was  represented  with  a  garland  of 
ears  of  corn  on  her  head,  holding  in  one 
hand  a  lighted  torch,  and  in  the  other  a 
poppy,  which  was  sacred  to  her. 

Ceressus,  a  place  of  Boeotia. 

Ceretje,  a  people  of  Crete. 

Cerialis  Anicius,  a  consul  elect,  who 
wished  a  temple  to  be  raised  to  Nero,  as 
to  a  god,  after  the  discovery  of  the  Piso- 
nian  conspiracy. 

Cerii,  a  people  of  Etruria. 

Cerilli  or  Carill.e,  now  Cirella,  a 
town  of  the  Brutii  near  the  Laus. 

Cerillum,  a  place  of  Lucania. 

Cerinthus,  now  Zero,  a  town  of  Eu- 
boea,  whose  inhabitants  went  to  the  Tro- 
jan  war,  headed  by  Elphenor,  son  of 

Chalcedon. A  beautiful  youth,  long 

the   favorite   of  the  Roman  ladies,  and 

especially  of  Sulpitia. One  of  the  early 

heretics  from  Christianity. 

Cermanus,  a  place  where  Romulus 
was  exposed  by  one  of  the  servants  of 
Amulius. 

Cerne,  an  island  without  the  pillara  of 
Hercules,  on  the  African  coast. 


CE 


114 


CH 


Csrmbs,  a  priest  of  Cybele. 

Ceroiy,  a  fountain  of  HistiaBotis,  whose 
waters  rendered  black  all  the  sheep  that 
drank  of  them. 

Ceropasades,  a  son  of  Phraates  king 
of  Persia,  given  as  an  hostage  to  Augustus. 

Cerossus,  a  place  of  the  Ionian  sea. 

Cerpheres,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is 
supposed  to  have  built  the  smallest  pyra- 
mid. 

Cerrh.ei,  a  people  of  Greece,  who 
profaned  the  temple  of  Delphi. 

Cerretani,  a  people  of  Spain  that  in- 
habited the  modern  district  of  Cerdana 
in  Catalonia. 

Cersobleptes,  a  king  of  Thrace,  con- 
quered by  Philip  king  of  Macedonia. 

Certima,  a  town  of  Celtiberia. 

Certonium,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor. 

Cervarius,  a  Roman  knight  who  con- 
spired with  Piso  against  Nero. 

P.  Cervius,  an  officer  under  Verres. 

Ceryces,  a  sacerdotal  family  at  Athens. 

Cerycius,  a  mountain  of  Bceotia. 

Cerymica,  a  town  of  Cyprus. 

Cerynea,  a  town  of  Achaia,  and  moun- 
tain of  Arcadia. 

Cerynites,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Cesellius  Balsus,  a  turbulent  and 
avaricious  Carthaginian. 

Cesennia,  an  infamous  woman,  born 
of  an  illustrious  family  at  Rome. 

Cestius,  an  epicurean  of  Smyrna,  who 
taught  rhetoric  at  Rhodes,  in  the  age  of 

Cicero. A  governor  of  Syria. Seve- 

rus,  an  informer  under  Nero. — Proculus, 
a  man  acquitted  of  an  accusation  of  em- 
bezzling the  public  money. A  bridge 

at  Rome. 

Cestrina,  part  of  Epirus. 

Cestrinus,  son  of  Helenus  and  Andro- 
mache ;  after  his  father's  death  he  settled 
in  Epirus,  above  the  river  Thyamis,  and 
called  the  country  Cestrina. 

Cetes,  a  king  of  Egypt,  the  same  as 
Proteus. 

Cethegus,  the  surname  of  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Cornelii — Marcus,  a  con- 
sul in  the  second  Punic  war. — A  tribune 
at  Rome,  who  joined  Catiline  in  his  con- 
spiracy against  the  state.  He  was  ap- 
prehended, and,  with   Lentulus,  put  to 

death  by  the  Roman  senate. A  Trojan, 

killed  by  Turnus. P.  Corn,  a  powerful 

Roman,  who  embraced  the  party  of  Ma- 
rius  against  Sylla. 

Cetii,  a  people  of  Cilicia. 

Cetius,  a  river  of  Mysia. A  moun- 
tain which  separates  Noricum  from  Pan- 
nonia. 

Ceto,  a  daughter  of  Pontus  and  Terra, 
who  married  Phorcys,  by  whom  she  had 
the  three  Gorgons. 

Ceus  aril  C.eus,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and 
Terra,  who  married  Phcebe,  by  whom  he 

had  Latona  and  Asteria. The  father 

of  Trcezen. 


Ceyx,  a  king  of  Trachinia,  son  of  Lu- 
cifer, and  husband  of  Alcyone.  He  was 
drowned,  as  he  went  to  consult  the  oracle 
of  Claros.  His  wife  was  apprized  of  his 
misfortune  in  a  dream,  and  found  his 
dead  body  washed  on  the  sea  shore.  They 
were  both  changed  into  birds  called  A1- 
cyons. 

Chabi.nus,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Felix. 

Chabria,  a  village  of  Egypt. 

Chabrias,  an  Athenian  general  and 
philosopher,  who  chiefly  signalized  him- 
self when  he  assisted  the  Boeotians  against 
Agesilaus.  He  at  last  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
his  excessive  courage,  B.  C.  376. 

Chabryis,  a  king  of  Egypt. 

Ch.eanit.e,  a  people  at  the  foot  of 
Caucasus. 

Ch-ereas,  an  Athenian,  who  wrote  on 

agriculture. An  officer  who  murdered 

Caligula,  A.  D.  41. An  Athenian,  &c. 

Chieedemus,  a  brother  of  Epicurus. 

Chjiremon,  a  comic  poet,  and  disciple 

of  Socrates. A  stoic,  who  wrote  on 

the  Egyptian  priests. 

Ch.erephon,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens, 
in  the  age  of  Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Ch.erestrata,  the  mother  of  Epicurus, 
descended  of  a  noble  family. 

Ch.erinthus,  a  beautiful  youth. 

Ch.erippus,  an  extortioner. 

Ch,ero,  the  founder  of  Chasronea. 

Ch.eronia,  Ch^roptea,  and  Cherro- 
nea,  a  city  of  Bceotia,  on  the  Cephisus, 
celebrated  "for  a  defeat  of  the  Athenians, 
by  the  Boeotians,  B.  C.  447,  and  for  the 
victory  which  Philip  of  Macedonia  ob- 
tained there  with  32,000  men,  over  the 
confederate  army  of  the  Thebans  and 
the  Athenians,  consisting  of  30,000  men, 
the  2d  of  August,  B.  C.  338.  Plutarch 
was  born  there.  The  town  was  anciently 
called  Arne. 

CHALiEON,  a  city  of  Locris. A  port 

of  Boeotia. 

Chales,  a  herald  of  Busiris,  put  to 
death  by  Hercules. 

Chalc^a,  a  town  of  Caria of  Phoe- 
nicia. 

Chalcea,  an  island  with  a  town  near 
Rhodes. A  festival  at  Athens. 

Chalcedon  and  Chalcedonia,  now 
Kadi-Keni,  an  ancient  city  of  Bithynia. 

CHALciDENE,a  part  of  Syria,  very  fruit- 
ful. 

Chalcidenses,  the  inhabitants  of  the 

isthmus  between  Teos  and  Erythrae. 

A  people  near  the  Phasis. 

Chalcidius,  a  commander  of  the  Lace- 
daemonian fleet  killed  by  the  Athenians, 
&c 

Chalcidica,  a  country  of  Thrace of 

Syria. 

Chalcidicus,  an  epithet  applied  to  Cu- 
mae  in  Italy,  as  built  by  a  colony  from 
Chalcis. 
Chalckeus,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  be- 


CH 


115 


CH 


cause  she   had   a  temple   at   Chalcis   in 
Euboea. 

Chalciope,  a  daughter  of  iEetes  king 
of  Colchis,  who  married  Phryxus  son  of 
Athamas,  who  had  fled  to  her  father's 
court  for  protection.  She  had  some  chil- 
dren by  Phryxus,  and  she  preserved  her 
life  from  the  avarice  and  cruelty  of  her 
father,  who  had  murdered  her  husband  to 

obtain  the  golden  fleece. The  mother 

of  Thessalus  by  Hercules. The  daugh- 
ter of  Rhexenor,  who  married  ^Egeus. 

Ch\lcts,  now  Egripo,  the  chief  city  of 
Eubcea,  in  that  part  which  is  nearest  to 
Bneotia.  There  were  three  other  towns 
of  the  same  name  in  Thrace,  Acarnania, 
and  Sicily,  all  belonging  to  the  Corinth- 
ians. 

Chalciti3,  a  country  of  Ionia. 

Chalcodon,  a  son  of  ^Egyptus,  by  Ara- 
bia.  A  man  of  Cos,  who  wounded  Her- 
cules.  The  father  of  Elephenor,  one  of 

the  Grecian  chiefs  in  the  Trojan  war. 

A  man  who  assisted  Hercules  in  his  war 
against  Augias. 

Chalcos,  a  Messenian,  who  reminded 
Antilochus,  son  of  Nestor,  to  beware  of 
the  ^Ethiopians,  by  whom  he  was  to  per- 
ish. 

Chalcus,  a  man  made  governor  of  Cy- 
zicus  by  Alexander. 

Chald^a,  a  country  of  Asia,  between 
the  Euphrates  and  Tigris.  Its  capital  is 
Babylon. 

Chalojei,  the  inhabitants  of  Chaldaea. 

Chalestra,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Chalonitis,  a  country  of  Media. 

Chaltbes  and  Calybes,  a  people  of 
Asia  Minor,  near  Pontus,  once  very  pow- 
erful, and  possessed  of  a  great  extent  of 
country,  abounding  in  iron  mines,  where 
the  inhabitants  worked  naked. 

Chalybon,  now  supposed  to  be  Aleppo, 
a  town  of  Syria,  which  gave  the  name  of 
Chalybonitis  to  the  neighboring  country. 

Chalybonitis,  a  country  of  Syria,  fa- 
mous for  its  wines. 

Chalybs,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Chamani  and  Chamaviri,  a  people  of 
Germany. 

Chane,  a  river  between  Armenia  and 
Albania,  falling  into  the  Caspian  sea. 

Chaon,  a  mountain  of  Peloponnesus, 
A  son  of  Priam. 

Chaones,  a  people  of  Epirus. 

Chaonia,  a  mountainous  part  of  Epirus. 

Chaonitis,  a  country  of  Assyria. 

Chaos,  a  rude  and  shapeless  mass  of 
matter,  and  confused  assemblage  of  inac- 
tive elements,  which,  as  the  poets  suppose, 
preexisted  the  formation  of  the  world,  and 
from  which  the  universe  was  formed  by 
the  hand  and  power  of  a  superior  being. 
Chaos  was  deemed,  by  some,  as  one  of 
the  oldest  of  the  gods,  and  invoked  as  one 
of  the  infernal  deities. 
Charadra,  a  town  of  Phocis 


Charadros,  a  river  of  Phocis,  falling 
into  the  Cephisus. 

Charadrus,  a  place  of  Argos,  where 
military  causes  were  tried. 

Char.eada9,  an  Athenian  general,  sent 
with  twenty  ships  to  Sicily  during  the  Pel- 
oponnesian  war.    He  died  426,  B.  C. 

Charandjei,  a  people  near  Pontus. 

Charax,  a  town  of  Armenia. A  phi- 
losopher of  Pergainus,  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  Greece  in  forty  books. 

Charax es  and  Charaxus,  a  Mityle- 
nean,  brother  to  Sappho,  who  became  pas- 
sionately fond  of  Rhodope,  upon  whom  he 
squandered  all  his  possessions,  and  reduc- 
ed himself  to  poverty,  and  the  necessity 
of  piratical  excursions. 

Charaxus,  one  of  the  centaurs. 

Chares,  an  Athenian  general. A 

statuary  of  Lindus,  who  was  twelve  years 
employed  in  making  the  famous  Colossua 

at  Rhodes. An  historian  of  Mitylene, 

who  wrote  a  life  of  Alexander. An 

Athenian  who  fought  with  Darius  against 
Alexander. A  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Charicles,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  sef 

over  Athens  by  the  Lacedaemonians. 

A  famous  physician  under  Tiberius. 

Chariclides,  an  officer  of  Dionysius 
the  younger,  whom  Dion  gained  to  de- 
throne the  tyrant. 

Chariclo,  the  mother  of  Tiresias,  great- 
ly favored  by  Minerva. A  daughter  of 

Apollo,  who  married  the  centaur  Chiron. 

Charidemus,  a  Roman  exposed  to  wild 

beasts. An   Athenian,   banished   by 

Alexander,  and  killed  by  Darius. 

Charila,  a  festival  observed  once  in 
nine  years  by  the  Delphians. 

Charilaus  and  Charillus,  a  son  of 
Polydectes  king  of  Sparta,  educated  and 
protected  by  his  uncle  Lycurgus.    He  died 

in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age. A 

Spartan,  who  changed  the  monarchical 
power  into  an  aristocracy. 

Charillus,  one  of  the  ancestors  of  Leu- 
tychides. 

Charini  and  Carini,  a  people  of  Ger- 
many. 

Charis,  a  goddess  among  the  Greeks, 
surrounded  with  pleasures,  graces,  and 
delight.     She  was  the  wife  of  Vulcan. 

Charisia,  a  town  of  Arcadia. A  fes- 
tival in  honor  of  the  Graces,  with  dances 
which  continued  all  night. 

Charisius,  an  orator  at  Athens. 

Charistia,  festivals  at  Rome,  celebrat- 
ed on  the  twentieth  of  February,  by  the 
distribution  of  mutual  presents,  with  the 
intention  of  reconciling  friends  and  rela- 
tions. 

Charites  and  Gratis,  the  Graces, 
daughters  of  Venus  by  Jupiter  or  Bacchus, 
are  three  in  number,  Aglaia,  Thalia,  and 
Euphrosyne.  They  were  the  constant  at- 
tendants of  Venus,  and  they  were  repre- 
sented as  three  young,  beautiful,  and  mo- 


CH 


116 


CH 


dest  virgins,  all  holding  one  another  by 
the  hand. 

Chariton,  a  writer  of  Aphrodisium,  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  fourth  century. 

Charmadas,  a  philosopher  of  uncom- 
mon memory. 

Charme  and  Carme,  the  mother  of  Bri- 
tomartis  by  Jupiter. 

Charmides,  a  Lacedemonian,  sent  by 

the  king  to  quell  seditions  in  Crete. A 

boxer. A   philosopher  of   the  third 

academy,  B.  C.  95. 

Charminus,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
defeated  the  Peloponnesians. 

Charmione,  a  servant  maid  of  Cleopa- 
tra, who  stabbed  herself  after  the  example 
of  her  mistress. 

Charmis,  a  physician  of  Marseilles,  in 
Nero's  age,  who  used  cold  baths  for  his 
patients. 

Charmosyna,  a  festival  in  Egypt. 

Charmotas,  a  part  of  Arabia. 

Charmus,  a  poet  of  Syracuse. 

Charon,  a  Theban,  who  received  into 
his  house  Pelopidas,  and  his  friends,  when 

they  delivered  Thebes  from  tyranny. 

An  historian  of  Lampsacus,  son  of  Py- 

theus. An  historian  of  Naucratis,  who 

wrote  an  history  of  his  country,  and  of 

Egypt- A  Carthaginian  writer,  &c. 

A  god  of  hell,  son  of  Erebus  and  Nox,  who 
conducted  the  souls  of  the  dead  in  a  boat 
over  the  river  Styx  and  Acheron  to  the 
infernal  regions,  for  an  obolus.  This  fa- 
ble of  Charon  and  his  boat  is  borrowed 
from  the  Egyptians. 

Charondas,  a  man  of  Catana,  who 
gave  laws  to  the  people  of  Thurium,  and 
made  a  law  that  no  man  should  be  per- 
mitted to  come  armed  into  the  assembly. 
He  inadvertently  broke  this  law,  and  when 
told  of  it,  he  fell  upon  his  sword,  B.  C. 
446. 

Charonea,  a  place  of  Asia,  &c. 

Charonia  scrobs,  a  place  of  Italy  emit- 
ting deadly  vapors. 

Charon ium,  a  cave  near  Nysa,  where 
the  sick  were  supposed  to  be  delivered 
from  their  disorders  by  certain  supersti- 
tious solemnities. 

Charofs  and  CHAROPEs,a  Trojan,  kill- 
ed  by   Ulysses. A  powerful   Epirot 

who  assisted  Flaminius  when  making  war 

against  Philip  the  king  of  Macedonia. 

The  first  decennial  archon  at  Athens. 

Charybdis,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  on 
the  coast  of  Sicily,  opposite  another  whirl- 
pool called  Scylla,  on  the  coast  of  Italy. 

Chaubi  and  Chauci,  a  people  of  Ger- 
many, supposed  to  inhabit  the  country 
now  called  Friesland  and  Bremen. 

Chaula,  a  village  of  Egypt. 

Chauros.    Vitl.  Cauros. 

Chea,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Chel.e,  a  Greek  word,  signifying  claies, 
which  is  applied  to  the  Scorpion,  one  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac. 


Cheles,  a  satrap  of  Seleucus  . 

Chelidon,  a  mistress  of  Verres. 

Chelidonia,  a  festival  at  Rhodes,  in 
which  it  was  customary  for  boys  to  go 
begging  from   door  to  door,  and  singing 

certain  songs. The  wind  Favonius  was 

called  also  Chelidonia. 

Chelidonia,  now  Kelidoni,  small  is- 
lands opposite  the  promontory  of  Taurus, 
of  the  same  name,  very  dangerous  to  sail- 
ors. 

Chelidonis,  a  daughter  of  king  Leoty- 
chides. 

Chelidonium,  a  promontory  of  mount 
Taurus,  projecting  into  the  Pamphylian 
sea. 

Chelone,  a  nymph  changed  into  a  tor- 
toise by  Mercury. 

Chelonis,  a  daughter  of  Leonidas  king 
of  Sparta,  who  married  Cleombrotus. 

Chelonophagi,  a  people  of  Carmania, 
who  fed  upon  turtle,  and  covered  their 
habitations  with  the  shells. 

Chelydoria,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Chemmis,  an  island  in  a  deep  lake  of 

Chen  a,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Chen m,  a  village  on  mount  CEta. 

Chenion,  a  mountain  in  Asia  Minor, 
from  which  the  ten  thousand  Greeks  first 
saw  the  sea. 

Chenius,  a  mountain  near  Colchis. 

Cheops  and  Cheospes,  a  king  of  Egypt, 
after  Khampsinitus,  who  built  famous  py- 
ramids. 

Chepheren,  a  brother  of  Cheops,  who 
also  built  a  pyramid.  The  Egyptians  in- 
veterately  hated  these  two  royal  brothers. 

Cheremocrates,  an  artist  who  built 
Diana's  temple  at  Ephesus. 

Cherisophus,  a  commander  of  eight 
hundred  Spartans,  in  the  expedition  of 
Cyrus. 

Cherophon,  a  tragic  writer  of  Athens, 
in  the  age  of  Philip. 

Chersias,  an  Orchomenian,  reconciled 
to  Periander  by  Chile 

Chersidamas,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Ulys- 
ses in  the  Trojan  war. 

Chersipho,  an  architect. 

Chersonesus,  a  Greek  word,  rendered 
by  the  Latins  Peninsula. 

"Cherusci,  a  people  of  Germany,  who 
long  maintained  a  war  against  Rome. 

Chidnjei,  a  people  near  Pontus. 

Chidorus,  a  river  of  Macedonia  near 
Thessalonica. 

Chiliarchus,  a  great  officer  of  state  at 
the  court  of  Persia. 

Chilius  and  Chileus,  an  Arcadian  who 
advised  the  Lacedaemonians,  when  Xerxes 
was  in  Greece,  not  to  desert  the  common 
cause  of  their  country. 

Chilo,  a  Spartan  philosopher,  who  has 
been  called  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece.  He  died  through  excess  of  joy,  in 
the  arms  of  his  son,  who  had  obtained  a 


CH 


117 


CH 


victory  at  Olympia,  B.  C.  597. One  of 

the  Ephori  at  Sparta,  B.  C.  556. 

Chilonis,  the  wife  of  Theopompus  king 
of  Sparta. 

Chim-era,  a  celebrated  monster,  sprung 
from  Echidna  and  Typhon,  which  had 
three  heads,  that  of  a  lion,  of  a  goat,  and 
a  dragon,  and  continually  vomited  flames. 
From  the  union  of  the  Chimaera  with  Or- 
thos,  sprung  the  Sphinx,  and  the  lion  of 

Nemsea. One  of  the  ships  in  the  fleet 

of  iEneas. 

Chimarus,  a  river  of  Argolis. 

Chimerium,  a  mountain  of  Phthiotis,  in 
Thessaly. 

Chiomara,  a  woman  who  cut  off  the 
head  of  a  Roman  tribune  when  she  had 
been  taken  prisoner. 

Chi  on,  a  Greek  writer. 

Chione,  a  daughter  of  Daedalion,  of 
whom  Apollo  and  Mercury  became  en- 
amored. Chione  grew  so  proud  that  she 
even  preferred  her  beauty  to  that  of  Dia- 
na, for  which  impiety  she  was  killed  by 
the  goddess,  and  changed  into  a  hawk. 

A  daughter  of  Boreas  and  Orithyia, 

who  had  Eumolpus  by  Neptune.  She 
threw  her  son  into  the  sea,  but  he  was 
preserved  by  his  father. 

Chionides,  an  Athenian  poet,  supposed 
by  some  to  be  the  inventor  of  comedy. 

Chionis,  a  victor  at  Olympia. 

Chios,  now  Scio,  an  island  in  the  Mge- 
an  sea,  between  Lesbos  and  Samos,  on 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  well  in- 
habited, and  could  once  equip  a  hundred 
ships  5  and  its  chief  town,  called  Chios, 
had  a  beautiful  harbor,  which  could  con- 
tain eighty  ships.  The  wine  of  this  island, 
so  much  celebrated  by  the  ancients,  is 
still  in  general  esteem.  Chios  was  an- 
ciently called  -iEthalia,  Macris,  and  Pity- 
asa. 

Chiron,  a  centaur,  half  a  man  and  half 
a  horse,  son  of  Philyra  and  Saturn.  He 
was  famous  for  his  knowledge  of  music, 
medicine,  and  shooting  ;  and  he  instruct- 
ed, in  all  the  polite  arts,  the  greatest  he- 
roes of  his  age.  He  was  wounded  in  the 
knee  by  a  poisoned  arrow,  by  Hercules, 
in  his  pursuit  of  the  centaurs.  As  the 
wound  was  incurable,  and  the  cause  of 
the  most  excruciating  pains,  Chiron  beg- 
ged Jupiter  to  deprive  him  of  immortality. 
His  prayers  were  heard,  and  he  was  plac- 
ed by  the  god  among  the  constellations, 
under  the  name  of  Sagittarius. 

Chloe,  a  surname  of  Ceres  at  Athens. 
Her  yearly  festivals,  called  Chloeia,  were 
celebrated  with  much  mirth  and  rejoicing, 
and  a  ram  was  always  sacrificed  to  her. 

Chloreus,  a  priest  of  Cybele,  who 
came  with  JGneas  into  Italy,  and  was 
killed  by  Turnus. Another,  &c. 

Chloris,  the  goddess  of  flowers,  who 

married  Zephyrus. A  daughter  of  Am- 

phion,  who  married  Neleus  king  of  Pylos, 


by  whom  she  had  one  daughter  and  twelve 
sons,  who  all,  except  Nestor,  were  killed 
by  Hercules. 

Chlorus,  a  river  of  Cilicia. Con- 
stantino, one  of  the  Cassars,  in  Diocle- 
sian's  age,  who  reigned  two  years  after 
the  emperor's  abdication,  and  died  July 
25,  A.  D.  306. 

Choarina,  a  country  near  India,  reduc- 
ed by  Craterus. 

Choaspes,  a  son  of  Phasis,  &c. An 

Indian  river. A  river  of  Media,  flow- 
ing into  the  Tigris,  and  now  called  Ka- 
run.  Its  waters  are  so  sweet  that  the 
kings  of  Persia  drank  no  other. 

Chobus,  a  river  of  Colchis. 

Charades  and  Pharos,  two  islands  op- 
posite Alexandria  in  Egypt. Others  in 

the  Euxine  sea. An  island  in  the  Io- 
nian sea,  or  near  the  Hellespont. 

Chq:rilus,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens,  who 
wrote  one  hundred  and  fifty  tragedies,  of 

which  thirteen  obtained  the  prize. An 

historian  of  Samos. Two  other  poets, 

one  of  whom  was  very  intimate  with  He- 
rodotus. The  other  was  one  of  Alexan- 
der's flatterers  and  friends,  and  a  poor 
writer. 

Chcere.e,  a  place  of  Boeotia. 

Chonnidas,  a  man  made  preceptor  to 
Theseus,  by  his  grandfather  Pittheus  king 
of  Trcezene. 

Chonuphis,  an  Egyptian  prophet. 

Chorasmi,  a  people  of  Asia  near  the 
Oxus. 

Chorineus,  a  man  killed  in  the  Rutu- 

lian  war. Another. A  priest  with 

iEneas. 

Chorozbus,  a  man  of  Elis,  who  obtained 

a  prize  the  first  olympiad. A  youth  of 

Mygdonia,  who  was  enamored  of  Cassan- 
dra. 

Choromn^ei,  a  people  subdued  by  Ni- 
nus. 

Chosroes,  a  king  of  Persia,  in  Justin- 
ian's reign. 

Chremes,  a  sordid  old  man,  mentioned 
in  Terence's  Andria. 

Chremetes,  a  river  of  Libya. 

Chresiphon,  an  architect  of  Diana's 
temple  in  Ephesus. 

Chresphontes,  a  son  of  Aristomachus. 
VOL.  Aristodemus. 

Chrestus,  an  approved  writer  of  Ath- 
ens. 

Chromia,  a  daughter  of  Itonus. 

Chromios,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chlo- 
ris, who,  with  ten  brothers,  was  killed  in 

a  battle  by  Hercules. A  son  of  Priam, 

killed  by  Diomedes. 

Chromis,  a  captain  in  the  Trojan  war. 

A  young  shepherd. A  Phrygian, 

killed  by  Camilla. A  son  of  Hercules. 

Chromius,  a  son  of  Pterilaus. An 

Argive,  who,  alone  with  Alcenor,  surviv- 
ed a  battle  between  three  hundred  of  his 
countrymen  and  three  hundred  Spartans. 


CH 


118 


CI 


Chronius,  a  man  who  built  a  temple  of 
Diana  at  Orcliomenos. 

Chronos,  the  Greek  name  of  Saturn,  or 
time. 

Chryasus,  a  king  of  Argus,  descended 
from  Inachus. 

Chrysa  and  Chryse,  a  town  of  Cilicia, 
famous  for  a  temple  of  Apollo  Smintheus. 

A  daughter  of  Halmus,  mother  of 

Phlegias  by  Mars. 

Chrysame,  a  Thessalian,  priestess  of 
Diana  Trivia.  She  fed  a  bull  with  poison, 
which  she  sent  to  the  enemies  of  her 
country,  who  eat  the  flesh  and  became 
delirious,  and  were  an  easy  conquest. 

Ckrysantas,  a  man  who  refrained  from 
killing  another,  by  hearing  a  dog  bark. 

Chrysanthius,  a  philosopher  in  the  age 
of  Julian. 

Chrysantis,  a  nymph  who  told  Ceres, 
when  she  was  at  Argos  with  Pelasgus, 
that  her  daughter  had  been  carried  away. 

Chrysaor,  a  son  of  Medusa  by  Nep- 
tune. He  married  Callirhoe,  one  of  the 
Oceanides,   by   whom    he    had    Geryon, 

Echidna,  and  the  Chimsera. A  rich 

king  of  Iberia. A  son  of  Glaucus. 

Chrysaoreus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter, 
from  his  temple  at  Stratonice. 

Chrysaoris,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Chrysas,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Cfiryseis,  the  daughter  of  Chryses. 

Chrysermus,  a  Corinthian,  who  wrote 
an  history  of  Peloponnesus,  and  of  India, 
besides  a  treatise  on  rivers. 

Chryses,  the  priest  of  Apollo,  father  of 

Astynome,  called  from  him  Chryseis. 

A  daughter  of  Minos. 

Chrysippe,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Ckrysippus,  a  natural  son  of  Pelops, 
highly  favored  by  his  father,  for  which 
Hippodamia,  his  step-mother,  ordered  her 
own  sons,  Atreus  and  Thyestes,  to  kill 
him,  and  to  throw  his  body  into  a  well, 
on  account  of  which  they  were  banished. 

A  stoic  philosopher  of  Tarsus,  who 

wrote  about  three  hundred  and  eleven 
treatises.  He  died  through  excess  of  wine, 
or  as  others  say,  from  laughing  too  much 
on  seeing  an  ass  eating  figs  on  a  silver 
plate,  207  B.  C.  in  the  eightieth  year  of 
his  age. A  freedman  of  Cicero. 

Chrysis,  a  mistress  of  Demetrius. 

A  priestess  of  Juno  at  Mycenaj. 

Chrysoaspides,  soldiers  in  the  armies 
of  Persia,  whose  arms  were  all  covered 
with  silver. 

Chrysogonus,  a  freedman  of  Sylla. — 
A  celebrated  singer  in  Domitian's  reign. 

Chrysolaus,  a  tyrant  of  Methymna. 

Chrysondium,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Chrysopolis,  a  promontory  and  port  of 
Asia. 

Chrysorrho^e,  a  people  in  whose  coun- 
try are  golden  streams. 

Chrysorhoas,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Chrysostom,  a  bishop  of  Constantino- 


ple, who  died  A.  D.  407,  in  his  fifty-third 
year. 

Chrysothemis,  a  name  given  by  Ho- 
mer to  Iphigenia,  daughter  of  Agamem- 
non and  Clytemnestra. A  Cretan,  who 

first  obtained  the  poetical  prize  at  the 
Pythian  games. 

Chryxus,  a  leader  of  the  Boii,  grand- 
son of  Brennus,  who  took  Rome. 

Chthonia,  a  daughter  of  Erechtheu3, 
who  married  Butes. A  surname  of  Ce- 
res, from  a  temple  built  to  her  by  Chtho- 
nia, at  Hermione. 

Chthonius,  a  centaur,  killed  by  Nestor 

in  a  battle  at  the  nuptials  of  Pirithous. 

One  of  the  soldiers  who  sprang  from  the 

dragon's  teeth,  sown  by  Cadmus. A 

son  of  ^Egyptus  and  Calfiadne. 

Chitrium,  a  name  given  to  part  of  the 
town  of  Clazomenae. 

Cibal^:,  now  Swilei,  a  town  of  Panno- 
nia. 

Cibarites,  a  country  of  Asia. 

Cibyra  now  Bunai,  a  town  ofPhrygia 
of  Caria. 

C.  Cicereius,  a  secretary  of  Scipio  Af- 
ricanus,  who  obtained  a  triumph  over  the 
Corsicans. 

M.  T.  Cicero,  born  at  Arpinum,  was 
son  of  a  Roman  knight,  and  lineally  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  kings  of  the  Sa- 
bines.  His  mother's  name  was  Helvia. 
After  displaying  many  promising  abilities 
at  school,  he  was  taught  philosophy  by  Piso, 
and  law  by  Mutius  Scasvola;  he  was  natur- 
ally of  a  weak  and  delicate  constitution,and 
he  visited  Greece  on  account  of  his  health  ; 
though,  perhaps,  the  true  cause  of  his  ab- 
sence from  Rome  might  be  attributed  to 
his  fear  of  Sylla.  His  friends  were 
anxious  for  his  return  ;  and  when  at  last 
he  obeyed  their  solicitations,  he  applied 
himself  with  uncommon  diligence  to  ora- 
tory, and  was  soon  distinguished  above 
all  the  speakers  of  his  age  in  the  Roman 
forum.  After  he  had  passed  through  the 
offices  of  edile  and  preetor,  he  stood  a  can- 
didate for  the  consulship,  A.  U.  C.  691 ; 
and  the  patricians  and  the  plebeians  were 
equally  anxious  to  raise  him  to  that  dig- 
nity, against  the  efforts  and  bribery  of 
Catiline.  Catiline,  with  many  dissolute 
and  desperate  Romans,  had  conspired 
against  their  country,  and  combined  to 
murder  Cicero  himself.  In  this  dilemma, 
Cicero,  in  full  senate,  accused  Catiline 
of  treason  against  the  state  ;  but  as  his 
evidence  was  not  clear,  his  efforts  were 
unavailing.  He,  however,  stood  upon  his 
guard,  and  by  the  information  of  his 
friends,  his  life  was  saved  from  the  dag- 
ger of  Marcius  and  Cethegus,  whom  Cat- 
iline had  sent  to  assassinate  him.  After 
this,  Cicero  commanded  Catiline,  in  the 
senate,  to  leave  the  city  ;  and  this  despe- 
rate conspirator  marched  out  in  triumph  to 
meet  the  twenty  thousand  men  who  were 


CI 


119 


CI 


assembled  to  support  his  cause.  The  lieu- 
tenant of  C.  Antony,  the  other  consul,  de- 
feated them  in  Gaul ;  and  Cicero,  at  Rome, 
punished  the  rest  of  the  conspirators  with 
death.  After  this  memorable  deliverance, 
Cicero  was  styled  The  father  of his  country, 
and  a  second  founder  of  Rome.  The  ve- 
hemence with  which  he  had  attacked 
Clodius,  proved  injurious  to  him;  and 
when  his  enemy  was  made  tribune,  Ci- 
cero was  banished  from  Home,  though 
twenty  thousand  young  men  were  sup- 
porters of  his  innocence.  Wherever  he 
went,  he  was  received  with  the  highest 
marks  of  approbation  and  reverence  :  and 
when  the  faction  had  subsided  at  Rome, 
the  whole  senate  and  people  were  unani- 
mous for  bis  return.  After  sixteen  months 
absence,  he  entered  Borne  with  universal 
satisfaction.  After  much  hesitation  dur- 
ing the  civil  commotions  between  Caesar 
and  Pompey,  he  joined  himself  to  the 
latter,  and  followed  him  to  Greece.  When 
victory  had  declared  in  favor  of  Caesar,  at 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  Cicero  went  to 
Brundusium,  and  was  reconciled  to  the 
conqueror,  who  treated  him  with  great 
humanity.  When  Cajsar  had  been  stab- 
bed in  the  senate,  Cicero  recommended  a 
general  amnesty,  and  was  the  most  earn- 
est to  decree  the  provinces  to  Brutus  and 
Cassius.  But  when  he  saw  the  interest 
of  Cassar's  murderers  decrease,  and  Anto- 
ny come  into  power,  he  retired  to  Athens. 
He  soon  after  returned,  but  lived  in  per- 
petual fear  of  assassination.  Augustus 
courted  the  approbation  of  Cicero,  and  ex- 
pressed his  wish  to  be  his  colleague  in 
the  consulship.  But  his  wish  was  not 
sincere  ;  he  soon  forgot  his  former  profes- 
sions of  friendship  ;  and  when  the  two 
consuls  had  been  killed  at  Mutina,  Au- 
gustus joined  his  interest  to  that  of  An- 
tony, and  the  triumvirate  was  soon  after 
formed.  The  great  enmity  which  Cicero 
bore  to  Antony  was  fatal  to  him  ;  and 
Augustus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus,  the  tri- 
umvirs, to  destroy  all  cause  of  quarrel, 
and  each  to  dispatch  his  enemies,  produc- 
ed their  list  of  proscription.  About  two 
hundred  were  doomed  to  death,  and  Cice- 
ro was  among  the  number  upon  the  list 
of  Antony.  Augustus  yielded  a  man  to 
whom  he  partly  owed  "his  greatness,  and 
Cicero  was  pursued  by  the  emissaries 
of  Antony,  among  whom  was  Popilius, 
whom  he  had  defended  upon  an  accusa- 
tion of  parricide.  He  had  fled  in  a  litter 
towards  the  sea  of  Caieta  ;  and  when  the 
assassins  came  up  to  him,  he  put  his  head 
out  of  the  litter,  and  it  was  severed  from  | 
the  body  by  Herennius.  This  memorable 
event  happened  in  December,  43  B.  C,  af- 
ter the  enjoyment  of  life  for  sixty-three 
years,  eleven  month?,  and  five  days.  The 
learning  and  the  abilities  of  Cicero  have 
been   the  admiration  of  every  age   and 


country,  and  his  style  has  always  been  ac- 
counted as  the  standard  of  pure  latinity. 

Marcus,  the  son  of  Cicero,  disgraced 

his  father's    virtues,  and    was   fond   of 

drinking. Quintus,  the  brother  of  the 

orator,  was  Cresar's  lieutenant  in  Gaul, 
and  proconsul  of  Asia  for  three  years. 

Ciceronts  villa,  a  place  near  Puteoli 
in  Campania. 

Cichvris,  a  town  of  Epirus. 

Ci cones,  a  people  of  Thrace  near  the 
Hebrus. 

Cicuta,  an  old  avaricious  usurer. 

Cilicia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  on 
the  sea  coast,  at  the  north  of  Cyprus,  the 
south  of  mount  Taurus,  and  the  west  of 
the  Euphrates.  The  country  was  opulent, 
and  was  governed  by  kings,  under  some 
of  the  Roman  emperors ;  but  reduced  into 

a  province  by  Vespasian. Part  of  the 

country  between  ^.-Eolia  and  Troas. 

Cilissa,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Cilix,  a  son  of  Phoenix,  who  after  seek- 
ing in  vain  his  sister  Europa,  settled  in  a 
country  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Cilicia. 

Cilla,  a  town  of  Africa  Propria. 

A  town  of  yEolia of  Troas. 

Cilles,  a  general  of  Ptolemy,  conquered 
by  Demetrius. 

Cillus,  a  charioteer  of  Pelops,  in  whose 
honor  a  city  was  built. 

Cilnius,  the  surname  of  Maecenas. 

Cilo,  Jun.  an  oppressive  governor  of 
Bithynia  and  Pontus. 

Cimber,  Tull.  one  of  Cassar's  mur- 
derers. He  laid  hold  of  the  dictator's 
robe,  which  was  a  signal  for  the  rest  to 
strike. 

Cimberius,  a  chief  of  the  Suevi. 

Cimbri,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Cimbricum  eellum,  was  begun  by  the 
Cimbri  and  Teutones,  by  an  invasion  of 
the  Roman  territories,  B.  C.  109.  These 
barbarians  were  so  courageous,  and  even 
desperate,  that  they  fastened  their  first 
ranks  each  to  the  other,  with  cords.  In 
the  first  battle  they  destroyed  eighty  thou- 
sand Romans,  under  the  Consuls  Manlius 
and  Servilius  Cfepio.  The  war  was  fin- 
ished by  a  very  bloody  engagement  in  the 
consulship  of  Marius. 

Ciminus,  now  Vitcrbe,  a  lake  and  moun- 
tain of  Etruria. 

Cimmerii,  a  people  near  the  Palus  Mce 
otis,  who  invaded  Asia  Minor,  and  seized 
upon  the  kingdom  of  Cyaxares. An- 
other nation  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy, 
generally  imagined  to  have  lived  in  caves 
near  the  sea-shore  of  Campania,  and  there, 
in  concealing  themselves  from  the  light  of 
the  sun,  to  have  made  their  retreat  the  re- 
ceptacle of  their  plunder. 

Cimmeris,  a  town  of  Troas,  formerly 
called  Edonis. 

Cimmerium,  now  Crim,  a  town  of  Tau- 
rica  Chersonesus. 


CI 


120 


CI 


Cimolis  and  Cinolis,  a  town  of  Paph- 
lagonia. 

Cimolus,  now  Argentiera,  an  island  in 
the  Cretan  sea,  producing  clialk  and  ful- 
ler's earth. 

Cim'on,  an  Athenian,  son  ofMiltiades 
and  Hegisipyle,  famous  for  his  debauche- 
ries in  his  youth,  and  the  reformation  of 
his  morals  when  arrived  to  years  of  dis- 
cretion. He  behaved  with  great  courage 
at  the  battle  of  Salamis,  and  rendered 
himself  popular  by  his  munificence  and 
valor.  He  died  as  he  was  besieging  the 
town  of  Citium  in  Cyprus,  B.  C.  449,  in 
the  fifty-first  year  of  his  age.  He  may  be 
called  the  last  of  the  Greeks,  whose  spirit 
and  boldness  defeated  the  armies  of  the 

barbarians. An  Athenian,  father  of 

Miltiades. A  Roman,   supported   in 

prison  by  the  milk  of  his  daughter. 

An  Athenian,  who  wrote  anaccount  of 
the  war  of  the  Amazons  against  his  coun- 
try. 

Cinjjthon,  an  ancient  poet  of  Lacedae- 
mon. 

Cinaradas,  one  of  the  descendants  of 
Cinyras,  who  presided  over  the  ceremo- 
nies of  Venus  at  Paphos. 

Cincia  lex,  was  enacted  by  M.  Cinci- 
us,  tribune  of  the  people,  A.  U.  C.  549. 
By  it  no  man  was  permitted  to  take  any 
money  as  a  gift  or  a  fee  in  judging  a  cause. 

L.  Q.  Cincinnatus,  a  celebrated  Bo- 
man,  who  was  informed,  as  he  ploughed 
his  field,  that  the  senate  had  chosen  him 
dictator.  Upon  this  he  left  his  ploughed 
land  with  regret,  and  repaired  to  the  field 
of  battle,  where  his  countrymen  were 
closely  besieged  by  the  Volsci  and  ^Equi. 
He  conquered  the  enemy  and  returned  to 
Borne  in  triumph  ;  and  sixteen  days  after 
his  appointment,  he  laid  down  his  office, 
and  retired  back  to  plough  his  fields.  He 
flourished  about  four  hundred  and  sixty 
years  before  Christ. 

L.  Cincius  Alimentus,  a  praetor  of  Si- 
cily in  the  second  Punic  war. Marcus, 

a  tribune  of  the  people,  A.  U.  C.  549,  au- 
thor of  the  Cincia  lex. 

Cineas,  a  Thessalian,  minister  and 
friend  to  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus.  He 
was  sent  to  Rome  by  his  master  to  sue  for 
a  peace,  which  he,  however,  could  not 

obtain. A  king  of  Thessaly. An 

Athenian,  &c. 

Cinesias,  a  Greek  poet  of  Thebes  in 
Boeotia. 

Cinethon,  a  Spartan,  who  wrote  gene- 
alogical poems. 

Cinga,  now  Cinea,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Cingetorix,  a  prince  of  Gaul,  in  alli- 
ance with  Rome. A  prince  of  Britain, 

who  attacked  Caesar's  camp. 

Cingulum,  now  Cingoli,  a  town  of  Pi- 
cenum,  whose  inhabitants  are  called  Cin- 
gulani. 

Ciniata,  a  place  of  Galatia. 


Cinithii,  a  people  of  Africa. 

L.  Corn.  Cinna,  a  Eoman  who  op- 
pressed the  republic  with  his  cruelties, 
and  was  banished  by  Octavius,  for  at- 
tempting to  make  the  fugitive  slaves  free. 
■One  of  Caesar's  murderers. C. 


Helvius  Cinna,  a  poet  intimate  with  Cae- 
sar'. He  went  to  attend  the  obsequies  of 
Caesar,  and  being  mistaken  by  the  popu- 
lace for  the  other  Cinna,  he  was  torn  to 

pieces. A  grandson  of  Pompey.    He 

conspired  against  Augustus,  who  pardon- 
ed him,  and  made  him  one  of  his  most  in- 
timate friends. A  town  of  Italy  taken 

by  the  Romans  from  the  Samnites. 

Cinnadon,  a  Lacedaemonian  youth, 
who  resolved  to  put  to  death  the  Ephori, 
and  seize  upon  the  sovereign  power.  His 
conspiracy  was  discovered,  and  he  was 
put  to  death. 

Cinnamus,  a  hair-dresser  at  Rome. 

Cinniana,  a  town  of  Lusitania,  famous 
for  the  valor  of  its  citizens. 

Cinxia,  a  surname  of  Juno,  who  pre- 
sided over  marriages. 

Cinyps  and  Cinyfhus,  a  river,  and 
country  of  Africa  near  the  Garamantes, 
whence  Cinyphius. 

Cinyras,  a  king  of  Cyprus,  son  of  Pa- 
phus,  who  married  Cenchreis,  by  whom 
he  had  a  daughter  called  Myrrha.  He  was 
so  rich  that  his  opulence  became  pro- 
verbial.  A  son  of  Laodice. A  man 

who  brought  a  colony  from  Syria  to  Cy- 
prus.  A  Ligurian,  who  assisted  iEneas 

against  Turnus. 

Cios,  a  river  of  Thrace. A  commer- 
cial place  of  Phrygia. The  name  of 

three  cities  in  Bithynia. 

Cipfus,  a  noble  Roman,  who,  as  he  re- 
turned home  victorious,  was  told  that  if 
he  entered  the  city  he  must  reign  there. 
Unwilling  to  enslave  his  country,  he  as- 
sembled the  senate  without  the  walls,  and 
banished  himself  for  ever  from  the  city, 
and  retired  to  live  upon  a  single  acre  of 
ground. 

Circ2eum,  now  Circello,  a  promontory 
of  Latium,  near  a  small  town  called  Cir- 
ceii,  at  the  south  of  the  Pontine  marshes. 

Circe,  a  daughter  of  Sol  and  Perseis, 
celebrated  for  her  knowledge  of  magic  and 
venomous  herbs.  She  was  sister  to  ^Eetes 
king  of  Colchis,  and  Pasiphae  the  wife  of 
Minos.  She  married  a  Sarmatian  prince 
of  Colchis,  whom  she  murdered  to  obtain 
his  kingdom.  She  was  expelled  by  her 
subjects,  and  carried  by  her  father  upon 
the  coasts  of  Italy,  in  an  island  called 
^Eaea. 

Circenses  ludi,  games  performed  in 
the  circus  at  Rome.  They  were  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Olympian  games  among  the 
Greeks,  and,  by  way  of  eminence,  were 
often  called  the  great  games.  The  cele- 
bration continued  five  days,  beginning  on 
the  fifteenth  of  September.     Some  sea- 


CL 


121 


CL 


fights  and  skirmishes,  called  hy  the  Ro- 
mans Naumachiae,  were  afterwards  ex- 
hibited in  the  circus. 

Circius,  a  part  of  moirnt  Taurus. A 

rapid  and  tempestuous  wind  frequent  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis,  and  unknown  in  any 
other  country. 

CiRcuMPADANiAGRiTthe  country  around 
the  river  Po. 

Circus,  a  large  and  elegant  building  at 
Rome,  where  plays  and  shows  were  ex- 
hibited. There  were  about  eight  at  Rome ; 
the  first,  called  Maximus  Circus,  was  the 
grandest,  raised  and  embellished  by  Tar- 
quin  Prise  us. 

Ciris,  the  name  of  Scyfla  daughter  of 
Nisus,  who  was  changed  into  a  bird. 

Cirr^atum,  a  place  near  Arpinum, 
where  C.  Marius  lived  when  young. 

Cirrha  and  Cyrrha,  a  town  of  Phocis, 
at  the  foot  of  Parnassus,  where  Apollo 
was  worshipped. 

Cirtha  and  Cirta,  a  town  of  Numidia. 

Cjsalpina  Gallia,  a  part  of  Gaul,  call- 
ed also  Citerior  and  Togata. 

Cispadajta  Gallta,  a  part  of  ancient 
Gaul,  south  of  the  Po. 

Cisrhenani,  part  of  the  Germans  who 
lived  nearest  Rome,  on  the  west  of  the 
Shine. 

Cissa,  a  river  of  Pontus. An  island 

near  Istria. 

Cisseis,  a  patronymic  given  to  Hecuba 
as  daughter  of  Cisseus. 

Cisseus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  father  to  He- 
cuba, according  to  some  authors. A 

son  of  Melampus,  killed  by  .Eneas. A 

son  of  ^Egyptus. 

Cissia,  a  country  of  Susiana,  of  which 
Susa  was  the  capital. 

CissiiE,  some  gates  in  Babylon. 

Cissides,  a  general  of  Dionysius  sent 
with  nine  gallies  to  assist  the  Spartans, 
&c. 

Cissoessa,  a  fountain  of  Boeotia. 

Cis.sus,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia. A 

city  of  Thrace. A  man  who  acquainted 

Alexander  with  the  flight  of  Harpalus. 

Cissusa,  a  fountain  where  Bacchus  was 
washed  when  young. 

Cistenj:,  a  town  of  ^Eolia. A  town 

of  Lycia. 

Cithjeron,  a  king  who  gave  his  name 
to  a  mountain  of  Boeotia,  situate  at  the 
south  of  the  river  Asopus,  and  sacred  to 
Jupiter  and  the  Muses. 

Citharista,  a  promontory  of  Gaul. 

Citium,  now  Chitti,  a  town  of  Cvprus, 
where  Cimon  died  in  his  expedition  against 
Egypt. 

Cius,  a  town  of  Mysia. 

J.  Civilis,  a  powerful  Batavian,  who 
raised  a  sedition  against  Galba. 

Cizycum,  a  city  of  Asia  in  the  Propon- 
tis,  the  same  as  Cyzicus. 

Cladeus,  a  river  of  Elis. 

CivAfSss,  a  river  falling  into  the  later. 
11 


Clanis,  a  centaur  killed  by  Theseus, 

Clanius,  or  Clanis,  a  river  of  Campa- 
nia— of  Etruria,  now  Chiana. 

Clarus,  or  Claros,  a  town  of  Ionia,  fa- 
mous for  an  oracle  of  Apollo. An  is- 
land of  the  Mgean,  between  Tenedos  and 

Scios. One  of  the   companions   of 

iEneas.. 

Clastidium,  now  Schiatezzo,  a  town  of 
Liguria. A  village  of  Gaul. 

Claudia,  a  patrician  family  at  Rome, 
descended  from  Clausus  a  king  of  the  Sa- 
bines.  It  gave  birth  to  many  illustrious 
patriots-  in  the  republic. 

Claudia,  a  vestal  virgin  accused  of  in- 
continence. She  proved  her  innocence  by 
removing  a  ship  which  had  brought  the 
image  of  Vesta  to  Rome,  and  had  stuck  in 

one  of  the  shalfow  places  of  the  river. 

A  step- daughter  of  M.  Antony,  whom  Au- 
gustus married. The  wife  of  the  poet 

Statius.. A  daughter  of  Appius  Clau- 
dius, betrothed  to  Tib.  Gracchus. The 

wife  of  Metellus  Celer. A  town  of  No- 

ricum. A  Roman  road,  which  led  from 

the  Milvian  bridge  to  the  Flaminian  way. 

A  tribe  which  received  its  name  from 

Appius  Claudius. duinta,  a  daughter 

of  Appius  Csrcus,  whose  statue  in  the  ves- 
tibulum  of  Cybele's  temple  was  unhurt 
when  that  edifice  was  reduced  to  ashes. 

Antonia,  a  daughter  of  the  emperor 

Claudius,  killed  by  Nero. 

Claudia  lex,  the  title  of  several  laws, 
De  Comitiis,  de  usura,  de  negotiatione,  &c. 

Claudia  aq_u^:,  the  first  water  brought 
to  Rome  by  means  of  an  aqueduct  of 
eleven  miles,  erected  A.  U.  C.  441. 

Claudianus,  a  celebrated  poet  of  Alex- 
andria in  Egypt. 

Claudiopolis,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Claudius  I.  (Tiber.  Drusus  Nero)  son 
of  Drusus,  Livia's  second  son,  succeeded 
as  emperor  of  Rome,  after  the  murder  of 
Caligula,  whose  memory  he  endeavored 
to  annihilate.  He  was  at  last  poisoned  by 
his  wife  Agrippina,  who  wished  to  raise 
her  son  Nero  to  the  throne.    He  died  in 

the  sixty- third  year  of  his  age. The 

second  emperor  of  that  name;  was  a  Dal- 
matian, who  succeeded  Gallienus.  His 
character  was  marked  with  bravery,  and 
tempered  with  justice  and  benevolence. 

Nero,  a  consul  with  Liv.  Salinator, 

who  defeated   and  killed  Asdrubal,  near 

the  river  Metaurum. The  father  of  the 

emperor  Tiberius. Polios,  an  historian. 

Pontius,  a  general  of  the  Samnites, 

who  conquered  theRomans  at  Furcae  Cau- 

dinae. Petilius,  a  dictator. Appius, 

an  orator. App.  Caecus,  a  Roman  cen- 
sor, who  built  an  aqueduct,  A.  U.  C.  441, 
which  brought  water  to  Rome  from  Tus- 
culum,  at  the  distance  of  seven  or  eight 

miles. A  praetor  of  Sicily. Publius, 

a  great  enemy  to  Cicero. Pulcher,  a 

consul,  who,  when  consulting  the  sacred 


CL 


122 


CL 


chickens,  ordered  them  to  he  dipped  in 
water,  because  they  would  not  eat.  He 
was  unsuccessful  in  his  expedition,  and 

disgraced  on  his  return  to  Rome. The 

name  of  Claudius  is  common  to  many  Ro- 
man consuls,  and  other  officers  of  state  ; 
but  nothing  is  recorded  of  them,  and  their 
name  is  but  barely  mentioned. 

Clavienus,  an  obscure  poet  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Claviger,  a  surname  of  Janus,  from 
his  being  represented  with  a  key.  Hercu- 
les received  also  that  surname,  as  he  was 
armed  with  a  club. 

Cjlausius,  or  Clusius,  a  surname  of 
Janus. 

Clausus,  or  Claudius,  a  king  of  the 
Sabines,  who  assisted  Turnus  against 
JEneas. 

Clazomen.3e  and  Clazomena,  now 
Vourla,  a  city  of  Ionia,  on  the  coasts  of 
the  iEgean  sea,  between  Smyrna  and 
Chios. 

Cleadas,  a  man  of  Plataea,  who  raised 
tombs  over  those  who  had  been  killed  in 
the  battle  against  Mardonius. 

Cleander,  one  of  Alexander's  officers, 
who  killed  Parmenio  by  the  king's  com- 
mand.  The  first  tyrant  of  Gela. A 

soothsayer  of  Arcadia. A  favorite  of 

the  emperor  Commodus,  who  was  put  to 
death,  A.  D.  190. 

Cleandridas,  a  Spartan  general. A 

man  punished  with  death  for  bribing  two 
of  the  Ephori. 

Cleanthes,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  As- 
sos  in  Troas,  successor  of  Zeno.  Out  of 
respect  for  his  virtues,  the  Roman  senate 
raised  a  statue  to  him  in  Assos.  It  it  said 
that  he  starved  himself  in  his  ninetieth 
year,  B.  C.  240. 

Clearchus,  a  tyrant  of  Heraclea  in  Pon- 
tus,  who  was  killed  during  the  celebration 
of  the  festivals  of  Bacchus,  after  the  en- 
joyment of  the  sovereign   power  during 

twelve  years,  353  B.  C. The  second 

tyrant  of  Heraclea  of  that  name,  died  B.  C. 

288. A  Lacedaemonian  sent  to  quiet 

the  Byzantines.  He  was  recalled,  but 
refused  to  obey,  and  fled  to  Cyrus  the 
younger,  who  made  him  captain  of  thir- 
teen thousand  Greek  soldiers.  He  ob- 
tained a  victory  over  Artaxerxes,  who  was 
bo  enraged  at  the  defeat,  that  when  Clear- 
chos  fell  into  his  hands,  by  the  treachery 
of  Tissaphernes,  he  put  him  to  immediate 

death. A  disciple  of  Aristotle,  who 

wrote  a  treatise  on  tactics. 

Clearides,  a  son  of  Cleonymus,  gov- 
ernor of  Amphipolis. 

Clemens  Romanus,  one  of  the  fathers 
of  the  church,  said  to  be   contemporary 

with  St.  Paul. Another  of  Alexandria. 

A  senator  who  favored  the  party  of 

Niger  against  Severus. 

Clementia,  one  of  the  virtues  to  whom 
the  Romans  paid  adoration. 


Cleo,  a  Sicilian  among  Alexander's 
flatterers. 

Cleobis  and  Biton,  two  youths,  sons 
of  Cydippe,  the  priestess  of  Juno  at  Argos. 
When  oxen  could  not  be  procured  to  draw 
their  mother's  chariot  to  the  temple  of 
Juno,  they  put  themselves  under  the  yoke, 
and  drew  it  forty-five  stadia  to  the  tem- 
ple, amidst  the  acclamations  of  the  multi- 
tude. Cydippe  entreated  the  goddess  to 
reward  the  piety  of  her  sons  with  the  best 
gift  that  could  be  granted  to  a  mortal. 
They  went  to  rest,  and  awoke  no  more. 

Cleobula,  the  wife  of  Amyntor. A 

daughter  of  Boreas  and  Orithya,  called 

also  Cleopatra. A  woman,  mother  of  a 

son  called  Euripides,  by  Apollo. An- 
other who  bore  Cepheus  and  Amphida- 
mus  to  iEgeus. The  mother  of  Pithus 

Cleobulina,  a  daughter  of  Cleobulus, 
remarkable  for  her  genius,  learning,  judg- 
ment, and  courage. 

Cleobulus,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece.    He  died  in  the  seventieth  year 

of  his  age,  B.  C.  564. An  historian. 

One  of  the  Ephori. 

Cleochares,  a  man  sent  by  Alexander 
to  demand  Porus  to  surrender. 

Cleocharia,  the  mother  of  Eurotas. 

Cleodjeus,  a  son  of  Hyllus. 

Cleodamus,  a  Roman  general  under 
Gallienus. 

Cleodemus,  a  physician. 

Cleodora,  a  nymph,  mother  <tf  Parnas- 
sus.  One  of  the  Danaides. 

Cleodoxa,  a  daughter  of  Niobe  and 
Amphion,  changed  into  a  stone. 

Cleogenes,  a  son  of  Silenus. 

Cleolaus,  a  son  of  Hercules,  by  Ar- 
gele. 

Cleoj'achds,  a  boxer  of  Magnesia. 

Cleomantes,  a  Lacedaemonian  sooth- 
sayer. 

Cleombrotus,  son  of  Pausanias.  a  king 
of  Sparta,  after  his  brother  Agesipolis  1st. 
He  was  killed  in  the  engagement  at  Leuc- 
tra,  and  his  army  destroyed,  B.  C.  371. 

A  son-in-law  of  Leonidas  king  of 

Sparta,  who,  for  a  while,  usurped  the 
kingdom,  after  the  expulsion  of  his  father- 
in-law. A  youth  of  Ambracia. 

Cleomedes,  a  famous  athlete  of  Asty- 
palaea,  above  Crete.  Divine  honors  were 
paid  to  him  after  his  death. 

Cleomenes  1st,  king  of  Sparta,  con- 
quered the  Argives,  and  freed  Athens  from 
the  tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidae.   He  killed 

himself  in  a  fit  of  madness,  491  B.  C. 

The  second,  succeeded  his  brother  Agesi- 
polis 2d.     He  reigned  sixty-one  years  in 

the  greatest  tranquillity. The  third, 

succeeded  his  father  Leonidas.  He  made 
war  against  the  Achaeans,  and  attempted 
to  destroy  their  league.  Aratus,  the  gen- 
eral of  the  Achaeans,  who  supposed  him- 
self inferior  to  his  enemy,  called  Antigo- 
nus  to  his  assistance :  and   Cleomenes, 


CL 


123 


CL 


When  lie  had  fought  the  unfortunate  bat- 
tle of  Sellasia,  B.  C.  22&  retired  into  Egypt, 
to  the  court  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes.  Ptole- 
my received  him  with  great  cordiality  ; 
but  his  successor  soon  expressed  his  jeal- 
ousy of  this  noble  stranger,  and  imprison- 
ed him.  Cleomenes  killed  himself,  B.  C. 
219. 

Cleon,  an  Athenian,  who,  though  ori- 
ginally a  tanner,  became  general  of  the 
armies  of  the  state,  by  his  intrigues  and 
eloquence.  He  was  killed  at  Amphipolis, 
in  a  battle  with  Brasidas  the  Spartan  gen- 
eral, 422  B.  C. A  general  of  Messenia. 

A  statuary. A  poet  who  wrote  a 

poem  on  the  Argonauts. An  orator  of 

Halicarnassus. A  Sicilian,  one  of  Al- 
exander's flatterers. A  tyrant  of  Si- 

cyon. A  friend  of  Phocion. 

Cleonje  and  Cleona,  a  village  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, between  Corinth  and  Argos. 
A  town  of  Phocis. 

Cleo^e,  a  daughter  of  Asopus. 

Cleonica,  a  virgin  of  Byzantium,  acci- 
dentally killed  by  Pausanias.  Cleonica 
often  appeared  to  him,  and  he  was  anx- 
ious to  make  a  proper  expiation  to  her 
manes. 

Cleonicus,  a  freedman  of  Seneca. 

Cleonn-is,  a  Messenian,  who  disputed 
with  Aristodemus  for  the  sovereign  power 
of  his  country. 

Cleontmus,  a  son  of  Cleomenes  2d, 
who  called  Pyrrhus  to  his  assistance,  be- 
cause Areus  his  brother's  son,  had  been 
preferred  to  him  in  the  succession ;  but 
the  measure  was  unpopular,  and  even 
the   women  united  to  repel   the   foreign 

prince. A  general  who  assisted  the 

Tarentines,  and  was  conquered  by  Mmyl- 

ius  the  Roman  consul. A  person  so 

cowardly  that  Cleonymo  timidior  became 
proverbial. 

Cleopater,  an  officer  of  Aratus. 

Cleopatra,  the  grand-daughter  of  At- 
talus,  betrothed  to  Philip  of  Macedonia, 
after  he  had  divorced  Olympias.  When 
Philip,  was  murdered  by  Pausanias,  Cleo- 
patra was  seized  by  order  of  Olympias, 
and  put  to  death. A  sister  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great. A  daughter  of  Boreas. 

A  daughter  of  Idas  and  Marpessa. 

One  of  the  Danaides. A  daugh- 
ter of  Amyntas  of  Ephesus. A  sister  of 

Mithridates. A  daughter  of  Tros  and 

Callirhoe. A  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Phil- 

ometor. A  wife  and  sister  of  Ptolemy 

Evergetes. A  queen  of  Egypt,  celebrat- 
ed for  her  beauty  and  her  cunning.  As 
she  had  supported  Brutus,  Antony,  in  his 
expedition  to  Parthia,  summoned  her  to 
appear  before  him.  She  arrayed  herself 
in  the  most  magnificent  apparel,  and  ap- 
peared before  her  judge  in  the  most  cap- 
tivating attire.  Her  artifice  succeeded  ; 
Antony  became  enamoured  of  her,  and 
publicly  married  her,  forgetful  of  his  con- 


nexions with  Octavia,  the  sister  of  Au- 
gustus. This  behaviour  was  the  cause 
of  a  rupture  between  Augustus  and  An- 
tony ;  and  these  two  celebrated  Romans 
met  at  Actium,  where  Cleopatra,  by  fly- 
ing with  sixty  sail,  ruined  the  interest  of 
Antony,  and  he  was  defeated.  Cleopatra 
had  retired  to  Egypt,  where  soon  after 
Antony  followed  her.  Antony  killed 
himself  upon  the  false  information  that 
Cleopatra  was  dead  ;  and  as  his  wound 
was  not  mortal,  he  was  carried  to  the 
queen,  who  drew  him  up  by  a  cord  from 
one  of  the  windows  of  the  monument, 
where  she  had  retired  and  concealed  her- 
self. Antony  soon  after  died  of  his 
wounds  ;  and  Cleopatra  destroyed  her- 
self by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  not  to  fall  into 
the  conqueror's  hand.  Cleopatra  was  a 
voluptuous  and  extravagant  woman,  and 
in  one  of  the  feasts  she  gave  to  Antony  at 
Alexandria,  she  melted  pearls  into  her 
drink  to  render  her  entertainment  more 
sumptuous  and  expensive.  She  died  B. 
C.  30  years,  after  a  reign  of  24  years,  aged 
39.     Egypt  became  a  Roman  province  at 

her  death. A  daughter  of  Ptolemy 

Epiphanes. 

Cleopatris  or  Arsinoe,  a  fortified 
town  of  Egypt  on  the  Arabian  gulf. 

Cleophanes,  an  orator. 

Cleophanthus,  a  son  of  Themistocles, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  riding. 

Cleophes,  a  queen  of  India. 

Cleopholus,  a  Samian  who  wrote  an 
account  of  Hercules. 

Cleophon,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens. 

Cleophylus,  a  man  whose  posterity 
saved  the  poems  of  Homer. 

Cleopompus,  an  Athenian,  who  took 
Thronium,  and  conquered  the  Locrians, 

&c. A  man  who  married  the  nymph 

Cleodora,  by  whom  he  had  Parnassus. 

Cleoptolemus,  a  man  of  Chalcis, 
whose  daughter  was  given  in  marriage  to 
Antiochus. 

Cleopus,  a  son  of  Codrus.  ' 

Cleora,  the  wife  of  Agesilaus. 

Cleostratus,  a  youth  devoted  to  be 
sacrificed  to  a  serpent,  among  the  Thes- 
pians, &c. An  ancient  philosopher  and 

astronomer  of  Tenedos. 

Cleoxenus,  wrote  an  history  of  Persia. 

Clepsydra,  a  fountain  of  Messenia. 

Cleri,  a  people  of  Attica. 

Clesides,  a  Greek  painter,  about  276 
years  before  Christ. 

Cleta  and  Phaenna,  two  of  the 
Graces,  according  to  some. 

Clidemus,  a  Greek  who  wrote  the  his- 
tory of  Attica. 

Climax,  a  pass  of  mount  Taurus. 

Climenus,  a  descendant  of  Hercules. 

Clinias,   a    Pythagorean    philosopher. 

A  son  of  Alcibiades. The  father  of 

Alcibiades. The  father  of  Aratus,  kill- 
ed B.  C.  283. A  friend  of  Solon. 


CL 


124 


CL 


'Clinitpides,  an  Athenian  general  in 
Lesbos. 

Clinus  of  Cos,  was  general  of  7,000 
Greeks,  in  the  pay  of  king  Nectanebus. 
He  was  killed  with  some  of  his  troops, 
by  Nicostratus  and  the  Argives,  as  be 
passed  the  Nile. 

Clio,  the  first  of  the  Muses,  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  She  presided 
over  history.  She  is  represented  crowned 
Avith  laurels,  holding  in  one  hand  a  trum- 
pet, and  a  book  in  the  other. One  of 

Cyrene's  nymphs. 

Clisithera,  a  daughter  of  I&omeneus, 
•murdered  by  Leucus. 

Clisthenes,  the  last  tyrant  of  Sicyon. 
—An  Athenian  of  the  family  of  Alcnue- 

on. An  effeminate  and   incontinent 

person. An  orator. 

Clitje,  a  people  of  Cilicia. A  place 

near  mount  Athos. 

Clitarchus,  a  man  who  made  himself 
absolute  at  Eretria,  by  means  of  Philip  of 
Macedonia.  He  was  ejected  by  Phocion. 
An  historian,  who  accompanied  Al- 
exander the  Great. 

Clite,  the  wife  of  Cyzicus,  who  hung 
herself  when  she  saw  her  husband  dead. 

Cliternia,  a  town  of  Italy^ 

Clitodemus,  an  ancient  writer. 

Clitomachus,  a  Carthaginian  philoso- 
pher.  An  athlete  of  a  modest  counte- 
nance and  behavior. 

Clitonymus,  wrote  a  treatise  on  Syba- 
ris  and  Italy. 

Clitophon,  a  man  of  Rhodes,  who 
wrote  an  history  of  India. 

Clitor,  a  son  of  Lycaon. A  son  of 

Azan,  who  founded  a  city  in  Arcadia, 
called  after  his  name. A  river  of  Arca- 
dia. 

Cutoria,  the  wife  of  Cimon  the  Athe- 
nian. 

Clitumnus,  a  river  of  Campania,  whose, 
waters,  when  drunk,  made  oxen  white. 

Clitus,  a  familiar  friend  and  foster- 
brother  of  Alexander.  Alexander  killed 
him  with  a  javelin,  in  a  fit  of  anger,  at  a 

feast. A  commander  of  Polyperchon's 

ships,  defeated  by  Antigonus. A  Tro- 
jan prince,  killed  by  Teucer. A  disci- 
ple of  Aristotle. 

Cloacina,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who 
presided  over  the  Cloacae. 

Cloanthus,  one  of  the  companions  of 
.<Eneas. 

Clodia,  the  wife  of  Lucullus,  repudi- 
ated for  her  lasciviousness. An  opulent 

matron  at  Rome. A  vestal  virgin. 

Another  of  the  same  family. A  woman 

who  married  &.  Metellus,  and  afterwards 
disgraced  herself. 

Clodia  lex,  the  title  of  several  laws, 
de  Cypro,  de  Magistratibus,  de  Religione, 
de  Provinciis,  &c. 

Clodii  forum,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Pb.  Clodius,  a  Roman  descended  from 


an  illustrious  family,  and  remarkable  for 
his  licentiousness,  avarice,  and  ambition. 
He  was  an  enemy  to  Cato,  and  was  also 
an  inveterate  enemy  to  Cicero ;  and  by 
his  influence,  he  banished  him  from 
Rome.  In  spite  of  Clodius,  Cicero  was 
recalled,  and  all  his  goods  restored  to  him. 
Clodius  was  some  time  after  murdered  by 

Milo. Licinius,  wrote  an  history  of 

Rome. Gluirinalis,  a  rhetorician   in 

Nero's  age. Sextus,  a  rhetorician  of 

Sicily. 

Cloclia,  a  Roman  virgin  given  with 
other  maidens  as  hostages  to  Porsenna 
king  of  Etruria.  She  escaped  from  her 
confinement,  and  swam  across  the  Tiber 
to  Rome.  Her  unprecedented  virtue  was 
rewarded   by  her  countrymen,  with    an 

equestrian  statue  in  the  Via  Sacra, A 

patrician  family  descended  from  Cloelius, 
one  of  the  companions  of  ^Eneas. 

Closlle  foss-e,  a  place  near  Rome. 

Clcelius  Gracchus,  a  general  of  the 
Volsci  and  Sabines,  conquered  by  Q..  Cin- 
cinnatus. Tullus,  a  Roman  ambassa- 
dor put  to  death  by  Tolumnius  king  of 
the  Veientes. 

Clonas,  a  musician. 

Clonia,  the  mother  of  Nycteus. 

Clojjius,  a  Boeotian,  who  went  Avith  50 
ships  to  the  Trojan  war. — A  Trojan  kill- 
ed  by  Messapus  in  Italy. Another, 

killed  by  Turnus. 

Clotho,  the  youngest  of  the  three  Par- 
C33,  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Themis,  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  the  moment  that 
we  are  born.  She  held  the  distaff  in  her 
hand,  and  span  the  thread  of  life. 

Cluacina,  a  name  of  Venus. 

Cluentius,  a  Roman  citizen,  accused 
by  his  mother  of  having  murdered  his 
father-  54  years  B  C.  He  was  ably  de- 
fended by  Cicero. 

Cluilia  fossa,  a  place  5  miles  distant 
from  Rome. 

Clupea  and  Clypea,  noAv  Aklibia,  a 
town  22  miles  east  of  Carthage. 

Clusia,  a  daughter  of  an  Etrurian  king, 
of  whom  V.  Torquatus  the  Roman  gen- 
eral became  enamored. 

Clusini  fontes,  baths  in  Etruria. 

Clusium,  nowChiusi,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Clusius,  a  river  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

The  surname  of  Janus,  when  his  temple 
Avas  shut. 

Cluvia,  a  noted  debauchee. 

Cluvius  Rufus,  a  qurestor,  A.  U.  C.  693. 
A  man  of  Puteoli  appointed  by  Cae- 
sar to  divide  the  lands  of  Gaul. 

Clymene,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus  and 

Tethys,  Avho  married  Japetus. One  of 

the  Nereides. A  daughter  of  Mymas, 

mother  of  Atalanta  by  Jasus. The 

mother  of  Phaeton  by  Apollo. 

Clymeneides,  a  patronymic  given  to 
Phaeton's  sisters. 

Clymenus,  a  king  of  Orchomenos.    He 


CN 


125 


C(E 


received  a  wound  from  a  stone  thrown 

by  a  Theban,  of  which  he  died. One 

of  the  descendants  of  Hercules. A  son 

of  Phoroueus. A  king  of  Elis. A 

son  of  (Eucus  king  of  Calydon. 

Clyson-ymus,  a  son  of  Amphidamas, 
killed  by  Patroclus. 

Clvtemnestra,  a  daughter  of  Tynda- 
rus  king  of  Sparta,  by  Leda,  who  married 
Agamemnon  king  of  Argos.  When  Aga- 
memnon went  to  the  Trojan  war,  he  left 
his  cousin  JSgysthus  to  take  care  of  his 
wife,  of  his  family,  and  all  his  domestic 
affairs.  In  the  absence  of  Agamemnon, 
iEgysthus  made  his  court  to  Clytemnes- 
tra,  and  publicly  lived  with  her.  Her  in- 
fidelity reached  the  ears  of  Agamemnon 
before  the  walls  of  Troy,  and  he  resolved 
to  take  full  revenge  upon  the  adulterers 
at  his  return.  He  was  prevented  from 
putting  his  schemes  into  execution  ;  Cly- 
temnestra,  with  her  adulterer,  murdered 
him  at  his  arrival,  as  he  came  out  of  the 
bath.  Cassandra,  whom  Agamemnon  had 
brought  from  Troy,  shared  his  fate.  After 
this  murder,  Clytemnestra  publicly  mar- 
tied  yEgysthus,  and  he  ascended  the 
Ihroue  of  Argos.  Orestes,  after  an  ab- 
sence of  seven  years,  returned  to  Myce- 
fJEEj  resolved  to  avenge  his  father's  mur- 
der. He  concealed  himself  in  the  house 
of  his  sister  Electra,  who  had  been  mar- 
ried to  a  person  of  mean  extraction  and 
indigent  circumstances.  His  death  was 
publicly  announced  ;  and  when  ^Egysthus 
and  Clytemnestra  repaired  to  the  temple 
of  Apollo,  to  return  thanks  to  the  god,  for 
the  death  of  the  surviving  son  of  Aga- 
memnon, Orestes,  who  with  his  faithful 
friend  Pylades,  had  concealed  himself  in 
the  temple,  rushed  upon  the  adulterers, 
and  killed  them  with  his  own  hand. 

Clytia,  or  Clytie,  daughter  of  Ocean- 
us  and  Tethys,  beloved  by  Apollo.     She 

was  changed   into  a  sun-flower. A 

mother  of  Pelops,   by  Tantalus. A 

daughter  of  Pandarus. 

Clytius,  a  son  of  Laomedon  by  Strymo. 

A  youth  in  the  army  of  Turn  us. A 

giant,  killed  by  Vulcan! The  father  of 

Pireus,  who  faithfully  attended  Telema- 
chus. A  son  of  ./Solus. 

Clytus,  a  Greek  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Cnacadium,  a  mountain  of  Laconia. 

Cnacalis,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Cnagia,  a  surname  of  Diana. 

Cnemus,  a  Macedonian  general. 

Cneus,  or  Cn^eus,  a  prrenomen  common 
to  many  Romans. 

Cnidinium,  a  name  given  to  a  monu- 
ment near  Ephesus. 

Cnidus  and  Gnidus,  a  town  and  prom- 
ontory of  Doris  in  Caria. 

Cnopus,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Co- 
drus,  who  went  to  settle  a  colony,  &c. 

Cnossia,  a  mistress  of  Menelaus. 

Csfososj  or  Gnossus,  a  town,  of  Crete. 
if* 


Co,  Coos  anil  Cos,  now  Z;Vj,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  situate  near  the  coasts  of  Asia. 
Its  chief  town  is  called  Cos.  It  was  fa- 
mous for  its  fertility. 

Coamani,  a  people  of  Asia. 

Coastr.e  and  Coactr.e,  a  people  of 
Asia. 

Cobares,  a  celebrated  magician  of  Me- 
dia. 

Cocalus,  a  king  of  Sicily,  who  hospita- 
bly received  Dfedalus,  when  he  fled  be- 
fore Minos. 

Cocceiu3  Nerva,  a  friend  of  Horace 

and  Mecamas. An  architect  of  Rome. 

A  nephew  of  Otho. 

Coccygius,  a  mountain  of  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Cocintum,  a  promontory  of  the  Brutii, 
now  cape  Stilo. 

Cocles,  Pub.  Horat.  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, who,  alone,  opposed  the  whole  army 
of  Porsenna  at  the  head  of  a  bridge,  while 
his  companions  behind  him  were  cutting 
off  the  communication  with  the  other 
shore.  When  the  bridge  was  destroyed, 
Codes  leapt  into  the  Tiber,  and  swam 
across  with  his  arms. 

Cocti-s:  and  Cottije,  certain  parts  ot 
the  Alps. 

Cocytus,  a  river  of  Epirus.  Its  ety- 
mology, the  unwholesomeness  of  its  wa- 
ter, and  above  all,  its  vicinity  to  the  Ache- 
ron, have  made  the  poets  call  it  one  of 

the  rivers  of  hell. A  river  of  Campa 

nia. 

Codanus  srNUs,  one  of  the  ancient 
names  of  the  Baltic. 

Codomanu3,  a  surname  of  Darius  the 
third,  king  of  Persia. 

Codrii>.e,  the  descendants  of  Codrus. 

Codropolis,  a  town  of  Illyricum. 

Codrus,  the  seventeenth  and  last  king 
of  Athens,  son  of  Melanthus.  When  the 
Heraclidee  made  war  against  Athens,  the 
oracle  declared  that  the  victory  would  be 
granted  to  that  nation  whose  king  was 
killed  in  battle.  The  Heraclidre  upon  thij 
gave  strict,  orders  to  spare  the  life  of  Co- 
drus ;  but  the  patriotic  king  disguised  him- 
self, and  attacked  one  of  the  enemy,  by 
whom  he.  was  killed.  The  Athenians  ob- 
tained the  victory,  and  Codrus  was  de- 
servedly called  the  father  of  his  country. 

A  man  who  killed  Hegesias,  tyrant  of 

Ephesus. A  Latin  poet. Another, 

in  the  reign  of  Domitian,  whose  poverty 
became  a  proverb. 

CtEciLius,  a  centurion. 

Co;la,  a  place  in  the  bay  of  Euboea. 
A  part  of  Attica. 

Coxlaletje,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Cozlesyria  and  Coclosyria,  a  country 
of  Syria.     Its  capital  was  Damascus. 

Cq:lia,  the  wife  of  Sylla. 

CrELius,  a  Roman,  defended  by  Cicero. 

A  general  of  Carbo.— An  orator. 

— — A  lieutenant  of  Antony's, Cur- 


CO 


126 


CO 


sor,  a  Roman  knight,  in  the  age  of  Tibe- 
rius.-  A  man,  who  after  spending  his 

all  in  dissipation   and  luxury,  became  a 

public  robber. A  Roman  historian,  who 

flourished  B.  C.  121. A  hill  of  Rome. 

CffiLus,  or  Uranus,  an  ancient  deity, 
supposed  to  be  the  father  of  Saturn,  Ocean- 
us,  Hyperion,  &c.  He  was  son  of  Terra, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  The  num- 
ber of  his  children,  according  to  some, 
amounted  to  forty-five.  They  were  called 
Titans. 

Ccenus,  an  officer  of  Alexander,  son-in- 
law  to  Parmenio. 

Cceranus,  a  stoic  philosopher. A 

person  slain  by  Ulysses. A  Greek  cha- 
rioteer to  Merion. 

Coes,  a  man  of  Mitylene,  made  sove- 
reign master  of  his  country,  by  Darius.  His 
countrymen  stoned  him  to  death. 

Ccsus,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra. A 

river  of  Messenia,  flowing  by  Electra. 
Cogamus,  a  river  of  Lydia. 
Cogidunus,  a  king  of  Britain. 
Cohibus,  a  river  of  Asia  near  Pontus. 
Cohors,  a  division  in  the  Roman  ar- 
mies, consisting  of  about  six  hundred  men. 
It  was  the  sixth  part  of  a  legion. 

Coljenus,  a  king  of  Attica,  before  the 
age  of  Cecrops. 

Colaxes,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Ora. 
Colaxais,  one  of  the  remote  ancestors 
of  the  Scythians. 

Colchi,  the  inhabitants  of  Colchis. 
Colchis   and    Colchos,   a  country   of 
Asia,  famous  for  the  expedition  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts, and  the  birthplace  of  Medea.     It 
was  fruitful  in  poisonous  herbs,  and  pro- 
duced excellent  flax.      The    inhabitants 
were  originally  Egyptians. 
Colekda,  a  town  of  Spain. 
Colias,  now  Agio  Nicolo,  a  promontory 
of  Attica. 

Collatia,  a  town  on  the  Anio,  built  by 
the  people  of  Alba. 

L.  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  a  nephew 
of  Tarquin  the  Proud,  who  married  Lu- 
cretia,  to  whom  Sext.  Tarquin  offered  vi- 
olence. He,  with  Brutus,  drove  the  Tar- 
quins  from   Rome,  and  were  made  first 

consuls. One  of  the  seven  hills  of 

Rome. 

Collina,  one  of  the  gates  of  Rome. 

A  goddess  at  Rome,  who  presided  over 
hills. One  of  the  original  tribes  estab- 
lished by  Romulus. 

Collucia,  an  infamous  woman. 
Jun.  Colo,  a  governor  of  Pontus. 
Colons,  a  place  of  Troas. 
Colone,  a  city  of  Phocis — of  Erythraea — 

of  Thessaly — of  Messenia. A  rock  of 

Asia,  on  the  Thracian  Bosphorus. 

Colonia  Agrippina,  a  city  of  Germany 

on  the  Rhine,  now  Cologne. The  name 

of  several  towns  in  different  parts  of  the 
Roman  empire. 
Colonos,  an  eminence  near  Athens, 


where  Cfidipus  retired  during  his  banish- 
ment. 

Colophon,  a  town  of  Ionia,  at  a  small 
distance  from  the  sea.  It  was  one  of  the 
cities  which  disputed  for  the  honor  of 
having  given  birth  to  Homer. 

Colosse  and  Colossis,  a  large  town  of 
Phrygia,  near  Loadicea.  One  of  the  first 
Christian  churches  was  established  there, 
and  one  of  St.  Paul's  epistles  was  address- 
ed to  it. 

Colossus,  a  celebrated  brazen  image  at 
Rhodes,  which  passed  for  one  of  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world.  Its  feet  were  upon 
the  two  moles  which  formed  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor,  and  ships  passed  full  sail 
between  its  legs.  It  was  one  hundred  and 
five  feet  high,  and  every  thing  in  equal 
proportion,  and  few  could  clasp  round  its 
thumb.  It  was  the  work  of  Chares,  the 
disciple  of  Lysippus,  and  the  artist  was 
twelve  years  in  making  it.  It  was  begun 
three  hundred  years  before  Christ ;  and 
after  it  had  remained  unhurt  during  fifty- 
six  or  eighty-eight  years,  it  was  partly  de- 
molished by  an  earthquake,  224  B.  C. 

Colotes,  a  Teian   painter,  disciple  of 

Phidias. A  disciple  of  Epictetus. A 

follower  of  Epicurus. A  sculptor,  who 

made  a  statue  of  ^Esculapius. 

Colpe,  a  city  of  Ionia. 

Colubraria",  now  Monte  Colubrc,  a 
small  island  at  the  east  of  Spain. 

Columba,  a  dove,  the  symbol  of  Venus 
among  the  poets.  Doves  were  supposed 
to  give  oracles  in  the  oaks  of  the  forest  of 
Dodona. 

Columella,  (L.  Jun.  Moderatus),  a 
native  of  Gades,  who  wrote,  among  other 
works,  twelve  books  on  agriculture,  of 
which,  the  tenth,  on  gardening,  is  in  verse. 

Column.*:  Herculis,  a  name  given  to 
two  mountains  on  the  extremest  parts  of 
Spain  and  Africa,  at  the  entrance  into  the 

Mediterranean. Protei,  the  boundaries 

of  Egypt,  or  the  extent  of  the  kingdom  of 
Proteus. 

Coluthus,  a  native  of  Lycopolis  in 
Egypt,  who  wrote  a  short  poem  on  the 
rape  of  Helen,  in  imitation  of  Homer. 

Colyttus,  a  tribe  of  Athens. 

Comagena,  a  part  of  Syria  above  Cili- 
cia. 

Comana,  a  town  of  Pontus. Another 

in  Cappadocia,  famous  for  a  temple  of 
Bellona,  where  there  were  above  six  thou- 
sand ministers  of  both  sexes. 

Comania,  a  country  of  Asia. 

Comarea,  the  ancient  name  of  cape 
Comorin  in  India. 

Comari,  a  people  of  Asia. 

Comarus,  a  port  in  the  bay  of  Ambracia. 

Comastus,  a  place  of  Persia. 

Combabus,  a  favorite  of  Stratonice,  wife 
of  Antiochus. 

Combe,  a  daughter  of  Ophius,  who  first 
invented  a  brazen  suit  of  armor. 


CO 


127 


CO 


Combi,  or  Ombi,  a  city  of  Egypt  on  the 
Nile. 

Combrea,  a  town  near  Pallene. 

Combutis,  a  general  under  Brennus. 

Cometes,  the  father  of  Asterion,  and 
one  of  the  Argonauts. One  of  the  Cen- 
taurs, killed  at  the  nuptials  of  Pirithous. 

A  son  of  Thesti'is,  killed  at  the  chase 

of  the  Calydonian  hoar. One  of  the 

Magi,  intimate  with  Cambyses  king  of 
Persia. A  son  of  Orestes. 

Cometho,  a  daughter  of  Pterilaus,  who 
deprived  her  father  of  a  golden  hair  in  his 
head,  upon  which  depended  his  fate.  She 
was  put  to  death  by  Amphitryon  for  her 
perfidy. 

Q..  Cominius,  a  Roman  knight  who 
wrote  some  illiberal  verses  against  Tibe- 
rius. 

Comitia,  (orum),  an  assembly  of  the 
Roman  people.  The  Comitium  was  a 
large  hall,  which  was  left  uncovered  at 
me  top,  in  the  first  ages  of  the  republic  ; 
so  that  the  assembly  was  often  dissolved 
in  rainy  weather.  The  Comitia  were  call- 
ed, some  consularia,  for  the  election  of  the 
consuls  ;  others  prmtoria,  for  the  election 
of  praetors,  &c.  These  assemblies  were 
more  generally  known  by  the  name  of 
Comitia,  Curiata,  Centuriata,  and  Tributa. 
Their  object  was  the  electing  of  magis- 
trates, and  all  the  public  officers  of  state. 

Comius,  a  man  appointed  king  over  the 
Attrebates,  by  J.  Caesar,  for  his  services. 

Commagene.    Vid.  Comagena. 

Commodus,  (L.  Aurelius  Antoninus), 
son  of  M.  Antoninus,  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  Roman  empire.  He  was  naturally 
cruel  and  licentious.  He  required  divine 
honors  from  the  senate,  and  they  were 
granted.  He  was  wont  to  put  such  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  gold  dust  in  his  hair, 
that  when  he  appeared  bare-headed  in  the 
sun-shine,  his  head  glittered  as  if  sur- 
rounded with  sun-beams.  He  was  mur- 
dered in  the  thirty-first  year  of  his  age, 
and  the  thirteenth  of  his  reign,  A.  D. 
192. 

Commoris,  a  village  of  Cilicia. 

Comow,  a  general  of  Messenia. 

Compitalia,  festivals,  celebrated  by  the 
Romans  the  twelfth  of  January  and  the 
sixth  of  March,  in  the  cross  ways,  in  hon- 
or of  the  household  gods  called  Lares. 

Compsa,  now  Consa,  a  town  of  the  Hir- 
pini  in  Italy,  at  the  east  of  Vesuvius. 

Compsatus,  a  river  of  Thrace. 

Compusa,  a  town  of  Bithynia. 

Comum,  now  Como,  a  town  at  the  north 
of  Insubria,  in  the  modern  dutchy  of  Mi- 
lan. It  was  the  birth-place  of  the  younger 
Pliny. 

Comus,  the  god  of  revelry,  feasting,  and 
nocturnal  entertainments.  He  was  rep- 
resented as  a  young  and  drunken  man, 
with  a  garland  of  flowers  on  his  head,  and 
a  torch  in  his  hand,  which  seemed  falling. 


Concani,  a  people  of  Spain,  who  lived 
chiefly  on  milk  mixed  with  horses'  blood. 

Concerdia,  a  town  belonging  to  Venice 
in  Italy. 

Concordia,  the  goddess  of  peace  and 
concord  at  Rome,  to  whom  Camillus  first 
raised  a  temple  in  the  capitol. 

Condate,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Rennes 
in  Brittany. 

Condalus,  an  avaricious  officer. 

Condivicnum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now 
Nantes  in  Brittany. 

Condochates,  a  river  of  India,  flowing 
into  the  Ganges. 

Condrusi,  a  people  of  Belgium,  now 
Condroti  in  Leige. 

Condylia,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Cone,  a  small  island  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ister. 

Conetodunus  and  Cotuatus,  two  des- 
perate Gauls,  who  raised  their  country- 
men against  Rome. 

Confluentes,  a  town  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Moselle  and  Rhine,  now  Coblcntz. 

Confucius,  a  Chinese  philosopher,  who 
died  about  479  years  B.C. 

Congedus,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Coniaci,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Conimbrica,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Co- 
imbra  of  Portugal. 

Conisaltus,  a  god  worshipped  at  Ath- 
ens. 

Conisci,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Connidas,  the  preceptor  of  Theseus,  in 
whose  honor  the  Athenians  instituted  a 
festival  called  Connideia. 

Co  no  n,  a  famous  general  of  Athens,  son 
of  Timotheus.  By  his  means  the  Athe- 
nians fortified  their  city  with  a  strong 
wall,  and  attempted  to  recover  Ionia  and 
iEoIia.  He  was  perfidiously  betrayed  by 
a  Persian,  and  died  in  prison,  B.  C.  393. 
A  Greek  astronomer  of  Samos.    He 


was  intimate  with  Archimedes,  and  flour- 
ished 247  B.  C. A  Grecian  mythologist, 

in  the  age  of  Julius  Caesar. 

Consentes,  the  name  which  the  Ro- 
mans gave  to  the  twelve  superior  gods,  the 
Dii  majorum  gentium.  They  were  twelve 
in  number,  whose  names  Ennius  has 
briefly  expressed  in  these  lines : 

Juno,  Vesta,  Minerva,  Ceres,  Diana,  Venus, 
Mars, 

Mcrcurius,  Jovi,  Neptunus,  Vulcanus,  Apol- 
lo. Varro,  de  R.  R. 

Consentia,  now  Cosenza,  a  town  in 
the  country  of  the  Brutii. 

Considius  JEq.vus,  a  Roman  knight. 
Caius,  one  of  Pompey's  adherents. 

Consilinum,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Constans,  a  son  of  Constantine.  Vid. 
Constantinus. 

Constantia,  a  grand-daughter  of  the 
great  Constantine,  who  married  the  empe- 
ror Gratian. 

Constaktifa,  a  princess,  wife  of  th* 


CO 


128 


CO 


emperor  Gallus. Another  of  the  impe- 
rial family. 

Constantiivofoms,  (Stambuul)  formerly 
Byzantium,  the  capital  of  Thrace,  a  noble 
and  magnificent  city,  built  by  Constantino 
the  Great,  and  solemnly  dedicated  A.  D. 
330.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  eastern  Ro- 
man empire,  and  was  called,  after  its 
foundation,  Roma  nova,  on  account  of  its 
greatness,  which  seemed  to  rival  Rome. 
The  beauty  of  its  situation,  with  all  its 
conveniences,  have  been  the  admiration 
of  every  age. 

Constantinus,  sumamed  the  Great, 
from  the  greatness  of  his  exploits,  was 
son  of  Constantius.  As  soon  as  he  be- 
came independent,  he  assumed  the  title 
of  Augustus,  and  made  war  against  Licin- 
ius,  his  brother-in-law,  and  colleague  on 
the  throne,  because  he  was  cruel  and  ambi- 
tious. He  conquered  him,  and  obliged  him 
to  lay  aside  the  imperial  power.  He  after- 
wards became  sole  emperor,  and  began  to 
reform  the  state.  He  founded  a  city  in  a 
most  eligible  situation,  where  old  Byzanti- 
um formerly  stood,  and  called  it  by  his 
own  name,  Constajitinopolis.  Thither  he 
transported  part  of  the  Roman  senate  ; 
and  by  keeping  his  court  there,  he  made 
it  the  rival  of  Rome,  in  population  and 
magnificence.  From  that  time  the  two 
imperial  cities  began  to  look  upon  each 
other  with  an  eye  of  envy  ;  and  soon  af- 
ter the  age  of  Constantine,  a  separation 
was  made  of  the  two  empires,  and  Rome 
was  called  the  capital  of  the  western,  and 
Constantinonolis  was  called  the  capital  of 
the  eastern  dominions  of  Rome.  The  em- 
peror has  been  distinguished  for  personal 
courage,  and  praised  for  the  protection  he 
extended  to  the  christians.  Constantine 
was  learned,  and  preached,  as  well  as 
composed,  many  sermons,  one  of  which 
remains.  He  died  A.  D.  337,  after  a  reign 
of  thirty-one  years  of  the  greatest  glory 
and  success.  He  left  three  sons,  Constan- 
tinus,  Constans,  and  Constantius,  among 

whom  he  divided  his  empire. The 

name  of  Constantine  was  very  common 
to  the  emperors  of  the  east,  in  a  later  pe- 
riod.  A  private   soldier  in    Britain, 

raised  on  account  of  his  name  to  the  im- 
perial dignity. A  general  of  Belisarius. 

CoifsTANTius  Chlorus,  son  of  Eutropi- 
us,  and  father  of  the  great  Constantine. 

1 — The  second  son  of  Constantine  the 

Great. The  father  of  Julian  and  Gal- 
lus, was  son  of  Constantius  by  Theodora, 

and  died  A.  D.  337. A  Roman  general 

of  Nyssa,  who  married  Placidia,  the  sister 
of  Honorius,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor, 
an  honor  he  enjoyed  only  seven  months. 
He  died  universally  regretted,  421  A.  D. 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Valentinian 

in  the  west One  of  the  servants  of 

Attila. 

Constjales  Ludi,  or  Con9Ualia,  festi- 


vals at  Rome  in  honor  of  Coiu-us,  the  god 
of  counsel,  whose  altar  Romulus  discov- 
ered under  the  ground. 

Consul,  a  magistrate  at  Rome,  wit!)  re- 
gal authority  for  the  space  of  one  year. 
There  were  two  consuls,  a  consulendo, 
annually  chosen  in  the  Campus  Martius. 
The  two  first  consuls  wereL.  Jun.  Brutus, 
and  L.  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  chosen  A. 
U.  C.  244,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Tar- 
quins.  In  the  first  ages  of  the  republic, 
the  two  consuls  were  always  chosen  from 
patrician  families,  or  noblemen  ;  but  the 
people  obtained  the  privilege  A.  U.  C.  388, 
of  electing  one  of  the  consuls  from  their 
own  body ;  and  sometimes  both  were 
plebeians.  The  first  consul  among  the 
plebeians  was  L.  Sextius.  It  was  requir- 
ed that  every  candidate  for  the  consulship 
should  be  forty-three  years  of  age,  called 
legitimum  tempus.  He  was  always  to  ap- 
pear at  the  election  as  a  private  man, 
without  a  retinue  ;  and  it  was  requisite 
before  he  canvassed  for  the  office,  to  have 
discharged  the  inferior  functions  of  qures- 
tor,  edile,  and  praetor.  Sometimes  these 
qualifications  were  disregarded.  The 
power  of  the  consuls  was  unbounded,  am! 
they  knew  no  superior  but  the  gods  and 
the  laws  :  but  after  the  expiration  of  their 
office,  their  conduct  was  minutely  scruti- 
nized by  the  people,  and  misbehaviour 
was  often  punished  by  the  laws.  The 
badge  of  their  office  was  the  prate  rta,  a 
robe  fringed  with  purple,  afterwards  ex- 
changed for  the  toga  picta  or  pahiata. 
They  were  preceded  by  twelve  lietors, 
carrying  the  fasces  or  bundle  of  sticks,  in 
the  middle  of  which  appeared  an  axe.  The 
office  of  consul,  so  dignified  during  the 
times  of  the  commonwealth,  becarve  a 
mere  title  under  the  emperors,  and  retain- 
ed nothing  of  its  authority  but  the  useless 
ensigns  of  original  dignity. 

Consus,  a  deity  at  Rome,  who  presided 
over  councils.  His  temple  was  covered 
in  the  Maximus  Circus,  to  show  that  coun- 
cils ought  to  be  secret  and  inviolable. 

Consygna,  the  wife  of  Niconiedes  king 
of  Bithynia,  torn  in  pieces  by  dogs. 

Contadesdus,  a  river  of  Thrace. 

Contubia,  a  town  in  Spain. 

Coon,  the  eldest  son  of  Antenor.  killed 
by  Agamemnon. 

Coos,  C09,  Cea,  and  Co,  an  island  of 
the  ^Egean  sea. 

Cop.e,  a  place  of  Greece,  near  the  Ce- 
phisus. 

Copais  lacus,  now  Limnc,  a  lake  of  Bob- 
otia,  famous  for  its  excellent  eels. 

Cophas,  a  son  of  Artabazus. A  river 

of  India. 

Cophontis,  a  burning  mountain  of  Bac- 
triana. 

Copia,  the  goddess  of  plenty,  among 
the  Romans  represented  as  bearing  a  horn 
filled  with  grapes,  fruits,  &c. 


CO 


129 


CO 


Copillus,  a  general  of  the  Tectosagae, 
taken  by  the  Romans. 

C.  Coponius,  a  commander  of  the  fleet 
of  Rhodes,  at  Dyracchium,  in  the  interest 
of  Pompey. 

Coprates,  a  river  of  Asia,  falling  into 
the  Tigris. 

Copreus,  a  son  of  Pelops,  who  fled  to 
Mycenas,  at  the  death  of  Iphitus. 

Coptus  and  Coptos,  now  Kypt,  a  town 
of  Egypt,  about  one  hundred  leagues  from 
Alexandria. 

Cora,  a  town  of  Latium,  on  the  confines 
of  the  Volsci. 

Coracesium  and  Coracensium,  a  mari- 
time town  ofPamphylia. 

C'oraconasus,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Coraletj:,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Coralli,  a  savage  people  of  Pontus. 

Coranus,  a  miser. 

Coras,  a  brother  of  Catillus  and  Tybur- 
tus,  who  fought  against  iEneas. 

Corax,  an  ancient  rhetorician  of  Sicily. 
A  mountain  of  ^Etolia. 

Coraxi,  a  people  of  Colchis. 

Corbeds,  a  Gaul,  &c. 

Corbis  and  Orsua,  two  brothers,  who 
fought  for  the  dominion  of  a  city,  in  the 
presence  of  Scipio,  in  Spain. 

Corbulo,  Domitius,  a  prefect  of  Bel- 
gium, who,  when  governor  of  Syria,  rout- 
ed the  Parthians,  destroyed  Artaxata,  and 
made  Tigranes  king  of  Armenia.  Nero, 
jealous  of  his  virtues,  ordered  him  to  be 
murdered  ;  and  Corbulo  hearing  this,  fell 
upon  his  sword,  A.  D.  66. 

Corcyra,  an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea, 
about  twelve  miles  from  Buthrotum,  on 
the  coast  of  Epirus  ;  famous  for  the  ship- 
wreck of  Ulysses,  and  the  gardens  of  Al- 
cinous.     It  is  now  called  Corfu. 

Corduba,  now  Cordova,  a  famous  city 
of  Hispania  Bsetica. 

Cordyla,  a  port  of  Pontus. 

Core,  a  daughter  of  Ceres,  the  same  as 
Proserpine. 

Coressus,  a  hill  near  Ephesus. 

Coresus,  a  priest  of  Bacchus  at  Caly- 
don  in  Bceotia,  who  was  deeply  enamored 
of  the  nymph  Callirhoe,  who  treated  him 
with  disdain.  He  complained  to  Bacchus, 
who  visited  the  country  with  a  pestilence. 
The  Calydonians  were  directed  by  the 
oracle,  to  appease  the  god  by  sacrificing 
Callirhoe  on  his  altar.  The  nymph  was 
led  to  the  altar,  and  Coresus,  who  was  to 
sacrifice  her,  forgot  his  resentment,  and 
stabbed  himself.  Callirhoe,  conscious  of 
her  ingratitude  to  the  love  of  Coresus, 
killed  herself  on  the  brink  of  a  fountain, 
which  afterwards  bore  her  name. 

Coretas,  a  man  who  first  gave  oracles 
at  Delphi. 

Corfinium,  now  San  Ferino,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Peligni. 

C»ria,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  among 
the  Arcadians. 


Corinna,  a  celebrated  woman  of  Tana- 
gra,  near  Thebes,  disciple  to  Myrtis.  It 
is  said,  that  she  obtained  five  times  a  po- 
etical prize,  in  which  Pindar  was  her  com- 
petitor ;  but  it  must  he  acknowledged, 
that  her  beauty  greatly  contributed  to  de- 
feat her  rivals. A  woman  of  Thespis, 

celebrated  for  her  beauty. Ovid's  mis- 
tress was  also  called  Corinna. 

Corinnus,  an  ancient  poet  in  the  time 
of  the  Trojan  war,  on  which  he  wrote  a 
poem. 

Corinthiacus  sinus,  is  now  called  the 
gulf  of  Lepanto. 

Corinthus,  an  ancient  city  of  Greece, 
now  called  Corito,  situated  on  the  middle 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  at  the  distance 
of  about  sixty  stadia  on  either  side  from 
the  sea.  It  was  first  founded  by  Sisyphus 
son  of  ^Eolus,  A.  M.  2616.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  once  very  powerful,  and  had 
great  influence  among  the  Grecian  states. 
They  colonized  Syracuse  in  Sicily,  and 
delivered  it  from  the  tyranny  of  its  op- 
pressors, by  the  means  of  Timoleon.  Co- 
rinth was  totally  destroyed  by  L.  Mum- 
mius,  the  Roman  consul,  and  burnt  to 
the  ground,  146  B.  C.  The  riches  which 
the  Romans  found  there,  were  immense. 
During  the  conflagration,  all  the  metals 
which  were  in  the  city  melted  and  mix- 
ed together,  and  formed  that  valuable 
composition  of  metals,  which  has  since 
been  known  by  the  name  of  Corinthium 
JEs.  J.  Caesar  planted  a  colony  at  Co- 
rinth, and  endeavored  to  raise  it  from  its 
ruins,  and  restore  it  to  its  former  gran- 
deur. The  government  of  Corinth  was 
monarchical,  till  779  years  B.  C.  when 
officers  called  Prytanes  were  instituted. 
An  actor  at  Rome. 

Coriolanus,  the  surname  of  Caius 
Martius,  from  his  victory  over  Corioli, 
where,  from  being  a  private  soldier,  he 
gained  great  honors.  After  a  number  of 
military  exploits,  and  many  services  to 
his  country,  he  was  refused  the  consul- 
ship by  the  people.  This  raised  his  re- 
sentment;  and,  when  the  Romans  had 
received  a  present  of  corn  from  Gelo,  king 
of  Sicily,  he  insisted  that  it  should  be 
sold  for  money,  and  not  distributed  gratis. 
His  imprudent  advice  provoked  the  peo- 
ple, who  wished  him  to  be  put  to  death  ; 
but  this  rigorous  sentence  was  prevented 
by  the  influence  of  the  senators,  and  he 
was  banished.  Coriolanus  retired  among 
the  Volsci  to  Attius  Tirllus,  his  greatest 
enemy,  from  whom  he  met  a  friendly  re- 
ception. Attius  advised  him  to  declare 
war  against  Rome,  and  Coriolanus  march- 
ed at  the  head  of  the  Volsci  as  general. 
His  approach  greatly  alarmed  the  Romans, 
and  they  sent  several  embassies  to  recon- 
cile him  to  his  country,  and  solicit  his  re- 
turn ;  but  he  was  deaf  to  all  proposals, 
and  bade  them  prepare  for  war.  He  pitch- 
F* 


CO 


130 


CO 


ed  bfi  camp  at  the  distance  of  live  miles 
from  the  city  ;  and  his  enmity  against  his 
country  would  have  proved  fata!,  had  not 
his  wife,  Voluinnia,  and  his  mother,  Ve- 
turia,  been  prevailed  upon  by  the  Roman 
matrons  to  go  and  appease  his  resentmeir. 
Their  meeting  was  tender  and  affecting; 
Coriolanus  long  remained  inexorable  ;  but 
their  tears  and  entreaties  at  length  suc- 
ceeded, and  he  marched  the  troops  from 
the  neighborhood  of  Rome.  The  conduct 
of  Coriolanus  displeased  the  Volsci,  and 
he  was  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
people  at  Antium  ;  but  the  clamours 
which  his  enemies  raised  were  so  preva- 
lent, that  he  was  murdered  at  the  place 
appointed  for  his  trial,  B.  C.  488. 

Corioli  and  Coriolla,  a  town  of  La- 
tium  on  the  borders  of  the  Volsci,  taken 
by  the  Romans  under  C.  Martius,  called 
from  thence  Coriolanus. 

Corissus,  a  town  of  Ionia. 

Coritus.     Vid.  Corytus. 

Cormassa,  a  town  of  Pamphylia. 

Cormus,  a  river  near  Assyria. 

Cornelia  lex,  de  Civtiate,  was  enact- 
ed A.  U.  C.  670,  by  L.  Corn.  Sylla.  It 
confirmed  the  Sulpician  law,  and  requir- 
ed that  the  citizens  of  the  eight  newly 
elected  tribes  should  be  divided  among 
the  35  ancient  tribes.  Other  laws  were 
also  enacted  under  this  title ;  viz.  de 
Judiciis  ;  de  Sumptibus ;  de  Municipiis ;  de 
Jtlagistratibus,  4'c-  4'c- 

Cornelia,  a  daughter  of  Cinna,  who 
was  the  first  wife  of  J.  Ceesar.  She  be- 
came mother  of  Julia,  Pompey's  wife. 

A  daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio,  who  mar- 
ried Pompey,  after  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band P.  Crassus.     She  has  been  praised 

for  her  great  virtues. A  daughter  of 

Scipio  Africanus,  who  married  Sempro- 
nius  Gracchus,  and  was  the  mother  of 
Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus.  Her  vir- 
tues have  been  deservedly  commended, 
as  well  as  the  wholesome  principles  she 
inculcated  in  her  two  sons.  When  a 
Carnpanian  lady  made  once  a  show  of 
her  jewels  at  Cornelia's  house,  and  en- 
treated her  to  favor  her  with  a  sight  of 
her  own,  Cornelia  produced  her  two  sons, 
saying,  These  are  my  jewels. A  ves- 
tal virgin,  buried  alive  in  Domitian's  age, 
as  guilty  of  incontinence. 

Cornelii,  an  illustrious  family  at 
Rome. — Dolobella,  a  friend  and  admirer 

of   Cleopatra. An  officer    of   Sylla, 

whom  J.  Csesar  bribed  to  escape  the  pro- 
scription which  threatened  his  life. 

Cethegus,  a  priest,  degraded  from  his 
office  for  want  of  attention. — Oil.  a  man 
chosen  by  Mercellus  to  be  his  colleague 

in  the  consulship. Balbus,   a  man 

who  hindered  J.  Caesar  from  rising  up  at 

the  arrival  of  the  senators. Cossus,  a 

military  tribune. Balbus,  a  man  of 

Gades,  intimate  with  Cicero. A  freed- 


ijian  oi'  Sylla  the  dictator. Scipio,  a 

man  appointed  master  of  the  horse,  by 

Camillas,  when  dictator. Callus,  an 

elegiac  poet. Marcellus,  a  man  killed 

in  Spain,  by  Galba. C.  Nepos,  an  his- 
torian.  Merula,  a  consul,  sent  against 

the  Boii  in  Gaul.   He  killed  1400  of  them. 

Severus,  an  epic  poet  in  the  age  of 

Augustus. Thuscus,  a  mischievous 

person. Lentulus  Cethegus,  a  consul. 

Aur.  Celsus,  wrote  eight  books  on 


medicine,  still  extant. Cn.  and  Publ. 

Scipio. Lentulus,  a  high  priest. 

Corniculum,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Cornificius,  a  poet  and  general  in  the 

age  of  Augustus. A  lieutenant  of  J. 

Cffisar. A  friend  of  Cicero,  and  his 

colleague  in  the  office  of  augur. 

Corngier,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Cornutus,  a  stoic  philosopher,  of  Af- 
rica, preceptor  to  Persius  the  satirist. 

A  pr&tor  of  Rome,  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 
A  Roman,  saved  from  the  proscrip- 
tion of  Marius,  by  his  servants,  who 
hung  up  a  dead  man  in  his  room,  and 
said  it  was  their  master. 

Corcebus,  a  Phrygian,  son  of  Mygdon 
and  Anaximena.  He  assisted  Priam  in 
the  Trojan  war,  with  the  hopes  of  being 
rewarded  with  the  hand  of  Cassandra  for 
his  services.  Cassandra  advised  him  in 
vain  to    retire  from  the  war.      He  was 

killed  by  Peneleus. A  courier  of  Elis, 

killed  by  Neoptolemus. A  hero  of  Ar- 

golis,  who  killed  a  serpent  called  Posne, 
sent  by  Apollo  to  avenge  Argos,  and 
placed  by  some  authors  in  the  numbers 
of  the  furies. 

Corona,  a  town  of  Messenia. 

Coronea,  a  town  of  Bceotia. — A  town 
of  Peloponnesus— of  Corinth— of  Cyprus 
—of  Ambracia— of  Phthiotis. 

Coronis,  a  daughter  of  Phlegias,  loved 

by  Apollo,  and  mother  of  iEsculapius. 

The  daughter  of  Coronams,  king  of  Pho- 
cis,   changed    into  a  crow   by   Minerva, 

when  flying  before  Neptune. One  of 

the  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione. 

Coronia,  a  town  of  .Acarnania. 

Coronus,  a  son  of  Apollo. A  son  of 

Phoroneus  king  of  the  Lapithee. 

Corrhagium,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Corsi,  a  people  of  Sardinia,  descend- 
ed from  the  Corsicans. 

Corsia,  a  town  of  Bceotia. 

Corsica,  a  mountainous  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Italy.  Its 
inhabitants  were  savage,  and  bore  the 
character  of  robbers,  liars,  and  atheists. 
They  lived  to  a  great  age,  and  fed  on 
honey.     The  Greeks  called  it  Cyrnos 

Corsote,  a  town  of  Armenia. 

Cor9ura,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Car- 
thage. 

Cortona,  an  ancient  town  of  Etruria. 

Corvinu9,  a  name  given  to  M.  Valerius 
from  a  crow,  which  assisted  him  when  he 


CO 


131 


CR 


was  fighting  against  a  Gaul. — An  orator. 

Messala,  an  eloquent  orator,   in  the 

Augustan  age,  distinguished  for  integrity 
and  patriotism. 

T.  Coruncasus,  the  first  plebeian  who 

was  made  high-priest  at  Rome. The 

family  of  the  Coruncani  was  famous  for 
the  number  of  its  great  men. 

Corus,  a  river  of  Arabia. 

CoRYBAifTEs,  the  priests  of  Cybele, 
called  also  Galli.  In  the  celebration  of 
their  festivals,  they  beat  their  cymbals, 
and  behaved  as  if  delirious. 

Corybas,  a  son  of  Jasus  and  Cybele. 
A  painter,  disciple  to  Nicomachus. 

Corybassa,  a  city  of  Mysia. 

Corybus,  a  promontory  of  Crete. 

Corycia,  a  nymph,  mother  of  Lycorus, 
by  Apollo. 

CoRYctDEs,  the  nymphs  who  inhabited 
the  foot  of  Parnassus. 

Corycius,  an  old  man  of  Tarentum, 
whose  time  was  happily  employed  in 
taking  care  of  his  bees. 

Corycus,  now  Curco,  a  lofty  mountain 
of  Cilicia,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
and  also  a  cave,  with  a  grove  which  pro- 
duced excellent  saffron. Another  at 

the  foot  of  Parnassus. 

Corydon,  a  fictitious  name  of  a  shep- 
herd. 

Coryla,  and  Coryleum,  a  village  of 
Paphlagonia. 

Coryna,  a  town  of  Ionia. 

Corymbifer,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Coryneta  and  Corynetes  a  famous 
robber  killed  by  Theseus. 

Coryphasium,  a  promontory  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Coryphe,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus. 

Corythenses,  a  place  of  Tegea. 

Corythus,  a  king  of  Corinth. 

Corytus,  a  king  of  Etruria,  father  to 
Jasius,  whom  Dardanus  is  said  to  have 
put  to  death,  to  obtain  the  kingdom.  It 
is  also  a  town  and  mountain  of  Etruria. 

Cos,  an  island. 

Cosa  and  Cossa,  or  Cosje,  a  town  of 
Etruria. 

CoscoNius,a  Latin  writer. — A  wretch- 
ed epigram  writer. 

Cosingas,  a  Thracian  priest  of  Juno. 

Cosis,  a  brother  to  the  king  of  Albania, 
killed  by  Pompey. 

Cosmus,  an  effeminate  Roman. 

Cossea,  a  part  of  Persia. 

Cossus,  a  surname  given  to  the  family 

of  the  Cornelii. A  Roman,  who  killed 

Volumnius,  king  of  Veii,  and  obtained 
the  Spolia  Opima,  A.  U.  C.  317. 

Cossutii,  a  family  at  Rome,  of  which 
Cossutia,  Caesar's  wife,  was  descended. 
One  of  the  family  was  distinguished  as 
an  architect  about  200  B.  C. 

Co9toecei,  robbers  in  Gallatia. 

Cosyra,  a  barren  island  in  the  African 


Cotes  and  Cottes,  a  promontory  of 
Mauritania. 

Cothon,  a  small  island  near  the  citadel 
of  Carthage,  with  a  convenient  bay. 

Cothonea,  the  mother  of  Triptolemus. 

Cotiso,  a  king  of  the  Daci. 

Cotonis,  an  island  near  the  Echinades. 

Cotta  M.  Aurelius,  a  Roman,  who 
opposed  Marius.  He  was  surnamed  Pon- 
ticus,  because  he  took  Heraclea  of  Pontus 
by  treachery. An  orator,  greatly  com- 
mended   by  Cicero. A   governor  of 

Paphlagonia. A  spendthrift,  in  the  age 

of  Nero,  &c. An  officer  of  Caesar,  in 

Gaul. A  poet  mentioned  by  Ovid. 

Cottije  Alpes,  a  certain  part  of  the 
Alps. 

Cottus,  a  giant,  son  of  Ccelus  and  Ter- 
ra, who  had  one  hundred  hands,  and  fifty 
heads. A  man  among  the  iEdui,  &c. 

Coty-eum,  a  town  of  Galatia— of  Phry- 
gia. 

CoTYL-aEtrs,  a  surname  of  iEsculapius. 

Cotylius,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Cotyora,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  founded 
by  a  colony  from  Sinope. 

Cotys,  the  father  of  Asia. A  son  of 

Manes  by  Callirhoe,  who  succeeded  his 

father  on  the  throne  of  Meeonia. A 

king  of  Thrace. A  king  of  the  Odrysae. 

A  king  of  Armenia  Minor,  who  fought 

against  Mithridates,  in  the  age  of  Clau- 
dius. 

Cotytto,  the  goddess  of  all  debauchery, 
whose  festivals  were  called  Cotyttia.  A 
festival  of  the  same  name  was  observed  in 
Sicily.  The  goddess  Cotytto  is  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  Proserpine  or  Ceres. 

Cragus,  a  woody  mountain  of  Cilicia, 
part  of  mount  Taurus,  sacred  to  Apollo. 

Crambusa,  a  town  of  Lycia. 

Cranai,  a  surname  of  the  Athenians, 
from  their  king  Cranaus. 

Cranapes,  a  Persian,  &c. 

Cranaus,  the  second  king  of  Athens. 
A  city  of  Caria. 

Crane,  a  nymph. — A  town  of  Arcadia. 

Craneum,  a  gymnastic  3chool  at  Co- 
rinth. 

Cranii,  a  town  of  Cephallenia. 

Cranon  andCRANNON,atown  of  Thes- 
saly,  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia. 

Crantor,  a  philosopher  of  Soli,  among 
the  pupils  of  Plato,  B.  C.  310. An  ar- 
mor-bearer of  Peleus. 

Crassipe9,  a  surname  of  the  family  of 
the  Furii. 

L.  Crassitius,  a  man  who  opened  a 
school  at  Rome. 

Crassus,  a  grandfather  of  Crassus  the 

Rich,  who  never  laughed. Publ.  Licin- 

ius,  a  Roman  high-priest,  about  131  years 
B.  C.  who  went  into  Asia  with  an  army 
against  Aristonicus,  where  he  was  killed, 

and  buried  at  Smyrna. M.  Licinius,  a 

celebrated  Roman,  surnamed  Rich,  on  ac- 
count of  his  opulence.    When  the  gladia- 


CR 


132 


CR 


tors,  with  Spartacus  at  their  head,  had 
spread  an  universal  alarm  in  Italy,  and 
defeated  some  of  the  Roman  generals, 
Crassus  was  sent  against  them.  A  battle 
was  fought,  in  which  Crassus  slaughtered 
twelve  thousand  of  the  slaves,  and  by  this 
decisive  blow,  he  sooif  put  an  end  to  the 
war.  He  was  soon  after  made  consul 
with  Pompey  ;  and  in  this  high  office  he 
displayed  his  opulence,  by  entertaining 
the  populace  at  ten  thousand  tables.  He 
was  afterwards  censor,  and  formed  the 
first  triumvirate  with  Pompey  and  Caesar. 
As  his  love  of  riches  was  more  predomi- 
nant than  that  of  glory,  Crassus  never 
imitated  the  ambitious  conduct  of  his  col- 
leagues, but  was  satisfied  with  the  pro- 
vince of  Syria,  which  seemed  to  promise 
an  inexhaustible  source  of  wealth.  He 
was  conquered  by  the  general  of  the  king 
of  Parthia,  and  his  head  was  cut  off,  B.  C. 
53. Publius,  the  son  of  the  rich  Cras- 
sus, went  into  Parthia  with  his  father. 
When  he  saw  himself  surrounded  by  the 
enemy,  and  without  any  hope  of  eseape, 
he  ordered  one  of  his  men  to  run  him 
through. L.  Licinius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man orator. A  son  of  Crassus  the  Rich, 

killed  in  the  civil  wars. 

Crastinus,  a  man  in  Ctesar's  army, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia. 

Cratais,  the  mother  of  Sylla,  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  Hecate. 

Cratjcus,  conspired  against  Archelaus. 

Crater,  a  bay  of  Campania  near  Mise- 
nus. 

Craterus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 
He  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by  his 
literary  fame,  as  well  as  by  his  valor  in 
the  field.  He  was  killed  in  a  battle  against 

Eumenes,  B.  C.  321. A  physician  of 

Atticus. A  painter  whose  pieces  adorn- 
ed the  public  buildings  of  Athens. An 

Athenian,  who  collected  into  one  body, 
all  the  decrees  which  had  passed  in  the 

public  assemblies  at  Athens. A  famous 

sculptor. 

Crates,  a  philosopher  of  Bceotia,  son  of 
Ascondus,  and  disciple  of  Diogenqs  the 
Cynic,  B.  C.  324.  He  sold  his  estates, 
and  gave  the  money  to  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  was  naturally  deformed,  and  he  ren- 
dered himself  more  hideous  by  sewing 
sheep's  skins  to  his  mantle,  and  by  the 

singularity  of  his  manners. A  stoic, 

who  opened  a  school  at  Rome,  where  he 

taught  grammar. A  native  of  Perga- 

mus.  who  wrote  an  account  of  the  most 
striking  events  of  every  age,  B.  C.  165. 
A  philosopher  of  Athens.- — An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet. 

Cratesiclea,  the  mother  of  Cleomenes. 

Cratesipolis,  a  queen  of  Sicyon. 

Cratesipidas,  a  commander  of  the  La- 
cedaemonian fleet. 

Crate vas,  a  general  of  Cassander. 

Cratevs   a  son  of  Minos. 


Crathis,  a  river  of  Achaia,  falling  into 

the  b;iy  of  Corinth. Another  in  Magna 

Gracia  whose  waters  were  supposed  to 
give  a  yellow  color  to  the  hair  and  beard 
of  those  that  drank  them. 

Cratinus,  a  native  of  Athens,  celebrat- 
ed for  his  comic  writings,  and  his  fond- 
ness for  drinking.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
ninety-seven,  B.  C.  431  years. A  wrest- 
ler of  an   uncommon  beauty. A  river 

of  Asia. 

Cratippus,  a  philosopher  of  Mitylene, 
who,  among  others,  taught  Cicero's  son  at 

Athens. An  historian  contemporary 

with  Thucydides. 

Cratylus,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Plato  after  Socrates. 

Crausije,  two  islands  on  the  coast  of 
Peloponnesus. 

Crausis,  the  father  of  Philopoemen. 

Crauxidas,  a  man  who  obtained  an 
Olympic  crown  at  a  horse  race. 

Cremera,  a  small  river  of  Tuscany, 
falling  into  the  Tiber. 

Cremma,  a  town  of  Lycia. 

Cremmyon  and  Crommyon,  a  town  near 
Corinth. 

Cremni  and  Cremnos,  a  commercia. 
place  on  the  Palus  Maeotis. 

Cremona,  a  town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  on 
the  Po,  near  Mantua. 

Cremonis  Jugum,  a  part  of  the  Alps. 

Cremides,  a  place  of  Bithynia. 

Cremutius  Cordus,  an  historian  who 
starved  himself  for  fear  of  the  resentment 
of  Tiberius,  whom  he  had  offended,  by 
calling  Cassius  the  last  of  the  Romans. 

Crenis,  a  nymph  mentioned  by  Ovid. 

Creon,  king  of  Corinth,  was  son  of  Si- 
syphus. He  promised  his  daughter  Glauce 
to  Jason,  who  repudiated  Medea.  To  re- 
venge the  success  of  her  rival,  Medea  sent 
her  for  a  present,  a  gown  covered  with 
poison.  Glauce  put  it  on,  and  was  seized 
with  sudden  paius.  Her  body  took  fire, 
and  she  expired  in  the  greatest  torments. 

A  son  of  Menoetius,  father  to  Jocasta, 

the  wife  and  mother  of  QSdipus.  At  the 
death  of  Laius,  who  had  married  Jocas- 
ta, Creon  ascended  the  vacant  throne  of 
Thebes.  As  the  ravages  of  the  Sphinx 
were  intolerable,  Creon  offered  his  crown, 
and  daughter  in  marriage,  to  him  who 
could  explain  the  asnigmas  which  the  mon- 
ster proposed.  ^Edipus  was  happy  in  his 
explanations,  and  he  ascended  the  throne 
of  Thebes,  and  married  Jocasta  without 
knowing  that  she  was  his  mother,  and  by 
her  he  had  two  sons,  Polynices  and  Eteo- 
cles.      Creon   was   afterwards   killed   by 

Theseus. The   first  annual  archon  at 

Athens,  684  B.  C. 

Creontiades,  a  son  of  Hercules,  killed 
by  his  father,  because  he  had  slain  Lycus. 

Creophilus,  a  Samian,  who  hospitably 
entertained  Homer. An  historian. 

Creterius  Pollio,  a  Roman,  who  spent 


CR 


133 


CR 


his  all  in  the  most  extravagant  debauch- 
ery. 

Cres,  an  inhabitant  of  Crete. The 

first  king  of  Crete. 

Cresa  and  Cressa,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Cresius,  a  hill  of  Arcadia. 

Cresphontes,  a  son  of  Aristomachus, 
who  attempted  to  recover  the  Peloponne- 
sus. 

CREssrus,  belonging  to  Crete. 

Creston,  a  town  of  Thrace,  capital  of 
a  part  of  the  country  called  Crestonia. 

Cresus  and  Ephesus,  two  men  who 
built  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus. 

Creta,  one  of  the  largest  islands  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea,  at  the  south  of  all  the 
Cyclades.  It  was  once  famous  for  its  hun- 
dred cities,  and  for  the  laws  which  the 
wisdom  of  Minos  established  there. 

Cret.eu3,  a  poet  mentioned  by  Proper- 
tius. 

Crete,  the  wife  of  Minos. A  daugh- 
ter of  Deucalion. 

Cretea,  a  country  of  Arcadia. 

Cretes,  inhabitants  of  Crete. 

Creteus,  a  Trojan,  distinguished  as  a 

poet  and  musician. Another,  killed  by 

Turnus. 

Cretheis,  the  wife  of  Acastus,  king  of 
Iolchos,  who  fell  in  love  with  Peleus,  son 
of  iEacus. 

Cretheus,  a  son  of  ^Eolus,  father  of 
^Eson,  by  Tyro  his  brother's  daughter. 

Ceethon,  a  son  of  Diodes,  engaged  in 
the  Trojan  war  on  the  side  of  Greece.  He 
was  slain  by  ^neas. 

Creticus,  a  certain  orator. A  sur- 
name of  M.  Antony's  father. 

Cressas,  a  famous  boxer. 

Creusa,  a  daughter  of  Creon  king  of 
Corinth.  As  she  was  going  to  marry  Ja- 
son, who  had  divorced  Medea,  she  put  on 
a  poisoned  garment,  which  immediately 
set  her  body  on  fire,  and  she  expired  in  the 
most  excruciating  torments. A  daugh- 
ter of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  by  Hecuba. 
She  married  ^Eneas,  by  whom  she  had 
some  children,  among  which  was  Asca- 

nius. A  daughter  of  Erechtheus  king 

of  Athens. A  town  of  Bceotia. 

Creusis,  a  naval  station  of  the  Thes- 
pians. 

Criasus,  a  son  of  Argos,  king  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus.. 

Crinippu3,  a  general  of  Dionysius  the 
elder. 

Crinis,  a  stoic  philosopher. A  priest 

of  Apollo. 

Crinisus  and  Crimisus,  now  Caltabel- 
lota,  a  river  on  the  western  parts  of  Sicily 
near  Segesta. 

Crino,  a  daughter  of  Antenor. One 

of  the  Danaides. 

Crison,  a  man  of  Himera,  who  obtain- 
ed a  prize  at  Olympia. 

Crispina,  a  Roman  matron. 

CRr9PiNU9,  a  praetorian,  who,  though 
12 


originally  a  slave  in  Egypt,  was,  after  the 
acquisition  of  riches,  raised  to  the  honors 

of  Roman  knighthood  by  Domitian. A 

stoic  philosopher,  remarkable  for  his  lo- 
quacity. 

Crispus  Sallustius.     Vid.   Sallustius. 

Virio,  a  famous  orator. The  second 

husband  of  Agrippina. Flav.  Jul.  a  son 

of  the  great  Constantine,  made  Caesar  by 
his  father,  and  distinguished  for  valor  and 
extensive  knowledge. 

Crissjsus  sinus,  a  bay  on  the  coasts  of 
Peloponnesus,  near  Corinth,  now  the  bay 
of  Salona. 
Critala,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 
Critheis,  a  daughter  of  Melanippus. 
Crithote,  a  town  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus. 

Critias,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  set 
over  Athens  by  the  Spartans.  He  was 
eloquent  and  well  bred,  but  of  dangerous 
principles,  and  he  cruelly  persecuted  his 
enemies,  and  put  them  to  death.  He  was 
killed  in  a  battle  against  those  citizens 

whom  his  oppression  had  banished. A 

philosopher. A  man  who  wrote  on  re- 
publics.  Another,  who  addressed  an 

elegy  to  Alcibiades. 

Crito,  one  of  the  disciples  of  Socrates. 

A  physician  in  the  age  of  Artaxerxes 

Longimanus. An  historian  of  Naxus. 

A  Macedonian  historian. 

Critobulus,  a  general  of  Phocis. A 

physician  in  the  age  of  Philip  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia.  A  son  of  Crito,  disciple  to 

Socrates. 

Critodemus,  an  ancient  historian. 

Critognatus,  a  celebrated  warrior  of 
Alesia,  when  Caesar  was  in  Gaul. 

Critolaus,  a  citizen  of  Tegea  in  Arca- 
dia, who,  with  two  brothers,  fought  against 
the  two  sons  of  Demostratus  of  Pheneus, 
to  put  an  end  to  a  long  war  between  their 
respective  nations.  The  brothers  of  Cri- 
tolaus were  both  killed,  and  he  alone  re- 
mained to  withstand  his  three  bold  antag- 
onists. He  conquered  them;  and  when, 
at  his  return,  his  sister  deplored  the  death 
of  one  of  his  antagonists,  to  whom  she 
was  betrothed,  he  killed  her  in  a  fit  of  re- 
sentment. The  offence  deserved  capital 
punishment ;  but  he  was  pardoned,  on 
account  of  the  services  he  had  rendered 

his  country. A  peripatetic  philosopher 

of  Athens. An  historian  who  wrote 

about  Epirus. 

Crius,  a  soothsayer. A  man  of  Mgi- 

na. A  river  of  Achaia. 

Crobialus,  a  town  of  Paphlagonia. 

Crobyzi,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Crocale,  one  of  Diana's  attendants. 

Croce^e,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Crocodilopolis,  a  town  of  Egypt,  near 
the  Nile,  above  Memphis. 

Crocus,  a  beautiful  youth  enamored  of 
the  nymph  Smilax.  He  was  changed  into 
a  flower  of  the  same  name,  on  account  of 


CT 


134 


CU 


the  impatience  of  his  love,  and  Smilax 
was  metamorphosed  into  a  yew-tree. 

Croesus,  the  fifth  and  last  of  the  Merm- 
nados,  who  reigned  in  Lydia,  was  son  of 
Alyattes,  and  passed  for  the  richest  of 
mankind.  He  was  the  first  who  made  the 
Greeks  of  Asia  tributary  to  the  Lydians. 
His  court  was  the  asylum  of  learning  ;  and 
^Esop,  the  famous  fable-writer,  among 
others,  lived  under  his  patronage.  The 
kingdom  of  Lydia  became  extinct  in  his 
person,  and  the  power  was  transferred  to 
Persia. 

Cromi,  a  people  of  Arcadia. 

Cromitis,  a  country  of  Arcadia. 

Crommyon  and  Cromyon,  a  place  of 
Attica,  where  Hercules  killed  a  large  sow. 
A  town  near  Corinth. 

Cromna,  a  town  of  Bithynia. 

Cromus,  a  son  of  Neptune. A  son  of 

Lycaon. 

Cronia,  a  festival  at  Athens,  in  honor 
of  Saturn. 

Cronium,  a  town  of  Elis — of  Sicily. 

Crophi,  a  mountain  of  Egypt,  near 
which  were  the  sources  of  the  Nile. 

Cross.ea,  a  country  situate  partly  in 
Thrace,  and  partly  in  Macedonia. 

Crotaxus,  a  navigable  river  of  Italy. 

Croton,  a  man  killed  by  Hercules. 

Crotona,  a  town  of  Italy,  still  known 
by  the  same  name,  in  the  bay  of  Taren- 
tum.  The  inhabitants  were  excellent  war- 
riors, and  great  wrestlers. 

Crotoniat.e,  the  inhabitants  of  Cro- 
tonn. 

Crotcniatis,  a  part  of  Italy,  of  which 
Ciotona  is  the  capital. 

Crotofiades  and  Crotopias,  patrony- 
mics of  Linus,  grandson  of  Crotopus. 

Crotopus,  a  king  of  Argos. 

Crotus,  a  son  of  Eumene  the  nurse  of 
the  Muses  He  devoted  his  life  to  the  la- 
bors of  the  chase,  and  after  death  Jupiter 
placed  him  among  the  constellations  under 
the  name  of  Sagittarius. 

Crttnos,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Crusis,  a  place  near  Olynthos. 

Crustumerium  and  Crustumeria,  a 
town  of  the  Sabines. 

Ceustumindm,  a  town  of  Etruria,  near 
Veil,  famous  for  pears. 

Crustumium,  Crustunus  and  Crus- 
turnenius,  now  Conca,  a  river  flowing 
from  the  Apennines,  by  Ariminum. 

Crynis,  a  river  of  Bithynia. 

Crypta,  a  passage  through  mount  Pau- 
silypus. 

Ctkatus,  one  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  be- 
fore Troy. 

Ctemene,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Ctenos,  a  harbor  of  Chersonesus  Tau- 
rica. 

Ctesias,  a  Greek  historian  and  physi- 
cian of  Cnidos,  taken  prisoner  by  Artax- 
erxes  Mnemon  at  the  battle  of  Cunaxa. 
He  cured  the  king's  wounds,  and  was  his 


I  physician  for  seventeen  years.  He  wrote 
an  history  of  the  Assyrians  and  Persians. 
A  sycophant  of  Athens. An  histo- 
rian of  Ephesus. 

Ctesibius,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  flourished  135  years  B.  C.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  the  pump,  and  other 
hydraulic  instruments.  He  also  invented 
a  clepsydra,  or  a  water-clock.  The  modern 
manner  of  measuring  time  with  an  hour- 
glass is  an  imitation  of  the  clepsydra  of 

Ctesibius. A  cynic  philosopher. An 

historian,  who  flourished  254  years  B.  C. 
and  died  in  his  hundred  and  fourth  year. 

Ctesicles,  a  general  of  Zacynthos,  &c. 

Ctesidemus,  a  painter  who  had  Auti- 
philus  for  pupil. 

Ctesilochus,  a  noble  painter,  who  rep- 
resented Jupiter  as  bringing  forth  Bacchus. 

Ctesiphon,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Leos- 
thenes,  who  advised  his  fellow-citizens 
publicly  to  present  Demosthenes  with  a 
golden  crown  for  his  probity  and  virtue. 
This  was  opposed  by  the  orator  ^Eschines, 
the  rival  of  Demosthenes,  who  accused 
Ctesiphon  of  seditious  views.  Demosthe- 
nes undertook  the  defence  of  his  friend, 
in  a  celebrated  oration  still  extant,  and 
iEschines  was  banished. A  Greek  ar- 
chitect,  who  made   the  plan  of  Diana's 

temple  at  Ephesus. An  elegiac  poet, 

whom  king  Attalus  set  over  his  posses- 
sions in  ^Eolia. A  Greek  historian. 

A  large  village  of  Assyria. 

Ctesippus,  a  son   of  Chabrias. A 

man  who  wrote  an  history  of  Scythia. 

One  of  the  descendants  of  Hercules. 

Ctimene,  the  youngest  daughter  of  La- 
ertes by  Anticlea. 

Cularo,  a  town  of  the  Allobroges  in 
Gaul,  called  afterwards  Gralianopolis,  and 
now  Orenoble. 

Cuma  and  Cumje,  a  town  of  iEolia,  in 

Asia   Minor. A    city   of   Campania, 

near  Puteoli.  There  was  one  of  the  Sibyls, 
that  fixed  her  residence  in  a  cave  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  was  called  the  Cvmcean 
Sibyl. 

Cumandm,  a  country  house  of  Foinpey 
near  Cumae. Another  of  Varro. 

Cunaxa,  a  place  of  Assyria,  five  hun- 
dred stadia  from  Babylon,  famous  for  a 
battle  fought  there  between  Artaxerxes 
and  his  brother  Cyrus  the  younger  B.  C. 
401. 

Cuneus,  a  cape  of  Spain,  now  Algarve. 

Cupavo,  a  son  ofCycnus  who  assisted 
yEneas  against  Turnus. 

Cupentus,  a  friend  of  Turnus,  killed  by 
^Eneas. 

Cupido,  a  celebrated  deity  among  the 
ancients,  god  of  love,  and  love  itself. 
There  are,  according  to  the  more  received 
opinions,  two  Cupids,  one  of  whom  is  a 
lively  ingenious  youth,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Venus  ;  whilst  the  other  son  of  Nox  and 
Erebus,  is  distinguished  by  his  debauche- 


cu 


135 


CY 


ry  and  riotous  disposition.  Cupid  is  rep- 
resented as  a  winged  infant,  naked,  arm- 
ed with  a  bow  and  a  quiver  full  of  arrows. 
On  gems,  and  all  other  pieces  of  antiquity, 
he  is  represented  as  amusing  himself  with 
some  childish  diversion.  His  power  was 
generally  known  by  his  riding  on  the  back 
of  a  lion,  or  on  a  dolphin,  or  breaking  to 
pieces  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter.  Among 
the  ancients  he  was  worshipped  with  the 
same  solemnity  as  his  mother  Venus. 

Cupiennius,  a  friend  of  Augustus,  who 
made  himself  ridiculous  for  the  effemina- 
cy of  his  dress. 

Cures,  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  of  which 
Tatius  was  king. 

Curetes,  a  people  of  Crete,  called  also 
Corybantes.  They  were  entrusted  with 
the  education  of  Jupiter. 

Curetis,  a  name  given  to  Crete,  as  be- 
ing the  residence  of  the  Curetes. 

Curia,  a  division  of  the  Roman  tribes. 
Romulus  originally  divided  the  people  in- 
to three  tribes,  and  each  tribe  into  ten 
Curiae.  Over  each  Curia  was  appointed 
a  priest,  who  officiated  at  the  sacrifices  of 
his  respective  assembly.  The  sacrifices 
were  called  Curionia,  and  the  priest  Curio. 
He  was  to  be  above  the  age  of  fifty.  His 
morals  were  to  be  pure  and  unexceptiona- 
ble, and  his  body  free  from  all   defects. 

The  word  Curia  was  also  applied   to 

public  edifices  among  the  Romans.  These 
were  generally  of  two  sorts,  divine  and 
civil.  The  Curia  was  solemnly  consecra- 
ted by  the  Augurs,  before  a  lawful  assem- 
bly could  be  convened  there. A  town 

of  the  Rhoeti,  now  Coirc,  the  capital  of 
the  Grisons. 

Curia  lex,  de  Comitiis,  was  enacted  by 
M.  Curius  Dentatus  the  tribune. 

Curias.     Via".  Curium. 

Curiatii,  a  family  of  Alba.  The  three 
Curiatii,  who  engaged  the  Horatii,  and 
lost  the  victory,  were  of  this  family. 

Q..  Curio,  an  excellent  orator,  who  call- 
ed Caesar  in  full  senate,  Omnium  mulierum 

virutn,  et  onniium  virorum  mulierem. 

His  son,  C.  Scribonius,  was  tribune  of 
the  people,  and  an  intimate  friend  of 
Caesar. 

Curiosolit-e,  a  people  among  the  Celtae. 

Curium,  a  town  of  Cyprus. 

Curius  Dentatus  Marcus  Annius,  a 
Roman,  celebrated  for  his  fortitude  and 
frugality.    He  was  three  times  consul,  and 

was  twice  honored  with  a  triumph. 

A  lieutenant  of  Cresar's  cavalry,  to  whom 
eix  cohorts  of  Pompey  revolted. 

Curtia,  a  patrician  family,  which  mi- 
grated with  Tatius  to  Rome. 

Curtillus,  a  celebrated  epicure. 

M.  Curtius,  a  Roman  youth  who  de- 
voted himself  to  the  gods  Manes  for  the 
safety  of  his  country  about  360  year3  B.  C. 
A  wide  gap  called  afterwards  Curtius 
lacus,  had  suddenly  opened  in  the  forum, 


and  the  oracle  had  said  that  it  never 
would  close  before  Rome  threw  into  it 
whatever  it  had  most  precious.  Curtius 
immediately  perceived  that  no  less  than  a 
human  sacrifice  was  required.  He  armed 
himself;  mounted  his  horse,  and  solemn- 
ly threw  himself  into  the  gulf,  which  in- 
stantly closed  over  his  head. Q>.  Rufus. 

Vid.  Quintus. Nicias,  a  grammarian, 

intimate  with  Pompey. Montanus,an 

orator  and  poet  under  Vespasian.  Atti- 
cus,  a  Roman  knight,  who  accompanied 

Tiberius  in  his  retreat  into  Campania. 

Lacus,  the  gulf  into  which  Curtius  leaped. 

Fons,  a  stream  which  conveyed  water 

to  Rome  from  the  distance  of  forty  miles, 
by  an  aqueduct. 

Curulis  Magistratus,  a  state  officer  at 
Rome,  who  had  the  privilege  of  sitting  in 
an  ivory  chair  in  public  assemblies.  The 
dictator,  the  consuls,  the  censors,  the  pra:- 
tors,  and  ediles,  claimed  that  privilege,  and 
therefore  were  called  curules  magistratus. 

Cuss.ei,  a  nation  of  Asia,  destroyed  by 
Alexander. 

Cusus,  a  river  of  Hungary  falling  into 
the  Danube,  now  the  Vag. 

Cutilium,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 

Cyamosorus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Cyane,  a  nymph  of  Syracuse. A 

nymph  of  Sicily,  who  endeavored  to  as- 
sist Proserpine  when  she  was  carried 
away  by  Pluto.  The  god  changed  her  in- 
to a  fountain   now   called  Pisme,  a  few 

miles  from  Syracuse. A  town  of  Lycia. 

An  inkeeper. 

Cyaneje,  now  the  Favorane,  two  rugged 
islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Euxine  sea, 
about  twenty  stadia  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Thracian  Bosphorus.  They  were 
sometimes  called  Symplegades  and  Planetm. 

Cyanee  and  Cyanea,  a  daughter  of  the 
Mseander,  mother  of  Byblis  and  Caunus, 
by  Miletus,  Apollo's  son. 

Cyaneus,  a  large  river  of  Colchis. 

Cyanippe,  a  daughter  of  Adrastus. 

Cyanippus,  a  Syracusan,  who  derided 

the  orgies  of  Bacchus. A  Thessalian, 

whose  wife  met  with  the  same  fate  as 
Procris. 

Cyaraxes,  or  Cyaxares,  son  of  Phra- 
ortes,  was  king  of  Media  and  Persia.  He 
died  after  a  reign  of  forty  years,  B.  C.  585. 

Another  prince,  supposed  by  some  to 

be  the  same  as  Darius  the  Mede. 

Cybebe;  a  name  of  Cybele. 

Cybele7  a  goddess,  daughter  of  Ccelus 
and  Terra,  and  wife  of  Saturn.  In  Phry- 
gia  the  festivals  of  Cybele  were  observed 
with  the  greatest  solemnity.  Her  priests, 
called  Corybantes,  Galli,  in  the  celebration 
of  the  festivals,  imitated  the  manners  of 
madmen,  and  filled  the  air  with  dreadful 
shrieks  and  bowlings,  mixed  with  the 
confused  noise  of  drums,  tabrets,  bucklers 
and  spears.  This  was  in  commemoration 
of  the  sorrow  of  Cybele  for  the  loss  of  hei 


CY 


136 


CY 


favorite  Atys.  Cybele  held  keys  in  her 
hand,  and  her  head  was  crowned  with 
rising  turrets,  and  sometimes  with  the 
leaves  of  an  oak.  She  sometimes  appears 
riding  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  two  tame 
lions  ;  Atys  follows  by  her  side,  carrying 
a  ball  in  his  hand,  and  supporting  himself, 
upon  a  fir-tree,  which  is  sacred  to  the  god- 
dess. The  Romans,  by  order  of  the  Si- 
bylline books,  brought  the  statue  of  the 
goddess  from  Pessmus  into  Italy.  It  is 
supposed  that  the  mysteries  of  Cybele 
were  first  known  about  1580  years  B.  C. 

Cybele  and  Cybela,  a  town  of  Phry- 
gia. 

Cybelus,  a  mountain  of  Phrygia,  where 
Cybele  was  worshipped. 

Cybira,  a  town  of  Phrygia,  whence  Cy- 
biraticus. 

Cybistria,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Cycesium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus, 
near  Pisa. 

Cychreus,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Sala- 
mis.  After  death  he  was  honored  as  a 
god  in  Salamis  and  Attica. 

Cyclades,  a  name  given  to  certain  is- 
lands of  the  ^Egean  sea,  those  particularly 
that  surround  Delos.  They  were  about 
fifty-three  in  number. 

Cyclopes,  a  certain  race  of  men  of  gi- 
gantic stature,  supposed  to  be  the  sons  of 
Ccelus  and  Terra.  They  had  but  one  eye 
in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  They  in- 
habited the  western  parts  of  the  island  of 
Sicily  ;  and  because  they  were  uncivil- 
ized in  their  manners,  the  poets  speak  of 
them  as  men-eaters.  From  their  vicinity 
to  mount  yEtna,  they  have  been  supposed 
to  be  the  workmen  of  Vulcan,  and  to  have 
fabricated  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter. — 
The  most  solid  walls  and  impregnable 
fortresses  were  said,  among  the  ancients, 
to  be  the  work  of  the  Cyclops.  The.  Cy- 
clops were  reckoned  among  the  gods. 
Apollo  destroyed  them  all,  because  they 
had  made  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter, 
with  which  his  son  iEsculapius  had  been 
killed. A  people  of  Asia. 

Cycnus,  a  son  of  Mars  by  Pelopea,  kill- 
ed by  Hercules. A  son  of  Neptune,  in- 
vulnerable in  every  part  of  his  body. 
Achilles  fought  against  him  ;  but  when  he 
saw  that  his'  darts  were  of  no  effect,  he 
threw  him  on  the  ground  and  smothered 
him.  He  stripped  him  of  his  armor,  and 
saw  him  suddenly  changed  into  a  bird  of 

the  same   name. A   son    of   Hyrie, 

changed  into  a  swan. A  son  of  Sthe- 

nelus,  king  of  Liguria.  He  was  deeply 
afflicted  at  the  death  of  his  friend  and  re- 
lation Phaeton,  and  metamorphosed  into 
a  swan. A  horse's  name. 

Cydas,  a  profligate  Cretan,  made  judge 
at  Rome  by  Antony. 

Cydias,  an  Athenian  of  great  valor. 

A  painter  who  made  a  painting  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 


Cydippe,  the  wife  of  Anaxilaus. 

The  mother  of  Cleobis  and  Biton. A 

girl  beloved  by  Acontius. One  of  Cy- 

rene's  attendants. 

Cydnus,  a  river  of  Cilicia,  near  Tarsus, 
where  Alexander  bathed  when  covered 
with  sweat.  The  consequences  proved 
almost  fatal  to  the  monarch. 

Cydon,  a  friend  of  Turnus  against 
iEneas. 

Cydon  and  Cydonia,  now  Canea,  a 
town  of  Crete,  built  by  a  colony  from  Sa- 
mos. 

Cydonia,  an  island  opposite  Lesbos. 

Cydrara,  a  city  of  Phrygia. 

Cydrolaus,  a  man  who  led  a  colony  to 
Samos. 

Cygnus.    Vid.  Cycnus. 

Cylabus,  a  place  near  Argos  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Cylbiani,  mountains  of  Phrygia  where 
the  Cayster  takes  its  rise. 

Cylices,  a  people  among  the  Illyrians. 

Cylindus,  a  son  of  Phryxus  and  Cal- 
liope. 

Cyllabaris,  a  public  place  for  exercises 
at  Argos. 

Cyllabarus,  a  gallant  of  the  wife  of 
Diomedes. 

Cyllarus,  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
the  Centaurs,  passionately  fond  of  Hylo- 
nome.    They  perished  both  at  the  same 

time. A  celebrated  horse  of  Pollux  or 

of  Castor,  according  to  Seneca. 

Cyllen,  a  son  of  Elatus. 

Cyllene,  the  mother  of  Lycaon,  by  Pe- 
lasgus. A  naval  station  of  Elis  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus.— A  mountain  of  Arcadia,  with 
a  small  town  on  its  declivity. 

Cylleneius,  a  surname  of  Mercury, 
from  his  being  born  on  the  mountain  Cyl- 
lene. 

Cyllyrii,  certain  slaves  at  Syracuse. 

Cylon,  an  Athenian,  who  aspired  to 
tyranny. 

Cyma  or  Cym.e,  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  town  of  ^Eolia. 

Cymodoce,  Cyme,  and  Cymo,  one  of 
the  Nereides. 

Cymolus  and  Cimolus,  an  island  of  the 
Cretan  sea. 

Cymothoe,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Cynara,  one  of  Horace's  favorites. 

Cyn^girus,  an  Athenian,  celebrated  for 
his  extraordinary  courage.  He  was  bro- 
ther to  the  poet  ^Eschylus. 

Cyn^thium,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Cynane,  a  daughter  of  Philip,  king  of 
Macedonia. 

Cynapes,  a  river  falling  into  the  Euxine. 

Cynesh  and  Cynetji,  a  nation  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Cynethussa,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean 
sea. 

Cynia,  a  lake  of  Acarnania. 

Cynici,  a  sect  of  philosophers  founded 
by  Antisthenes  the  Athenian.    They  were 


CY 


137 


CY 


famous  for  their  contempt  of  riches,  for 
tlie  negligence  of  their  dress,  and  the  length 
of  their  beards. 

Cynisca,  a  daughter  of  Archidamus 
king  of  Sparta,  who  obtained  tiie  first 
prize  in  the  chariot  races  at  the  Olympic 
games. 

Oyno,  a  woman  who  preserved  the  life 
of  Cyrus. 

Cynocephale,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Cynooephali,  a  nation  in  India,  who 
have  the  head  of  a  dog. 

Cynophontis,  a  festival  at  Argos,  ob- 
served during  the  dog-days. 

Cynortas,  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of 
Sputa. 

Cynortion,  a  mountain  of  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Cynos,  a  town  of  Locris. Another 

in  Thessaly. 

Cynosar«e3,  a  surname  of  Hercules. 
A  small  village  of  Attica. 

Cyn-03sema,  a  promontory  of  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonesus. 

Cynosura,  a  nymph  of  Ida  in  Crete. 
She  nursed  Jupiter  who  changed  her  into 
a  star. 

Cynthia,   a  beautiful  woman. A 

surname  of  Diana. 

Cynthius,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Cynthus,  a  mountain  of  Delos,  so  high 
that  it  is  said  to  overshadow  the  whole  is- 
land. 

Cynurenses,  a  people  of  Arcadia. 

Cynus,  a  naval  station  of  Opuns. 

Cyparissi  and  Cyparissia,  a  town  of 
Peloponnesus. 

Cyparissus,  a  youth,  son  of  Telephus 
of  Cea,  beloved  by  Apollo.  He  was  chang- 
ed into  a  cypress  tree. A  town  near 

Delphi. 

Cyphara,  a  fortified  place  of  Thessaly. 

Cyprianus,  a  native  of  Carthage,  who, 
though  born  of  heathen  parents,  became  a 
convert  to  Christianity,  and  the  bishop  of 
his  country.     He  died  a  martyr,  A.  D.  258. 

Cyprus,  a  daughter  of  Antony  and  Cle- 
opatra.  A  large  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea.  It  has  been  celebrated  for 
giving  birth  to  Venus,  surnamed  Cypris. 

Cypselides,  the  name  of  three  princes 
as  descendants  of  Cypselus,  who  reigned 
at  Corinth  during  seventy-three  years. 

Cypselus,  a  king  of  Arcadia. A  man 

of  Corinth,  son  of  Eetion,  and  father  of 
Periander.  He  destroyed  the  Bacchiadae, 
and    seized   upon  the   sovereign  power, 

about  S59  years  before   Christ. The 

father  of  Miltiades. 

Cyraunis,  an  island  of  Libya. 

Cyrbianta,  a  province  of  the  Elymxans. 

Cyre,  a  fountain  near  Cyrene. 

Cyrexaica,  a  country  of  Africa,  of 
which  Cyrene  is  the  capital. 

Cyrenaici,  a  sect  of  philosophers  who 
followed  the  doctrine  of  Aristippus.    They 
placed  their  sunvnum  honum  in  pleasure. 
IS* 


Cyrene,  the  daughter  of  the  river  Pe- 
ncils, of  whom  Apollo  became  enamored. 

She  was  the  mother  of  Aristams. A 

celebrated  city  of  Libya,  to  which  Aris- 
tams,  who  was  the  chief  of  the  colonists 
settled  there,  gave  his  mother's  name.  It 
was  situate  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  plain, 
about  eleven  miles  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea. 

Cyriades,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  who 
harassed  the  Roman  empire,  in  the  reign 
of  Gallienus.     He  died  A.  D.  259. 

Cyrillus,  a  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  who 
died  A.  D.  386. A  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  died  A.  D.  444. 

Cyrne,  a  place  of  Euboea. 

Cyrnus,  a  driver  in  the  games  which 

Scipio  exhibited  in  Africa. A  man  of 

Argos,  who  founded  a  city  in  Chersone- 
sus.  A  river  that  falls  into  the  Caspian 

sea. An  island  on  the  coast  of  Liguria, 

the  same  as  Corsica. 

Cyrrjei,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Cyrrhad-e,  an  Indian  nation. 

Cyrrhes,  a  people  of  Macedonia. 

Cyrrhestica,  a  country  of  Syria  neai 
Cilicia. 

Cykrhus  and  Cyrus,  a  river  of  Iberia, 
in  Asia. 

Cyrsilus,  an  Athenian,  stoned  to  deatli 
by  his  countrymen. 

Cyrus,  a  king  of  Persia,  son  of  Camby- 
ses  and  Mandane,  daughter  of  Astyages, 
king  of  Media.  Cyrus  subdued  the  east- 
ern parts  of  Asia,  and  made  war  against 
Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  whom  he  conquer- 
ed, B.  C.  548.  He  invaded  the  kingdom 
of  Assyria,  and  took  the  city  of  Babylon, 
by  drying  the  channels  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  marching  his  troops  through  the  bed 
of  the  river,  while  the  people  were  cele- 
brating a  grand  festival.  He  afterwards 
marched  against  Tomyris,  the  queen  of  the 
MassagetsB,  a  Scythian  nation,  and  was 
defeated  in  a  bloody  battle,  B.  C.  530. 
The  victorious  queen,  who  had  lost  her  son 
in  a  previous  encounter,  was  so  incensed 
against  Cyrus,  that  she  cut  off  his  head, 
and  threw  it  into  a  vessel  filled  with  hu- 
man blood,  exclaiming  Satia  tc  sanguine 
quern  sitisti.  Xenophon  has  written  the 
life  of  Cyrns  ;  but  his  history  is  not  per- 
fectly authentic. The  younger  Cyrus, 

was  the  younger  son  of  "Darius  Nothusj 
and  the  brother  of  Artaxerxes.  He  was 
sent  by  his  father,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  to 
assist  the  Lacedemonians  against  Athens. 
Artaxerxes  succeeded  to  the  throne  at  the 
death  of  Nothus  ;  and  Cyrus,  who  was  of 
an  aspiring  soul,  attempted  to  assassinate 
him.  At  last  he  took  the  field  with  an 
army  of  one  hundred  thousand  barbarians, 
and  thirteen  thousand  Greeks  under  the 
command  of  Clearchiir!.  Artaxerxes  met 
him  with riine hundred  thousand  men  near 
Cunaxa.  It  is  said  that  the  two  royal  bro- 
thers  met  in    person,  and   engaged  with 


CY 


138 


CY 


the  most  inveterate  fury,  and  their  en- 
gagement ended  in  the  death  of  Cyrus,  401 

years  B.  C. A  rival  of  Horace,  in  the 

affections  of~one  of  his  mistresses. A 

poet  of  Panopolis,  in  the  age  of  Theodo- 
sius. 

Cyrus  and  Cyropolis,  a  city  of  Syria, 
built  by  the  Jews  in  honor  of  Cyrus. 

Cyrus,  a  river  of  Persia,  now  Kur. 

Cyta,  a  town  of  Colchis. 

Cytjsis,  a  surname  of  Medea. 

Cythera,  now  Cerigo,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Laconia  in  Peloponnesus.  It  was 
particularly  sacred  to  the  goddess  Venus, 
who  was  from  thence  surnamed  Cytheraa. 

CvTHERiEA,  a  surname  of  Venus. 

Ctthebun,  a  place  of  Attica. 

Cytherus,  a  river  of  Elis. 

Cythnos,  now  Thermia,  an  island  near 
Attica,  famous  for  its  cheese. 

Cytineum,  one  of  the  four  cities  called 
Tetrapolis,  in  Doris. 


Cytissorus,  a  son  of  Phryxus. 

Cytorus,  now  Kudros,  a  mountain  and 
town  of  Galatia. 

Cyzicum,  or  Cyzicus,  an  island  of  the 
Propontis,  about  five  hundred  and  thirty 
stadia  in  circumference,  with  a  town  call- 
ed Cyzicus. 

Cyzicus,  a  son  of  QEneus  and  Stilba, 
who  reigned  in  Cyzicus.  He  hospitably 
received  the  Argonauts,  in  their  expedi- 
tion against  Colchis.  After  their  depart- 
ure from  the  court  of  Cyzicus,  they  were 
driven  back  in  the  night,  by  a  storm,  upon 
the  coast;  and  the  inhabitants  furiously 
attacked  them,  supposing  them  to  be  the 
Pelasgi,  their  ancient  enemies.  In  this 
nocturnal  engagement,  many  were  killed 
on  both  sides,  and  Cyzicus  perished  by  the 

hand  of  Jason  himself. The  chief  town 

of  the  island  of  Cyzicum,  built  where  the 
island  is  joined  by  the  bridges  to  the  con- 
tinent. 


DM 

DAJE,  Dahje,  or  Dai,  now  the  Pakistan, 
a  people  of  Scythia. 

Daci  and  Dace,  a  warlike  nation  of 
Germany,  beyond  the  Danube,  whose 
country,  called  Dacia,  was  conquered  by 
the  Romans  under  Trajan,  after  a  war  of 
fifteen  years,  A.  D.  103. 

D-acius,  a  surname  assumed  by  Domi- 
tian. 

Dactyli,  a  name  given  to  the  priests  of 
Cybele. 

Dadicje,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Scythia. 

D.kdala,  a  mountain  and  city  of  Lycia. 

A  name  given  to  Circe,  from  her  being 

cunning,  and  like  Daedalus,  addicted  to  de- 
ceit and  artifice. Two  festivals  in  Bceo- 

tia. 

D-kdalion,  a  son  of  Lucifer. 

Dj.dalus,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Eupala- 
mus.  He  was  the  most  ingenious  artist  of 
bis  age.  He  made  statues,  which  moved 
of  themselves,  and  seemed  to  be  endowed 
with  life.  Talus,  his  sister's  son,  promis- 
ed to  be  as  great  as  himself,  by  the  inge- 
nuity of  his  inventions;  and  therefore, from 
envy,  he  threw  him  down  from  a  window 
and  killed  him.  After  the  murder  of  this 
youth,  Dfedalus,  with  his  son  Icarus,  fled 
from  Athens  to  Crete,  where  Minos,  king 
of  the  country,  gave  him  a  cordial  recep- 
tion. Diedalus  made  a  famous  labyrinth 
for  Minos,  but  having  incurred  his  displea- 
sure, was  ordered  to  be  confined  in  it 
himself.  Here  he  made  himself  wings 
with  feathers  and  wax,  and  carefully  fitted 
them  to  his  bodv,  and  to  that  of  his  son, 


DA 

who  was  the  companion  of  his  confine- 
ment. They  took  their  flight  in  the  air 
from  Crete  ;  but  the  heat  of  the  sun  melt- 
ed the  wax  on  the  wings  of  Icarus,  whose 
flight  was  too  high,  and  he  fell  into  that 
part  of  the  ocean,  which  from  him  has 
been  called  the  Icarian  sea.  The  father, 
by  a  proper  management  of  his  wing?, 
alighted  at  Cumee,  where  he  built  a  tem- 
ple to  Apollo,  and  thence  directed  his 
course  to  Sicily.  Here  he  left  many 
monuments  of  his  ingenuity.  He  was 
despatched  by  the  king  who  was  afraid  of 
the  power  of  Minos,  who  had  declared 
war  against  him,  because  he  had  given  an 

asylum  to  Daedalus. There  were  two 

statuaries  of  the  same  name. 

D-emon,  a  kind  of  spirit  which,  as  the 
ancients  supposed,  presided  over  the  ac- 
tions of  mankind,  gave  them  their  pri- 
vate counsels,  and  carefully  watched  over 
their  most  secret  intentions.  Some  of  the 
ancient  philosophers  maintained  that 
every  man  had  two  of  these  Demons ; 
the  one  bad,  and  the  other  good. 

Dai,  a  nation  of  Persia,  all  shepherds. 

Daicles,  a  victor  at  Olympia,  B.  C.  753. 

Daidis,  a  solemnity  observed  by  the 
Greeks.     It  lasted  three  days. 

Daimachus,  a  master  of  horse  at  Syra- 
cuse. 

Daimenes,  a  general  of  the  Acheeans. 
An  officer  exposed  on  a  cross,  by 


Dionysius  of  Syracuse. 

Daiphron,  a  son  of  Mgyplus,  killed  by 
his  wife 


DA 


139 


DA 


Da  ira,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  mother  of 
Eleusis  by  Mercury. 

Daldia,  a  town  of  Lydia. 

Dalmatius,  one  of  the  Caesars,  in  the 
age  of  Constantine,  who  died  A.  D.  337. 

Dalmatia,  a  part  of  Illyricum,  at  the 
east  of  the  Adriatic,  near  Liburnia  on  the 
west,  whose  inhabitants,  called  Dalmata, 
were  conquered  by  Metellus,  B.  C.  118. 
They  chiefly  lived  upon  plunder. 

Dalmium,  the  chief  town  of  Dalmatia. 

Damagetus,  a  man  of  Rhodes,  who  in- 
quired of  the  oracle  what  wife  he  ought 
to  marry?  and  received  for  answer  the 
daughter  of  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks. 
He  applied  to  Aristomenes  and  obtained 
his  daughter  in  marriage,  B.  C.  670. 

Damalis,  an  infamous  woman  of  Rome. 

Damas,  a  Syracusan  in  the  interest  of 
Agathocles. 

Damascena,  a  part  of  Syria  near  mount 
Libanus. 

Damascius,  a  stoic  of  Damascus,  who 
wrote  a  philosophical  history,  the  life  of 
Isidorus,  and  four  books  on  extraordinary 
events,  in  the  age  of  Justinian. 

Damascus,  a  rich  and  ancient  city  of 
Damascene  in  Syria. 

Damasia,  a  town  called  also  Augusta, 
now  Ausburg,  in  Swabia  on  the  Leek. 

Damasichthon,  a  king  of  Thebes. 

Damas i  ppus,  a  captain  in  Philip's  army. 

A  senator  who  accompanied  Juba 

when  he  entered  Utica  in  triumph. A 

great  enemy  of  Sylla. An  orator. 

One  of  Niobe's  sons. 

Damasistratus,  a  king  of  Plataea,  who 
buried  Laius. 

DAMA3iTHYNUs,ason  of  Candaules,  ge- 
neral in  the  army  of  Xerxes. A  king  of 

Calyndae,  sunk  in  his  ship  by  Artemisia. 

Damastes,  a  man  of  Sigseum,  disciple 
of  Hellanicus. A  famous  robber. 

Damastor,  a  Trojan  chief,  killed  by 
Patroclus. 

Damia,  a  surname  of  Cybele. A  wo- 
man to  whom  the  Epidaurians  raised  a 
statue. 

Dami  as,  a  statuary  of  Clitor,  in  Arcadia. 

Damippus,  a  Spartan  taken  by  Marcellus 
as  he  sailed  out  of  the  port  of  Syracuse. 
He  discovered  to  the  enemy  that  a  certain 
part  of  the  city  was  negligently  guarded, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  discovery  Sy- 
racuse was  taken. 

Dami s,  a  man  who  disputed  with  Aris- 
todemus  the  right  of  reigning  over  the 
Messenians. 

Damnii,  a  people  at  the  north  of  Britain. 

Damnonii,  a  people  of  Britain,  now  sup- 
posed Devonshire. 

Damnorix,  a  celebrated  Gaul,  in  the  in- 
terest of  Julius  Cassar,  &c. 

Damo,  a  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  who, 
by  order  of  her  father,  devoted  her  life  to 
perpetual  celibacy,  and  induced  others  to 
follow  her  example. 


Damocles,  one  of  the  flatterers  of  Dto- 
nysius  the  elder,  of  Sicily. 

Damocrates,  a  hero,  &c. 

Damocrita,  a  Spartan  matron,  wife  of 
Alcippus,  who  severely  punished  the 
enemies  who  had  banished  her  husband. 

Damocritus,   a  timid   general  of   the 

Achasans. A  Greek  writer. A  man 

who  wrote  a  poetical  treatise  upon  medi- 
cine. 

Damon,  a  victor  at  Olympia. A  poet 

and  musician  of  Athens,  intimate  with 
Pericles.  He  was  banished  for  his  in- 
trigues about    four  hundred  and    thirty 

years  before  Christ A  Pythagorean 

philosopher,  very  intimate  with  Pythias. 
When  he  had  been  condemned  to  death 
byDionysius,  he  obtained  from  the  tyrant 
leave  to  go  and  settle  his  domestic  affairs, 
on  promise  of  returning  at  a  stated  hour 
to  the  place  of  execution.  Pythias  pledg- 
ed himself  to  undergo  the  punishment 
which  was  to  be  inflicted  on  Damon, 
should  he  not  return  in  time,  and  he  con- 
sequently delivered  himself  into  the  hands 
of  the  tyrant.  Damon  returned  at  the  ap- 
pointed moment,  and  Dionysius  was  so 
struck  with  the  fidelity  of  those  two 
friends,  that  he  remitted  the  punishment, 
and  entreated  them  to  permit  him  to  share 
their  friendship,  and  enjoy  their  confi- 
dence.  A  man  of  Cheronsea,  who  kill- 
ed a  Roman  officer,  and  was  murdered  by 

his  fellow-citizens. A  Cyrenean,  who 

wrote  an  history  of  philosophy. 

Damophantu9,  a  general  of  Elis,  in  the 
age  of  Philopoemen. 

Damophila,  a  poetess  of  Lesbos,  wife 
of  Pamphilus. 

Damophilus,  an  historian. A  Rho- 

dian  general  against  the  fleet  of  Deme- 
trius. 

Damophon,  a  sculptor  of  Messenia. 

Damostratus,  a  philosopher  who  wrote 
a  treatise  concerning  fishes. 

Damoxenus,  a  comic  writer  of  Athens. 
A  boxer  of  Syracuse. 

Damvrias,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Dana,  a  large  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Danace,  the  name  of  the  piece  of  money 
which  Charon  required  to  convey  the  dead 
over  the  Styx. 

Danae,  the  daughter  of  Acrisius  king 
of  Argos,  by  Eurydice  seduced  by  Jupiter. 

A  daughter  of  Leontium,  mistress  to 

Sophron,  governor    of    Ephesus. A 

daughter  of  Danaus,  to  whom  Neptune 
offered  violence. 

Danai,  a  name  given  to  the  people  of 
Argos,  and  to  all  the  Greeks. 

Danaides,  the  fifty  daughters  of  Danaud 
king  of  Argos.  When  their  uncle  JEgyp- 
tus  came  from  Egypt  with  his  fifty  sons, 
they  were  promised  in  marriage  to  their 
cousins ;  but  before  the  celebration  of 
their  nuptials,  Danaus,  who  had  been  in- 
formed by  an  oracle  that  h«  was  to  be  kill- 


DA 


140 


DA 


ed  by  the  hands  of  one  of  his  sons-in-law, 
made  his  daughters  solemnly  promise  that 
they  would  destroy  their  husbands.  They 
were  provided  with  daggers  by  their  fa- 
ther, and  all,  except  Hypermnestra,  stain- 
ed their  hands  with  the  blood  of  their  cou- 
sins, the  first  night  of  their  nuptials.  The 
sisters  were  purified  of  this  murder  by 
Mercury  and  Minerva,  by  order  of  Jupiter; 
but  according  to  the  more  received  opin- 
ion, they  were  condemned  to  severe  pun- 
ishment in  hell,  and  were  compelled  to  fill 
with  water  a  vessel  full  of  holes,  so  that 
the  water  ran  out  as  soon  as  poured  into 
it,  and  therefore  their  labor  was  infinite, 
and  their  punishment  eternal. 

Dan ala,  a  castle  of  Galatia. 

Danapris,  now  the  JVieper,  a  name  given 
in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Borysthenes. 

Danaus,  a  son  of  Belus  and  Anchinoe, 
king  of  Egypt,  and  father  of  the  Danaidcs. 

Dandaki  and  Dandarid.*,  certain  in- 
habitants near  mount  Caucasus. 

Dandon,  a  man  of  Illyricum,  who,  as 
Pliny  reports,  lived  five  hundred  years. 

DANUBius,a  celebrated  river,  the  great- 
est in  Europe.  The  Greeks  called  it  Tster. 
The  Danube  was  generally  supposed  to  be 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire in  Europe. 

Daochus,  an  officer  of  Philip. 

Daphn.e,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Nile. 

Daphnius,  a  general  of  Syracuse, 
against  Carthage. 

Daphne,  a  daughter  of  the  river  Peneus 
or  of  the  Ladon,  by  the  goddess  Terra,  of 
whom  Apollo  became  enamored.  This 
passion  had  been  raised  by  Cupid,  with 
whom  Apollo,  proud  of  his  late  conquest 
over  the  serpent  Python,  had  disputed  the 
power  of  his  darts.  Daphne  heard  with 
horror  the  addresses  of  the  god,  and  en- 
deavored to  remove  herself  from  his  im- 
portunities by  flight.  Apollo  pursued  her; 
and  Daphne,  fearful  of  being  caught,  en- 
treated the  assistance  of  the  gods,  who 
changed  her  into  a  laurel.  Apollo  crown- 
ed his  head  with  the  leaves  of  the  laurel, 
and  for  ever  ordered  that  that  tree  should 

he  sacred  to  his  divinity. A  daughter 

of  Tiresias,  priestess  in  the  temple  of  Del- 
phi, supposed  by  some  to  be  the  same  as 
Manto.  She  was  called  Sibyl,  on  account 
of  the  wildness  of  her  looks  and  expres- 
sions, when  she  delivered  oracles. A 

famous  grove  near  Antioch,  consecrated  to 
voluptuousness. 

Daphnephoria,  a  festival  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  celebrated  every  ninth  year  by  the 
Boeotians.  It  was  then  usual  to  adorn  an 
olive  bough  with  garlands  of  laurel  and 
other  Mowers,  and  place  on  the  top  a  brazen 
globe,  on  which  were  suspended  smaller 
ones.  In  the  middle  was  placed  a  number 
of  crowns,  and  a  globe  of  inferior  size,  and 
the  bottom  was  adorned  with  a  saffron  col- 


ored  garment.  The  globe  on  the  top  repre- 
sented the  Sun,  or  Apollo;  that  in  the  mid- 
dle was  an  emblem  of  the  moon,  and  the 
others  of  the  stars.  The  crowns,  which 
were  65  in  number,  represented  the  sun's 
annual  revolutions.  This  bough  was  car- 
ried in  solemn  procession  by  a  beautiful 
youth  of  an  illustrious  family,  and  whose 
parents  were  both  living.  He  was  prece- 
ded by  one  of  his  nearest  relations,  bearing 
a  rod  adorned  with  garlands,  and  behind 
!  him  followed  a  train  of  virgins  with  branch- 
i  es  in  their  hands.  In  this  order  the  pro- 
j  cession  advanced  as  far  as  the  temple  of 
i  Apollo,  surnamed  Ismenius,  where  suppli- 
!  catory  hymns  were  sung  to  the  god. 

Daphnis,  a  shepherd  of  Sicily,  son  of 
Mercury  by  a  Sicilian  nymph.  He  was 
educated  by  the  nymphs,  Pan  taught  him 
to  sing  and  play  upon  the  pipe,  and  the  mu- 
ses inspired  him  with  the  love  of  poetry. 
It  is  supposed  he  was  the  first  who  wrote 
pastoral  poetry,  in  which  his  successor 
Theocritus  so  happily  excelled. A  ser- 
vant of  Nicocrates,  tyrant  of  Cyrene. 

A  grammarian. A  son  of  Paris  and 

CEnone. 

Daphnus,  a  river  of  Locris. A  physi- 
cian who  preferred  a  supper  to  a  dinner, 
because  he  supposed  that  the  moon  assisted 
digestion. 

Daiiaba,  a  town  of  Arabia. 

Darantasi  a,  a  town  of  Belgic  Gaul,  call- 
ed also  Forum  Claudii,nnd  now  Mutter. 

Daraps,  a  king  of  the  Gangaridfe. 

Dardani,  the  inhabitants  of  Dardania. 

Also  a  people  of  Mcesia  very  inimical 

to  the  neighboring  power  of  Macedonia. 

Dardania,  a  town  or  country  of  Troas, 
from  which  the  Trojans  were  called  Dar- 
dani and  Durdanidce.  There  is  also  a  coun- 
try of  the  same  name  near  Illyricum. 

Dardanides,  a  name  given  to  ^Eneas,  as 
descended  from  Dardanus. 

Dardanium,  a  promontory  of  Troas,  call- 
ed from  the  small  town  of  Dardanus,  about 
seven  miles  from  Abydos. 

Dardanus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Electra. 
He  built  the  city  of  Dardania,  and  was 
reckoned  the  founder  of  the  kingdom  of 
Troy. A  Trojan  killed  by  Achilles. 

Dardarii,  a  nation  near  the  Palus  Mee- 
otis. 

Dares,  a  Phrygian,  who  lived  during  the 
Trojan  war,  of  which  he  wrote  the  history 

in  Greek. One  of  the  companions  of 

.Eneas,  killed  by  Turnus  in  Italy. 

Daretis,  a  country  of  Macedonia. 

Daria,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia. 

Darjaves,  the  name  of  Darius  in  Per- 
sian. 

Darioerigum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now 
Feiines  in  Britany. 

Darit-t.,  a  people  of  Persia. 

Darius,  a  noble  satrap  of  Persia,  son  of 
Hystaspes,  who  conspired  with  six  other 
noblemen  to  destroy  Smerdis,  who  usurped 


DA 


141 


DE 


the  crown  of  Persia  after  the  death  of 
Cambyses.  On  the  murder  of  the  usurper, 
the  seven  conspirators  universally  agreed, 
that  he  whose  horse  neighed  first  should  be 
appointed  king.  On  the  morrow  before 
sun-rise,  when  they  proceeded  altogether, 
the  horse  of  Darius  suddenly  neighed;  and 
at  the  same  time  a  clap  of  thunder  was 
heard,  as  if  in  approbation  of  the  choice. 
Darius  was  29  years  old  when  he  ascended 
the  throne,  and  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  activity  and  military  accom- 
plishments. He  besieged  Babylon;  which 
he  took,  after  a  siege  of  20  months,  by  the 
artifice  of  Zopyrus.  From  thence  he 
marched  against  the  Scythians,  and  in  his 
way  conquered  Thrace.  The  burning  of 
Sardis,  which  was  a  Grecian  colony,  in- 
censed the  Athenians,  and  a  war  was  kin- 
dled between  Greece  and  Persia.  Mardo- 
nius,  the  king's  son-in-law,  was  intrusted 
with  the  care  of  the  war,  but  his  army  was 
destroyed  by  the  Thracians  ;  and  Darius, 
more  animated  by  his  loss,  sent  a  more 
considerable  force,  under  the  command  of 
Datis  and  Artaphernes.  They  were  con- 
quered at  the  celebrated  battle  of  Mara- 
thon, by  10,000  Athenians  ;  and  the  Per- 
sians lost  in  that  expedition  no  less  than 
206,000  men.  Darius  was  not  dishearten- 
ed by  this  severe  blow,  hut  he  resolved  to 
carry  on  the  war  in  person,  and  immedi- 
ately ordered  a  still  larger  army  to  be  lev- 
ied. He  died  in  the  midst  of  his  prepara- 
tions, B.  C.  485,  after  a  reign  of  36  years, 

in  the  65th  year  of  his  age. The  second 

king  of  Persia  of  that  name,  was  also  call- 
ed Ochus,  or  Nothus,  because  he  was  the 
illegitimate  son  of  Artaxerxes.     He  died 

B.  C.  404,  after  a  reign  of  19  years. 

The  third  of  that  name  was  the  last  king 
of  Persia,  surnamed  Codomanus.  He  was 
son  of  Arsanes  and  Sysigambis,  and  de- 
scended from  Darius  Nothus.  The  peace 
of  Darius  was  early  disturbed,  and  Alex- 
ander invaded  Persia  to  avenge  the  injuries 
which  the  Greeks  had  suffered  from  the 
predecessors  of  Darius.  The  king  of  Per- 
sia met  his  adversary  in  person,  at  the  head 
of  600,000  men.  A  battle  was  fought  near 
the  Granicus,  in  which  the  Persians  were 
easily  defeated.  Another  was  soon  after 
fought  near  Issus ;  and  Alexander  left 
110,000  of  the  euemy  dead  on  the  field  of 
battle,  and  took  among  the  prisoners  of 
war,  the  mother,  wife,  and  children  of  Da- 
rius. These  losses  weakened,  but  discour- 
aged not  Darius,  he  assembled  another 
more  powerful  army,  and  the  last  decisive 
battle  was  fought  at  Arbela.  The  intrepid- 
ity of  Alexander,  and  the  superior  valor 
of  the  Macedonians,  prevailed  over  the  ef- 
feminate Persians  ;  and  Darius,  sensible  of 
his  disgrace  and  ruin,  fled  towards  Media. 

His  misfortunes  were  now  completed. 

Bessus,  the  governor  of  Bactriana,  took 
away  his  life,  in  hopes  of  succeeding  him 


on  the  throne  ;  and  Darius  was  found  by 
the  Macedonians  in  his  chariot,  covered 
with  wounds,  and  almost  expiring,  B.  C. 
331.  In  him  the  empire  of  Persia  was  ex- 
tinguished 228  years  after  it  had  been  first 

founded  by  Cyrus  the  Great. A  son  of 

Xerxes,  who  married  Artaynta,  and  was 
killed  by  Artabanus. A  son  of  Artax- 
erxes, who  conspired  against  his  father's 
life,  and  was  capitally  punished. 
Dascon,  a  man  who  founded  Camarina. 
Dascylitis,  a  province  of  Persia. 
Dascylus,  the  father  of  Gyges. 
Dasea,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 
Dasius,  a  chief  of  Salapia,  who  favored 
Annibal. 

Dassaretjs,  Dassarit^e,  Dassareni,  or 
Dassaritii,  a  people  of  Illyricum,  or  Mac- 
edonia. 

Datames,  a  son  of  Camissares,  governor 
of  Caria,  and  general  of  the  armies  of  Ar- 
taxerxes, 362  B.  C. 

Dataphernes,  one  of  the  friends  of  Bes- 
sus. After  the  murder  of  Darius,  he  be- 
trayed Bessus  into  Alexander's  hands. 

Datis,  a  general  of  Darius  1st,  defeated 
at  the  celebrated  battle  of  Marathon,  by 
Miltiades,  and  some  time  after  put  to  death 
by  the  Spartans. 

Datos,  or  Daton,  a  town  of  Thrace,  on 
a  small  eminence,  near  the  Strymon. 

Davara,  a  hill  near  Mount  Taurus,  in 
Asia  Minor. 

Daulfs,  a  nymph,  from  whom  the  city 
of  Daulis  in  Phocis,  anciently  called  Ana- 
cris,  received  its  name. 

Dauni,  a  people  on  the  eastern  part  of 
Italy. 

Daunia,  a  name  given  to  the  northern 
parts  of  Apulia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Adri- 
atic.  Juturna,  the  sister  of  Turnus, 

was  called  Daunia,  after  she  had  been  made 
a  goddess  by  Jupiter. 

Daunus,  a  son  of  Pilumnus,  and  Danae. 
He  came  from  Illyricum  into  Apulia,  where 

he  reigned  over  part  of  the  country. 

A  river  of  Apulia,  now  Carapelle. 

Daurifer  andDAURisEs,  a  brave  gene- 
ral of  Darius,  treacherously  killed  by  the 
Carians. 

Davus,  a  comic  character,  in  the  Andria 
of  Terence. 
Debje,  a  nation  of  Arabia. 
Decapolis,  a  district  of  Judea  from  its 
ten  cities. 

Decebalus,  a  warlike  king  of  theDaci, 
who  made  a  successful  war  against  Domi- 
tian,  who  was  conquered  by  Trajan.  He 
destroyed  himself,  and  his  head  was 
brought  to  Rome,  and  Dacia  became  a  Ro- 
man province,  A.  D.  103. 

Deceleum,  or  ea,  now  Biala  Castro,  a 
small  village  of  Attica,  north  of  Athens. 

Decelus,  a  man  who  informed  Castor 
and  Pollux,  that  their  sister,  whom  The- 
seus had  carried  away,  was  concealed  at 
Aphidnae. 


DE 


142 


DE 


Decemviri,  ten  magistrates  of  absolute 
authority  among  the  Romans.  Their  pow- 
er was  absolute  ;  aiJ  other  offices  ceased 
after  their  election,  and  they  presided  over 
the  city  with  regal  authority.  The  first 
decemvirs  were  Appius  Claudius,  T.  Ge- 
nutius,  P.  Sextus,  Sp.  Veturius,  C.  Julius, 
A.  Manlius,  Ser.  Sulpitius  Pluriatius,  T. 
Romulus,  Sp.  Posthumius,  A.  U.  C.  303. 
Under  them,  the  laws  which  had  been  ex- 
posed to  public  viewv  that  every  citizen 
might  speak  his  sentiments),  were  publicly 
approved  of  as  constitutional,  and  ratified 
by  the  priests  and  augurs  in  the  most  sol- 
emn and  religious  manner.  These  laws 
were  ten  in  number,  and  were  engraved 
on  tables  of  brass  ;  two  were  afterwards 
added,  and  they  were  called  the  laws  of 
the  twelve  tables,  leges  duodecivi  tabularum, 
and  leges  decemvir  ales.  In  the  third  year 
after  their  creation,  the  decemvirs  became 
odious,  on  account  of  their  tyranny  ;  and 
the  attempt  of  Ap.  Claudius  to  ravish  Vir- 
ginia, was  followed  by  the  total  abolition 
of  the  office. There  were  other  offi- 
cers in  Rome,  called  decemvirs,  who  were 
originally  appointed,  in  the  absence  of  the 
praetor,  to  administer  justice. 

Decetia,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Decia  lex,  was  enacted  A.  U.  C.  442, 
to  empower  the  people  to  appoint  two  pro- 
per persons  to  fit  and  repair  the  fleets. 

L.  Dectdius  Saxa,  a  Celtiberian  in  Cae- 
sar's camp. 

Decineus,  a  celebrated  soothsayer. 

Decius  Mus,  a  celebrated  Roman  con- 
sul, who,  after  many  glorious  exploits, 
devoted  himself  to  the  gods  Manes  for  the 
safety  of  his  country,  in  a  battle  against 
the  Latins,  338  years  B.  C.  His  son  Deci- 
us imitated  his  example,  and  devoted  him- 
self in  like  manner  in  his  fourth  consul- 
ship, when  fighting  against  the  Gauls  and 
Samnites,  B.  C.  296.  His  grandson  also 
did  the  same  in  the  war  against  Pyrrhus 

and  the  Tarentines,  B.  C.  280. Brutus, 

conducted  Caesar  to  the  Senate-house  the 

day  that  he  was  murdered.- (Cn.  Me- 

tius,  Q,.  Trajanus)  a  native  of  Pannonia, 
sent  by  the  emperor  Philip,  to  appease  a 
sedition  in  Moesia.  Instead  of  obeying  his 
master's  command,  he  assumed  the  impe- 
rial purple,  and  soon  after  marched  against 
him,  and  at  his  death  became  the  only- 
emperor. 

Decurio,  a  subaltern  officer  in  the  Ro- 
man armies.  He  commanded  a  decuria, 
which  consisted  of  ten  men,  and  was  the 
third  part  of  a  turma,  or  the  30th  part  of  a 

legio  of  horse. There  were   certain 

magistrates  in  the  provinces,  called  decu- 
riones  municipales. 

Decumates  agri,  lands  in  Germany. 

Deditamenes,  a  friend  of  Alexander. 

Degis,  a  brother  of  Decebalus  king  of 
the  Daci. 

Dejanira,  a  daughter  of  CEneus,  king 


of  ^Etolia,  and  wife  of  Hercules.  As  De- 
janira was  once  travelling  with  her  hus- 
band, they  were  stopped  by  the  swollen 
streams  of  the  Evenus,  and  the  centaur 
Nessus  offered  Hercules  to  convey  her 
safe  to  the  opposite  shore.  The  hero  con- 
sented ;  but  no  sooner  had  Nessus  gained 
the  bank,  than  he  attempted  to  carry  De- 
janira away  in  the  sight  of  her  husband. 
Hercules,  upon  this,  aimed,  from  the  other 
shore,  a  poisoned  arrow  at  the  seducer, 
and  mortally  wounded  him.  Nessus,  as 
he  expired,  wished  to  avenge  his  death 
upon  his  murderer  ;  and  he  gave  Dejanira 
his  tunic,  which  was  covered  with  blood, 
poisoned  and  infected  by  the  arrow,  ob- 
serving, that  it  had  the  power  of  reclaim- 
ing a  husband  from  unlawful  loves.  De- 
janira accepted  the  present ;  and  when 
Hercules  proved  faithless  to  her  bed,  she 
sent  him  the  centaur's  tunic,  which  in- 
stantly caused  his  death.  Dejanira  was 
so  disconsolate  at  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, which  she  had  ignorantly  occasion- 
ed, that  she  destroyed  herself. 

Deicoon,   a    Trojan    prince,  intimate 

with  ^neas. A  son  of  Hercules  and 

Megara. 

Deidamia,  a  daughter  of  Lycomedes, 

king  of  Scyros. A  daughter  of  Pyrrhus, 

killed  by  the  Epirots. A  daughter  of 

Adrastus,  king  of  Argos. 

Deileon,  a  companion  of  Hercules  in 
his  expedition  against  the  Amazons. 

Deilochus,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Deimachus,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chlo- 

ris,  killed  by  Hercules. The  father  of 

Enarette. 

Deioces,  a  son  of  Phraortes,  by  whose 
means  the  Medes  delivered  themselves 
from  the  yoke  of  the  Assyrians. 

Deiochus,  a  Greek  captain,  killed  by 
Paris  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Deione,  the  mother  of  Miletus  by 
Apollo. 

Deioneus,  a  king  of  Phocis,  who  mar- 
ried Diomede,  daughter  of  Xuthus,  by 
whom  he  had  Dia.  He  gave  his  daughter 
Dia  in  marriage  to  Ixion^  who  promised 
to  make  a  present  to  his  father-in-law. 
Deioneus  accordingly  visited  the  house  of 
Ixion,  and  was  thrown  into  a  large  hole 
filled  with  burning  coals,  by  his  son-in- 
law. 

Deiopeia,  a  nymph,  the  fairest  of  all 
the  fourteen  nymphs  that  attended  upon 

Juno. One  of  the  attendant  nymphs  of 

Cyrene. 

Deiotarus,  a  governor  of  Galatia,  made 
king  of  that  province  by  the  Roman  people. 
He  joined  Brutus  with  a  large  army,  and 
faithfully  supported  the  republican  cause 
Delotarus  died  in  an  advanced  old  age. 

Deiphila.    Fid.  Deipyle. 

Deiphobe,  a  sibyl  of  Cumse,  daughter 
of  Glaucus. 

DtiFHORt'f,a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 


DE 


143 


DE 


who,  after  the  death  of  his  brother  Paris, 
married  Helen.  His  wife  unworthily  be- 
trayed him,  to  her  old  husband  Menelaus, 
to  whom  she  wished  to  reconcile  herself, 

and  he  was  shamefully  lulled  by  him. 

A  son  of  Hippolytus,  who  purified  Hercu- 
les after  the  murder  of  Iphitus. 

Deiphon,  the  son  of  Triptolemus  and 
Meganira  ;  whom  Ceres  loved  so  passion- 
ately, that  she  wanted  to  make  him  im- 
mortal, and  made  him  pass  through  fire 
for  that  purpose  5  but,  being  disturbed  by 
the  cries  of  his  mother,  the  goddess,  in  a 
hurry,  mounted  her  car,  and  left  Deiphon 

to  perish  in  the  flames. The  husband 

of  Hyrnetho,  daughter  of  Temenus,  king 
of  Argos. 

Deiphontes,   a   general   of  Temenus, 

who  took  Epidauria. A  general  of  the 

Dorians. 

Deipyle,  a  daughter  of  Adrastus,  who 
married  Tydeus,  by  whom  she  had  Dio- 
medes. 

Deiptlus,  a  son  of  Sthenelus,  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Deipvrus,  a  Grecian  chief,  during  the 
Trojan  war. 

Deldon,  a  king  of  Mysia,  defeated  by 
Crassus. 

Delia,  a  festival  celebrated  every  fifth 
year  in  the  island  of  Delos,  in  honor  of 
Apollo. 

Delia,  a  surname  of  Diana,  because  she 
was  born  in  Delos. 

Deliades,  a  son  of  Glaucus,  killed  by 
his  brother  Bellerophon. The  priest- 
esses in  Apollo's  temple. 

Delium,   a    temple    of  Apollo. A 

town  of  Bu20tia  opposite  Calchis. 

Delius,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  because 
he  was  born  in  Delos. Quint.,  an  offi- 
cer of  Antony,  who,  when  he  was  sent  to 
cite  Cleopatra  before  his  master,  advised 
her  to  make  her  appearance  in  the  most 
captivating  attire. 

Delmatius,  PI.  Jul.,  a  nephew  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  honored  with  the  title 
of  Caesar,  and  put  in  possession  of  Thrace, 
Macedonia,  and  Achaia.  He  was  assas- 
sinated by  his  own  soldiers. 

Delminium,  a  town  of  Dalmatia. 

Delos,  one  of  the  Cyclades  at  the  north 
of  Naxos,  which  now  bears  the  name  of 
Sailles.  The  island  is  celebrated  for  the 
nativity  of  Apollo  and  Diana  ;  and  one  of 
the  altars  of  Apollo,  in  the  island,  was 
reckoned  among  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world.  The  whole  island  of  Delos  was 
held  in  the  highest  veneration. 

Delphi,  now  Castri,  a  town  of  Phocis, 
situate  in  a  valley  at  the  south-west  side 
of  mount  Parnassus.  It  was  also  called 
Pytho,  because  the  serpent  Python  was 
killed  there  ;  and  it  received  the  name  of 
Delphi,  from  Delphus,  the  son  of  Apollo. 
Some  have  also  called  it  Parnassia  Nape, 
the  valley,  of  Parnassus.      It  was  famous 


for  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  for  an  oracle 
celebrated  in  every  age  and  country. 

Delphicus,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  from 
the  worship  paid  to  his  divinity  at  Delphi. 

Delphinia,  festivals  atvEgina,  in  honor 
of  Apollo  of  Delphi. 

Delphinium,  a  place  in  Boeotia,  oppo- 
site Eubrea. 

Delphis,  the  priestess  of  Delphi. 

Delphus,  a  son  of  Apollo  who  built 
Delphi,  and  consecrated  it  to  his  father. 

Delphyne,  a  serpent  which  watched 
over  Jupiter. 

Delta,  a  part  of  Egypt,  which  lies  be- 
tween the  Canopian  and  Pelusian  mouths 
of  the  Nile. 

Demades,  an  Athenian,  who',  from  a 
sailor,  became  an  eloquent  orator,  and  ob- 
tained much  influence  in  the  state.  He 
was  put  to  d^ath,  with  his  son,  on  suspi- 
cion of  treason,  B.  C.  322.  One  of  his 
orations  is  extant. 

Dem-tsnetus,  a  rhetorician  of  Syracuse, 
enemy  to  Timoleon. 

Demaooras,  one  of  Alexander's  flatter- 
ers.  An  historian  who  wrote  concern- 
ing the  foundation  of  Rome. 

Demarata,  a  daughter  of  Hiero. 

Demaratus,  the  son  and  successor  of 
Ariston  on  the  throne  of  Sparta,  B.  C.  526. 
A  rich  citizen  of  Corinth,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Bacchiadae. A  Corinthian 

exile  at  the  court  of  Philip  king  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Demarchus,  a  Syracusan,  put  to  death 
by  Dionysius. 

Demareta,  the  wife  of  Gelon. 

Demariste,  the  mother  of  Timoleon. 

Dematria,  a  Spartan  mother,  who  kill- 
ed her  son,  because  he  returned  from  a 
battle  without  glory. 

Demetria,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Ceres 
called  by  the  Greeks  Demeter. 

Demetrias,  a  town  of  Thessaly. — The 
name  was  common  to  other  places. 

Demetrius,  a  son  of  Antigonus  and 
Stratonice,surnamed  Poliorcetes,  destroyer 
of  towns.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he 
was  sent  by  his  father  against  Ptolemy, 
who  invaded  Syria.  He  was  defeated 
near  Gaza  ;  but  he  soon  repaired  his  loss, 
by  a  victory  over  one  of  the  generals  of 
the  enemy.  He  afterwards  sailed  with  a 
fleet  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  ships  to 
Athens,  and  restored  the  Athenians  to 
liberty.  His  uncommon  success  raised 
the  jealousy  of  the  successors  of  Alexan- 
der ;  and  they  united  to  destroy  Antigo- 
nus and  his  son.  Their  hostile  armies 
met  at  Ipsus,  B.  C.  301.  Antigonus  was 
killed  in  the  battle  ;  and  Demetrius,  after 
a  severe  loss,  retired  to  Ephesus.  His  ill 
success  raised  him  many  enemies ;  and 
the  Athenians,  who  had  lately  adored 
him  as  a  god,  refused  to  admit  him  into 
I  their  city.  Demetrius  died  in  the  fifty- 
!  fourth  year  of  his  age,  after  a  confinement 


DE 


144 


DE 


of  three  years,  in  the  power  of  his  son-in- 
law  Seleucus. A  prince  who  succeed- 
ed his  father  Antigonus  on  the  throne  of 
Macedonia.  He  reigned  eleven  years, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Antigonus  Doson. 

A  son  of  Philip   king  of  Macedonia, 

delivered  as  an  hostage  to  the  Romans. 
When  he  returned  to  Macedonia,  he  was 
falsely  accused  by  his  brother  Perseus,  who 
was  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and  his 
father  too  credulously   consented   to  his 

death,  B.  C.  180. A  Magnesian. 

A  servant  of  Cassius. A  son  of  Deme- 
trius  of  Cyrene. A    freed   man   of 

Pompey. A  son  of  Demetrius,  sur- 

named  Slender. A  prince  surnamed 

Soter,  was  son  of  Seleucus  Philopater,  the 
son  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria. 
His  father  gave  him  as  a  hostage  to  the 

Romans. The  second,  surnamed  JYi- 

canor,  or  Conqueror,  was  son  of  Soter,  to 
whom  he  succeeded  by  the  assistance  of 
Ptolemy  Philometer,  after  he  had  driven 
out  the  usurper  Alexander  Bala,  B.  C. 
146.  His  pride  and  oppression  rendered 
him  odious,  and  Demetrius,  unable  to  re- 
sist the  power  of  his  enemies,  fled  to  Pto- 
lemais,  which  was  then  in  the  hands  of 
his  wife  Cleopatra.  The  gates  were  shut 
up  against  his  approach,  by  Cleopatra; 
and  he  was  killed  by  order  of  the  governor 
of  Tyre,  whither  he  had  fled  for  protec- 
tion.  The  third,  surnamed  Eucerus, 

was  son  of  Antiochus  Gryphus.  He  was 
taken  in  a  battle  against  the  Parthians, 
and  died  in  captivity. Phalereus,  a  dis- 
ciple of  Theophrastus,  who  gained  such 
an  influence  over  the  Athenians,  by  his 
eloquence,  and  the  purity  of  his  manners, 
that  he  was  elected  decennial  archon,  B. 
C.  317.  He  so  embellished  the  city,  and 
rendered  himself  so  popular  by  his  munifi- 
cence, that  the  Athenians  raised  three 
hundred  and  sixty  brazen  statues  to  his 
honor.  Yet  in  the  midst  of  all  this  popu- 
larity, his  enemies  raised  a  sedition  against 
him,  and  he  was  condemned  to  death,  and 
all  his  statues  thrown  down,  after  obtain- 
ing the  sovereign  power  for  ten  years.  He 
put  an  end  to  his  life  by  the  bite  of  an  asp, 
284  B.  C.  According  to  some,  Demetrius 
enjoyed  the  confidence  of  Philadelphus, 
and  enriched    his  library  at  Alexandria 

with  two  hundred  thousand  volumes. 

A  Cynic  philosopher,  disciple  of  Apollo- 
nius  Thyaneus,  in  the  age  of  Caligula. 
He  died  in  a  great  old  age  ;  and  Seneca 
observes,  that  nature  had  brought  him  forth, 
to  show  mankind,  that  an  exalted  genius  can 
live  securely  without  being  corrupted  by  the 

vices  of  the  surrounding  world. One  of 

Alexander's  flatterers. A  native  of  By- 
zantium, who  wrote  on  the  Greek  poets. 

« An   Athenian   killed  at  Mantinea, 

when  fighting  against  the  Thebans. 

A  writer  who  published  an  history  of  the 
imiptiona  of  the  Gauls  into  Asia." A 


philological  writer,  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 
A  stage  player. Syrus,  a  rhetori- 
cian at  Athens. A  geographer,  sur- 
named the  Calatian. 

Demo,  a  Sibyl  of  Curns. 

Demoanassa,  the  mother  of  iEgialeus. 

Democedes,  a  celebrated  physician  of 
Crotona,  son  of  Calliphon,  and  intimate 
with  Polycrates. 

Demochares,  an  Athenian  sent  with 
some  q»f  his  countrymen  with  an  embassy 
to  Philip  king  of  Macedonia.  The  mon- 
arch gave  them  audience  ;  and  when  he 
asked  them  what  he  could  do  to  please 
the  people  of  Athens  ?  Demochares  re- 
plied, "  Hang  yourself." A  poet  of 

Soli. A  statuary,  who  wished  to  make 

a  statue  of  mount  Athos. A  general  of 

Pompey  the  younger,  who  died  B.  C.  36. 

Democles,  a  man  accused  of  disaffec- 
tion towards  Dionysius. 

Democoon,  a  natural  son  of  Priam,  kill- 
ed by  Ulysses. 

Democrates,  an  architect  of  Alexan- 
dria.  A  wrestler. An  Athenian  who 

fought  on  the  side  of  Darius,  against  the 
Macedonians. 

Democritus,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Abdera,  disciple  to  Leucippus.  He 
travelled  over  the  greatest  part  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  in  quest  of  knowledge, 
and  returned  home  in  the  greatest  pov- 
erty. He  was  accused  of  insanity,  and 
Hippocrates  was  ordered  to  inquire  into 
the  nature  of  his  disorder.  The  physi- 
cian had  a  conference  with  the  philoso- 
pher, and  declared  that  not  Democritus, 
but  his  enemies  were  insane.  He  contin- 
ually laughed  at  the  follies  and  vanity  of 
mankind,  who  distract  themselves  with 
care,  and  are  at  once  a  prey  to  hope  and 
to  anxiety.     He  died  in  the  one  hundred 

and  ninth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  361. 

An  Ephesian,  who  wrote  a  book  on  Di- 
ana's temple. A  powerful  man  of 

Naxos. 

Demodice,  the  wife  of  Cretheus,  king 
of  Iolchos.  Some  call  her  Biadice,  or 
Tyro. 

Demodochus,  a  musician  at  the  court  of 

Alcinous. A  Trojan  chief,  who  came 

with  ^Eneas  into  Italy,  where  he  was 
killed. An  historian. 

Demoleus,  a  Greek,  killed  by  ^Eneas  in 
the  Trojan  war. 

Demoleon,  a  centaur,  killed  by  The- 
seus at  the  nuptials  of  Pirithous. A 

son  of  Antenor,  killed  by  Achilles. 

Demon,  an  Athenian,  nephew  to  De- 
mosthenes. He  was  at  the  head  of  the 
government  during  the  absence  of  his 
uncle,  and  obtained  a  decree  that  Demos- 
thenes should  be  recalled,  and  that  a  ship 
should  be  sent  to  bring  him  back. 

Demonassa,  a  daughter  of  Amphiaraus, 
who  married  Thersander. 

Demonax,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 


DE 


145 


DE 


Crete,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian.  He  died 
in  his  hundredth  year. A  man  of  Man- 
tinea,  sent  to  settle  the  government  of  Cy- 
rene. 

Demonica,  a    woman    who    betrayed 
Ephesus  to  Brennus. 

Demophantus,  a  general  killed  by  An- 
tigonus. 

Demophile,  a  name  given  to  the  sibyl 
of  Cuime. 

Demophilus,  an  Athenian  archon. 

An  officer  of  Agathocles. 

Demophon,  an  Athenian,  who  assisted 
the  Thebans  in  recovering  Cadmea. 

Demofhoon,  son  of  Theseus  and  Phffi- 
dra,  was  king  of  Athens,  B.  C.  1182,  and 

reigned  thirty-three  years. A  friend  of 

.<Eneas,  killed  by  Camilla. 

Demopolis,  a  son  of  Themistocles. 

Demos,  a  place  of  Ithaca. 

Demosthenes,  a  celebrated  Athenian, 
son  of  a  rich  black-smith,  called  Demosthe- 
nes and  of  Cleobule.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
een  he  gave  an  early  proof  of  his  elo- 
quence and  abilities  against  his  guardians, 
from  whom  he  obtained  the  retribution 
of  the  greatest  part  of  his  estate.  His 
rising  talents  were  however  impeded  by 
weak  lungs,  and  a  difficulty  of  pronuncia- 
tion. To  correct  the  stammering  of  his 
voice,  he  spoke  with  pebbles  in  his  mouth; 
and  removed  the  distortion  of  his  features, 
which  accompanied  his  utterance,  by 
watching  the  motions  of  his  countenance 
in  a  looking-glass.  That  his  pronuncia- 
tion might  be  loud  and  full  of  emphasis, 
he  frequently  ran  up  the  steepest  and  most 
uneven  walks,  where  his  voice  acquired 
force  and  energy ;  and  on  the  sea-shore, 
when  the  waves  were  violently  agitated, 
he  declaimed  aloud,  to  accustom  himself 
to  the  noise  and  tumults  of  a  public  as- 
sembly. He  also  confined  himself  in  a 
subterraneous  cave,  to  devote  himself 
more  closely  to  studious  pursuits  ;  and  to 
eradicate  all  curiosity  of  appearing  in  pub- 
lic, he  shaved  one  half  of  his  head.  His 
abilities,  as  an  orator,  raised  him  to  con- 
sequence at  Athens,  and  he  was  soon 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  government. 
His  triumph  and  popularity,  however, 
were  short.  When  Antipater  made  war 
against  Greece,  he  demanded  that  all  the 
orators  should  be  delivered  up  into  his 
hands.  Demosthenes  with  all  his  adher- 
ents fled  to  the  temple  of  Neptune  in  Ca- 
lauria,  and  when  he  saw  that  all  hopes  of 
safety  were  banished,  he  took  a  dose  of 
poison,  which  he  always  carried  in  a  quill, 
and  expired  on  the  day  that  the  Thesmo- 
phoria  were  celebrated,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  322.  The  Athen- 
ians raised  a  brazen  statue  to  his  honor 
with  an  inscription  translated  into  this 
distich : 
Si  tibi  par  menti  robur,  Vir  magne,fidssety 

GrcBcia  non  Macedce  succubuisset  hero. 
13 


Demosthenes  has  deservedly  been  called 

the  prince  of  orators. An    Athenian 

general,  sent  to  succeed  Alcibiades  in  Si- 
cily.    He  was  put  to  death  by  the  Syra- 

cusians,  B.  C.  413. The  father  of  the 

orator  Demosthenes.  He  was  very  rich. 
A  governor  of  Cssarea. 

Demostratus,  an  Athenian  orator. 

Demuchus,  a  Trojan,  son  of  Philetor, 
killed  by  Achilles. 

Demylus,  a  tyrant  who  tortured  the  phi- 
losopher Zeno. 

Denselet^:,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Deobriga,  a  town  on  the  Iberus  in 
Spain,  now  Miranda  de  Ebro. 

Deodatus,  an  Athenian  who  opposed 
the  cruel  resolutions  of  Cleon  against  the 
captive  prisoners  of  Mitylene. 

DEois,a  name  given  to  Proserpine  from 
her  mother  Ceres,  who  was  called  Deo. 

Derje,  a  place  of  Messenia. 

Derbe,  a  town  of  Lycaonia. 

Derbices,  a  people  near  Caucasus,  who 
killed  all  those  that  had  reached  their 
seventieth  year.  They  buried  such  as  died 
a  natural  death. 

Derce,  a  fountain  in  Spain,  whose  wa- 
ters were  said  to  be  uncommonly  cold. 

Dercennus,  an  ancient  king  in  Latium. 

Derceto  and  Dercetis,  a  goddess  of 
Syria,  called  also  Atergatis.  whom  some 
suppose  to  be  the  same  as  Astarte. 

Dercyllidas,  a  general  of  Sparta,  cele- 
brated for  his  military  exploits.  He  took 
nine  different  cities  in  eight  days. 

Dercyleus,  a  man  appointed  over  Atti- 
ca by  Antipater. 

Dercynus,  a  son  of  Neptune,  killed  by 
Hercules. 

Dersjei,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Derthona,  now  Tortona,  a  town  of  Li- 
guria. 

Dertose,  now  Tortosa,  a  town  of  Spain 
near  the  Iberus. 

Derusijei,  a  people  of  Persia. 

Desudaba,  a  town  of  Media. 

Deva,  a  town  of  Britain,  now  Chester, 
on  the  Dee. 

Deucalion,  a  son  of  Prometheus,  who 
married  Pyrrha,  the  daughter  of  Epime- 
theus.  He  reigned  over  part  of  Thessaly, 
and  in  his  age  the  whole  earth  was  over- 
whelmed with  a  deluge.  Prometheus  ad- 
vised his  son  to  make  himself  a  ship,  and 
by  this  means  he  saved  himself  and  his 
wife  Pyrrha.  The  vessel  was  tossed  about 
during  nine  successive  days,  and  at  last 
stopped  on  the  top  of  mount  Parnassus, 
where  Deucalion  remained  till  the  waters 
had  subsided.  As  soon  as  the  waters  had 
retired  from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  Deu- 
calion and  his  wife  went  to  consult  the 
oracle  of  Themis,  and  were  directed  to  re- 
pair the  loss  of  mankind,  by  throwing  be- 
hind them  the  bones  of  their  grandmother. 
This  was  nothing  but  the  stones  of  the 
earth  ;  and  after  some  hesitation  about 
G 


DI 


146 


DI 


the  meaning  of  the  oracle,  they  obeyed. 
The  stones  thrown  by  Deucalion  became 
men,  and  those  of  Pyrrha  women.  The 
deluge  of  Deucalion,  so  much  celebrated 
in   ancient   history,  is  supposed  to  have 

happened  1503  years  B.  C. One  of  the 

Argonauts. A  son  of  Minos. A  son 

of  Abas. 

Deucetiu9,  a  Sicilian  general. 

Deudorix,  one  of  the  Cherusci,  led  in 
triumph  by  Germanicus. 

Dexamene,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Dexamenus,  a  man  delivered  by  Her- 
cules from  the  hands  of  his  daughter's 
suitors. A  king  of  Olenus  in  Achaia. 

Dexippus,  a  Spartan  who  assisted  the 
people  of  Agrigentum. 

Dexithea,  the  wife  of  Minos. 

Dexius,  a  Greek,  father  of  Iphinous, 
killed  by  Glaucus  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Dia,  a  daughter  of  Deion,  mother  of  Pi- 

rithous  by  Ixion. An  island  in  the 

TEgean  sea,  seventeen  miles  from  Delos. 

It  is  the  same  as  Naxos. Another  on 

the  coast  of  Crete. A  city  of  Thrace— 

Eubcea — Peloponnesus — Lusitania — Italy 
— Scythia — Caria — Bithynia— and  Thes- 
saly. 

Diactorides,  one  of  Agarista's  suitors. 

The  father  of  Eurydame,  the  wife  of 

Leutychides. 

Discus,  of  Megalopolis,  a  general  of  the 
Achaeans,  who  killed  himself  when  his 
affairs  became  desperate. 

Diadumenianus,  a  son  of  Macrinus, 
who  enjoyed  the  title  of  Caesar  during  his 
father's  lifetime. 

DiAGONand  Diagum,  a  river  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, flowing  into  the  Alpheus,  and  se- 
parating Pisa  from  Arcadia. 

DiAGONDA3,aTheban  who  abolished  all 
nocturnal  sacrifices. 

Diagoras,  an  Athenian  philosopher. 
His  father's  name  was  Teleclytus.  From 
the  greatest  superstition,  he  became  a 
most  unconquerable  atheist ;  because  he 
saw  a  man  who  laid  a  false  claim  to  one 
of  his  poems,  and  who  perjured  him&elf, 
go  unpunished.  He  lived  about  four  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  years  before  Christ. 

An  athlete  of  Rhodes,  four  hundred  and 
sixty  years  before  the  Christian  era.  Pin- 
dar celebrated  his  merit  in  a  beautiful  ode 
still  extant.  He  saw  his  three  sons  crown- 
ed the  same  day  at  Olympia,  and  died 
through  excess  of  joy. 

Di  alis,  a  priest  of  Jupiter  at  Rome,  first 
instituted  by  Numa. 

Diallus,  an  Athenian,  who  wrote  an 
history  of  all  the  memorable  occurrences 
of  his  age. 

Diamastigosi9,  a  festival  at  Sparta  in 
honor  of  Diana  Orthia,  when  boys  were 
whipped  before  the  altar  of  the  goddess. 
These  boys,  called  Bomonicse,  were  ori- 
ginally free-born  Spartans  ;  but,  in  the 
more  delicate  ages,  they  were  of  mean 


birth,  and  generally  of  a  slavish  origin 
These  flagellations  were  so  severe,  that 
the  blood  gushed  in  profuse  torrents,  and 
many  expired  under  the  lash  of  the  whip 
without  uttering  a  groan,  or  betraying  any 
marks  of  fear.  Such  a  death  was  reckon- 
ed very  honorable,  and  the  corpse  was 
buried  with  much  solemnity,  with  a  gar- 
land of  flowers  on  its  head. 

Diana  was  the  goddess  of  hunting.  She 
was  born  at  the  same  birth  as  Apollo,  and 
obtained  from  her  father  the  permission  to 
live  in  perpetual  celibacy,  and  to  preside 
over  the  travails  of  women.  She  devoted 
herself  to  hunting,  and  obtained  permis- 
sion of  Jupiter  to  have  for  her  attendants 
sixty  of  the  Oceanides,  and  twenty  other 
nymphs,  all  of  whom,  like  herself,  abjur- 
ed the  use  of  marriage.  She  is  represent- 
ed with  a  bent  bow  and  quiver,  and  at- 
tended with  dogs,  and  sometimes  drawn 
in  a  chariot  by  two  white  stags.  Some- 
times she  appears  with  wings,  holding  a 
lion  in  one  hand,  and  a  panther  in  the 
other,  with  a  chariot  drawn  by  two  heif- 
ers, or  two  horses  of  different  colors.  She 
was  called  Lucina,  Ilythia,  or  Juno  Pro 
nuba,  when  invoked  by  women  in  child 
bed,  and  Trivia  when  worshipped  in  the 
cross- ways  where  her  statues  were  gene- 
rally erected.  She  was  supposed  to  be 
the  same  as  the  moon,  and  Proserpine  or 
Hecate,  and  from  that  circumstance  she 
was  called  Triformis.  The  most  famous 
of  her  temples  was  that  of  Ephesus,  which 
was  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world. 

Dianasa,  the  mother  of  Lycurgus. 

Dianium,  a  town  and  promontory  of 
Spain,  now  Cape  Martin,  where  Diana 
was  worshipped. 

Dia  si  a,  festivals  in  honor  of  Jupiter  at 
Athens. 

Dibio,  a  town  of  France,  now  Dijon  in 
Burgundy\ 

Dicjea  and  Dicearchea,  a  town  of 
Italy. 

Dic.Et'3,  an  Athenian  who  was  super- 
naturally  apprised  of  the  defeat  of  the  Per- 
sians in  Greece. 

Dice,  one  of  the  Horae,  daughters  of  Ju- 
piter. 

Dicearchus,  a  Messenian  famous  for 
his  knowledge  of  philosophy,  history,  and 
mathematics. 

Diceneu3,  an  Egyptian  philosopher  in 
the  ace  of  Augustus. 

Dicomas,  a  king  of  the  Getn?. 

Dictje  and  Dict.eus  mons,  a  mountain 
of  Crete.  Jupiter  was  called  Dkttsus,  be- 
cause worshipped  there. 

Dictamnum  and  Dictynna,  a  town  of 
Crete,  where  the  herb  called  dictamnua 
chiefly  grows. 

Dictator,  a  magistrate  at  Rome  invest- 
ed with  regal  authority.  This  officer  wag 
first  chosen  during  the  Roman  wars  against 


DI 


147 


DI 


the  Latin3.  The  consuls  being  unable  to 
raise  forces  for  the  defence  of  the  state, 
because  the  plebeians  refused  to  enlist,  if 
they  were  not  discharged  from  all  the 
debts  they  had  contracted  with  the  patri- 
cians, the  senate  found  it  necessary  to 
elect  a  new  magistrate  with  absolute  and 
incontrollable  power  to  take  care  of  the 
state.  The  dictator  remained  in  office 
for  six  months,  after  which  he  was  again 
elected,  if  the  affairs  of  the  state  seemed 
to  be  desperate ;  but  if  tranquillity  was 
reestablished,  he  generally  laid  down  his 
power  before  the  time  was  expired.  He 
knew  no  superior  in  the  republic,  and 
even  the  laws  were  subjected  to  him.  He 
was  chosen  only  when  the  state  was  in 
imminent  dangers  from  foreign  enemies 
or  inward  seditions.  The  dictator,  as  soon 
as  elected,  chose  a  subordinate  officer, 
called  his  master  of  horse,  magister  equi- 
tum.  This  officer  was  totally  subservient 
to  the  will  of  the  dictator. 

Dictidienses,  certain  inhabitants  of 
mount  Athos. 

Dictynna,  a  nymph  of  Crete,  who  first 

invented  hunting  nets. A  festival  at 

Sparta  in  honor  of  Diana. A  city  of 

Crete. 

Dictys,  a  Cretan,  who  went  with  Ido- 

meneus  to  the  Trojan  war. A  king  of 

the  island  of  Seriphus,  son  of  Magnes  and 

Nays. A  centaur,  killed  at  the  nuptials 

of  Pirithous. 

Didas,  a  Macedonian  who  was  employ- 
ed by  Perseus  to  render  Demetrius  sus- 
pected to  his  father  Philip. 

Didia  lex,  de  Sumptibus,  by  Didius, 
A.  U.  C.  606,  to  restrain  the  expenses  that 
attended  public  festivals  and  entertain- 
ments. 

Didius,  a  governor  of  Spain,  conquered 

by  Sertorius. A  man  who  brought  Cas- 

sar  the  head  of  Pompey's  eldest  son. A 

governor  of  Britain,  under  Claudius. 

Julianus,  a  rich  Roman,  who,  after  the 
murder  of  Pertinax,  bought  the  empire 
which  the  Pretorians  had  exposed  to  sale, 
A.  D.  192.  The  soldiers  revolted  against 
him,  and  put  him  to  death,  after  a  short 
reign. 

Dido,  a  daughter  of  Belus  king  of  Tyre, 
who  married  Sichfeus,  her  uncle,  who 
was  priest  of  Hercules.  Pygmalion,  who 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Tyre  after  Be- 
lus, murdered  Sichasus,  to  get  possession 
of  the  immense  riches  which  he  possess- 
ed ;  and  Dido  set  sail  in  quest  of  a  settle- 
ment, with  a  number  of  Tyrians,  to  whom 
the  cruelty  of  the  tyrant  became  odious. 
A  storm  drove  her  fleet  on  the  African 
coast,  and  she  bought  of  the  inhabitants 
as  much  land  as  could  be  covered  by  a 
bull's  hide,  cut  into  thongs.  Upon  this 
piece  of  land  she  built  a  citadel,  called 
Byrsa.  Her  beauty,  as  well  as  the  fame 
of  her  enterprise,  gained  her  many  ad- 


mirers ;  and  her  subjects  wished  to  com- 
pel her  to  marry  Iarbas,  king  of  Maurita- 
nia, who  threatened  them  with  a  dreadful 
war.  Dido  begged  three  months  to  give 
her  decisive  answer ;  and  during  that 
time,  she  erected  a  funeral  pile,  as  if  wish- 
ing, by  a  solemn  sacrifice,  to  appease  the 
manes  of  Sichaeus,  to  whom  she  had  pro- 
mised eternal  fidelity.  When  all  was 
prepared,  she  stabbed  herself  on  the  pile 
in  presence  of  her  people.  According  to 
Virgil  and  Ovid,  the  death  of  Dido  was 
caused  by  the  sudden  departure  of  iEneas. 
This  poetical  fiction  represents  ^Eneas  as 
living  in  the  age  of  Dido,  and  introduces 
an  anachronism  of  near  three  hundred 
years. 

Didyma,  a  place  of  Miletus. An  is- 
land in  the  Sicilian  sea. 

Didym.eus,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Didymaon,  an  excellent  artist. 

Didyme,  one  of  the  Cyclades. A  city 

of  Sicily. One  of  the  Lipari  isles,  now 

Saline. A  place  near  Miletus,  where 

the  Branchidae  had  their  famous  oracle. 

Didymum,  a  mountain  of  Asia  Minor. 

Didymus,  a  freedman  of  Tiberius. 

A  scholiast  on  Homer,  flourished  B.  C. 
40. 

Dieneces,  a  Spartan,  who,  upon  hear- 
ing, before  the  battle  of  Thermopylae,  that 
the  Persians  were  so  numerous  that  their 
arrows  would  darken  the  light  of  the  sun, 
observed,  that  it  would  be  a  great  conven- 
ience, for  they  then  should  fight  in  the 
shade. 

Diespiteh,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  as  be- 
ing the  father  of  light. 

Digentia,  a  small  river  which  watered 
Horace's  farm,  in  the  country  of  the  Sa- 
bines. 

Digma,  a  part  of  the  Piraeus  at  Athens. 

Dn,  the  divinities  of  the  ancient  inhab- 
itants of  the  earth  were  very  numerous. 
Every  object  which  caused  terror,  inspired 
gratitude,  or  bestowed  affluence,  received 
the  tribute  of  veneration.  The  Romans, 
generally  speaking,  reckoned  two  classes 
of  the  gods,  the  dii  majorum  gentium,  or  dii 
consulentes,  and  the  dii  minorxim  gentium. 
The  former  were  twelve  in  number,  six 
males  and  six  females.  In  the  class  of 
the  latter,  were  ranked  all  the  gods  which 
were  worshipped  in  different  parts  of  the 
earth.  There  were  also  some  called  demi- 
gods, who  deserved  immortality  by  the 
greatness  of  their  exploits,  and  for  their 
uncommon  services  to  mankind.  In  pro- 
cess of  time  also,  all  the  passions,  and  the 
moral  virtues,  were  reckoned  as  powerful 
deities,  and  temples  were  raised  to  a  god- 
dess of  concord,  peace,  &c.  Afterwards, 
not  only  good  and  virtuous  men,  who  had 
been  the  patrons  of  learning  and  the  sup- 
porters of  liberty,  but  also  thieves  and  pi- 
rates, were  admitted  among  the  gods: 
and  the  Roman  senate  courteously  granted 


DI 


148 


DI 


immortality  to  the  most  cruel  and  aban- 
doned of  their  emperors. 

Du,  a  people  of  Thrace,  on  mount  Rho- 
dope. 

Dimassus,  an  island  near  Rhodes. 

Dinarchus,  a  Greek  orator,  son  of  Sos- 
tratus,  and  disciple  to  Theophrastus,  at 
Athefis.  He  suffered  himself  to  be  bribed 
by  the  enemies  of  the  Athenians,  307  B. 

C. A   Corinthian   ambassador,   put  to 

death  by  Polyperchon. A  native  of  De- 

los,  who  collected  some  fables  in  Crete. 

Dindymus  or  a  (orum,)  a  mountain  of 
Phrygia. 

Dinia,  a  town  of  Phrygia. A  town 

of  Gaul,  now  Digue  in  Provence. 

Diniche,  the  wife  of  Archidamus. 

Dinias,  a  general  of  Cassander. A 

man  of  Phera?,  who  seized  the  supreme 

power  at  Cranon. A  man  who  wrote 

an  history  of  Argos. 

Dinochares,  an  architect,  who  finished 
the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  after  it 
had  been  burnt  by  Erostratus. 

Dinocrates,  an  architect  of  Macedonia, 
who  proposed  to  Alexander  to  cut  mount 
Athos  in  the  form  of  a  statue,  holding  a 
city  in  one  hand,  and  in  the  other  a  bason, 
into  which  all  the  waters  of  the  mountain 

should  empty  themselves. A  general 

of  Agathocles. A  Messenian,  who  be- 
haved with  great  effeminacy  and  wanton- 
ness. He  defeated  Philopoemen,  and  put 
him  to  death,  B.  C.  183. 

Dinodochus,  a  swift  runner. 

Dinolochus,  a  Syracusan,  who  compos- 
ed fourteen  comedies. 

Dinomenes,  a  tyrant  of  Syracuse. 

Dinon,  a  governor  of  Damascus,  under 

Ptolemy. The  father  of   Clitarchus, 

who  wrote  an  history  of  Persia  in  Alexan- 
der's age. 

Dinosthenes,  aman  who  made  himself 
a  statue  of  an  Olympian  victor. 

Dinostratus,  a  celebrated  geometrician 
in  the  age  of  Plato. 

Dioclea,  festivals  in  the  spring  at  Me- 

gara,  in  honor  of  Diocles. A  town  on 

the  coast  of  Dalmatia. 

Diocles,   a  general  of  Athens. A 

comic  poet  of  Athens. An  historian, 

the  first  Grecian  who  ever  wrote  concern- 
ing the  origin  of  the  Romans. One  of 

the  four  brothers   placed  over  the  citadel 

of  Corinth,  by  Archelaus. A  rich  man 

of  Messenia. A  general  of  Syracuse. 

Diocletianopolis,  a  town  of  Thessaly, 
called  so  in  honor  of  Dioclesian. 

Diocletianus,  (Caius  Valerius  Jovius) 
a  celebrated  Roman  Emperor,  born  of  an 
obscure  family  in  Dalmatia.  He  was  first 
a  common  soldier,  and  by  merit  and  suc- 
cess he  gradually  rose  to  the  office  of  a  gen- 
eral, and  at  the  death  of  Numerian,  he 
was  invested  with  the  imperial  purple. — 
He  was  bold  and  resolute,  active  and  dili- 
gent.    His  cruelty,  however,  against  the 


followers  of  Christianity  has  been  deserv- 
edly branded  with  the  appellation  of  un- 
bounded tyranny,  and  insolent  wanton- 
ness. After  he  had  reigned  21  years  in  the 
greatest  prosperity,  he  publicly  abdicated 
the  crown  at  Nicomedia,  on  the  first  of 
May,  A.  D.  304,  and  retired  to  a  private  sta- 
tion at  Salona.  Maximian,  his  colleague, 
followed  his  example,  but  not  from  volun- 
tary choice.  He  lived  nine  years  after  his 
abdication  in  the  greatest  security  and  en- 
joyment at  Salona,  and  died  in  the  68th 
year  of  his  age.  Dioclesian  is  the  first 
sovereign  who  voluntarily  resigned  his 
power. 

Diodorus,  an  historian,  surnamed  Sicu- 
lus,  because  he  was  born  at  Argyra  in  Sic- 
ily. He  wrote  an  history  of  Egypt,  Persia, 
Syria,  Media,  Greece,  Rome,  and  Car- 
thage, which  was  divided  into  40  books, 
of  which  only  15  are  extant,  with  some 
few  fragments.  This  valuable  composition 
was  the  work  of  an  accurate  inquirer,  and 
it  is  said  that  he  visited  all  the  places  of 
which  he  has  made  mention  in  his  history- 
It  was  the  labor  of  30  years. A  disciple 

of  Euclid,  in  the  age  of  Plato. A  comic 

poet. A  son  of  Echeanax,  who,  with 

his  brothers  Codrus  and  Anaxagoras,  mur 

dered  Hegesias  the  tyrant  of  Ephesus. 

An  Ephesian,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 

life  of  Anaximander. An  orator  of  Sar- 

des,  in  the  time  of  the  Mithridatic  war. 

A  stoic  philosopher,  preceptor  to  Cicero 

A  general  of  Demetrius. A  writer, 

surnamed  Periegetus,  who  wrote  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth. An  African. 

Dioetas,  a  general  of  Achaia. 

Diogenes,  a  celebrated  Cynic  philoso- 
pher of  Sinope,  pupil  of  Antisthenes  ;  re- 
markable for  the  singularity  of  his  man- 
ners, and  contempt  of  riches.  It  was  his 
practice  to  dress  in  the  garb  which  distin- 
guished the  Cynics,  and  walk  about  the 
streets  with  a  tub  over  his  head,  which 
served  him  as  a  house  and  a  place  of  re- 
pose. Alexander  III.  once  condescended 
to  visit  the  philosopher  in  his  tub ;  and 
asked  him  if  there  was  anything  in  which 
he  could  gratify  or  oblige  him.  "Get  out 
of  my  sunshine,"  was  the  answer  of  the 
cynic.  Such  an  independence  of  mind  so 
pleased  the  monarch,  that  he  turned  to  his 
courtiers,  and  said,  "Were  I  not  Alexan- 
der, I  would  wish  to  be  Diogenes."  After 
a  life  spent  in  the  greatest  indigence,  he 

died,  in  his  96th  year,  B.  C.  324. There 

was  also  a  philosopher  of  this  name  who 
attended  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  expedi- 
tion, for  the  purpose  of  marking  out  and 

delineating  his  march,  &c. A  stoic  of 

Babylon,  disciple  of  Chrysippus.  He  died 
in  the  88th  year  of  his  age,  after  a  life  of 

the  most  exemplary  virtue. A  native 

of  Apollonia,  celebrated  for  his  knowledge 

of  philosophy  and  physic. Laertiua, 

an  epicurean  philosopher,  born  in  Cilicia. 


or 


149 


DI 


Diogenes  died  A.  D.  223, A  Macedo- 
nian, who  betrayed  dalamis  to  Aratus. 

DioGEJfiA,  a  daughter  of  Celeus. 

A  daughter  of  the  Cephisus,  who  married 
Erechtheus. 

Diogenus,  a  man  who  conspired  with 
Dyarnus  against  Alexander. 

Diognetus,  a  philosopher  who  instruct- 
ed Marcus  Aurelius  in  philosophy,  and  in 
writing  dialogues. 

Diomeda,  a  daughter  of  Phorbas,  whom 
Achilles  brought  from  Lemnos,  to  be  his 

mistress  after  the  loss  of  Briseis. The 

wife  of  Deion  of  Amyclas. 

DioiiEDEs,sonof  Tydeus,and  Deiphyle, 
king  of  ^Etolia,  and  one  of  the  bravest  of 
the  Grecian  chiefs  in  the  Trojan  war.  He 
went  with  Ulysses  to  steal  the  palladium 
from  the  temple  of  Minerva  at  Troy  ;  and 
assisted    in  murdering  Rhesus,   king    of 

Thrace,  and  carrying  away  his  horses. 

On  his  return  from  the  siege  of  Troy,  he 
found  that  his  wife  /Egiale  had  been  un- 
faithful. He  resolved  to  abandon  his  na- 
tive country  which  was  the  seat  of  his  dis- 
grace. He  came  to  t  hat  part  of  Italy  which 
has  been  called  Magna  Grap.cia,  where  he 
built  a  city  called  Argyrippa,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  Daunus,  the  king  of  the 
country.      He  died  there  in  extreme   old 

age. A  king  of  Thrace,  son  of  Mars 

and  Cyrene,  who  fed  his  horses  with  hu- 
man flesh. A  friend  of  Alcibiades. 

A  grammarian. 

Diomedon,  an  Athenian  general,  put  to 
death  for  his  negligence  at  Arginusse. 

Dion,  a  Syracusan,  famous  for  his  pow- 
ers and  abilities  ;  he  was  betrayed  and 
murdered  by  his  friend,  Callicrates,  B.  C. 
354.  His  death  was  universally  lamented 
by  the  Syracusans,  and  a  monument  was 
raised  to  his  memory. A  town  of  Mac- 
edonia.  Cassius,  a  native  of  Nicaja  in 

Bithynia.  His  father's  name  was  Aproni- 
amis.  He  was  raised  to  the  greatest  offi- 
ces of  state  in  the  Roman  empire  by  Perti- 
nax  and  his  three  successors.  Naturally 
fond  of  study,  he  improved  himself  by 
unwearied  application,  and  was  ten  years 
in  collecting  materials  for  an  history  of 
R.onie,  which  he  made  public  in  SO  books, 
afte*  a  laborious  employment  of  12  years 
in  composing  it.     Dion  nourished   about 

the  230th  year  of   the  christian  era. A 

famous  Christian  writer,  surnamed  Chry- 
sostom. 

Dionjea,  a  surname  of  Venus,  supposed 
to  be  the  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Dione. 

Dione,  a  nymph,  daughter  of  Nereus 
and  Doris. 

Dionysia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bacchus 
among  the  Greeks.  At  first  they  were 
celebrated  with  great  simplicity,  and  the 
time  was  consecrated  to  mirth.  It  was 
then  usual  to  bring  a  vessel  of  wine  adorn- 
ed with  a  vine  branch,  after  which  follow- 
ed n  goat,  a  basket  of  figs,  p.nd  {he  (paZXo!, 
13*     ' 


The  worshippers  imitated  in  their  dress 
and  actions  the  poetical  fictions  concerning 
Bacchus.  They  clothed  themselves  in 
fawn's  skins,  fine  linen,  and  mitres,  they 
carried  thyrsi,  drums,  pipes,  and  flutes, 
and  crowned  themselves  with  garlands  of 
ivy,  vine,  fir,  &c.  Some  imitated  Silenus, 
Pan,  and  tbe  satyrs  by  the  uncouth  man- 
ner of  their  dress,  and  their  fantastical 
motions.  Some  rode  upon  asses,  and  others 
drove  the  goats  to  slaughter  for  the  sacri- 
fice. In  this  manner  both  sexos  joined  in 
the  solemnity,  and  ran  about  the  hills  and 
country,  nodding  their  heads,  dancing  in 
ridiculous  postures,  and  filling  the  air  with 
hideous  shrieks  and  shouts,  and  crying 
aloud,  Evoe  Bacche  !  lo  !  Io  !  Evoe  !  Iac- 
che  !  Iobacche !  Evohe  !  With  such  so- 
lemnities were  the  festivals  of  Bacchus 
celebrated  by  the  Greeks,  particularly  the 
Athenians.  The  festivals  of  Bacchus  were 
almost  innumerable.  They  were  celebrat- 
ed by  the  Greeks  with  great  licentiousness, 
and  contributed  much  to  the  corruption  of 
morals  among  all  ranks  of  people.  They 
were  also  introduced  into  Tuscany,  and 
from  thence  to  Rome. 

Dionvsides,    two    small    islands    near 
Crete. Festivals  in  honor  of  Bacchus. 

Dion? sias,  a  fountain. 

Dionysides,  a  tragic  poet  of  Tarsus. 

Dionysiodorus,  a  famous  geometer. 

A  Boeotian   historian. A  Tarentine, 

who  obtained  a  prize  at  Olympia. 

Dionysion,  a  temple  of  Bacchus  in  At- 
tica. 

Dionysipoli3,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Dionysius  1st,  a  tyrant  of  Sicily,  who 
usurped  the  throne,"  and  vowed  eternal 
enmity  against  Carthage.  He  experienced 
various  success  in  his  wars  against  that 
republic ;  but  his  tyranny  and  cruelty  at 
home  rendered  him  odious  to  his  subjects  ; 
and  he  became  so  suspicious,  that  he 
would  not  admit  even  his  wife  or  chil- 
dren to  his  private  apartments,  without 
a  previous  examination  of  their  garments  ; 
and  never  trusted  his  head  to  a  barber, 
but  always  burned  his  beard.  He  made 
a  subterraneous  cave  in  a  rock  cut  in 
the  form  of  a  human  ear,  eighty  feet  in 
height,  and  250  in  length,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  hearing  the  discourse  of  his  vic- 
tims, who  were  confined  in  chambers 
above.  He  died  B.  C.  368,  at  the  age  of 
63,  after  a  reign  of  33  years  ;  and  wa3  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son,  Dionysius  II.,  who  in 
herited  ail  his  father's  vices,  yet  wished 
to  be  thought  a  great  poet ;  and  it  is  said 
that  he  died  through  excess  of  joy,  at 
hearing  that  a  tragedy  of  his  own  compo- 
sition had  been  rewarded  with  a  poetical 

prize. An  historian  of  HaUcartiassus, 

who  left  his  country  and  carne  to  reside  at 
Rome,  that  he  might  carefully  study  all 
the  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  whose  com 
positions  treated  of  the    Roman  history 


BI 


150 


DO 


After  an  unremitted  application,  during 
twenty -four  years,  he  gave  to  the  world  his 
Roman  antiquities  in  twenty  books,  of 
which  only  the  eleven  first  are  now  ex- 
tant, nearly  containing  the  account  of 
three  hundred  and  twelve  years.  To  the 
merits  of  the  elegant  historian,  Diony- 
sius,  also  added  the  equally  respectable 
character  of  the  eloquent  orator,  the  critic, 
and  the  politician.  He  lived  during  the 
Augustan  age,  and  came  to  Rome  about 

thirty  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

A  tyrant  of  Heraclea  in  Pontus,  in  the  age 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  was  of  such 
an  uncommon  corpulence  that  he  never 
exposed  his  person  in  public. A  sur- 
name of  Bacchus. A  disciple  of  Chae- 

remon. —  A  native  of  Chalcis,  who  wrote 

a  book  entitled  the  origins  of  cities. 

A  commander  of  the  Ionian  fleet  against 

the  Persians. A  general  of  Antiochus 

Hierax. A  philosopher  of  Heraclea,  dis- 
ciple to  Zeno. An  epic  poet  of  Mitylene. 

A  sophist  of  Pergamus. A  writer 

in  the  Augustan  age. The  music  mas- 
ter of    Epaminondas. A   celebrated 

critic. A  rhetorician  of  Magnesia. 

A  Messenian  madman. A  native  of 

Thrace,  generally  called  the  Rhodian, 
because  he  lived  there.  He  wrote  some 
grammatical  treatises  and  commentaries, 
B.  C.  64. A  painter  of  Colophon. 

Diophanes,  a  man  who  joined  Pelopon- 
nesus to  the  Achaean  league. A  rheto- 
rician intimate  with  Tib.  Gracchus. 

Diophantus,  an  Athenian  general  of 
the  Greek  troops  in  the  service  of  Necta- 

nebus  of  Egypt. A  Greek  orator  of 

Mitylene,  preceptor  to  Tib.  Gracchus. 

An  arithmetician  of  Alexandria  in  the 

fourth  century. 

Diopcenus,  a  noble  sculptor  of  Crete. 

Diopolis,  a  name  of  Cabira,  a  town  of 
Paphlagonia. 

Diores,  a  friend  of  JEneas,  killed  by 
Turnus. 

Dioryctus,  a  place  of  Acarnania,  where 
a  canal  was  cut  to  make  Leucadia  an  is- 
land. 

Dioscorides,  a  native  of  Cilicia  who 
was  physician  to  Antony  and  Cleopatra, 
or  lived  as  some  suppose  in  the  age  of  Ne- 
ro.  A  man  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 

republic  of  Lacedaemon. A  nephew 

of  Antigonus. A  Cyprian,  blind  of  one 

eye. A  disciple  of  Isocrates An 

astrologer. 

Dioscoridis  insula,  an  island  at  the 
south  of  the  entrance  of  the  Arabic  Gulf. 

Dioscuri,  or  sons  of  Jupiter,  a  name  giv- 
en to  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Dioscurias,  a  town  of  Colchis. 

Diospage,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia. 

DiosPOLis,or  Theb^e,  a  famous  city  of 
Egypt. 

Diotime,  a  woman  who  gave  lectures 
upon  philosophy. 


Diotimus,  an  Athenian  skilled  in  mari- 
time affairs. A  stoic  who  flourished  85, 

B.  C. 

Diotrephes,  an  Athenian  officer. 

Dioxiffe,  one  of  the  Danaides. 

Dioxippus,  a  soldier  of  Alexander. 

An  Athenian  boxer. A  Trojan  killed 

by  Turnus. 

Dip-e-e,  a  place  of  Peloponnesus,  where 
a  battle  was  fought  between  the  Arcadi- 
ans and  Spartans. 

Diphilas,  a  man  sent  to  Rhodes  by  the 
Spartans  to  destroy  the  Athenian  faction 

there. A  governor  of  Babylon. An 

historian. 

Diphilus,  an  Athenian  general,  A.TJ.  C. 

311. An  architect  so  slow  in  finishing 

his  works,  that  Diphilo  tardior  became  a 
proverb. A  tragic  writer. 

Diphoridas,  one  of  the  Ephoriat  Sparta. 

Difocnje,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Dipolis,  a  name  given  to  Lemnos,  as 
having  two  cities,  Hephaestia  and  Myrina. 

Dipsas,  a  river  of  Cilicia,  flowing  from 
mount  Taurus. A  profligate  and  incon- 
tinent woman. A  kind  of  serpent. 

Dipylon,  one  of  the  gates  of  Athens. 

Dir.e,  the  daughters  of  Acheron  and 
Nox,  who  persecuted  the  souls  of  the  guilty. 
They  are  the  same  as  the  Furies,  and  some 
suppose  that  they  are  called  Furies  in  hell, 
Harpies  on  earth,  and  Dine  in  heaven. 

Dirce,  a  woman  whom  Lycus,  king  of 
Thebes,  married  after  he  had  divorced 
Antiope.  She  treated  Antiope  with  great 
cruelty,  and  was  so  severely  punished  for 
it  by  her  sons,  that  the  gods  from  pity 
changed  her  into  a  fountain. 

Dircenna,  a  cold  fountain  of  Spain 
near  Bilbilis. 

Dirphya,  a  surname  of  Juno. 

Dis,  a  god  of  the  Gauls,  the  same  as 
Pluto  the  god  of  hell. 

Discordia,  a  malevolent  deity,  daughter 
of  Nox,  and  sister  to  Nemesis,  the  Parcae 
and  Death.  She  was  driven  from  heaven 
by  Jupiter,  because  she  sowed  dissentions 
among  the  gods,  and  was  the  cause  of  con- 
tinual quarrels. 

Dithyrambus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Dittani,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Divi,  a  name  chiefly  appropriated  to 
those  who  were  made  gods  after  death,  or 
the  Lares,  and  Penates,  and  other  domestic 
gods. 

Divitiacu9,  one  of  the  jEdui,  intimate 
with  Cassar. 

Dium,  a  town  of  Eubcea. A  promon- 
tory of  Crete. A  town  of  Macedonia. 

Divodurum  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Meli 
in  Lorrain. 

Divus  Fidius,  a  god  of  the  Sabines. 

Diyllus,  an  Athenian  historian. A 

statuary. 

Doberes,  a  people  of  Paeonia. 

Docilis,  a  gladiator  at  Rome. 

Docimus,  a  man  of  Tarentum,  deprived 


DO 


151 


DO 


of  his  military  dignity  by  Philip,  son  of 

Ainyntas. An  officer  of  Antigonus. — 

An  officer  of  Perdiccas,  taken  by  Antigonus. 

Dodosa,  a  town  of  Thesprotia,  in  Epi- 
rus,  or  according  to  others,  in  Thessaly. 
There  was  in  its  neighborhood,  upon  a 
small  hill  called  Tmarus  a  celebrated  ora- 
cle of  Jupiter.  The  town  and  temple  of 
the  god  were  first  built  by  Deucalion,  after 
the  universal  deluge.  It  was  supposed  to 
be  the  most  ancient  oracle  of  all  Greece, 
and  according  to  the  traditions  of  the 
Egyptians  mentioned  by  Herodotus,  it  was 
founded  by  a  dove. 

Dodonsus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  from 
Dodona. 

Dodose,  a  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Eu- 
ropa. A  fountain  in  the  forest  of  Do- 
dona. 

Dodonides,  the  priestesses  who  gave 
oracles  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  in  Do- 
dona. 

Don,  a  people  of  Arabia  Felix. 

Dolabella,  P.  Corn.,  a  Roman  who 
married  the  daughter  of  Cicero.  After 
the  death  of  J.  Caesar,  he  received  the 
government  of  Syria,  as  his  province.  He 
was  besieged  by  Cassius  in  Laodicea,  and 
when  he  saw  that  all  was  lost,  he  killed 
himself,  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  his 
age. A  proconsul  of  Africa. Anoth- 
er who  conquered  the  Gauls,  Etrurians, 
and  Boii  at  the  lake  Vadimonis,  B.  C.  283. 
The  family  of  the  Dolabella?  distin- 
guished themselves  at  Rome. 

Dolichaon,  the  father  of  the  Hebrus. 

Doliche,  an  island  in  the  iEgean  sea. 

—A  town  of  Syria — of  Macedonia. 

Dolius,  a  faithful  servant  of  Ulysses. 

Dolomena,  a  country  of  Assyria. 

Dolon,  a  Trojan,  son  of  Eumedes,  fa- 
mous for  his  swiftness. A  poet. 

Dolonci,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Dojlopes,  a  people  of  Thessaly,  near 
mount  Pindus. 

Dolopia,  the  country  of  the  Dolopes, 
near  Pindus. 

Dolops,  a  Trojan,  son  of  Lampus,  kill- 
ed by  Menelaus. 

Domidtjcus,  a  god  who  presided  over 
marriage. 

Dominica,  a  daughter  of  Petronius,  who 
married  the  emperor  Valens. 

Domitia  lex  de  Religione,  transferred 
the  right  of  electing  priests  from  the  col- 
lege to  the  people,  A.  U.  C.  630. 

Domitia  Longina,  an  infamous  Roman 
lady,  wife  of  the  emperor  Domitian. 

Domitianus,  Titus  Flavius,  son  of  Ves- 
pasian and  Flavia  Domatilla,  made  him- 
self emperor  of  Rome,  at  the  death  of  his 
brother  Titus,  whom  according  to  some 
accounts  he  destroyed  by  poison.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  reign  Domitian  became 
suspicious,  and  his  anxieties  were  increas- 
ed by  the  stings  of  remorse.  He  was  so 
distrustful  even  when  alone,  that  round 


the  terrace,  where  he  usually  walked,  he 
built  a  wall  with  shining  stone,  that  from 
them  he  might  perceive  as  in  a  looking- 
glass  whether  any  body  followed  him. 
All  these  precautions  were  unavailing, 
he  perished  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin 
the  eighteenth  of  September,  A.  D.  96,  in 
the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fif- 
teenth of  his  reign.  He  was  the  last  of 
the  twelve  Caesars. 

Domitilla,  Flavia,  wife  of  Vespasian. 
A  niece  of  the  emperor  Domitian. 

Domitius  Domitianus,  a  general  of  Di- 
oclesian  in  Egypt.  He  assumed  the  im- 
perial purple  at  Alexandria,  A.  D.  288,  and 
supported  the  dignity  of  emperor  for  about 

two  years.     He  died  a  violent  death. 

Cn.  yEnobarbus,  a  Roman  consul,  who 
conquered  Bituitus  the  Gaul,  and  left 
twenty  thousand  of  the  enemy  on  the  field 
of  battle,  and  took  three  thousand  prison- 
ers.  A  grammarian  in  the  reign  of 

Adrian. A  Roman  who  revolted  from 

Antony  to  Augustus. The  father  of 

Nero,  famous  for  his  cruelties  and  debauch- 
eries.  A  tribune  of  the  people,  who 

conquered  the  Allobroges. A  consul. 

Another  consul  under  Caligula. 

A  Latin  poet  called  also  Marsus  in  the 

age  of  Horace. Afer,  an  orator,  who 

was  preceptor  to  Guintilian.  He  was 
made  a  consul  by  Nero,  and  died  A.  D.  59. 

^Elius   Donatus,  a  grammarian   who 

flourished  A.  D.  353. A  bishop  of  Numi.  - 

dia,  A.  D.  311. A  bishop  of  Africa. 

Donilaus,  a  prince  of  Gallograecia. 

Donuca,  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

Donysa,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 

Doracte,  an  island  in  the  Persian  gul 

Dores,  the  inhabitants  of  Doris. 

Dori  and  Dorica,  a  part  of  Achaianear 
Athens. 

Doricus,  an  epithet  applied  not  only  to 
Doris,  but  to  all  the  Greeks  in  general. 

Dorienses,  a  people  of  Crete of  Gy- 
rene. 

Dorieus,  a  son  of  Anaxandridas,  who 

went  with  a  colony  into  Sicily. A  son 

of  Diagoras  of  Rhodes. 

Dorilas,  a  rich  Libyan  prince,  killed 
in  the  court  of  Cepheus. 

Dorilaus,  a  general  of  the  great  Mith- 
ridates. 

Dorion,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Doris,  a  country  of  Greece,  between 
Phocis,  Thessaly,  and  Acarnania.  It  was 
called  Tetrapolis,  from  the  four  cities  of 
Pindus  or  Dryopis,  Erineum,  Cytinium, 
Borium,  which  it  contained.  The  name 
of  Doris  has  been  common  to  many  parts 

of  Greece. A  goddess  of  the  sea, 

daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys.  She 
married  her  brother  Nereus,  by  whom  she 

had  fifty  daughters  called  Nereides. 

A  woman  of  Locri,  whom  Dionysius  the 
elder,  married  the  same  day  with  Aristo- 
mache. One  of  the  fifty  Nereides. 


DR 


152 


Bfl 


DoHiscus,  a  place  of  Thrace  near  the 
sea,  where  Xerxes  numbered  his  forces. 

Dorium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

One  of  the  Danaides. 

Dorics,  a  mountain  of  Asia  Minor. 

DoassN.Ntrs,  a  comic  poet  of  great  merit. 

Dorso,  C.  Fabius,  a  Roman,  who  when 
Rome  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Gauls, 
issued  from  the  capitol,  which  was  then 
besieged,  to  go  and  offer  a  sacrifice,  which 
was  to  be  offered  on  mount  Guirinalis. 

Dorus,  a  son  of  Deucalion,  who  left 
Phthiotis,  and  went  to  make  a  settlement 
near  mount  Ossa.  The  country  was  call- 
ed Doris. A  city  of  Phoenicia. 

Doryasus,  a  Spartan,  father  to  Agesilaus. 

Doryclu3,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Priam. 
A  brother  of  Phineus  king  of  Thrace. 

Doryi^eum  and  Dorvl^us,  a  city  of 
Phrygia,  now  Eski  Shehr. 

Dorylas,  one  of  the  centaurs  killed  by 
Theseus. 

Dorylaus,  a  warlike  person,  intimate 
with  Mithridates  Evergetes,  and  general 
of  the  Gnossians,  B.C.  125. 

Doryssus,  a  king  of  Laceda?mon,  killed 
in  a  tumult. 

Dosci,  a  people  near  the  Euxine. 

Dosiadas,  a  poet  who  wrote  a  piece  of 
poetry  in  the  form  of  an  altar  which  The- 
ocritus has  imitated. 

Dosiades,  a  Greek,  who  wrote  an  histo- 
ry of  Crete. 

Doson,  a  surname  of  Antigonus,  be- 
cause he  promised  and  never  performed. 

Dossenus.    Via*.  Dorsennus. 

Dotadas,  a  king  of  Messenia. 

Doto,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Dotus,  a  general  of  the  Paphlagoniar.s, 
in  the  army  of  Xerxes. 

Doxaxder,  a  man  mentioned  by  Jirit- 
toile. 

Dracanus,  a  mountain  where  Jupiter 
took  Bacchus  from  his  thigh. 

Draco,  a  celebrated  lawgiver  of  Athens. 
When  he  exercised  the  office  of  archon, 
he  made  a  code  of  laws,  B.  C.  623,  which, 
on  account  of  their  severity,  were  said  to 
be  written  in  letters  of  blood.  By  them, 
idleness  was  punished  with  as  much  se- 
verity as  murder,  and  death  was  denounc- 
ed against  the  one  as  well  as  the  other. 
These  laws  were  at  first  enforced,  but 
they  were  often  neglected  on  account  of 
their  extreme  severity,  and  Solon  totally 
abolished  them,  except  that  one  which 
punished  a  murderer  with   death.      The 

popularity  of  Draco  was  very  great. 

A  man  who  instructed  Plato  in  music. 

Dracontides,  a  wicked  citizen  of 
Athens. 

Dracus,  a  general  of  the  Acha?ans,  con- 
quered by  Mummius. 

Deances,  a  friend  of  Latinus,  remarka- 
ble for  his  weakness  and  eloquence. 

Drasgina,  a  province  of  Persia. 

Draft.?,  a  seditious  Gaul. 


Dravus,  a  river  of  Noricum. 

Drefana  and  Drepanum,  now  Trapani, 
a  town  of  Sicily  near  mount  Eryx,  in  the 
form  of  a  scythe. A  promontory  of  Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Drilo,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 

Drimackus,  a  famous  robber  of  Chios. 

Drinus,  a  small  river  falling  into  the 
Save  and  Danube. 

Driofides,  an  Athenian  ambassador 
sent  to  Darius  when  the  peace  with  Alex- 
ander had  been  violated. 

Drios,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Droi,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Drom^us,  a  surname  of  Apollo  in  Crete. 

Dropici,  a  people  of  Persia. 

Dropion,  a  king  of  Paeonia. 

Druentius  and  Druentia,  now  Du- 
rance, a  rapid  river  of  Gaul. 

Drugeri,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Druidje,  the  ministers  of  religion 
among  the  ancient  Gauls  and  Britons. 
They  were  held  in  the  greatest  venera- 
tion by  the  people.  Their  life  was  aus- 
tere and  recluse  from  the  world,  their 
dress  was  peculiar  to  themselves,  and 
they  generally  appeared  with  a  tunic 
which  reached  a  little  below  the  knee. 
As  the  chief  power  was  lodged  in  their 
hands,  they  punished  as  they  pleased,  and 
could  declare  war  and  make  peace  at  their 
option.  Their  power  was  extended  not 
only  over  private  families,  but  they  could 
depose  magistrates  and  even  kings,  if  their 
actions  in  any  manner  deviated  from  the 
laws  of  the  state. 

Druna,  the  Drome,  a  river  of  Gaul,  fall- 
ing into  the  Rhone. 

Drusilla  Li  via,  a  daughter  of  Germa- 
nicus  and  Agrippina,  famous  for  tier  licen- 
tiousness.  A  daughter  of  Agrippa  king 

of  Judea. 

Druso,  an  unskilful  historian  and  mean 
usurer. 

Drusus,  a  son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania, 
who  made  himself  famous  by  his  intrepid- 
ity and  courage  in  the  provinces  of  lUyri- 

cum  and  Pannonia. A  son  of  Gennani- 

cus  and  Agrippina,  who  enjoyed  offices  of 
the  greatest  trust  under  Tiberius.  The 
emperor  became  suspicious  of  him,  and 
put  him  to  death. A  son  of  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  who  died  by  swallowing 

a  pear  thrown  in  the  air. An  ambitious 

Roman,  grandfather  toCato. Livius, 

father  of  Julia  Au«usta,  was  intimate  with 
Brutus,  and  killed-himself  with  him  after 

the  battle  of  Philippi. M.  Livius,  a 

celebrated  Roman  who  renewed  the  pro- 
posals of  the  Agrarian  laws,  which  had 
proved  fatal  to  the  Gracchi.  He  was  mur- 
dered as  he  entered  his  house,  B.  C.  ]90. 

Nero  Claudius,  a  son  of  Tiberius  No 

ro  and  Livia,  adopted  by  Augustus. 

Marcus,  a  prestor. The  plebeian  family 

of  the  Drusi  produced  eight  consuls,  two 
censors,  and  one  dictator. 


DU 


153 


DY 


Dryades,  nymphs  that  presided  over 
the  woods. 

Dryantiades,  a  patronymic  of  Lycur- 
gus,  king  of  Thrace,  son  of  Dryas. 

Dryas,  a  son  of  Hippolocus.  He  went 
with  Eteocles  to  the  Theban  war,  where 

he  perished. A   son   of  Mars,   who 

went  to  the  chase  of  the  Calydonian  boar. 

A  centaur  at  the  nuptials  of  Pirithous, 

who  killed  Khaatus. A  daughter  of 

Faunus,  who  so  hated  the  sight  of  men, 

that  she  never  appeared  in  public. A 

son  of  Lycurgus,  killed  by  his  own  father 

in  a  fury. A  son  of  iEgyptus,  murdered 

by  his  wife  Eurydice. 

Drymjea,  a  town  of  Phocis. 

Drymo,  a  sea  nymph,  one  of  the  attend- 
ants of  Cyrene. 

Drymus,  a  town  between  Attica  and 
Bceotia. 

Dryofe,  a  woman  of  Lemnos. A 

virgin  of  CEchalia. A  nymph,  mother 

of  Tarquitus  by  Faunus. A  nymph  of 

Arcadia,  mother  of  Pan  by  Mercury. 

Dryopeia,  an  anniversary  day  observ- 
ed at  Asine  in  Argolis,  in  honor  of  Dry- 
ops  the  son  of  Apollo. 

Dryopes,  a  people  of  Greece,  near 
mount  CEta. 

Dryopis  and  Dryopida,  a  small  country 
at  the  foot  of  mount  CEta  in  Thessaly. 

Dryops,  a  son  of  Priam. A  son  of 

Apollo A  friend  of -(Eneas. 

Drvpetis,  the  younger  daughter  of  Da- 
rius. 

Dubis,  or  Alduadubis,  the  Dauz,  a 
river  of  Gaul. 

Dubius,  a  town  of  Britain. 

Ducetius,  a  Sicilian  general,  who  died 
B.  C.  440. 

Duillia  Lex,  A.  U.  C.  304.  It  made  it 
a  crime  to  leave  the  Roman  people  with- 
out its  tribunes. Another,  A.  U.  C.  392, 

to  regulate  what  interest  ought  to  be  paid 
for  money  lent. 

C.  Duillius  Nepos,  a  Roman  consul, 
the  first  who  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
naval  power  of  Carthage,  B.  C.260. 

Dulichium,  an  island  of  the  Ionian  sea, 
opposite  the  Achelous. 

Dumnorix,  a  powerful  chief  among  the 
^Edui. 

Dunax,  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

Duratius  Picto,  a  Gaul,  who  remained 


in  perpetual  friendship  with  the  Roman 
people. 

Duris,  an  historian  of  Samos,  who  flour- 
ished B.  C.  257. 

Durius,  a  large  river  of  ancient  Spain, 
now  called  the  Duero. 

Durocasses,  the  chief  residence  of  the 
Druids  in  Gaul,  now  Dreux. 

Duronia,  a  town  of  the  Samnites. 

Dusn,  some  deities  among  the  Gauls. 

Duumviri,  two  noble  patricians  at 
Rome,  first  appointed  by  Tarquin  to  keep 
the  Sybilline  books,  which  were  supposed 
to  contain  the  fate  of  the  Roman  empire. 
These  priests  continued  in  their  original 
institution  till  the  year  U.  C.  388,  when  a 
law  was  proposed  by  the  tribunes  to  in- 
crease the  number  to  ten,  to  be  chosen 
promiscuously  from  patrician  and  plebeian 
families. 

Dyagondas,  a  Theban  legislator,  who 
abolished  all  nocturnal  sacrifices. 

Dyardenses,  a  river  in  the  extremities 
of  India. 

Dymje,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

DvMiEi,  a  people  of  ^Etolia. 

Dymas,  a  Trojan,  who  joined  himself  to 
iEneas  when  Troy  was  taken,  and  was  at 
last  killed  by  his  countrymen,  who  took 
him  to  be  an  enemy  because  he  had  dress- 
ed himself  in  the  armor  of  one  of  the 

Greeks  he  had  slain. The  father  of 

Hecuba. 

Dymnus,  one  of  Alexander's  officers. 
He  conspired  with  many  of  his  fellow  sol- 
diers against  his  master's  life.  The  con- 
spiracy was  discovered,  and  Dymnus  stab- 
bed himself  before  he  was  brought  before 
the  king. 

Dynamene,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Dynaste,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Dyras,  a  river  of  Trachinia. 

Dyraspes,  a  river  of  Scythia. 

Dyris,  the  name  of  mount  Atlas  among 
the  inhabitants  of  that  neighborhood. 

Dyrrachium,  now  Durazzo,  a  large  city 
of  Macedonia,  bordering  on  the  Adriatic 
sea. 

Dysaules,  a  brother  of  Celeus,  who  in- 
stitued  the  mysteries  of  Ceres  at  Ce- 
leae. 

Dyscinetus,  an  Athenian  archon. 

Dysorum,  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

Dyspontii,  a  people  of  Elis. 


EA 


EB 


EANES,  a  man  supposed  to  have  killed 
Patroclus,  and  to  have  fled  to  Peleus 
in  Thessaly. 

Eanus,  the  name  of  Janus  among  the 
ancient  Latins. 


Earinus,  a  beautiful  boy,  in  the  service 
of  Domitian. 

Easium,  a  town  of  Achaia  in  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Ebbome,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Apoilo 
Q* 


EC 


154 


EL 


at  Athens  on  the  seventh  day  of  every  lu- 
nar month. 

Ebon,  a  name  given  to  Bacchus. 

Ebora,  a  town  of  Portugal,  now  Evora. 

Eboracum,  York  in  England. 

Ebud.e,  the  western  isles  of  Britain, 
now  Hebrides. 

Eburones,  a  people  of  Belgium,  now 
the  county  of  Liege. 

Ebusus,  one  of  the  Baleares,  one  hun- 
dred miles  in  circumference,  which  pro- 
duces no  hurtful  animals. A  man  en- 
gaged in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Ecbatana  (orum)  now  Hamedan,  the 
capital  of  Media. A  town  of  Syria. 

Eoechiria,  the  wife  of  Iphitus. 

Ecetra,  a  town  of  the  Volsci. 

Echecrates,  a  Thessalian,  who  offered 
violence  to  Phoebas  the  priestess  of  Apol- 
lo's temple  of  Delphi. 

Echedamia,  a  town  of  Phocis. 

Echelatus,  a  man  who  led  a  colony  to 
Africa. 

Echelta,  a  fortified  town  in  Sicily. 

Echelus,  a  Trojan  chief,  killed  by  Pa- 

troclus. Another,  son  of  Agenor,  killed 

by  Achilles. 

Echembrotus,  an  Arcadian,  who  ob- 
tained the  prize  at  the  Pythian  games. 

Echemon,u  son  of  Priam,  killed  by  Di- 
omedes. 

Echemus,  an  Arcadian,  who  conquered 
the  Dorians. A  king  of  Arcadia. 

Echeneus,  a  Pheacian. 

Echephron,  one  of  Nestor's  sons. 

A  son  of  Priam. A  son  of  Hercules. 

Echepolis,  a  Trojan,  killed  by  Antilo- 
chus. 

Echestratus,  a  son  of  Agis  1st,  king 
tf  Sparta,  who  succeeded  his  father,  B.C. 
1058. 

Echevethenses,  a  people  of  Tegea  in 
Arcadia. 

Echidna,  a  celebrated  monster,  repre- 
sented as  a  beautiful  woman  in  the  upper 
parts  of  the  body,  but  as  a  serpent  below 
the  waist. 

Echidorus,  a  river  of  Thrace. 

Echinades  or  Echini,  five  small  is- 
lands near  Acarnania,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Achelous. 

Echinon,  a  city  of  Thrace. 

Echinus,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean. A 

town  of  Acarnania of  Phthiotis. 

Echinussa,  an  island  near  Euboea. 

Echion,  one  of  those  men  who  sprung 
from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by  Cad- 
mus.   He  succeeded  Cadmus  on  the  throne 

of  Thebes. A  son  of  Mercury  and  An- 

tianha,  who  was  the  herald  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.  A  man  who  often  obtained  a 

prize  in  running. A  musician  at  Rome 

in  Domitian's  age. A  statuary. A 

painter. 

Echionides,  a  patronymic  of  Pentheus. 
Echionius,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  per- 
son born  in  Thebes. 


Echo,  a  daughter  of  the  Air  and  Tellus, 
one  of  Juno's  attendants.  Her  loquacity 
displeased  Jupiter  ;  and  she  was  deprived 
of  the  power  of  speech  by  Juno.  Echo 
fell  in  love  with  Narcissus,  and  on  being 
despised  by  him,  she  pined  away,  and  was 
changed  into  a  stone. 

Ecnomos,  a  mountain  of  Sicily. 

Edessa  and  Edesa,  a  town  of  Syria. 

Edess2e  portus,  a  harbor  of  Sicily,  near 
Pachynus. 

Edeta  or  Leria,  a  town  of  Spain  along 
the  river  Sucro. 

Edissa  and  jEdessa,  a  town  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Edon,  a  mountain  of  Thrace,  called  also 
Edonus. 

Edoni  or  Edones,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Edonides,  a  name  given  to  the  priest- 
esses of  Bacchus. 

Edylius,  a  mountain  which  Sylla  seized 
to  attack  the  people  of  Cheronaea. 

Eetion,  the  father  of  Andromache,  kill- 
ed by  Achilles. The  commander  of  the 

Athenian  fleet  conquered  by  the  Macedo- 
nians under  Clytus. 

Egelidus,  a  river  of  Etruria. 

Egeria,  a  nymph  of  Aricia  in  Italy. 
Egeria  was  courted  by  Numa,  and  accord- 
ing to  Ovid  she  became  his  wife. 

Egesaretus,  a  Thessalian  of  Larissa, 
who  favored  the  interest  of  Pompey  du- 
ring the  civil  wars. 

Egesinus,  a  philosopher,  pupil  to  Evan- 
der. 

Egesta,  a  daughter  of  Hippotes  the 
Trojan. 

Egnatia  Maximilla,  a  woman  who 
accompanied  her  husband  into  banishment 
under  Nero. A  town.   Vid.  Gnatia. 

P.  Egnatius,  a  crafty  and  perfidious  Ro- 
man in  the  reign  of  Nero. 

Eion,  a  commercial  place  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Strymon. 

Eione9,  a  village  of  Peloponnesus. 

Eioneus,  a  Greek  killed  by  Hector  in 

the  Trojan  war. A  Thracian,  father  to 

Rhesus. 

Elabontas,  a  river  near  Antioch. 

El^ea,  a  town  of  ^Eolia. An  island 

in  the  Propontis. 

Eljeus,  a  part  of  Epirus. A  surname 

of  Jupiter. A  town  of  the  Thracian 

Chersonesus. 

Elagabalus,  the  surname  of  the  sun  at 
Emessa. 

Elaites,  a  grove  near  Canopus  in  Egypt. 

Elaius,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Elaphijea,  a  surname  of  Diana  in  Elis. 

Elaphus,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Elapheboha,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Di- 
ana the  Huntress.  In  the  celebration  a 
cake  was  made  in  the  form  of  a  deer,  and 
offered  to  the  goddess. 

Elaptoniijs,  a    youth   who    conspired 
against  Alexander. 
Elara,  the  mother  of  Tiphyus  by  Jupi- 


EL 


155 


EL 


ler. A  daughter  of  Orchomenus  king 

of  Arcadia. 

Elatea,  the  largest  town  of  Phocis,  near 
the  Cephisus. 

Elatia,  a  town  of  Phocis of  Thes- 

saly. 

Elatus,  one  of  the  first  Ephori  of  Sparta, 

B.  C.  760. A  mountain  of  Asia of 

Zacynthus. A  king  in  the  army  of 

Priam,  killed  by  Agamemnon. 

Elaver,  a  river  in  Gaul. 

ELEA,atown  of  Campania — of  JEolia. 

Electra,  one  of  the  Oceauides. A 

daughter  of  Atlas,  changed  into  a  constel- 
lation.  One  of  the  Danaides. A 

daughter  of  Agamemnon  king  of  Argoa. 
Her  adventures  and  misfortunes  form  one 
of  the  interesting  tragedies  of  the  poet 

Sophocles. A  sister  of  Cadmus. A 

city  and  river  of  Messenia  in  Peloponne- 
sus.  One  of  Helen's  female  attendants. 

Electro,  a  gate  of  Thebes. 

Electrides,  islands  in  the  Adriatic  sea, 
which  received  their  name  from  the  quan- 
tity of  amber,  (electrum)  which  they  pro- 
duced. 

Electrvon,  a  king  of  Argos,  son  of 
Perseus  and  Andromeda.  He  sent  his  sons 
against  the  Teleboans,  who  had  ravaged 
his  country,  and  they  were  all  killed  ex- 
cept Lycimnius.  Upon  this  Electryon 
promised  his  crown  and  daughter  in  mar- 
riage to  him  who  could  undertake  to  pun- 
ish the  Teleboans  for  the  death  of  his  sons. 
Amphitryon  offered  himself  and  succeed- 
ed. Electryon  inadvertently  perished  by 
the  hand  of  his  son-in-law. 

Elei,  a  people  of  Elis  in  Peloponnesus. 
They  were  formerly  called  Epei. 

Eleleus,  a  surname  of  Eacchus. 

Eleon,  a  village  of  Bceotia. Another 

in  Phocis. 

Eleontom,  a  town  of  the  Thracian 
Chersonesus. 

^  Elephantis,  a  poetess. A  princess 

b/  whom  Danaus  had  two  daughters. 

An  island  in  the  river  Nile. 

Elephantophagi,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Elephenor,  son  of  Chalcedon,  was  one 
of  Helen's  suitors. 

Eleporus,  a  river  of  Magna  Graecia. 

Eleuchia,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eleus,  a  city  of  Thrace. A  river  of 

Media. A  king  of  Elis. 

Eleusinia,  a  great  festival,  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  religious  ceremonies 
of  Greece,  whence  it  is  often  called  by 
way  of  eminence,  uvotjjQhx,  the  mysteries. 
This  festival  was  sacred  to  Ceres  and  Pro- 
Berpine,  every  thing  contained  a  mystery, 
and  Ceres  herself  was  known  only  by  the 
name  of  a^^eiu  from  the  sorrow  and  grief 
{a/&oz)  which  she  suffered  for  the  loss  of 
her  daughter.  The  Hierophantes  had  three 
Attendants.  The  Eleusinianmvsterieshave 
been  deemed  the  most  sacred"  and  solemn 


of  all  the  festivals  observed  by  the  Greeks. 
Some  have  supposed  them  to  be  obscene 
and  abominable,  and  that  from  thence  pro- 
ceeded all  the  mysterious  secrecy.  They 
were  carried  from  Eleusis  to  Rome  in  the 
reign  of  Adrian,  where  they  were  observ- 
ed with  the  same  ceremonies  as  before, 
though  perhaps  with  more  freedom  and 
licentiousness.  They  lasted  about  1,800 
years,  and  were  at  last  abolished  by  Theo- 
dosius  the  Great. 

Eleusis,  or  Eleusin,  a  town  of  Attica, 
celebrated  for  the  festivals  of  Ceres. 

Eleuther,  a  son  of  Apollo. One  of 

the  Curetes. 

Eleuth£r.e,  a  village  of  Bosotia. 

Eleutheria,  a  festival  celebrated  at 
Plata±a  in  honor  of  Jupiter  Eleutherius,  or 
the  assertor  of  liberty,  by  delegates  from 
almost  all  the  cities  of  Greece.  The  Pla- 
taeans  celebrated  also  an  anniversary  festi- 
val in  memory  of  those  who  had  lost  their 
lives  in  the  famous  victory  obtained  by  the 
Grecians  under  Pausanias  over  Mardonius 
the  Persian  general.  After  him  followed 
chariots  loaded  with  myrrh,  garlands, 
and  a  black  bull,  and  certain  free  young 
men.  There  was  also  a  festival  of  the 
same  name  observed  by  the  Samians  in 
honor  of  the  god  of  Love.  Slaves  also, 
when  they  obtained  their  liberty,  kept  a 
holyday  which  they  called  Eleutheria. 

Eleutho,  a  surname  of  Juno  Lucina. 

Eleutherocilices,  a  people  of  Cilicia. 

Eleutheros,  a  river  of  Syria. 

Elicius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

Eliensis  and  Eliaca,  a  sect  of  philoso- 
phers founded  by  Phtedon  of  Elis. 

Elimea,  or  Elimiotis,  a  district  of  Ma- 
cedonia. 

Elis,  a  country  of  Peloponnesus.  The 
capital  of  the  country  called  Elis,  now 
Belviderc,  became  large  and  populous  in 
the  age  of  Demosthenes,  though  in  the  age 
of  Homer  it  did  not  exist.  Elis  was  fa- 
mous for  its  horses. 

Eliphasii,  a  people  of  Peloponnesus. 

Elissa,  a  queen  of  Tyre,  more  common- 
ly known  by  the  name  of  Dido. 

Elissus,  a  river  of  Elis. 

Ellopia,  a  town  of  Euboea. An  an- 
cient name  of  that  island. 

Elorus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Elos,  a  city  of  Achaia. 

Elot.-e.   Fid.  Helotae. 

Elpenor,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Ulysses,  changed  into  a  hog  by  Circe's 
potions,  and  afterwards  restored  to  his  for- 
mer shape. 

Elpinice,  a  daughter  of  Miltiades,  who 
married  a  man  that  promised  to  release 
from  confinement  her  brother  and  hus- 
band, whom  the  laws  of  Athens  had  made 
responsible  for  the  fine  imposed  on  his 
father. 

Eluina,  a  surname  of  Ceres. 

Elyces,  a  man  killed  by  Perseus. 


EN 


156 


EP 


Eltmais,  a  country  of  Persia,  between 
the  Persian  gulf  and  Media.  The  capital 
of  the  country  was  called  Elymais,  and 
was  famous  for  a  rich  temple  of  Diana. 

Elymi,  a  nation  descended  from  the 
Trojans. 

Elymus,  a  man  at  the  court  of  Acestes 
in  Sicily. 

Elyrus,  a  town  of  Crete. 

Elysium  and  Elysii  Campi,  a  place  or 
island  in  the  infernal  regions,  where,  ac- 
cording to  the  mythology  of  the  ancients, 
the  souls  of  the  virtuous  were  placed  after 
death.  There  happiness  was  complete, 
the  pleasures  were  innocent  and  refined. 
The  air  was  wholesome,  serene,  and  tem- 
perate |  the  birds  continually  warbled  in 
the  groves,  and  the  inhabitants  were  bless- 
ed with  another  sun  and  other  stars.  The 
Elysian  fields  were,  according  to  some,  in 
the  Fortunate  islands  on  the  coast  of  Af- 
rica, in  the  Atlantic. 

Emathia,  a  name  given  anciently  to  the 
countries  which  formed  the  empires  of 
Macedonia  and  Thessaly. 

Emathion,  a  son  of  Titan  and  Aurora, 

who  reigned  in  Macedonia. A  man 

killed  at  the  nuptials  of  Perseus  and  An- 
dromeda. 

Emathion,  a  man  killed  in  the  wars  of 
Turnus. 

Embatum,  a  place  of  Asia,  opposite 
Chios. 

Embolima,  a  town  of  India. 

Emerita,  a  town  of  Spain,  famous  for 
dying  wool. 

"Emessa  and  Emissa,  a  town  of  Phoeni- 
cia. 

Emoda,  a  mountain  of  India. 

Empedocles,  a  philosopher,  poet,  patri- 
ot, and  historian  of  Agrigentum  in  Sicily, 
who  flourished  444  B.  C.  It  is  reported 
that  his  curiosity  to  visit  the  flames  of  the 
crater  of  zEtna,  proved  fatal  to  him.  Some 
maintain  that  he  wished  it  to  be  believed 
that  he  was  a  god,  and  that  his  death 
might  be  unknown,  he  threw  himself  into 
the  crater  and  perished  in  the  flames. 
The  volcano,  however,  by  throwing  up 
one  of  his  sandals,  discovered  to  the  world 
that  Empedocles  had  perished  by  fire. 

Emperamus,  a  Lacedfemonian  general 
in  the  second  Messenian  war. 

Empoclus,  an  historian. 

Emporia  Punica,  certain  places  near 
the  Syrtes. 

Emporia,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia, 
now  Amj>urias. 

Enceladus,  a  son  of  Titan  and  Terra, 
struck  with  Jupiter's  thunders,  and  over- 
whelmed under  mount  yEtna. A  son 

of  TEgyptus. 

Enchelej;,  a  town  of  Illyricum. 

Endeis,  a  nymph,  daughter  of  Chiron. 

Endera,  a  place  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Endymion,  a  shepherd,  son  of  ^Ethlius 
and  Calvce.    It  is  said  that  he  required  of 


Jupiter  to  grant  to  him  to  be  always 
young,  and  to  sleep  as  much  as  he  would  ; 
whence  came  the  proverb  of  Endymionis 
somiium  dormire  to  express  a  long  sleep.  The 
fable  of  Endymion's  amours  with  Diana, 
or  the  moon,  arises  from  his  knowledge  of 
astronomy,  and  as  he  passed  the  night  on 
some  high  mountain,  to  observe  the  hea- 
venly bodies,  it  has  been  reported  that  he 
was  courted  by  the  moon. 

Eneti,  or  Heneti,  a  people  near  Paph- 
lagonia. 

Engyum,  now  Gangi,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

E.nienses,  a  people  of  Greece. 

Eniopeus,  a  charioteer  of  Hector. 

Enipeus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  flowing 
near  Pharsalia. A  river  of  Elis  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Enispe,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Enna,  now  Castro  Janni,  a  town  of  Si- 
cily, with  a  beautiful  plain. 

Ennia,  was  the  wife  of  Macro,  and  af- 
terwards of  the  emperor  Caligula. 

Gt.  Ennius,  an  ancient  poet,  born  at  Ru- 
dii  in  Calabria.  He  obtained  the  name 
and  privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen  by  his 
genius  and  the  brilliancy  of  his  learning. 
His  style  is  rough  and  unpolished,  but  his 
defects,  which  are  more  particularly  at- 
tributed to  the  age  in  which  he  lived, "have 
been  fully  compensated  by  the  energy  of 
his  expressions  and  the  fire  of  his  poetry. 
He  wrote  in  verse  eighteen  books  of  the 
history  of  the  Roman  republic.  He  died 
of  the  gout,  contracted  by  frequent  intoxi- 
cation, about  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  in  the 
seventieth  year  of  his  age. 

Ennomus,  a  Trojan  prince  killed  by 
Achilles. 

Ennosickus,  terrcs  concussor,  a  surname 
of  Neptune. 

Enope,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus,  near 
Pylos. 

Enops,  a  shepherd  loved  by  the  nymph 

Neis,  by  whom  he  had  Satnius. The 

father  of  Thestos. A  Trojan  killed  by 

Patroclus. 

Enos,  a  maritime  town  of  Thrace. 

Enosichthon,  a  surname  of  Neptune. 

Enotoccetje,  a  nation  whose  ears  are 
described  as  hanging  down  to  their 
heels. 

Entella,  a  town  of  Sicily  inhabited  by 
Campanians. 

Entellus,  a  famous  athlete  among  the 
friends  of  iEneas. 

Enyalius,  a  surname  of  Mars. 

Enyo,  a  sister  of  Mars,  called  by  the 
Latins  Bellona. 

Eone,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eord^a,  a  district  at  the  west  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Eos,  the  name  of  Aurora  among  the 
Greeks. 

Eous,  one  of  the  horses  of  the  sun 

Epagris,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 


EP 


157 


EP 


Epaminondas,  a  famous  Theban  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  kings  of  Boeotia. 
He  has  been  celebrated  for  his  private  vir- 
tues and  military  accomplishments.  He 
formed  a  most  sacred  and  inviolable  friend- 
ship with  Pelopidas,  whose  life  he  saved 
in  a  battle.  By  his  advice  Pelopidas  de- 
livered Thebes  from  the  power  of  Lace- 
doeraon.  This  was  the  signal  of  war. 
Epaminondas  was  set  at  the  head  of  the 
Theban  armies,  and  defeated  the  Spartans 
at  the  celebrated  battle  of  Leuctra,  about 
371  years  B.  C.  He  was  successful  in  a 
war  in  Thessaly,  and  assisted  the  Eleans 
against  the  Lacedaemonians.  The  hostile 
armies  met  near  Mantinea,  and  while 
Epaminondas  was  bravely  fighting  in  the 
thickest  of  the  enemy,  he  received  a  fatal 
wound  in  the  breast,  and  expired  exclaim- 
ing, that  he  died  unconquered,  when  he 
iieard  that  the  Bceotians  obtained  the  vic- 
tory, in  the  forty-eighth  year  of  his  age, 
three  hundred  and  sixty-three  years  before 
Christ.  The  Thebans  severely  lamented 
his  death. 
Epantelii,  a  people  of  Italy. 
Epaphroditus,  a  freedman  punished 
with  death  for  assisting  Nero  to  destroy 

liimseif. A  freedman  of  Augustus  sent 

to  spy  Cleopatra. A  name  assumed  by 

jSylla. 

Epaphus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Io,  who 
founded  a  city  in  Egypt,  which  he  called 
Memphis. 

Epasnactus,  a  Gaul  in  alliance  with 
Home. 

Epebolus,  a  soothsayer  of  Messenia. 
Epei  and  Elei,  a  people  of  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Epetium,  now  Viscio,  a  town  of  Illyri- 
cum. 

Epeus,  a  son  of  Endymion. A  son 

of  Panopeus,  who  was  the  fabricator  of 
J  the  famous  wooden  horse  which  proved 
,      the  ruin  of  Troy. 

Ephesus,  a  city  of  Ionia.     It  is  famous 

\     for  a  temple  of  Diana,  which  was  reckon- 

\    ed  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world, 

•  .-and  was  four  hundred   and  twenty-five 

jtfeet  long  and  two  hundred  feet  broad. 

rIThe  roof  was  supported  by  one  hundred 

--and  twenty-seven  columns,  sixty  feet  high, 

which  had  been  placed  there  by  so  many 

kings.     This  celebrated  building  was  not 

tetally  completed  till  two  hundred  and 

twenty  years  after  its  foundation.     Ctesi- 

phon  was  the  chief  architect. 

Ephem,  a  number  of  magistrates  at 
Afife.ens  first  instituted  by  Demophoon,  the 
son  of  Theseus.  They  were  superior  to 
the  Areopagites,  and  their  privileges  were 
great  and  numerous. 

Epi  HALTE9,  or  Ephialtus,  a  giant,  son 
of  NeA  ~>tune,  who  grew  nine  inches  every 

month.  • An  Athenian  famous  for  his 

couragt  !  and  strength. A  Trachinian 

who  la  i  a  detachment  of  the  army  of 
14 


Xerxes  by  a  secret  path  to  attack  the  Spar- 
tans at  Thermopylee. 

Ephori,  powerful  magistrates  at  Sparta, 
who  were  first  created  by  Lycurgus ;  or, 
according  to  some,  by  Theopompus,  B.  C. 
760.  They  were  five  in  number.  They 
were  much  the  same  as  the  tribunes  of 
the  people  at  Rome,  created  to  watch  with 
a  jealous  eye  over  the  liberties  and  rights 
of  the  populace. 

Ephorus,  an  orator  and  historian  of  Cu- 
mae  in  iEolia,  about  three  hundred  and5 
fifty -two  years  before  Christ. 

Ephtra,  the  ancient  name  of  Corinth. 
A  city  of  Threspotia  in  Epirus. An- 
other in  Elis — iEtolia. One  of  Cyrene's- 

attendants. 

Epicaste,  a  name  of  Jocasta  the  mo- 
ther and  wife  of  GEdipus. A  daughter 

of  iBgeus,  mother  of  Thestalus  by  Hercu- 
les. 

Epicerides,  a  man  of  Cyrene,  greatly 
esteemed  for  his  beneficence. 

Epicharis,  a  woman  accused  of  conspi- 
racy against  Nero. 

Epicharmus,  a  poet  and  Pythagorean 
philosopher  of  Sicily,  who  introduced 
comedy  at  Syracuse  in  the  reign  of  Hiero. 

Epicles,  a  Trojan  prince  killed  by  Ajax. 

Eficlides,  a  Lacedaemonian  of  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Eurysthenidae.  He  was  raised 
to  the  throne  by  his  brother  Cleomenes  3d, 
against  the  laws  and  constitution  of  Spar- 
ta. 

Epicrates,  a  Milesian,   servant  to  J. 

Caesar. A  poet  of  Ambracia.  The  name 

is  applied  to  Pompey,  as  expressive  of  su- 
preme authority. 

Epictetus,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Hie- 
ropolis  in  Phrygia,  originally  the  slave  of 
Epaphroditus,  the  freedman  of  Nero.  His 
style  is  concise  and  devoid  of  all  orna- 
ment, full  of  energy  and  useful  maxims. 
The  value  of  his  compositions  is  well 
known  from  the  saying  of  the  emperor 
Antoninus,  who  thanked  the  gods  he 
could  collect  from  the  writings  of  Epicte- 
tus wherewith  to  conduct  life  with  honor 
to  himself  and  advantage  to  his  country. 

Epicurus,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Attica  ;  who,  after  improving  his  mind  by 
travelling,  visited  Athens,  where  he  es- 
tablished himself,  and  soon  attracted  a 
number  of  followers  by  the  sweetness  and 
gravity  of  his  manners.  He  taught  them 
that  the  happiness  of  mankind  consisted 
in  that  pleasure  which  arises  not  from 
sensual  gratification  or  from  vice,  but  from 
the  enjoyments  of  the  mind  and  the 
sweets  of  virtue.  This  doctrine  was  warm- 
ly attacked  by  the  philosophers  of  the  dif- 
ferent sects,  and  particularly  by  the  stoics  ; 
but  Epicurus  refuted  all  the  accusations 
of  his  adversaries  by  the  purity  of  his  mor- 
als, and  by  his  frequent  attendance  at 
places  of  public  worship.  Of  all  the  phi- 
losophers of  antiquity,  Epicurus  is  the 


EP 


158 


ER 


only  one  whose  writings  deserve  attention 
for  their  number ;  he  having  written  no 
less  than  three  hundred  volumes.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-two,  B.  C.  270. 
Epicydes,  a  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  B.  C. 
213. 

Epidamnus,  a  town   of  Macedonia  on 
the  Adriatic,  nearly  opposite  Brundusium. 
Epidaphne,  a  town  of  Syria,  called  also 
Antioch. 

Epidauria,  a  festival  at  Athens. A 

country  of  Peloponnesus. 

Epidaurus,  a  town  at  the  north  of  Ar- 
golis  in  Peloponnesus,  chiefly  dedicated  to 

the  worship  of  iEsculapius. A  town  of 

Dalmatia,  now  Ragusi  Vecchio — of  Laco- 
nia. 

Epidium,  one  of  the  western  isles  of 
Scotland. 

Epidius,  a  man  who  wrote  concerning 
unusual  prodigies. 

Epidot.s:,  certain  deities  who  presided 
over  the  birth  and  growth  of  children,  and 
were  known  among  the  Romans  by  the 
name  of  Dli  averrunci.  They  were  wor- 
shipped by  the  Lacedaemonians,  and  chief- 
ly invoked  by  those  who  were  persecuted 
by  the  ghosts  of  the  dead. 

Epigenes,  a  Babylonian  astrologer  and 
historian. 

Epigeus,  a  Greek  killed  by  Hector. 

Epigoni,  the  sons  and  descendants  of 
the  Grecian  heroes  who  were  killed  in  the 
first  Theban  war.— This  name  has  been 
applied  to  the  sons  of  those  Macedonian 
veterans  who  in  the  age  of  Alexander 
formed  connexions  with  the  women  of 
Asia. 

Epigonus,  a  mathematician  of  Ambra- 
cia. 

Epigranea,  a  fountain  of  Bceotia. 

Epii  and  Epei,  a  people  of  Elis. 

Epilaris,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Epimelides,  the  founder  of  Corone. 

Epimenes,  a  man  who  conspired  against 
Alexander's  life. 

Epimenides,  an  epic  poet  of  Crete,  con- 
temporary with  Solon.  He  is  reckoned 
one  of  the  seven  wise  men. 

Epimetheus,  a  son  of  Japetus  and  Cly- 
mene,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  who  incon- 
siderately married  Pandora.  Epimetheus 
was  changed  into  a  monkey  by  the  gods, 
and  sent  to  the  island  of  Pithecusa. 

Epimethis,  a  patronymic  of  Pyrrha,  the 
daughter  of  Epimetheus. 

Epiochus,  a  son  of  Lycurgus,  who  re- 
ceived divine  honors  in  Arcadia. 

Epione,  the  wife  of  ^Esculapius. 

Epiphanea,  a  town  of  Cilicia. An- 
other of  Syria. 

Epiphanes,  a  surname  given  to  the  An- 

tiochus's,  kings  of  Syria. A  surname 

of  one  of  the  Ptolemies. 

Epiphanius,  a  bishop  of  Salamis,  who 
was  active  in  refuting  the  writings  of  Ori- 
gen.    He  died  A  D.  403. 


Epipol.*:,  a  district  of  Syracuse,  on  the 
north  side,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  by  Di- 
onysius. 

Epirus,  a  country  situate  between  Ma- 
cedonia, Achaia,  and  the  Ionian  sea. 

Epistrophus,  a  son  of  Iphitus  king  of 
Phocis,  who  went  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Epitades,  a  man  who  first  violated  a 
law  of  Lycurgus,  which  forbade  laws  to 
be  made. 
Epium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 
Epona,  a  beautiful  girl. 

Epopeus,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Canace 

A   grandson  to  Phoebus.    He  reigned 

at  Corinth. 

Eporedorix,  a  powerful  person  among 
the  ^Edui. 

Epulo,  a  Rntulian  killed  by  Achates. 

Epytides,  a  patronymic  given  to  Peri- 
phas  the  companion  of  Ascanius. 

Epytus,  a  king  of  Alba. A  king  of 

Arcadia. A  king  of  Messenia. A 

herald  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Equajusta,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Equicolus,  a  Rutilian. 

EquiRiA,  festivals  established  at  Rome 
in  honor  of  Mars. 

Equotuticum,  now  Castel  Franco,  a 
little  town  of  Apulia. 

Eracon,  an  officer  of  Alexander. 

Er^ka,  a  city  of  Greece. 

Erana,  a  small  village  of  Cilicia. 

Erasenus,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Erasippus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Ly- 
sippe. 

Erasistratus,  a  celebrated  physician, 
grandson  to  the  philosopher  Aristotle. 

Erato,  one  of  the  Muses,  who  presided 

over  lyric,  tender  and  amorous  poetry. 

One  of  the  Nereides. One  of  the  Dry- 

ades,  wife  of  Areas,  king  of  Arcadia. 

One  of  the  Danaides  who  married  Bromius. 
A  queen  of  the  Armenians. 

Eratosthenes,  was  a  native  of  Cyrene, 
and  the  second  intrusted  with  the  care  of 
the  Alexandrian  library.  He  dedicated  his 
time  to  grammatical  criticism  and  philos- 
ophy, but  more  particularly  to  poetry  and 
mathematics.  He  starved  himself  after  he 
had  lived  to  his  eighty-second  year,  B.  C 
194. 

Eratostratus,  anEphesian  who,  in  the 
hope  of  immortalizing  his  name,  burnt 
the  famous  temple  of  Diana,  the  same 
night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was  born. 

Eratu9,  a  son  of  Hercules  andDynastc 
A  king  of  Sicyon. 

Erbessus,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Erchia,  a  small  village  of  Attica. 

Erebus,  a  deity  of  hell,  son  of  Chaos 
and  Darkness. 

Erechtheus,  son  of  Pandion  first,  was 
the  sixth  king  of  Athens.  After  death  he 
received  divine  honors  at  Athens.  He 
reigned  fifty  years,  and  died  B.  C.  1347. 

Erechthides,  a  name  given  to  the 
Athenians,  from  their  king  Erechtheu  s. 


ER 


159 


ER 


Erembi,  a  people  of  Arabia. 

Eremus,  a  country  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Erenea,  a  village  of  Megara. 

Eressa,  a  town  of  .^Eolia. 

Eresus,  a  town  of  Lesbos,  where  The- 
ophrastus  was  horn. 

Eretria,  a  city  of  Eubcea  on  the  Euri- 
pus. 

Eretum,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 

EREUTHALioN,a  man  killed  by  Nestor. 

Ergane,  a  river  whose  waters  intoxi- 
cate as  wine. A  surname  of  Minerva. 

Ergenna,  a  celebrated  soothsayer  of 
Etruria. 

Ergias,  a  Rhodian  who  wrote  a  history 
of  his  country. 

Erginus,  a  king  of  Orchomenos,  son  of 
Clymenus.  He  obliged  the  Thebans  to 
pay  him  a  yearly  tribute  of  one  hundred 
oxen,  because  his  father  had  been  killed 
by  a  Theban.  Hercules  attacked  his  ser- 
vants, who  came  to  raise  the  tribute,  and 
mutilated  them,  and  he  afterwards  killed 

Erginus. A  river  of  Thrace. A  son 

of  Neptune. 

Ergijjinus,  a  man  made  master  of  the 
ship  Argo,  after  the  death  of  Typhis. 

Eribcea,  a  surname  of  Juno. The 

mother  of  Ajax  Telamon. 

Eribotes,  a  man  skilled  in  medicine. 

Ericetes,  a  man  of  Lycaonia,  killed 
by  Messapus  in  Italy. 

Erichtho,  a  Thessalian  woman  famous 
for  her  knowledge  of  poisonous  herbs  and 
medicine. One  of  the  Furies. 

Erichthonius,  the  fourth  king  of  Ath- 
ens.    He  was  very  deformed,  and  had  the 

tails  of  serpents  instead  of  legs. Erich- 

thon  was  young  when  he  ascended  the 
throne  of  Athens.  He  reigned  fifty  years, 
and  died  B.  C.  1437.  He  was  made  a  con- 
stellation after  death  under  the  name  of 
Bootes. A  son  of  Dardanus  who  reign- 
ed in  Troy,  and  died  1374  B.  C.  after  a  long 
reign  of  about  seventy -five  years. 

Ericinium,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Ericusa,  one  of  the  Lipari  isles,  now 
Mlicudi. 

Eridanus,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of 
Italy,  now  called  the  Po. 

Erigone,  a  daughter  of  Icarius.  She 
was  made  a  constellation,  under  the  name 

of  Virgo. A  daughter  of  ^Egisthus  and 

Clytemnestra. 

Erigoneius,  a  name  applied  to  the  Dog- 
star. 

Erigonus,  a  river  of  Thrace. A  paint- 
er. 

Erigyus,  one  of  Alexander's  officers. 

Erillus,  a  philosopher  of  Carthage. 

Erindes,  a  river  of  Asia,  near  Parthia. 

Eriptna,  a  poetess  of  Lesbos,  intimate 
with  Sappho. 

Erinnys,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Eume- 

des. The  word  signifies  the  fury  of  the 

mind. A  surname  of  Ceres. 

Eriopis,  a  daughter  of  Medea 


l  Eriphaxi3,  a  Greek  woman  famous  for 
|  her  poetical  compositions. 

Eriphidas,  a  Lacedfemonian  who  being 
sent  to  suppress  a  sedition  at  Heraclea, 
assembled  the  people,  and  beheaded  five 
hundred  of  the  ringleaders. 

ERiPHYLE,.a  sister  of  Adrastus  king  of 
Argos,  who  married  Amphiaraus.  The 
treachery  of  Eriphyle  compelled  her  hus- 
hand  to  go  to  a  war  in  which  it  was  fore- 
told that  he  would  perish  ;  but  he  charged 
his  son  Alcmceon  to  murder  his  mother  as 
soon  as  he  was  informed  of  his  death. 
Amphiaraus  perished  in  the  expedition, 
and  his  death  was  no  sooner  known  than 
his  last  injunctions  were  obeyed. 

Eris,  the  goddess  of  discord  among  the 
Greeks.  She  is  the  same  as  the  Discordia 
of  the  Latins. 

Erisicthon,  a  Thessalian,  son  of  Tri- 
ops,  who  derided  Ceres  and  cut  down  her 
groves.  This  impiety  irritated  the  god- 
dess, who  afflicted  him  with  continual 
hunger. 

Erithus,  a  son  of  Actor,  killed  by  Per- 
seus. 

Erixo,  a  Roman  knight  condemned  for 
having  whipped  his  son  to  death. 

Erochus,  a  town  of  Phocis. 

Eropus  or  ^Eropas,  a  king  of  Macedo- 
nia, B.  C.  602. 

Eros,  a  servant,  of  whom  Antony  de- 
manded a  sword'  to  kill  himself.  Eros 
produced  the  instrument,  but  instead  of 
giving  it  to  his  master  he  killed  himself  in 

his  presence. A  comedian. A  son 

of  Chronos  or  Saturn,  god  of  love. 

Erostratus.   Vid.  Eratostratus. 

Erotia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Eros  the 
god  of  love. 

Erruca,  a  town  of  the  Volsci  in  Italy. 

Erse,  a  daughter  of  Cecrops. 

Erxias,  a  man  who  wrote  an  history  of 
Colophon. 

Eryalus,  a  Trojan  chief,  killed  by  Pa- 
troclus. 

Erymas,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 

Erybium,  a  town  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Parnassus. 

Erycina,  a  surname  of  Venus  from 
mount  Eryx,  where  she  had  a  temple. 

Erymanthis,  a  surname  of  Callisto. 

Arcadia  is  also  known  by  that  name. 

Erymanthus,  a  mountain,  river,  and 
town  of  Arcadia. 

Erymn.e,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Erymneus,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher. 

Erymus,  a  huntsman  of  Cyzicus. 

Erythea,  an  island  between  Gades  and 
Spain. A  daughter  of  Geryon. 

Erythini,  a  town  of  Paphlagonia. 

Erythrje,  a  town   of  Ionia,  once  the 

residence  of  a  Sibyl. A  town  of  Boeo- 

tia one  in  Libya another  in  Lo- 

cris. 

Erythr^um  mare,  a  part  of  the  ocean 
on  the  coast  of  Arabia. 


EY 


160 


EU 


Erythras,  a  son  of  Hercules. A  son 

of  Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

Erythrion,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  The- 
mistone. 

Erythros,  a  place  of  Latium. 

Eryx,  a  son  of  Butes  and  Venus,  killed 

in  combat,  by  Hercules. An  Indian 

killed  byhis  subjects  for  opposing  Alexan- 
der.  A  mountain   of  Sicily  now  Giuli- 

ano  near  Drepanum. 

Eryxo,  the  mother  of  Battus,  who  art- 
fully killed  the  tyrant  Learchus. 

Esernus,  a  famous  gladiator. 

Esquili.e  and  Esquilinus  mons,  one 
of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome,  which  was 
joined  to  the  city  by  king  Tullus. 

Essedones,  a  people  of  Asia. 

Essui,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Estijeotis,  a  district  of  Thessaly  on  the 
river  Peneus. 

Esula,  a  town  of  Italy  nearTibur. 

Estiaia,  solemn  sacrifices  to  Vesta. 

Etearckus,  a  king  of  Oaxus  in  Crete. 

Eteoclus  andPoLYNicEs,  sons  of  CEdi- 

pus,  who  hated  and  killed  each  other. 

A  Greek,  the  first  who  raised  altars  to  the 
Graces. 

Eteoclus,  one  of  the  seven  chiefs  of 
the  army  of  Adrastus,  celebrated  for  his 
valor,  disinterestedness  and  magnanimity. 
A  son  of  Iphis. 

Eteocret.e,  an  ancient  people  of  Crete. 

Eteones,  a  town  of  Boeotia. 

Eteoneus,  an  officer  at  the  court  of  Me- 
nelaus. 

Eteonicus,  a  Lacedaemonian  general. 

Etesi.3s,  winds  of  a  gentle  and  mild  na- 
ture, very  common  for  five  or  six  weeks 
in  spring  and  autumn. 

Ethalion,  one  of  the  Tyrrhene  sailors, 
changed  into  dolphins  for  carrying  away 
Bacchus. 

Etheleum,  a  river  of  Asia. 

Ethoda,  a  daughter  of  Amphion  and 
Niobe. 

Ethemon,  a  person  killed  at  the  mar- 
riage of  Andromeda. 

Etias,  a  daughter  of  ^Eneas. 

Etis,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Etrusci,  the  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

Etylus,  the  father  of  Theocles. 

Evadne,  a  daughter  of  Iphis  or  Iphicles 
of  Argos,  who  slighted  the  addresses  of 
Apollo,  and  married  Capaneus  one  of  the 
seven  chiefs  who  went  against  Thebes. 
A  daughter  of  Neffira. 

Evages,  a  poet  famous  for  his  genius 
but  not  for  his  learning. 

Evagoras,  a  king  of  Cyprus,  who  re- 
took Salamis,  which  had  been  taken  from 
his  father  by  the  Persians.  He  was  as- 
sassinated by  an  eunuch,  374  B.  C.  Eva- 
goras deserves  to  be  commended  for  his 
sobriety,  moderation,  and   magnanimity. 

A  man  of  Elis  who  obtained  a  prize  at 

the  Olympian  games. A  Spartan  fa- 


mous for  his  services  to  the  people  of  Elis. 


Etagore,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Evan,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Evakder,  a  son  of  the  prophetess  Car- 
mente,  king  of  Arcadia.  An  accidental 
murder  obliged  him  to  leave  bis  country, 
and  he  came  to  Italy.  It  is  said  that  he 
first  brought  the  Greek  alphabet  into  Italy, 
and  introduced  there  the  worship  of  the 
Greek  deities. A  philosopher  who  flou- 
rished B.  C.  215. 

Evangelus,  a  Greek  historian. A 

comic  poet. 

EvA^GORiDEs,aman  of  Elis,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  all  those  who  had  obtained 
a  prize  at  Olympia. 

Evanthes,  a  man  who  planted  a  colony 

in  Lucania. A  celebrated  Greek  poet. 

An  historian  of  Miletus. A  philo- 
sopher of  Samos. 

Evarchus,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor. 

Evas,  a  native  of  Phrygia,  who  accom- 
panied ^Eneas  into  Italy. 

Evax,  an  Arabian  prince. 

Eubages,  certain  priests  held  in  great 
veneration  among  the  Gauls  and  Britons. 

Eubatas,  an  athlete  of  Cyrene. 

Eubius,  an  obscene  writer. 

Euecea,  the  largest  island  in  the  ^Egean 
sea  after  Crete,  now  called  Negropont.  It 
is  separated  from  the  continent  of  Bceotia 

by  the  narrow  straits  of  the  Euripus. 

One  of  the  three  daughters  of  the  river 
Asterion. A  town  of  Sicily. 

Euboicus,  belonging  to  Eubcea. 

Eubote,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eubotes,  a  son  cf  Hercules. 

Eubule,  an  Athenian  virgin,  daughter 
of  Leon,  sacrificed  with  her  sisters,  by 
order  of  the  oracle  of  Delphi. 

Eubulides,  a  philosopher  of  Miletus. 

An  historian. A  famous  statuary 

of  Athens. 

Eubulus,  an   Athenian  orator. A 

comic  poet. An  historian. A  philo- 
sopher. 

Eucerus,  a  man  of  Alexandria. 

Euchenor,  a  son  of  iEgyptus  and  Ara- 
bia. 

Etjchides,  an  Athenian  who  went  to 
Delphi  and  returned  the  same  day,  a  jour- 
ney of  about  one  hundred  and  seven 
miles. 

Euclides,  a  native  of  Megara,  disciple 
of  Socrates,  B.  C.  404. A  mathemati- 
cian of  Alexandria,  who  flourished  300 
B.  C.  Euclid  established  a  school  at  Al- 
exandria, which  became  very  famous. 

Euclus,  a  prophet  of  Cyprus. 

Eucrate,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Eucrates,  the  father  of  Procles  the  his- 
torian. 

Euctemon,  a  Greek  of  Cuma?,  exposed 
to  great  barbarities. An  astronomer. 

Euctresii,  a  people  of  Peloponnesus. 

Eudjemon,  a  general  of  Alexander. 

Eudamidas,  a  son  of  Archidamus  4th, 
brother  to  Agis  4th, A  son  of  Archida- 


161 


EU 


mus,  king  of  Sparta. The  commander 

of  a  garrison  stationed  at  Trcezene. 

Eudamus,  a  son  of  Agesilaus  of  the 
Ileraclida;. A  learned  naturalist. 

Eudemus,  the  physician  of  Livia,  the 
wife  of  Drusus. An  orator  of  Megalopo- 
lis.  An  historian  of  Naxos. 

Eudocia,  the  wife  of  the  emperor  The- 
odosius  the  younger. 

Eudocimus,  a  man  who  appeased  a  mu- 
tiny among  some  soldiers  by  telling  them 
that  an  hostile  army  was  in  sight. 

Eudora,  one  of  the  Nereides. One 

of  the  Atlantides. 

Eudorus,  a  son  of  Mercury. 

Eudoxi  Specula,  a  place  in  EgypE. 

Eudoxia,  the  wife  of  Arcadius. A 

daughter  of  Theodosius  the  younger. 

Eudoxus,  a  son  of  yEschines  of  Cnidus, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  his  know- 
Sedge  of  astrology,  medicine,  and  geome- 
try. He  died  in  his  fifty-third  year,  13.  C. 
352. A  native  of  Cyzicus. A  Si- 
cilian, son  of  Agathocles. A  physi- 
cian. 

Evelthon,  a  king  of  Salamis  in  Cy- 
prus. 

Euemeridas,  an  historian  of  Cnidus. 

Evemerus,  an  ancient  historian  of  Mes- 
senia,  intimate  with  Cassander. 

Evenor,  a  painter,  father  of  Parrhasius. 

Evenus,  an  elegiac  poet  of  Paros. A 

river  running  through  iEtolia,  and  falling 

into  the  Ionian  sea. A  son  of  Jason 

and  Hypsipyle,  queen  of  Lemnos. 

Evephenus,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
whom  Dionysius  condemned  to  death  be- 
cause he  had  alienated  the  people  of  Me- 
tapontum  from  his  power. 

Everes,  a  son  of  Peteralaus,  the  only 
one  of  his  family  who  did  not  perish  in  a 
battle  against  Electryon. A  son  of  Her- 
cules and  Parthenope. The  father  of 

Tiresias. 

EvERGET-a:,  a  people  of  Scythia  called 
also  Arimaspi. 

Evergetes,  a  surname  signifying  bene- 
factor, given  to  Philip  of  Macedonia,  and 
to  Antigonus  Doson,  and  Ptolemy  of 
Egypt.  It  was  also  commonly  given  to 
the  kings  of  Syria  and  Pontus,  and  to  some 
of  the  Roman  emperors. 

Evesperides,  a  people  of  Africa. 

Euganei,  a  people  of  Italy  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Adriatic. 

Eugeox,  an  ancient  historian  before  the 
Peloponnesian  war. 

Eugenius,  an  usurper  of  the  imperial 
title,  A.  D.  392. 

Euhemerus.    Vid.  Evemerus. 

Euhydrum,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Euhyus  and  Evius,  a  surname  of  Bac- 
chus. 

Evippe,  one  of  the  Danaides. An- 
other.  The  mother  of  the  Pierides. 

Evippus,  a  son  of  Thestius,  killed  by 
his  brother  Iphiclus,  in  the  chase  of  the 
14*    • 


Calydonian   boar. A  Trojan  killed  by 

Patroclus. 

Eulimene,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Eumachius,  a  Campanian  who  wrote 
an  history  of  Annibal. 

Eumjeus,  a  herdsman  and  steward  of 
Ulysses. 

Eumedes,  a  Trojan,  who  came  to  Italy 
with  iEneas. 

Eumelis,  a  famous  augur. 

Eumelus,  a  son  of  Admetus,  king  of 
Pherre  in  Thessaly.  He  went  to  the  Tro- 
jan war,  and  had  the  fleetest  horses  in 

the   Grecian    army. A    man   whose 

daughter  was  changed  into  a  bird. A 

man  contemporary  with  Triptolemus. 

One  of  the  followers  of  iEneas. One 

of  the  Bacchiadfe. A  king  of  the  Cim- 
merian Bosphorus,  who  died  B.  C.  304. 

Eumenes,  a  Greek  officer  in  the  army 
of  Alexander,  son  of  a  charioteer.  He 
was  the  most  worthy  of  all  the  officers  of 
Alexander  to  succeed  after  the  death  of 
his  master.  He  conquered  Paphlagonia 
and  Cappadocia,  of  which  he  obtained  the 
government,  till  the  power  and  jealousy 
of  Antigonus  obliged  him  to  retire.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  Antigonus,  B.  C.  315. 

A  king  of  Pergamus,  B.  C.  263.     He 

was  a  great  patron  of  learning,  and  given 
much  to  wine.     He  died  after  a  reign  of 

twenty-two  years. The  second  of  that 

name  succeeded  his  father  Attalus  on  the 
throne  of  Asia  and  Pergamus.  His  king- 
dom was  small  and  poor,  but  he  rendered 
it  powerful  and  opulent,  and  his  alliance 
with  the  Romans  did  not  a  little  contri- 
bute to  the  increase  of  his  dominions.  He 
died  B.  C.  159,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-eight 

years. A  celebrated  orator  of  Athens. 

An  historical  writer  in  Alexander's 

army. 

Eumenia,  a  city  of  Phrygia. A  city 

of  Thrace — of  Caria — of  Hyrcania. 

Eumenides  and  Eumenes,  a  man  men- 
tioned by  Ovid. 

Eumenides,  a  name  given  to  the  Furies 
by  the  ancients.  They  sprang  from  the 
drops  of  blood  which  flowed  from  the 
wound  which  Ccelus  received  from  his 
son  Saturn.  They  were  supposed  to  be 
the  ministers  of  the  vengeance  of  the  gods, 
and  therefore  appeared  stern  and  inexora- 
ble ;  always  employed  in  punishing  the 
guilty  upon  earth,  as  well  as  in  the  infer- 
nal regions. 

Eumenidia,  festivals  in  honor  of  the 
Eumenides. 

Eumenius,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Camilla 
in  Italy. 
Eumolpe,  one  of  the  Nereides. 
Eumolpid-^,  the  priests  of  Ceres  at  the 
celebration  of  her  festivals  of  Eleusis. 
The  Eumolpidas  were  descended  from 
Eumolpus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who  was 
made  priest  of  Ceres  by  Erechtheus  king 
ofAtheiiB.    The  priesthood  continued  in 


EU 


162 


fiu 


the  family  of  Eumoipus  for  one  thousand 
two  hundred  years. 

Eumolpus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  son  of 
Neptune  and  Chione. 

Eumonides,  a  Theban. 

Etjiweo-s,  a  son  of  Jason  by  Ilypsipyle, 
daughter  of  Thoas. 

Eunapius,  a  physician,  sophist,  and  his- 
torian, born  at  Sard  is. 

Eunomia,  a  daughter  of  Juno,  one  of 
the  Horse! 

Eunomus,  a  son  of  Prytanes,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  Sparta. 

-= A  famous  musician  of  Locri?. — A 

man  killed  by  Hercules. — ■ — A  Thracian, 
who  advised  Demosthenes  not  to  be  dis- 
couraged by  his  ill  success  in  his  first  at- 
tempts to  speak  in  public. The  father 

of  Lycurgus  killed  by  a  kitchen  knife. 

Eunus,  a  Syrian  slave,  who  inflamed  the 
minds  of  the  servile  multitude  by  pretend- 
ed inspiration  and  enthusiasm."  Oppres- 
sion and  misery  compelled  two  thousand 
slaves  to  join  his  cause,  and  he  soon  saw 
himself  at  the  head  of  fifty  thousand  men. 
With  such  a  force  he  defeated  the  Roman 
armies,  till  Perpehna  obliged  him  to  sur- 
render by  famine,  and  exposed  on  a  cross 
the  greatest  part  of  his  followers  ;  B.  C. 
132. 

Euonymos,  one  of  the  Lipari  isles. 

Euoras,  a  grove  of  Laconia. 

Eupagium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Eupalamon,  one  of  the  hunters  of  the 
Calydonian  boar. 

Eupalamus,  the  father  of  Daedalus  and 
of  Metiadusa. 

Eupator,  a  son  of  Antiochus. The 

surname  of  Eupator  was  given  to  many  of 
the  Asiatic  princes. 

Eupatoria,  a  town  of  Paphlagonia. 

Another  in  Pontus,  now  Te/ienikeh. 

Eupeithes,  a  prince  of  Ithaca,  father  to 
Antinous. 

Eupkaes,  succeeded  Androcles  on  the 
throne  of  Messenia,  and  died  B.  O.  730. 

Euphantus,  a  poet  and  historian  of 
Olynthus. 

Eupheme,  a  woman  who  was  nurse  to 
the  Muses. 

Euphemus,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Euro- 
pa,  so  swift  and  light  that  he  could  run 
over  the  sea  without  scarce  wetting  his 

feet. One  of  the  Greek  captains  before 

Troy. 

Euphorbtjs,  a  famous  Trojan,  the  first 
who  wounded   Patroclus,  whom   Hector 

killed. A  physician  of  Juba,  king  of 

Mauritania. 

Euphorion,  a  Greek  poet  of  Chalcis  in 
Eubaea,  in  the  age  of  Antiochus  the  Great. 
He  died  in  his  fifty-sixth  year,  B.  C.  220. 

The  father  of  ^Eschylus  bore  the  same 

name. 

Euphranor,  a  famous  painter  and  sculp- 
tor of  Corinth.  This  name  was  common 
to  many  Greeks. 


Euphrates,  a  disciple  of  Plato  who 
governed  Macedonia  with  absolute  author- 
ity in  the  reign  of  Perdiccas. A  stoic 

philosopher  in  the  age  of  Adrian.- A 

large  and  celebrated  river  of  Mesopota- 
mia. 

Euphron,  an  aspiring  man  of  Sicyon. 

Eupiirosypja,  one  of  the  Graces. 

EuFLiEA,  an  island  of  the  Tyrrhene  sea. 

Eupolis,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens,  who 
flourished  four  hundred  and  thirty-five 
years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Eupompus,  a  geometrician  of  Macedo- 
nia.  A  painter. 

Eurianassa,  a  town  near  Chios. 

Euripides,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet  born 
at  Salamis  the  day  on  which  the  army  of 
Xerxes  was  defeated  by  the  Greeks.  He 
applied  himself  to  dramatical  composition, 
and  his  writings  became  so  much  the  ad- 
miration of  his  countrymen,  that  the  un- 
fortunate Greeks,  who  had  accompanied 
Nicias  in  his  expedition  against  Syracuse, 
were  freed  from  slavery,  only  by  repeating 
some  verses  from  the  pieces  of  "Euripides. 
Euripides  retired  from  Athens  to  the  court 
of  Archelaus  king  of  Macedonia,  where 
lie  received  the  most  conspicuous  marks 
of  royal  munificence  and  friendship.  It 
is  said  that  the  dogs  of  Archelaus  met  him 
in  his  solitary  walks,  and  tore  his  body  to 
pieces  four  hundred  and  seven  years  be- 
fore the  christian  era,  in  the  seventy- 
eighth  year  of  ids  age.  Euripides  wrote 
seventy-five  tragedies,  of  which  only 
nineteen  are  extant.  In  his  person  he 
was  noble  and  majestic,  and  his  deport- 
ment was  always  grave  and  serious.  He 
was  slow  in  composing,  and  labored  with 
difficulty. 

Euripus,  a  narrow  strait  which,  sepa- 
rates the  island  of  Euboea  from  the  coast 
of  Bceotia. 

Euristhenes.   Vid.  Eurysther.es. 

Euromus,  a  city  of  Caria. 

Europa,  one  of  the  three  grand  divi- 
sions of  the  earth,  known  among  the  an- 
cients, extending,  according  to  modern 
surveys,  about  three  thousand  miles  from 
north  to  south,  and  twenty-five  hundred 
from  east  to  west.  It  is  supposed  to  re- 
ceive its  name  from  Europa,  who  was  car- 
ried there  by  Jupiter. A  daughter  of 

Agenor  kingof  Phoenicia,  and  Telephassa. 
She  was  so  beautiful  that  Jupiter  became 
enamored  of  her,  and  assumed  the  shape 
of  a  bull  and  mingled  with  the  herds  of 
Agenor,  while  Europa,  with  her  female 
attendants,  was  gathering  flowers  in  the 
meadows.  Europa  caressed  the  beautiful 
animal,  and  at  last  had  the  courage  to  sit 
upon  his  back.  The  god  precipitately  re- 
tired towards  the  shore,  and  crossed  the 
sea  with  Europa  on  his  back,  and  arrived 

safe  in  Crete. One  of  the  Oceanides. 

A  part  of  Thrace  near  mount  Hsemus. 

Europjeus,  a  patronymic  of  Minos. 


EU 


163 


EU 


Europs,  a  king  of  Sicyon. 

Eurofus,  a  king  of  Macedonia. A 

town  of  Macedonia. 

Eurotas,  a  son  of  Lelex,  father  to 
Sparta,  who  married  Lacednemon.- — A 
river  of  Laconia,  flowing  by  Sparta.  Lau- 
rels, reeds,  myrtles,  and  olives  grew  on  its 

banks  in  great  abundance. A  river  in 

Thessaly  near  mount  Olympus. 

EuROTo,a  daughter  of  Danaus  by  Polyxo. 

Eurus,  a  wind  blowing  from  the  eastern 
parts  of  the  world. 

Euryale,  a    queen   of   the   Amazons. 

A  daughter  of  Minos. A  daughter 

of  Prcetus,  king  of  Argos. One  of  the 

Gorgons. 

Euryalus,   one  of  the   Peloponnesian 

chiefs  who  went  to  the  Trojan  war. 

An  illegitimate  son  of  Ulysses. A  son 

of  Melas,  taken  prisoner  by  Hercules. 

A  Trojan  who  came   with   yEneas  into 

Italy. A  pleasant  place  of  Sicily  near 

Syracuse. A  Lacedaemonian  general. 

Eurybates,  a  herald  in  the  Trojan  war. 

A  warrior  of  Argos,  often  victorious 

at  the  Nemean  games. One  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

Eurybia,  the  mother  of  Lucifer  and  all 

the  stars. A  daughter  of  Pontus  and 

Terra. A  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eurybiades,  a  Spartan  general.  He 
has  been  charged  with  want  of  courage, 
and  with  ambition. 

Eurybius,  a  son  of  Eurytus  king  of 
Argos. A  son  of  Nereus  and  Chloris. 

Euryclea,  a  beautiful  daughter  of  Ops 
of  Ithaca. 

Eurycles,  an  orator  of  Syracuse. A 

soothsayer  of  Athens. 

Eurycrates,  a  king  of  Sparta. 

Eurycratidas,  a  son  of  Anaxander. 

Eurydamas,  a  Trojan  skilled  in  the  in- 
terpretation of  dreams. One  of  Pe- 
nelope's suitors. A  wrestler  of  Gyrene. 

Eurydame,  the  wife  of  Leotychides, 
king  of  Sparta. 

Eurydamidas,  a  king  of  Lacedremon, 
of  the  family  of  the  Proclidae. 

Eurydice,  the  wife  of  Amyntas,  king 
of  Macedonia. A  daughter  of  Amyn- 
tas, who  married  her  uncle  Aridaeus,  the 
illegitimate  son  of  Philip.  She  hung  her- 
self by  the  order  of  Olympias. The 

wife  of  the  poet  Orpheus.  "  Vid.  Orpheus. 

A  daughter  of  Adrastus. One  of 

the  Danaides  who  married  Dyas. The 

wife  of  Lycurgus,  king  of  Nemaea  in  Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Eurygania,  a  wife  of  CEdipus. 

Euryleon,  a  king  of  the  Latins. 

Eurylochus,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Ulysses,  the  only  one  who  did  not  taste 

the  potions  of  Circe. A  man  who  broke 

a  conduit  which  conveyed  water  into  Cyrr- 
hae. A  man  who  discovered  the  con- 
spiracy which  was  made  against  Alexan- 
der, by  Hermolaus  and  others. 


Eurymachus,  a  powerful  Theban. 

One  of  Penelope's  suitors. 

Eurymede,  the  wife  of  Glaucus  king  of 
Ephyra. 

Euhymedon,  the  father  of  Peribcea,  by 

whom  Neptune  had  Nausithous. -A 

river  of  Pamphylia. 

Eurymejjes,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chlo- 
ris. 

Eukynome,  one  of  the  Oceanides. A 

daughter  of  Apollo. A  woman  of  Lem- 

nos. The  wife  of  Lycurgus. The 

mother  of  Asopus  by  Jupiter. 

Eurynomus,  one  of  the  deities  of  hell. 

Euryone,  a  daughter  of  Amyntas  king 
of  Macedonia. 

Eurypon,  a  celebrated  king  of  Sparta. 

Eurypyle,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eurypylus,  a  son  of  Telephus  and  As- 

tyoche. A  Grecian  at  the  Trojan  war. 

A  prince  of  Olenus. A  son  of  Te  - 

menus  king  of  Messenia  who  conspired 

against  his  father's  life. A  soothsayer 

in  the  Grecian  camp  before  Troy. 

Eurysthenes,  a  son  of  Aristoiiemus, 
who  lived  in  perpetual  dissention  with  his 
twin  brother  Procles,  while  they  both  sat 
on  the  Spartan  throne.  After  the  death 
of  the  two  brothers,  the  Lacedaemonians 
permitted  two  kings  to  sit  on  the  throne, 
one  of  each  family.  There  sat  on  the 
throne  of  Sparta  thirty-one  kings  of  the 
family  of  Eurysthenes,  and  only  twenty- 
four  of  the  Proclidffi. 

Eurystheus,  the  son  of  Sthenelus, 
and  king  of  Mycenas ;  who,  at  Juno's  in- 
stigation, set  his  brother  Hercules  twelve 
difficult  labors. 

Euryte,  a  daughter  of  Hippodamus. 

The  mother  of  Hallirhotius. 

Euryte-s,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

Eurytele,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Eurythemis,  the  wife  of  Thestius. 

Eurythion  and  Eurytion,  a  centaur 
whose  insolence  to  Hippodamia  was  the 
cause  of  the  quarrel  between  the  Lapithae 
and  Centaurs,  at  the  nuptials  of  Pirithous. 
A  herdsman  of  Geryon  killed  by  Her- 
cules.  A  son  of  Lycaon. A  silver- 
smith.  A  man  of  Heraclea  convicted 

of  adultery. 

Eurytis,  a  patronymic  of  Iole. 

Eurytus,  a  son  of  Mercury,  among  the 

Argonauts. A  king  of  03chalia,  father 

to  Iole.  Hercules  conquered  him,  and  put 
him  to  death  because  he  refused  him  his 

daughter  as  the  prize  of  his  victory. A 

son  of  Actor. A  son  of  Augias  killed 

by  Hercules. A  person  killed  in  hunt- 
ing the  Calydonian  boar. A  son  of 

Hippocoon. 

Eusebia,  an  empress,  wife  to  Constan- 
tius. 

Eusebius,  a  bishop  of  Caesarea. 

Eusebius,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Eusepus  and  Pedasus,  the  twin  sons  of 
Bucolion  killed  in  the  Trojan  war. 


EU 


16- 


EX 


Eustathius,  a  Greek  commentator  on 

the  works  of  Homer. A  man  who  wrote 

a  very  foolish  romance  in  Greek. 

Eut.s:a,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Eutelidas,  a  famous  statuary  of  Argos. 

Euterpe,  one  of  the  Muses,  daughter 
to  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  She  presided 
over  music,  and  was  looked  upon  as  the 
inventress  of  the  flute  and  of  all  wind  in- 
struments.  The  name  of  the  mother  of 

Themistocles. 

Euthycrates,  a  sculptor  of  Sicyon,  son 
of  Lysippus.     He  was  peculiarly  happy  in 

the  proportions  of  his  statues. A  man 

who  betrayed  Olynthus  to  Philip. 

Euthydemus,  an  orator  and  rhetorician. 

Euthymus,  a  celebrated  boxer. 

Eutrapelus,  a  man  described  as  artful 
and  fallacious  by  Horace. A  hair-dres- 
ser. 

Eutrapelus,  a  friend  of  M.  Antony. 

Eutropius,  a  Latin  historian  in  the  age 
of  Julian,  under  whom  he  carried  arms. 

Eutychide,  a  woman  who  was  thirty 
times  brought  to  bed. 


Eutvchides,  a  learned  servant  of  Atti- 
cus. A  sculptor. 

Euxanthius,  a  daughter  of  Minos  and 
Dexithea. 

Euxenidas,  a  painter. 

Euxenus,  a  man  who  wrote  a  poetical 
history  of  the  fabulous  ages  of  Italy. 

Euxinus  Pontus,  a  sea  between  Asia 
and  Europe,  partly  at  the  north  of  Asia 
Minor  and  at  the  west  of  Colchis.  It 
abounds  in  all  varieties  of  fish,  and  re- 
ceives the  tribute  of  above  forty  rivers.  It 
is  called  the  Black  sea,  from  the  thick  dark 
fogs  which  cover  it. 

Euxippe,  a  woman  who  killed  herself 
because  the  ambassadors  of  Sparta  had 
offered  violence  to  her  virtue. 

Exadius,  one  of  the  Lapithre  at  the  nup- 
tials of  Pirithous. 

Ex.ethes,  a  Parthian  who  cut  off  the 
head  of  Crassus. 

Exagonus,  the  ambassador  of  a  nation 
in  Cyprus  to  Rome. 

Exomatr.s,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Sarma- 
tia. 


FA 


FA 


FABARIA,  festivals  at  Rome  in  hon- 
or of  Carna  wife  of  Janus. 

Fabauis,  now  Farfa,  a  river  of  Italy. 

Fabia  lex,  de  ambitu,  was  to  circum- 
scribe the  number  of  Sectatorcs  or  attend- 
ants which  were  allowed  to  candidates  in 
canvassing  for  some  high  office. 

Fabia,  a  tribe  at  Rome. A  ves- 
tal virgin,  sister  to  Terentia,  Cicero's 
wife. 

Fabiani,  some  of  the  Luperci  at  Rome. 

Fabii,  a  noble  and  powerful  family  at 
Rome,  who  were  once  so  numerous  that 
they  took  upon  themselves  to  wage  war 
against  the  Veientes.  They  came  to  a 
general  engagement  near  the  Cremera,  in 
which  all  the  family,  consisting  of  three 
hundred  and  six  men,  were  totally  slain, 
B.  C.  477.  There  only  remained  one 
whose  tender  age  had  detained  him  at 
Rome,  and  from  him  arose  the  noble  Fabii 
in  the  following  ages. 

Fabius  Maximus  Rullianus  was  the  first 
of  the  Fabii  who  obtained  the  surname  of 
Maximus,  for  lessening  the  power  of  the 
populace  at  elections.  He  was  five  times 
consul,  twice  dictator,  and  once  censor. 

Rusticus,  an  historian  in  the  age  of 

Claudius  and   Nero.      He  was    intimate 

with  Seneca. Marcellinus,  a  historian 

in  the  second  century. Q.  Maximus,  a 

celebrated  Roman,  first  surnamed  Verru- 
cosus from  a  wart  on  his  lip,  and  Agnicula 
from  his  inoffensive  manners.    In  his  first 


consulship,  he  obtained  a  victory  over  Li- 
guria,and  the  fatal  battle  of  Thrasymenus 
occasioned  his  election  to  the  dictatorship. 
In  this  important  office  he  began  to  op- 
pose Annibal,  by  harassing  his  army  by 
countermarches  and  ambuscades,  foi 
which  he  received  the  surname  of  Cunc- 
tator  or  delayer.  Such  operations  for  the 
commander  of  the  Roman  armies,  gave 
offence  to  some,  and  Fabius  was  even  ac- 
cused of  cowardice.  He  died  in  the  one 
hundredth  year  of  his  age,  after  he  had 
been  five  times  consul,  and  twice  honored 
with  a  triumph.  The  Romans  were  so 
sensible  of  his  great  merit  and  services, 
that  the  expenses  of  his  funeral  were  de- 
frayed from  the  public  treasury. His 

son  bore  the  same  name,  and  showed  him- 
self worthy  of  his  noble  father's  virtues. 

Pictor,  the  first  Roman  who  wrote  an 

historical  account  of  his  country,  from  the 
age  of  Romulus  to  the  year  of  Rome  five 

hundred  and  thirty-six. A  loquacious 

person  mentioned  by  Horace. A  Roman 

consul,  surnamed  Ambustus,  because  he 
was  struck  with  lightning. A  lieuten- 
ant of  Caesar  in  Gaul. A  chief  priest  at 

Rome  when  Brennus  took  the  city. A 

Roman  sent  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Del- 
phi, while  Annibal  was  in  Italy. An- 
other chosen  dictator  merely  to  create  new 
senators. 

Fab  rate  ri  a,  a  colony  and  town  of  the 
Volsci. 


FA 


165 


FE 


Fabricfus,  a  latin  writer  in  the  reign 
of  Nero,  who  employed  his  pen  in  satiriz- 
ing and  detaining  the  senators. Caius 

Luscinus,  a  celebrated  Roman  who,  in 
his  first  consulship  obtained  several  victo- 
ries over  the  Samnites  and  Lucanians, 
and  was  honored  with  a  triumph.  The 
riches  which  were  acquired  in  those  bat- 
tles were  immense,  the  soldiers  were  lib- 
erally rewarded  by  the  consul,  and  the 
treasury  was  enriched  with  400  talents. 
Fabricius  never  used  rich  plate  at  his 
table  :  a  small  salt  cellar,  whose  feet  were 
of  horn,  was  the  only  silver  vessel  which 
appeared  in  his  house.     He  lived  and  died 

in  the  greatest  poverty. A  bridge  at 

Rome. 

Fabulla,  an  infamous  woman. 

Facelina,  a  small  place  on  the  north  of 
Sicily. 

Fadus,  a  Rutilian  killed  in  the  night  by 
Euryalus. 

Fj:sul33,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Falcidia  lex  was  enacted  by  the  tri- 
bune Falcidius,  A.  U.  C.  713,  concerning 
wills  and  the  right  of  heirs. 

Faleria,  a  town  of  Picenum. 

Falerii,  now  Palari,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Falerina,  a  tribe  at  Rome. 

Falernus,  a  fertile  mountain  and  plain 
of  Campania,  famous  for  its  wine. 

Falisci,  a  people  of  Etruria,  originally  a 
Macedonian  colony. 

Fama,  was  worshipped  by  the  ancients 
as  a  powerful  goddess,  and  generally  re- 
presented blowing  a  trumpet. 

Fannia,  a  woman  of  Minturnae  who 
hospitably  entertained  Marius  in  his  flight. 

Fannia  lex,  de  Sumptibus,  by  Fannius 
the  consul,  A.  U.  C.  593. 

Fannii,  two  orators  of  whom  Cicero 
Speaks. 

Fannius,  an  inferior  poet  ridiculed  by 

Horace. Caius,  an  author  in  Trajan's 

reign. 

Fanum  Vacunje,  a  village  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Sabines. 

Farfarus,  a  river  of  the  Sabines. 

Fascelis,  a  surname  of  Diana. 

Fascellina,  a  town  of  Sicily  near  Pan- 
ormus. 

Faucula,  a  woman  who  privately  con- 
veyed food  to  the  Roman  prisoners  at 
Capua. 

Faventia,  a  town  of  Spain — of  Italy. 

Faveria,  a  town  of  Istria. 

Faula,  a  mistress  of  Hercules. 

Fauna,  a  deity  among  the  Romans, 
daughter  of  Picus,  and  originally  called 
Marica. 

Faunalia,  festivals  at  Rome  in  honor 
of  Faunus. 

Fauni,  certain  deities  of  the  country, 
represented  as  having  the  legs,  feet,  and 
ears  of  goats,  and  the  rest  of  the  body  hu- 
man. They  were  called  satyrs  by  the 
Greeks. 


Faunus,  a  son  of  Picus,  who  is  said  to 
have  reigned  in  Italy  about  1300  years  B. 
C.  His  bravery  as  well  as  wisdom  have 
given  rise  to  the  tradition  that  he  was  son 
of  Mars. 

Favo,  a  Roman  mimic. 

Favorinus,  a  philosopher  under  Adrian. 

Fausta,  a  daughter  cf  Sylla. The 

wife  of  the  emperor  Constantine. 

Faustina,  the  wife  of  the  emperor  An- 
toninus, famous  for  her  debaucheries.  Her 
daughter,  of  the  same  name,  became  the 

most  abandoned  of  her  sex. The  third 

wife  of  the  emperor,  Heliogabalus. 

Faustitas,  a  goddess  among  the  Ro- 
mans supposed  to  preside  over  cattle. 

Faustulus,  a  shepherd  ordered  to  ex- 
pose Romulus  and  Remus.  He  privately 
brought  them  up  at  home. 

Faustus,  an  obscure  poet  under  the  first 
Roman  emperors. 

Februus,  a  god  at  Rome,  who  presided 
over  purifications. The  Feralia,  sacri- 
fices which  the  Romans  offered  to  the  gods 
Manes,  were  called  Fcbrua. 

Feciales,  a  number  of  priests  at  Rome, 
employed  in  declaring  war  and  making 
peace. 

Felginas,  a  Roman  knight  killed  by 
Pompey. 

Felix,  M.  Antonius,  a  freed  man  of 
Claudius  Caesar,  made  governor  of  Juda?.a, 
Samaria,  and  Palestine. 

Feltria,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Fenestella,  a  Roman  historian  in  the 

age  of  Augustus. One  of  the  gates  at 

Rome. 

Fenni  or  FiNNi,the  inhabitants  ofFin- 
ningia,  or  Eningia,  considered  as  Finland, 

Feralia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  the  dead, 
observed  at  Rome  the  seventeenth  or 
twenty-first  of  February.  It  continued 
for  eleven  days,  during  which  time  pre- 
sents were  carried  to  the  graves  of  the  de- 
ceased, marriages  were  forbidden,  and 
the  temples  of  the  gods  were  shut. 

Ferentinum,  a  town  of  the  Hernici,  at 
the  east  of  Rome. 

Ferentum,  or  Forentum,  a  town  of 
Apulia. 

Feretrius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  afe- 
rendo,  because  he  had  assisted  the  Ro- 
mans, or  a  feriendo,  because  he  had  con- 
quered their  enemies  under  Romulus. 

FERiiE  Latins,  festivals  at  Rome  in- 
stituted by  Tarquin  the  Proud.  The 
principal  magistrates  of  forty-seven  towns 
in  Latium  usually  assembled  on  a  mount 
near  Rome,  where  they  altogether  with 
the  Roman  magistrates  offered  a  bull  to 
Jupiter  Latialis,  of  which  they  carried 
home  some  part  after  the  immolation,  af- 
ter they  had  sworn  mutual  friendship  and 
alliance.  It  continued  but  one  day  origin- 
ally, but  in  process  of  time  four  days  were 
dedicated  to  its  celebration.  The  feriaa 
among  the  Romans  were  certain  daya  set 


FL 


166 


FO 


apart  to  celebrate  festivals,  and  during 
that  time  it  was  unlawful  for  any  person 
to  work.  They  were  either  public  or  pri- 
vate. The  public  were  of  four  different 
kinds.  The  feri<z  privates  were  observed 
only  in  families,  in  commemoration  of 
birth  days,  marriages,  funerals,  and  the 
like. 

Feronia,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who  pre- 
sided over  the  woods  and  groves. 

Fescennia,  a  town  of  Etruria,  now 
Oalese. 

Fesulje,  or  Fjesul.e,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Festus,  a  friend  of  Domitian. Porci- 

us,  a  proconsul  who  succeeded  Felix  as 
governor  of  Judnea,  under  Claudius. 

Fibrenus,  a  river  of  Italy. 

Ficana,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Ficaria,  a  small  island  on  the  east  of 
Sardinia. 

Ficulea,  or  Ficulnea,  a  town  of  La- 
tium. 

Fidena,  an  inland  town  of  Latium, 
whose  inhabitants  are  called  Fidenates. 

Fidentia,  a  town  of  Gaul  on  the  south 
of  the  Po. 

Fides,  the  goddess  of  faith,  oaths,  and 
honesty,  worshipped  by  the  Romans. 

Fidicul-e,  a  place  of  Italy. 

Fidius  Dius,  a  divinity  by  whom  the 
Romans  generally  swore.  Some  suppose 
him  to  be  Hercules. 

Fimbria,  a  Roman  officer  who  besieged 
Mithridates  in  Pritane.  He  was  deserted 
by  his  troops  for  his  cruelty,  upon  which 
he  killed  himself. 

Firmum,  now  Fcrmo,  a  town  of  Pice- 
nirni  on  the  Adriatic. 

M.  Firmius,  a  powerful  native  of  Se- 
leucia,  who  proclaimed  himself  emperor, 
and  was  at  last  conquered  by  Aurelian. 

Fiscellus,  a  part  of  the  Apennine 
mountains  in  Umbria. 

Flacilla  Arv"TONiA,aRoman  matron  in 
Nero's  age. 

Flaccus,  a  consul  who  marched  against 
Sylla,  and  was  assassinated  by  Fimbria. 

A  poet. A  governor  of  Egypt  who 

died  A.  D.  39. 

Flacilla  JElia,  the  mother  of  Arcadi- 
us  and  Honorius. 

Flaminia  Lex  agraria,  by  C.  Flami- 
nius,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  525. 

Flaminia  via,  a  celebrated  road  which 
led  from  Rome  to  Ariminum  and  Aqui- 
leia. A  gate  of  Rome. 

C.  Flaminius,  a  Roman  consul  of  a 
turbulent  disposition,  who  was  drawn 
into  a  battle  near  the  lake  of  Thrasyme- 
nus,  by  the  artifice  of  Annibal.  He  was 
killed  in  the  engagement,  with  an  im- 
mense number  of  Romans,  B.  C.  217. 

T.  Q,.  Flaminius,  or  Flamininus,  a  cel- 
ebrated Roman  raised  to  the  consulship, 
A.  U.  C.  556.  He  was  trained  in  the  art 
of  war  against  Annibal.  He  was  sent  at 
the  bead    of  the  Roman  troops  against 


Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  and  in  his  ex- 
pedition he  met  with  uncommon  success, 
and  received  the  name  of  father  and  de- 
liverer of  Greece.  Flaminius  was  found 
dead  in  his  bed,  after  a  life  spent  in  the 
greatest  glory,  in  which  he  had  imitated 
with  success  the  virtues  of  his  model 
Scipio. Lucius,  the  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, signalized  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Greece Calp.  Flamma,  a  tribune. 

Flanaticus  sinus,  a  bay  of  the  Flana- 
tes,  in  Liburnia. 

Flavia  lex  mgraria,  by  L.  Flavius,  A. 
U.  C.  693. 

Flavianum,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Flavinia,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Flavius,  a  senator  who  conspired  with 

Piso  against  Nero. A   tribune  of  the 

people  deposed  by  J.  Caesar. A  Roman 

who  informed  Gracchus  of  the  violent 
measures  of  the  senate  against  him. 

Flevus,  the  right  branch  of  the  Rhine, 
which  formed  a  large  lake  on  its  falling 
into  the  sea,  called  Flevo,  now  Zuider- Zee. 

Flora,  the  goddess  of  flowers  and  gar- 
dens among  the  Romans,  the  same  as  the 
Chloris  of  the  Greeks.  She  was  repre- 
sented as  crowned  with  flowers,  and  hold- 
ing in  her  hand  the  horn  of  plenty. A 

celebrated  woman  passionately  loved  by 
Pompey  the  Great. 

Floralia,  games,  in  honor  of  Flora  at 
Rome.  They  were  observed  yearly,  and 
exhibited  a  scene  of  the  most  unbounded 
licentiousness. 

Florentia,  a  town  of  Italy,  now  Flor- 
ence. 

Florianus,  a  man  who  wore  the  impe- 
rial purple  at  Rome  only  for  two  months, 
A.  D.  276. 

Florus,  L.  Annasus  Julius,  a  Latin  his- 
torian of  the  same  family  which  produced 

Seneca  and  Lucan,  A.  D.  116. Julius, 

a  friend  of  Horace. 

Fluonia,  a  surname  of  Juno  Lucina. 

Folia,  a  woman  of  Ariminum,  famous 
for  her  knowledge  of  poisonous  herbs. 

Fons  Solis,  a  fountain  in  the  province 
of  Cyrene,  cool  at  mid-day  and  warm  at 
the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun. 

Fontanus,  a  poet. 

Fonteia,  a  vestal  virgin. 

Fonteius  Capito,  an  intimate  friend 
of  Horace. A  Roman  who  raised  com- 
motions in  Germany  after  the  death  of 
Nero. A  man  who  conducted  Cleopa- 
tra into  Syria  by  order  of  Antony. 

FoRMiiE,  a  maritime  town  of  Campania 
at  the  south  east  of  Caieta. 

Formianum,  a  villa  of  Cicero,  near 
which  the  orator  was  assassinated. 

Formio,  now  Risano,  a  river  of  Istria. 

Fornax,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who  pre- 
sided over  the  baking  of  bread. 

Foro  Appii,  a  people  of  Italy,  whose 
capital  was  called  Forum  Jlpvi. 

Fortut>a,  a  powerful  deity  among  the 


FU 


167 


FU 


ancients,  daughter  of  Oceanus.  She  was 
the  goddess  of  fortune,  and  from  her  hand 
were  derived  riches  and  poverty,  pleas- 
ures and  misfortunes,  blessings  and  pains. 
She  was  worshipped  in  different  parts  of 
Greece,  and  in  Achaia  her  statue  held  the 
horn  of  plenty  in  one  hand,  and  had  a 
winged  cupid  at  its  feet.  Her  most  famous 
temple  in  Italy  was  at  Antium,  in  Latium, 
where  presents  and  offerings  were  regu- 
larly sent  from  every  part  of  the  country. 

Fortunate  insula,  islands  at  the 
west  of  Mauritania  in  the  Atlantic  sea. 
They  are  supposed  to  be  the  Canary  isles 
of  the  moderns,  and  were  represented  as 
the  seats  of  the  blessed,  where  the  souls 
of  the  virtuous  were  placed  after  death. 

Foruli,  a  town  of  the  Sabines  built  on 
a  stony  place. 

Forum — appii,    a  town  of  Latium  on 

the  Appia  via. Augustum,  a  place  at 

Rome. Allieni,  a  town  of  Italy,  now 

Fcrrara.  Many  places  bore  the  name  of 
Forum  wherever  there  was  a  public  mar- 
ket, or  rather  where  the  praetor  held  his 
court  of  justice. 

Fosr,  a  people  of  Germany  near  the 
Elbe. 

Fossa,  the  straits  of  Bonifacio  between 

Corsica  and  Sardinia. Drusi  or  Drusi- 

ana,  a  canal,  opened  by  Drusus  from  the 
Rhine  to  the  Issel. Mariana,  a  ca- 
nal cut  by  Marius  from  the  Rhone  to  Mar- 
seilles. 

Foss^:  Philsitinje,  one  of  the  mouths 
of  the  Po. 

Franci,  a  people  of  Germany  and  Gaul, 
whose  country  was  called  Francia. 

Fraus,  a  divinity  worshipped  among  the 
Romans,  daughter  of  Orcus  and  Night, 

Fregella,  a  famous  town  of  the  Vol- 
sci. 

Fregen.e,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Frentani,  a  people  of  Italy,  near  Apu- 
lia. 

Fretum,  (the  sea)  is  sometimes  applied 
by  eminence  to  the  Sicilian  sea,  or  the 
straits  of  Messina. 

Frigidus,  a  river  of  Tuscany. 

Frisii,  a  people  of  Germany  near  the 
Rhine. 

Sex.  Jul.  Frontinus,  a  celebrated  ge- 
ometrician, who  made  himself  known  by 
the  books  he  wrote  on  stratagems  and 
aqueducts,  dedicated  to  Trajan. 

Fronto,  a  preceptor  of  M.  Antoninus, 

by  whom  he  was  greatly  esteemed. 

Julius,  a  learned  Roman,  who  delighted 
in  the  company  of  poets. 

Frusino,  a  small  town  of  the  Volsci. 

Fucinus,  a  lake  of  Italy  in  the  country 
of  the  Marsi,  at  the  north  of  the  Liris, 
attempted  to  be  drained  by  J.  Caesar  and 
afterwards  by  Claudius,  but  with  no  suc- 
cess. The  lake  surrounded  by  a  ridge  of 
high  mountains  is  now  called  Celano. 

Fufidius,  a  wretched  usurer. 


Fufius  Geminus,  a  man  greatly  promo- 
ted by  the  interest  of  Li  via. 

Fugalia,  festivals  at  Rome  to  celebrate 
the  flight  of  the  Tarquins. 

Fulgi  nates,  a  people  of  Umbria. 

Q,.  Fulgi nus,  a  brave  officer  in  Caesar's 
legions. 

Fulgora,  a  goddess  at  Rome  who  pre- 
sided over  lightning. 

Fullinum  and  Fulginum,  a  small  town 
of  Umbria. 

Fulvia  lex  was  proposed  but  rejected 
A.  U.  C.  623,  by  Flaccus  Fulvius.  It 
tended  to  make  all  the  people  of  Italy  cit- 
izens of  Rome. 

Fulvia,  a  bold  and  ambitious  woman 
who  married  the  tribune  Clodius,  and 
afterwards  Curio,  and  at  last  M.  Antony 
She  took  a  part  in  all  the  intrigues  of  her 
husband's  triumvirate  and  showed  herself 
cruel  as  well  as  revengeful.  Antony  di- 
vorced her  to  marry  Cleopatra,  and  after 
ineffectual  attempts  at  revenge,  she  died 

forty  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

A  woman  who  discovered  to  Cicero  the 
designs  of  Catiline  upon  his  life. 

Fulvius,  a  Roman  senator,  intimate 
with  Augustus. A  friend  of  C.  Grac- 
chus who  was  killed  in  a  sedition  with 

his  son. Flaccus  Censor,  a  Roman  who 

plundered  a  marble  temple  of  Juno,  to 
finish  the  building  of  one  which  he  had 

erected  to  Fortune. Ser.  Nobilior,   a 

Roman  consul  who  went  to  Africa  after 
the  defeat  of  Regulus.  After  he  had  ac- 
quired much  glory  against  the  Carthagi- 
nians, he  was  shipwrecked  at  his  return 
with  two  hundred  Roman  ships. 

Fundanus,  a  lake  near  Fundi  in  Italy. 

Fundi,  a  town  of  Italy  near  Caieta. 

Furii,  a  family  which  migrated  from 
Medullia  in  Latium  and  came  to  settle  at 
Rome  under  Romulus. 

Furia  lex  de  Testamentis,  by  C.  Furius 
the  tribune.  It  forbade  any  person  to 
leave  as  a  legacy  more  than  a  thousand 
asses,  except  to  the  relations  of  the  master 
who  manumitted,  with  a  few  more  excep- 
tions. 

Furina,  the  goddess  of  robbers. 

Furius,  a  military  tribune  with  Camil- 

lus. A  Roman  slave  who  obtained  his 

freedom. M.  Bibaculus,  a  Latin  poet  of 

Cremona. 

Furnius,  a  man  condemned  of  adultery. 

Arist.  Fuscus,  a  friend  of  Horace. 

Corn,  a  praetor  sent  by  Domitian  against 
the  Daci,  where  he  perished. 

Fusia  lex  de  Comitiis,  A.  U.  C.  527, 
forbade  any  business  to  be  transacted  at 
the    public  assemblies  on  certain    days, 

though  among  the  fasti. Another,  A. 

TJ.  C.  690. Caninia.  another  by  Camil- 

lus  and  C.  Caninius  Galbus,  A.  U.  C,  751. 

Fusius,  a  Roman  orator. A  Roman, 

killed  in  Gaul. A  Roman  actor,  whom 

Horace  ridicules. 


GA 


168 


GA 


G 


TAB  ALES,  a  people  of  Aquitain. 
Gabaza,  a  country  of  Asia. 
Gabellus,  now  La  Secchia,  a  river  fall- 
ing into  the  Po. 

Gabene  and  Gabiene,  a  country  of 
Persia. 

Gabienus,  a  friend  of  Augustus,  be- 
headed by  order  of  Sext.  Pompey. 

Gabii,  a  city  of  the  Volsci,  built  by  the 
kings  of  Alba,  but  now  no  longer  in  exist- 
ence. Komulus  and  Remus  were  edu- 
cated there. 

Gabina,  the  name  of  Juno,  worshipped 
at  Gabii. 

Gab ini a  lex  de  Comitiis,  by  A.  Gabi- 
nius,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  614.  It  re- 
quired that  in  the  public  assemblies  for 
electing  magistrates,  the  votes  should  be 

given  by  tablets,  and  not  viva  voce. 

The  title  of  other  laws  De  Comitiis,  De  Mi- 
litia, De  Usura,  &c. 

Gabinianus,  a  rhetorician,  in  the  reign 
of  Vespasian. 

Gabinius,  a  Roman  historian. Au- 

iius,  a  Roman  consul,  who  made  war  in 
Judaea,  and  reestablished  tranquillity 
there.     He  died  about  forty  years  before 

Christ,   at   Salona. A  lieutenant  of 

Antony. A  consul,  who  behaved  with 

uncommon  rudeness  to  Cicero. 

Gades,  Gadis,  and  Gadira,  a  small  is- 
land in  the  Atlantic,  on  the  Spanish  coast, 
twenty-five  miles  from  the  columns  of 
Hercules. 

Gaditanus,  a    surname    of  Hercules, 
from  Gades. 
G-^satj:,  a  people  on  the  Rhone. 
Gjetulia,  a  country  of  Libya,  the  favor- 
ite retreat  of  wild  beasts,  and  now  called 
Bildulgerid. 
G^tulicus,  Cn.  Lentulus,  an  officer 

in  the  age  of  Tiberius. A  poet  who 

wrote  some  witty  but  indelicate  epigrams. 
Gala,  father  of  Masinissa,  was  king  of 
Numidia. 
Galabrii,  a  nation  near  Thrace. 
Galactophagi,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Scy- 
thia. 

Galanthis,  a  servant  maid  of  Alcme- 
na,  whose  sagacity  eased  the  labors  of 
her  mistress. 

Galata,  a  town  of  Syria. An  island 

near  Sicily. A  town  of  Sicily. A 

mountain  of  Phocis. 
Galat.e,  the  inhabitants  of  Galatia. 
Galatjea  and  Galathjea,  a  sea  nymph, 
daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris.  She  was 
passionately  loved  by  the  Cyclops  Poly- 
phemus, whom  she  treated  with  coldness 
and  disdain  ;  while  Acis,  a  shepherd  of 
Sicily,  enjoyed  her  unbounded  affection. 

The  daughter  of  a  Celtic  king. A 

country  girl. 

Galatia,  or  Gallogrjecia,  a  country 
of  Asia  Minor,  between  Phrygia,  the 
Euxine,  Cappadocia,  and  Bithynia. 


The  name  of  ancient  Gaul  among  the 
Greeks. 

Galaxia,  a  festival,  in  which  they  boil- 
ed a  mixture  of  barley,  pulse,  and  milk, 
called  T'aXutiu  by  the  Greeks. 

Galba,  a  surname  of  the  first  of  the  Sul- 
pilii,  from  the  smallness  of  his  stature. 

A  king  among  the  Gauls,  who  made 

war  against  J.  Caesar. A  brother  of 

the  emperor  Galba,  who  killed  himself. 
A  mean  buffoon,  in  the  age  of  Tibe- 
rius.  Servius,  an  infamous  lawyer  at 

Rome. Servius   Sulpicius,  a  Roman 

who  rose  gradually  to  the  greatest  offices 
of  the  state,  and  exercised  his  power  in 
the  provinces  with  equity  and  unremitted 
diligence.  He  dedicated  the  greatest  part 
of  his  time  to  solitary  pursuits,  chiefly  to 
avoid  the  suspicions  of  Nero.  Nero  or- 
dered him  to  be  put  to  death,  but  he  es- 
caped from  the  hands  of  the  executioner, 
and  was  publicly  saluted  emperor.  When 
he  was  seated  on  the  throne,  he  suffered 
himself  to  be  governed  by  favorites,  who 
exposed  to  sale  the  goods  of  the  citizens 
to  gratify  their  avarice.  He  was  assassin- 
ated in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age, 
and  in  the  eighth  of  his  reign,  and  Otho 
proclaimed  emperor  in  his  room,  January 
16th,  A.  D.  69. A  learned  man,  grand- 
father to  the  emperor  of  the  same  name. 

Sergius,  a  celebrated  orator  before  the 

age  of  Cicero. 

Galenus  Claudius,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian in  the  age  of  M.  Antoninus  and  his 
successors,  born  at  Pergamus,  the  son  of  an 
architect.  He  was  very  intimate  with 
Marcus  Aurelius  the  emperor,  after  whose- 
death  he  returned  to  Pergamus,  where  he; 
died,  in  his  ninetieth  year,  A.  D.  193. 
Galeol.e,  certain  prophets  in  Sicily. 

Galeria,  one  of  the  Roman  tribes. . 

The  wife  of  Vitellius. Faustina,  the- 

wife  of  the  emperor  Antoninus  Pius. 

Galerius,  a  native  of  Dacia,  made  em- 
peror of  Rome,  by  Dioclesian. 

Galesus,  now  Galeso,&  river  of  Cala- 
bria, flowing  into  the  bay  of  Tarentum. 

A  rich  person  of  Latium,  killed  as  he 

attempted  to   make  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  Trojans  and  Rutufians. 
Galil^a,  a  celebrated  country  of  Syria. 
Galinthiadia,  a  festival  at  Thebes,  in 
honor  of  Galinthias,  a  daughter  of  Prcetus. 
Galli,  a  nation   of  Europe,   naturally 
fierce,  and  inclined  to  war.     They  were- 
very  superstitious  ;  and  in  their  sacrifices 

they  often  immolated  human  victims. 

The  priests  of  Cybele. 

Gallia,  a  large  country  of  Europe,  call- 
ed Galatia  by  the-  Greeks.  The  inhabit- 
ants were  called  Qalli,  Celtiberi,  and  Cel- 
toscythtB,  by  themselves  Celtce,  by  the 
Greeks  Galata.  Ancient  Gaul  was  di- 
vided into  four  different  parts  by  the  Ro- 
mans, called  Gallia  Belgica,  Narbonensis,, 
Aquitania,  as#  Gelttea.    The  inhabitants 


GA 


169 


GA 


were  great  warriors  ;  and  their  valor  over- 
came the  Roman  armies,  took  the  cities 
of  Rome,  and  invaded  Greece,  in  different 
ages.  They  spread  themselves  over  the 
greatest  part  of  the  world.  They  were 
very  superstitious. 

Gallicanus  mons,  a  mountain  of  Cam- 
pania. 

Gallicus  Ager,  was  applied  to  the 
country  between  Picenum  and  Ariminum. 

Sinus,  a  part  of  the  Mediterranean  on 

the  coast  of  Gaul,  now  called  the  gulf  of 
Lyons. 

Gallienus  Publ.  Lucjnius,  a  son  of 
the  emperor  Valerian.  He  reigned  con- 
jointly with  his  father  for  seven  years, 
and  ascended  the  throne  as  sole  emperor, 
A.  D.  260.  In  his  youth,  he  showed  activ- 
ity and  military  talent,  but  when  he  came 
to  the  purple,  he  delivered  himself  up  to 
pleasure  and  indolence.  His  time  was 
spent  in  the  greatest  debauchery.  He  often 
appeared  with  his  hair  powdered  with 
golden  dust;  and  enjoyed  tranquillity  at 
home,  while  his  provinces  abroad  were 
torn  by  civil  quarrels  and  seditions.  His 
cruelties  irritated  the  people  and  the  army ; 
emperors  were  elected,  and  no  less  than 
thirty  tyrants  aspired  to  the  imperial  pur- 
ple. Gallienus  was  assassinated  at  Milan 
by  some  of  his  officers,  in  the  fiftieth  year 
of  his  age,  A.  D.  268. 

Gallinaria  Sylva,  a  wood  near  Cuma3 
in  Italy. 

Gallipolis,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Sa- 
lentines. 

Gallogrjecia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor, 
near  Bithynia  and  Cappadocia. 

C.  Gallonius,  a  Roman  knight  appoint- 
ed over  Gades. 

P.  Gallonius,  a  luxurious  Roman. 

Gallus.     Vid.  Alectryon. A  general 

ofOtho. A  lieutenant  of  Sylla. An 

officer  of  M.  Antony,  &c. Caius,  a 

friend  of  the  great  Africanus,  famous  for 

his  knowledge  of  astronomy. ^Elius, 

the  third  governor  of  Egypt  in  the  age  of 

Augustus. Cornelius,  a  Roman  knight, 

who  rendered  himself  famous  by  his  poet- 
ical, as  well  as  military  talents. Vibius 

Gallus,  a  celebrated  orator  of  Gaul,  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. A  Roman  who  assas- 
sinated Decius,  the  emperor,  and  raised 
himself  to  the  throne.  He  showed  him- 
self indolent  and  cruel,  and  was  at  last 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  A.  D.  253. 
Flavius  Claudius  Constantinus,  a  bro- 
ther of  the  emperor  Julian,  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  under  the  title  of  Caesar, 
by  Constantins  his  relation.  He  conspir- 
ed against  his  benefactor,  and  was  be- 
headed, A.  D.  354. A  small  river  of 

Phrygia. 

Gamaxus,  an  Indian  prince. 

Gamelia,  a  surname  of  Juno. A  fes- 
tival privately  observed  at  three  different 
times  The  first  was  the  celebration  of  a 
15 


marriage,  the  second  was  in  commemora- 
tion of  a  birth  day,  and  the  third  was  an 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  a  person. 

Gandarit-e,  an  Indian  nation. 

Gangama,  a  place  near  the  Pains  Maeo- 
tis. 

Gangaridje,  a  powerful  people  near  the 
mouths  of  the  Ganges. 

Ganges,  a  large  river  of  India,  falling 
into  the  Indian  ocean.  It  was  held  in  the 
greatest  veneration  by  the  inhabitants, 
and  this  superstition  is  said  to  exist  still 
in  some  particular  instances. 

Gannas'cus,  an  ally  of  Rome,  put  to 
death  by  Corbulo,  the  Roman  general. 

Ganymede,  a  goddess,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Hebe. 

Ganymedes,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Phry- 
gia. He  was  taken  up  to  heaven  by  Ju- 
piter as  he  was  hunting,  or  rather  tending 
his  father's  flocks  on  mount  Ida,  and  he 
became  the  cup-bearer  of  the  gods  in  the 
place  of  Hebe.  He  is  generally  represent- 
ed sitting  on  the  back  of  a  flying  eagle  in 
the  air. 

Gar.*:ticum,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Garamantes,  a  people  in  the  interior 
parts  of  Africa,  now  called  the  deserts  of 
Zahara. 

Garamantis,  a  nymph  who  became 
mother  of  Iarbas,  Phileus,  and  Pilumnus, 
by  Jupiter. 

Garamas,  a  king  of  Libya. 

Garatas,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Gareat2e,  a  people  of  Arcadia. 

Gareathyra,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Garganus,  now  St.  Jlngelo,  a  lofty 
mountain  of  Apulia. 

Gargaphia,  a  valley  near  Plata?a,  with 
a  fountain  of  the  same  name. 

Gargaris,  a  king  of  the  Curetes,  who 
first  found  the  manner  of  collecting  ho- 
ney. 

Gargarus,  a  town  and  mountain  of 
Troas,  famous  for  its  fertility. 

Gargettus,  a  village  of  Attica. 

Gargittiu.s,  a  dog  which  keptGeryon's 
flocks.     He  was  killed  by  Hercules. 

Gargilius  Martialis,  an  historian. 

A  celebrated  hunter. 

Garites,  a  people  of  Aquitain,  in  Gaul. 

Garumna,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  called 
Garonne. 

Gastron,  a  general  of  Laceda?mon. 

Gathej.,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Gatheatas,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Gauoamela,  a  village  near  Arbela  be- 
yond the  Tigris. 

Gavlus  and  Gauleon,  an  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  sea,  opposite  Libya.  It  pro- 
duces no  venomous  creatures. 

Gaurus,  a  mountain  of  Campania,  fa- 
mous for  its  wines. 

Gaus  and  Gaos,  a  man  who  followed 
the  interest  of  Arfaxerxes,  from  whom 
he  revolted,  and  by  whom  he  was  put  to 
death. 

II 


GE 


170 


GE 


Gaza,  a  famous  town  of  Palestine. 

Gebenna,  a  town  and  mountain  of 
Gaul. 

Gedrosia,  a  barren  province  of  Persia. 

Geganii,  a  family  of  Alba,  part  of  which 
migrated  to  Rome,  under  Romulus. 

Gela,  a  town  on  the  southern  parts  of 
Sicily,  about  ten  miles  from  the  sea. 

Gelanor,  a  king  of  Argos. 

Gellia  Cornelia  lex,  de  Civitate,  by 
L.  Gellius  and  Cn.  Cornel.  Lentulus,  A. 
U.  C.  681.  It  enacted,  that  all  those  who 
had  been  presented  with  the  privilege  of 
citizens  of  Rome  by  Pompey,  should  re- 
main in  the  possession  of  that  liberty. 

Gellias,  a  native  of  Agrigentum,  fa- 
mous for  his  munificence. 

Gellius,  a  censor. A  consul  who 

defeated  a  party  of  Germans,  in  the  inte- 
rest of  Spartacus. 

Aulus  Gellius,  a  Roman  grammarian 
in  the  aire  of  M.  Antoninus,  about  130 
A.  D.  He  published  a  work  which  he 
called  Modes  Atticm,  because  he  composed 
it  at  Athens  during  the  long  nights  of  the 
winter. 

Gelo  and  Gelon,  a  son  of  Dinomenes, 
who  made  himself  absolute  at  Syracuse, 
four  hundred  and  ninety-one  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  He  reigned  seven  years, 
and  his  death  was  universally  lamented 

at  Syracuse. A  man  who  attempted 

to   poison   Pyrrhus. A   governor  of 

Bceotia. 

Geloi,  the  inhabitants  of  Gela. 

Gelone3  and  Geloni,  a  people  of  Scy- 
thia,  inured  from  their  youth  to  labor  and 
fatigue. 

Gelgs,  a  port  of  Caria. 

Gemini,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  which  re- 
presents Castor  and  Pollux,  the  twin  sons 
of  Leda. 

Geminius,  a  Roman  who  acquainted 
M.  y\ntony  with  the  situation  of  his  affairs 
at  Rome.- — An  inveterate  enemy  of  Ma- 
rius. A  friend  of  Pompey. 

GEMi>-us,an  astronomer  and  mathema- 
tician of  Rhode?,  B.  C.  77. 

Gemonije,  a  place  at  Rome  where  the 
carcasses  of  criminals  were  thrown. 

Genabum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Orle- 
ans, on  the  Loire. 

Genau.ni,  a  people  of  Vindelicia. 

Geneva,  an  ancient,  populous,  and 
well  fortified  city  in  the  country  of  the 
Aliobro;:es. 

Genisus,  a  man  of  Cyzicus,  killed  by 
the  Argonauts. 

Genius,  a  spirit,  or  daemon,  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  ancients,  presided  over  the 
birth  ami  life  of  every  man. 

Genssric,  a  famous  Vandal  prince 
who  passed  from  Spain  to  Africa,  where 
he  took  Carthaee. 

Gentihs,  a  king  of  Illyricura,  who  was 
conquered,  and  led  in  trkimch  by  the  Ro- 
mans, P..  C.  169. 


Genua,  now  Genoa,  a  celebrated  town 
of  Liguria,  which  Annibal  destroyed. 

Genucius,  a  tribune  of  the  people. 

A  consul. 

Genusus,  now  Semno,  a  river  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Genutia  lex,  de  magistratibus,  by  L. 
Genutius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  411.  It 
ordained  that  no  person  should  exercise 
the  same  magistracy  within  ten  years,  or 
be  invested  with  two  offices  in  one  year. 

Georgica,  a  poem  of  Virgil  in  four 
books,  which  treats  of  husbandry. 

Gephyra,  one  of  the  cities  of  the  Seie- 
ucidaj  in  Syria. 

Gephyr^i,  a  people  of  Phoenicia. 

Gerjestus,  a  port  of  Eubcea. 

Gerania,  a  mountain  between  Megara 
and  Corinth. 

Geranthrjs,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Geresticus,  a  harbor  of  Teios  in  Ionia. 

Gercithum,  a  town  near  Cumag  in 
yEolia. 

Gergobia,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Gerion,  an  ancient  augur. 

Germania,  an  extensive  country  of  Eu- 
rope, at  the  east  of  Gaul.  Its  inhabitants 
were  warlike,  fierce,  and  uncivilized,  and 
always  proved  a  watchful  enemy  against 
the  Romans.  Caesar  first  entered  their 
country,  but  he  rather  checked  their  fury 
than  conquered  them.  The  ancient  Ger- 
mans were  very  superstitious,  and,  in 
many  instances,  their  religion  was  the 
same  as  that  of  their  neighbors,  the  Gauls. 
Their  rude  institutions,  gradually  gave 
rise  to  the  laws  and  manners  which  still 
prevail  in  the  countries  of  Europe,  which 
their  arms  invaded  or  conquered. 

Germanicus  Cesar,  a  son  of  Drusus 
and  Antonia,  the  niece  of  Augustus.  He 
was  adopted  by  his  uncle  Tiberius,  and 
raised  to  the  most  important  offices  of  the 
state.  He  distinguished  himself  by  his 
success  in  the  German  wars,  and  was 
rewarded  with  a  triumph  on  his  return  to 
Rome.  He  was  secretly  poisoned  at 
Daphne  near  Antioch  by  Piso,  A.  1).  19, 
in  the  thirty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  The 
news  of  his  death  was  received  with  the 
greatest  grief,  and  the  most  bitter  lamen- 
tations, and  Tiberius  seemed  to  be  the 
only  one  who  rejoiced  in  his  fail.  Ger- 
manicus has  been  commended  not  only  for 
his  military  accomplishments,  but  for  his 

learning,  humanity  and  benevolence. 

This  name  was  common  in  the  age  of  the 
emperors,  not  only  to  those  who  had  ob- 
tained victories  over  the  Germans,  but 
even  to  those  who  had  entered  the  borders 
of  their  country  at  the  head  of  an  army. 

Germanii,  a  people  of  Persia. 

Gerrh.e,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Gerus  and  Gerrkus,  a  river  of  Scythia. 

GERONTHRiE,  a  town  of  Laconia,  where 
a  yearly  festival,  called  Clcrcntlmza,  was 
observed  in  honor  ef  Mars. 


GL 


171 


GL 


Geryon  and  Geeyostes,  a  celebrated- 
monster,  represented  as  having  three  bod- 
ies and  three  heads.  He  was  destroyed 
by  Hercules. 

Gessat.e,  a  people  of  Gallia  Togata. 

G-essoriacum,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Gessus,  a  river  of  Ionia. 

Geta,  a  man  who  raised  seditions  at 

Rome  in  Nero's  reign. Septimius,  a 

son  of  the  emperor  Severus,  brother  to 
Caracalla.  After  his  father's  death  he 
reigned  at  Rome,  conjointly  With  his 
brother  ;  but  Caracalla,  who  envied  his 
virtues,  and  was  jealous  of  his  popularity, 
murdered  him  in  the  arms  of  his  mother. 
Geta  had  not  reached  the  twenty-third 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  Romans  had  rea- 
son to  lament  the  death  of  so  virtuous  a 
prince. 

Getje,  a  people  of  European  Scythia, 
near  the  Daci. 

Gigantes,  the  sons  of  Coelus  and  Ter- 
ra, represented  as  men  of  uncommon 
stature",  with  strength  proportioned  to 
their  gigantic  size.  Some  of  them,  as 
Cottus,  Briareus,  and  Gyges,  had  fifty 
heads  and  one  hundred  arms,  and  serpents 
instead  of  legs.  They  were  of  a  terrible 
aspect,  their  hair  hung  loose  about  their 
shoulders,  and  their  beard  was  suffered  to 
grow  untouched.  Pallene  and  its  neigh- 
borhood was  the  place  of  their  residence. 
They  conspired  to  dethrone  Jupiter,  who 
was  obliged  to  call  Hercules  to  his  assist- 
ance. With  the  aid  of  this  celebrated 
hero,  the  giants  were  soon  put  to  flight 
and  defeated.  Some  were  crushed  to 
pieces  under  mountains  or  buried  in  the 
sea ;  and  others  were  flayed  alive,  or  beat- 
en to  death  with  clubs. 

Gigirtum,  a  town  of  Phcenicia. 

GiG!3,  one  of  the  female  attendants  of 
Parvsntis,  who  was  privy  to  the  poisoning 
of  Statira. 

Gildo,  a  governor  of  Africa,  in  the  reign 
of  Arcadius. 

Gillo,  an  infamous  adulterer,  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Gindane9,  a  people  of  Libya. 

Gindes,  a  river  of  Albania.— . — Another 
of  Mesopotamia. 

Ginge.  Vid.  Gigis. 

Gingunum,  a  mountain  of  Umbria. 

Gippius,  an  infamous  Roman. 

Gisco,  son  of  Hamilcon  the  Carthagin- 
ian general,  was  banished  from  his  coun- 
try by  the  influence  of  his  enemies.  He 
was  afterwards  recalled,  and  empowered 
by  the  Carthaginians  to  punish  in  what 
manner  he  pleased,  those  who  had  occa- 
sioned his  banishment.  He  Avas  made  a 
general  soon  after,  in  Sicily,  against  the 
Corinthians,  about  three  hundred  and  nine 
years  before  the  Christian  era  ;  and  by  his 
success  and  intrepidity,  he  obliged  the 
enemies  of  his  country  to  sue  for  peace. 

Gladiatorii    ludi,  combats   originally 


exhibited  on  the  grave  of  deceased  persons 
at  Rome.  They  were  first  introduced  at 
Rome  by  the  Bruti,  upon  the  death  of  their 
father,  A.  U.  C.  488.  Originally  captives, 
criminals,  or  disobedient  slaves,  were 
trained  up  for  combat ;  but  when  the  di- 
version became  more  frequent,  and  was 
exhibited  on  the  smallest  occasion,  to  pro- 
cure esteem  and  popularity,  many  of  the 
Roman  citizens  enlisted  themselves  among 
the  gladiators,  and  Nero  at  one  show,  ex- 
hibited no  less  than  four  hundred  senators 
and  six  hundred  knights.  After  these 
cruel  exhibitions  had  been  continued  for 
the  amusement  of  the  Roman  populace, 
they  were  abolished  by  Constantine  the 
Great,  near  six  hundred  years  after  their 
first  institution. 

Glanis,  a  river  of  Cuirwe — of  Iberia — 
of  Italy. 

Glanum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  St.  Rctni, 
in  Provence. 

Glafhyre  and  Glapmyra,  a  daughter 
of  Archelaus  the  high-priest  of  Bellona  in 
Cappadocia,  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and 
intrigues.  Mark  Antony  gave  the  king 
dom  of  Cappadocia  to  her  two  sons. 

Glaphyrus,  an  infamous  Roman. 

Glauce,  the  wife  of  Actams,  daughter 

of  Cychrams. A  daughter  of  Cretheus, 

mother  of  Telamon. One  of  the  Nerei- 
des. 

Glaucia,  a  surname  of  the  Servilian 
family. 

Glaucipfe,  one  of  the  Danaides. 

Glatjcippus,  a  Greek  who  wrote  a  trea- 
tise concerning  the  sacred  rights  of  Athens. 

Glaucon,  a  writer  of  dialogues  at 
Athens. 

Glauconome,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

GLAUcopis,a  surname  of  Minerva,  from 
the  blueness  of  her  eyes. 

Glaucus,  a  son  of  Hippolochus,  the  son 
of  Beilerophon.  He  assisted  Priam  in  the 
Trojan  war,  and  had  the  simplicity  to  ex- 
change his  golden  suit  of  armor  with  Bio- 
medes  for  an  iron  one,  whence  came  the 
proverb  of  Olaucl  et  JDiomedis  permutatio, 
to  express  a  foolish  purchase.     He   was 

killed  by  Ajax. A  fisherman  of  Anthe- 

don  in  Breotia,  son  of  Neptune  and  Nais, 
or  according  to  others  of  Polybius  the  son 
of  Mercury.  He  leaped  into  the  water, 
and  was  made  a  sea  deity  by  Oceanus  and 

Tethys,  at  the  request  of  the  gods. A 

son  of  Sisyphus  king  of  Corinth,  by  Me- 
rope  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  born  at  Potnia 

a  village  of  Boeotia. A  son  of  Minos 

the  2d,  and  Pasiphae,  who  was  smothered 
in  a  cask  of  honey,  restored  to  life  by  the 

physician  Polyidus. A  son  of  Epytus, 

who  succeeded  his  father  on  the  throne  of 
Messenia.- — A  son  of  Antenor,  killed  by 

Agamemnon. An  Argonaut. A  son 

of  Imbrasus,  killed  by  Turnus. A  son 

of  Hippolytus,  whose  descendants  reigned 
in  Ionia. An  athlete  of  Euboaa. A 


GO 


112 


GO 


son  of  Priam A  physician  of  Cleopa- 
tra.  A  warrior,  in  the  age  of  Phocion. 

A  physician  exposed  on  a  cross,  be- 
cause Hephmstion  died  while  under  his 

care. An  artist  of  Chios. A  Spartan. 

A  grove  of  Baeotia. A  bay  of  Caria. 

An  historian  of  Rhegiurn  in  Italy. 

A  bay  and  river  of  Libya — of  Pelopon- 
nesus— of  Colchis. 

Glautias,  a  king  of  Illyricum. 

Glicon,  a  physician  of  Pansa. 

Glissas,  a  town  of  Bceotia,  with  a  small 
river  in  the  neighborhood. 

Glvcera,  a  beautiful  woman,  celebrat- 
ed by  Horace. A  woman  of  Sicyon 

skilful  in  making  garlands. 

Glycerium,  an  infamous  woman  of 
Thespis,  who  presented  her  countrymen 
with  the  painting  of  Cupid,  which  Praxi- 
teles had  given  her. 

Glycon,    a    man    remarkable    for    his 

strength. A  physician  who  attended 

Pansa,  and  was  accused  of  poisoning  his 
patron's  wound. 

Glvmpes,  a  town  on  the  borders  of  the 
Lacedremonians  and  Messenians. 

Gnatia,  a  town  of  Apulia. 

Gnossis  and  Gnossia,  an  epithet  given 
to  Ariadne,  because  she  lived,  or  was  born 
at  Gnossus. 

Gnossus,  a  famous  city  of  Crete,  the 
residence  of  king  Minos. 

Gobanitio,  a  chief  of  the  Arverni. 

Gobar,  a  governor  of  Mesopotamia. 

Gobares,  a  Persian  governor. 

Gobryas,  a  Persian,  one  of  the  seven 
noblemen  who  conspired  against  the  usur- 
per Smerdis. 

Golgi,  a  place  of  Cyprus,  sacred  to  Ve- 
nus Oolg-ia,  and  to  Cupid. 

Gomphi,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Gonatas,  one  of  the  Antigoni. 

Goniades,  nymphs  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  river  Cytherus. 

Gonippus  andPANORMus,twoyouthsof 
Andania. 

Gonni  and  Gonocondylos,  a  town  of 
Thessaly. 

Gonoessa,  a  town  of  Troas. 

Gonussa,  a  town  of  Sicyon. 

Gordi.<£i,  mountains  in  Armenia. 

Gordianus,  M.  Antonius  Africanus,  a 
son  of  Metius  Marcellus,  descended  from 
Trajan,  by  his  mother's  side.  In  the 
greatest  affluence,  he  cultivated  learning, 
and  was  an  example  of  piety  and  virtue. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  poetry, 
and  composed  a  poem  in  thirty  books  upon 
the  virtues  of  Titus  Antonius,  and  M. 
Aurelius.  After  he  had  attained  his  80th 
year  in  the  greatest  splendor  and  domestic 
tranquillity,  he  was  roused  from  his  peace- 
ful occupations  by  the  tyrannical  reign  of 
the  Maximini,  and  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  rebellious  troops  of  his 
province.  Maximinus  marched  against 
him  with  the  greatest  indignation ;  and 


Gordian  sent  his  son,  with  whom  he  shar 
ed  the  imperial  dignity,  to  oppose  the  ene- 
my. Young  Gordian  was  killed  ;  and  the 
father,  worn  out  with  age,  and  grown  des- 
perate on  account  of  his  misfortunes, 
strangled  himself  at  Carthage,  before  he 
had  been  six  weeks  at  the  head  of  the 
empire,  A.  D.  236. M.  Antonius  Afri- 
canus, son  of  Gordianus.  He  passed  into 
Africa,  in  the  character  of  lieutenant  to 
his  father,  and  seven  years  after  he  was 
elected  emperor,  in  conjunction  with  him. 
He  marched  against  the  partisans  of  Maxi- 
minus, his  antagonist  in  Mauritania,  and 
was  killed  in  a  bloody  battle  on  the  25th 
of  June,  A.  D.  236,  after  a  reign  of  about 
six  weeks. M.  Antonius  Pius,  grand- 
son of  the  first  Gordian,  was  but  twelve 
years  old  when  he  was  honored  with  the 
title  of  Csesar.  He  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror, in  the  sixteenth  year  of  his  age,  and 
his  election  was  attended  with  universal 
marks  of  approbation.  Gordian  was  as- 
sassinated in  the  east,  A.  D.  244.  The 
senate,  sensible  of  his  merit,  honored  him 
with  a  most  splendid  funeral. 

Gordium,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Gordius,  a  husbandman,  afterwards 
king  of  Phrygia;  remarkable  for  tying  a 
knot,  on  which  the  empire  of  Asia  de- 
pended, in  so  intricate  a  manner,  that 
Alexander  the  Great,  unable  to  unravel  it, 
cut  it  to  pieces. A  tyrant  of  Corinth. 

Gorgasus,  a  man  who  received  divine 
honors  at  Phera?  in  Messenia. 

Gorge,  a  daughter  of  GEneus,  king  of 
Calydon.  Her  tomb  was  seen  at  Amphis- 
sa  in  Locris. One  of  the  Danaides. 

Gorgias,  a  celebrated  sophist  and  ora- 
tor, born  at  Leontium  in  Sicily.  He  lived 
to  his  one  hundred  and  eighth  year,  and 

died  B.  C.  400. An  officer  of  Antiochus 

Epiphanes. A  Macedonian,  forced  to 

war  with  Amyntas. 

Gorgo,  the  wife   of  Leonidas  king  of 

Sparta. The  name  of  the  ship  which 

carried  Perseus,  after  he  had  conquered 
Medusa. 

Gorgones,  three  celebrated  sisters, 
daughters  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto,  whose 
names  were  Stheno,  Euryale,  and  Medu- 
sa, all  immortal  except  Medusa.  Accord- 
ing to  the  mythologists,  their  hairs  were 
entwined  with  serpents,  their  hands  were 
of  brass,  their  wings  of  the  color  of  gold, 
their  body  was  covered  with  impenetrable 
scales,  and  their  teeth  were  as  long  as  the 
tusks  of  a  wild  boar,  and  they  turned  to 
stones  all  those  on  whom  they  fixed  their 
eyes.  Medusa  alone  had  serpents  in  her 
hair. 

Gorgo  nia,  a  surname  of  Pallas,  because 
Perseus,  armed  with  her  shield,  had  con- 
quered the  Gorgon,  who  had  polluted  her 
temple  with  Neptune. 

Gorgonius,  a  man  ridiculed  by  Horace. 

Gorgophone,  a    daughter  of   Perseus 


gr 


ra 


GR 


and  Andromeda,  who  married  Perieres 
king  of  Messenia.  After  the  death  of 
Perieres,  she  married  CEbuius.  She  is  the 
first  whom  the  mycologists  mention  a3 

having  had  a  second  husband. One  of 

the  Danaides. 

Gorgophopjus,  a  son  of  Electryon  and 
Anaxo. 

Gorgophora,  a  surname  of  Minerva, 
from  her  a?gis,  on  which  was  the  head  of 
the  gorgon  Medusa. 

Gorgus,  the  son  of  Aristomenes  the 
Messenian.- — A  son  of  Theron  tyrant  of 

Agrigentum. A  man  whose  knowledge 

of  metals  proved  very  serviceable  to  Alex- 
ander. 

Gorgythion,  a  son  of  Priam,  killed  by 
Teucer. 

Gortu-e,  a  people  of  Euboea. 

Gortvn,  Gortys,  and  Gortyna,  an  in- 
land town  of  Crete. 

Gortynia,  a  town  of  Arcadia  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

GoTTHr,  a  celebrated  nation  of  Germa- 
ny, called  also  Gothones,  Gutones,  Gytho- 
nes,  and  Guttones.  They  were  warriors 
by  profession,  as  well  as  all  their  savage 
neighbors.  They  plundered  Rome,  un- 
der Alaric,  one  of  their  most  celebrated 
kings,  A.  D.  410. 

Gracchus,  T.  Sempronius,  father  of 
Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus,  twice  con- 
sul, and  once  censor,  was  distinguished 
by  his  integrity,  as  well  as  his  prudence 
and  superior  ability  either  in  the  senate 
or  at  the  head  of  the  armies.  He  made 
war  in  Gaul,  and  met  with  much  suc- 
cess in  Spain.  He  married  Sempronia,  of 
the  family  of  the  Scipio's,  a  woman  of 
great  virtue,  piety,  and  learning.  Their 
children,  Tiberius  and  Caius,  who  had 
been  educated  under  the  watchful  eye  of 
their  mother,  rendered  themselves  famous 
for  their  eloquence,  seditions,  and  an  ob- 
stinate attachment  to  the  interests  of  the 
populace,  which  at  last  proved  fatal  to 
them.  After  lives  of  violent  dissension 
with  the  patrician  orders,  they  both  perish- 
ed by  a  violent  death. Sempronius,  a 

Roman,  banished  to  the  coast  of  Africa 
and  assassinated  by  order  of  Tiberius, 
after  he  had  been  banished  fourteen  years. 

A  general  of  the  Sabines,  taken  by 

Q..  Cincinnatus. A  Roman  consul,  de- 
feated by  Annibal. 

Gradivus,  a  surname  of  Mars  among 
the  Romans. 

(ir-eci,  the  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

Gr^cia,  a  celebrated  country  of  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Ionian  sea, 
south  by  the  Mediterranean  sea,  east  by 
the  JEgean,  and  north  by  Thrace  and  Dal- 
matia.  It  is  generally  divided  into  four 
large  provinces  ;  Macedonia,  Epirus, 
Achaia  or  Hellas,  and  Peloponnesus. 
This  country  has  been  reckoned  superior 
15* 


to  every  other  part  of  the  earth,  on  ac- 
count of  the  salubrity  of  the  air,  the  tem- 
perature of  the  climate,  the  fertility  of 
the  soil,  and,  above  all,  the  fame,  learning, 
and  arts  of  its  inhabitants.  While  the 
Greeks  rendered  themselves  illustrious  by 
their  military  exploits,  the  arts  and  scien- 
ces were  assisted  by  conquest,  and  receiv- 
ed fresh  lustre  from  the  application  and 
industry  of  their  professors.  The  labors 
of  the  learned  were  received  with  admi- 
ration, and  the  merit  of  a  composition  was 
determined  by  the  applause  or  disappro- 
bation of  a  multitude.  Their  generals 
were  orators  ;  and  eloquence  seemed  to  be 
so  nearly  connected  with  the  military  pro- 
fession, that  he  was  despised  by  his  sol- 
diers who  could  not  address  them  upon 
any  emergency  with  a  spirited  and  well- 
delivered  oration.  The  learning,  as  well 
as  the  virtues  of  Socrates,  procured  him  a 
name  ;  and  the  writings  of  Aristotle  have, 
perhaps,  gained  him  a  more  lasting  fame 
than  all  the  conquests  and  trophies  of  his 
royal  pupil.  The  Greeks  planted  several 
colonies,  and  totally  peopled  the  western 
coasts  of  Asia  Minor.  For  some  time 
Greece  submitted  to  the  yoke  of  Alexan- 
der and  his  successors ;  and  at  last,  after 
a  spirited  though  ineffectual  struggle  hi 
the  Achaean  league,  it  fell  under  the  pow- 
er of  Rome,  and  became  one  of  its  de- 
pendent provinces  governed  by  a  procon- 
sul. 

Gr«.cia  magna,  a  part  of  Italy,  where 
the  Greeks  planted  colonies,  whence  the 
name. 

Grjecinus,  a  senator  put  to  death  by 
Caligula. 

Gr^cus,  a  man  from  whom  some  sup- 
pose that  Greece  received  its  name. 

Graius,  an  inhabitant  of  Greece. 

Grampius  mon9,  the  Grampian  moun- 
tains in  Scotland. 

Granicus,  a  river  of  Bithynia. 

Granius  Petronius,  an  officer,  who 
being  taken  by  Pompey's  generals,  re- 
fused the  life  which  was  tendered  to  him  ; 
observing  that  Caesar's  soldiers  received 
not,  but  granted  life.     He  killed  himself. 

A  questor  whom  Sylla  had  ordered  to 

he  strangled,  only  one  day  before  he  died 

a  natural  death. A  son  of  the  wife  of 

Marius,  by  a  former  husband. Gfcuiii- 

tus,  a  man  intimate  with  Crassus  and 
other  illustrious  men  of  Rome,  whose  vice3 
he  lashed  with  an  unsparing  hand. 

Gratis,  three  goddesses.  Vid.  Cha- 
rites. 

Gratianus,  a  native  of  Pannonia,  father 
to  the  emperor  Valentinian  1st.  He  who 
became  sole  emperor  in  the  sixteenth  year 
of  his  age.  He  soon  after  took,  as  his 
imperial  colleague,  Theodosius,  whom  he 
appointed  over  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
empire.    His  enmity  to  the  Pagan  super- 


GY 


174 


GY 


stition  of  his  subjects  proved  his  ruin  ; 
and  Maximinus,  who  undertook  the  de- 
fence of  the  worship  of  Jupiter  and  of  all 
the  gods,  was  joined  by  an  infinite  num- 
ber of  discontented  Romans,  and  met  Gra- 
tian  near  Paris  in  Gaul.  Grecian  was  for- 
saken by  his  troops  in  the  field  of  battle, 
and  was  murdered  by  the  rebels,  A.  D. 
383,  in  the  twenty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
A  Roman  soldier,  invested  with  the  im- 
perial purple  by  the  rebellious  army  in 
Britain,  and  assassinated  four  months 
after. 

GRATiDi^,a  woman  at  Neapolis,  called 
Canidia  by  Horace. 
Gration,  a  giant  killed  by  Diana. 
Gratius  Falisclt9,  a  Latin  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Ovid. 

Gravii,  a  people  of  Spain. 
Gravisc.e,  now  Eremo  de  St.  Augustino, 
a  maritime  town  of  Etruria. 

Gravius,  a  Roman  knight  of  Puteoli. 
Gregorius,  Theod.  Thaumaturgus,  a 
disciple  of  Origen,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Neocasarea,  the  place  of  his  birth.  He 
died  A.  D.  266,  and  it  is  said  he  left  only 
seventeen  idolaters  in  his  diocese,  where 
he  had  found  only  seventeen  Christians. 

Nazianzen,  surnamed  the   Divine, 

was  bishop  of  Constantinople.  His  wri- 
tings rival  those  of  the  most  celebrated 
orators  of  Greece,  in  eloquence,  sublimity, 

and  variety. A  bishop  of  Nyssa,  author 

of  the  Nicene  creed. 

Grinnes,  a  people  among  the  Batavians. 
Grophus,  a  man  distinguished  as  much 
for  his  probity  as  his  riches. 

Grudii,  a  people  tributary  to  the  Ner- 
vii. 

Grumentum,  now  Armento,  an  inland 
town  of  Lucania. 

Gryllus,  a  son  of  Xenophon,  who  kill- 
ed Epaminondas,  and  was  himself  slain, 

at  the  battle  of  Mantinea,  B.  C.  363. 

One  of  the  companions  of  Ulysses,  chang- 
ed into  a  swine  by  Circe. 

Geyneum  and  Grynium,  a  town  near 
.Clazomenae,  where  Apollo  had  a  temple 
with  an  oracle. 

Gryneus,  one  of  the  Centaurs. 
Gyarus  and  Gyaros,  an  island  in   the 
iEgean  sea,  near  Delos. 
Gyas,  one  of  the  companions  of  ^Eneas. 

A  part  of  the  territories  of  Syracuse. 

A  Rutulian,  killed  by  ^Eneas  in  Italy. 

Gyg-eus,  a  lake  of  Lydia. 
Gyge,  a  maid  of  Parysatis. 


Gyges,  or  Gyes,  a  son  of  Coelus  and 
Terra,  represented  as  having  fifty  heads 
and  a  hundred  hands.  He,  with  his 
brothers,  made  war  against  the  gods,  and 

was  afterwards  punished  in  Tartarus. 

A  Lydian,  to  whom  Candaules,  king  of 

the  country,  showed  his  wife  naked.- 

A  man  killed  by  Turnus,  in  his  wars  with 

^Eneas.- A  beautiful  hoy  of  Cnidus. 

Gylippus,  a  Lacedsmonian,  sent  B.  C« 
414,  by  his  countrymen  to  assist  Syracuse, 
against  the  Athenians.  He  obtained  a 
celebrated  victory  over  Nicias  and  Demos- 
thenes, the  enemy's  generals,  and  obliged 
them  to  surrender.  He  accompanied  Ly- 
sander,  in  his  expedition  against  Athens 
and  was  present  at  the  taking  of  that  cele- 
brated town.  After  the  fall  of  Athens, 
he  disgraced  himself  by  embezzling  pub- 
lic money  committted  to  his  care. An 

Arcadian  in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Gymnasia,  a  large  city  near  Colchis. 

Gymnasium,  a  place  among  the  Greeks, 
where  all  the  public  exercises  were  per- 
formed, and  where  not  only  wrestlers  and 
dancers  exhibited,  but  also  philosophers, 
poets,  and  rhetoricians  repeated  their 
compositions.  The  room  was  high  and 
spacious,  and  could  contain  many  thou- 
sands of  spectators.  The  laborious  exer- 
cises of  the  Gymnasium  were  running, 
leaping,  throwing  the  quoit,  wrestling, 
and  boxing. 

Gymnesi.se,  two  islands  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, called  Baleares  by  the  Greeks. 

Gymnetes,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia,  who 
lived  almost  naked. 

Gymnij:,  a  town  of  Colchis. 

Gymnosophistje,  a  certain  sect  of  phi- 
losophers in  India,  who  according  to  some, 
placed  their  summum  bonum  in  pleasure, 
and  their  sumvnun  malum  in  pain.  They 
lived  naked  as  their  name  implies,  and 
for  thirty-seven  years  they  exposed  them- 
selves in  the  open  air,  to  the  heat  of  the 
sun,  the  inclemency  of  the  seasons,  and 
the  coldness  of  the  night. 

Gynjeceas,  a  woman  said  to  have  been 
the  wife  of  Faunus,  and  the  mother  of 
Bacchus  and  of  Midas. 

Gyn^cothcenas,  a  name  of  Mars  at 
Tegea,  on  account  of  a  sacrifice  offered 
by  the  women  without  the  assistance  of 
the  men. 

Gyndes,  now  Zeindeh,  a  river  of  Assy- 
ria, falling  into  the  Tigris. 

Gytheum,  a  seaport  town  of  Laconia 


HA 


ir 


HA 


HABiS,   a   king  of  Spain,    who   first 
taught  his  subjects  agriculture. 
Hadrianopolis,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Had ri anus,  a  Roman  emperor. C. 

Fabius,  a  prastor  in  Africa. 

Hjemon,  a  Theban  youth,  son  of  Creon, 
who  was  so  captivated  with  the  beauty  of 
Antigone,  that  he  killed  himself  on  her 

tomb. A  Rutulian  engaged  in  the  wars 

of  Turnus. A  friend  of  ^Eneas  against 

Turnus. 

H.emus,  a  high  mountain  which  sepa- 
rates Thrace  from  Thessaly. A  stage- 
player. 

Hages,  a  brother  of  king  Porus  who  op- 
posed Alexander,  &c. One  of  Alexan- 
der's flatterers. A  man  of  Cyzicus, 

killed  by  Pollux. 

Hagno,  a  nymph. A  fountain  of  Ar- 
cadia. 

Hagnagora,  a  sister  of  Aristomenes. 

Hal^esus  and  Halesus,  a  son  of  Aga- 
memnon by  Briseis  or  Clytemnestra.     He 

was  killed  by  Pallas. A  river  in  Asia 

Minor. 

Halala,  a  village  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Taurus. 

Hale  ntum,  a  town  at  the  north  of  Sicily. 

Halesa,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Halesius,  a  mountain  and  river  near 
.-Etna. 

Halia,  one  of  the  Nereides. A  festi- 
val at  Rhodes  in  honor  of  the  sun. 

Haliacmon,  a  river  which  separates 
Thessaly  from  Macedonia,  and  falls  into 
the  Sinus  Thermiacus. 

IIaliartus,  a  town  of  Bosotia,  founded 

by  Haliartus,  the  son  of  Thersander. 

A  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Halicarnassus,  now  Bodroun,  a  mari- 
time city  of  Caria,  in  Asia  Minor,  where 
the  mausoleum  was  erected. 

Halicyje,  a  town  of  Sicily,  now  Saleme. 

Halieis,  a  town  of  Argolis. 

Halimede,  a  Nereid. 

Halirrhotius,  a  son  of  Neptune  and 
Euryte,  who  offered  violence  to  Alcippe, 
daughter  of  Mars.  This  offended  Mars, 
and  he  killed  the  ravisher.  Neptune  cited 
Mars  to  appear  before  the  tribunal  of  jus- 
tice to  answer  for  the  murder  of  his  son. 
The  cause  was  tried  at  Athens,  and  the 
murderer  was  acquitted. 

Halithersus,  an  old  man,  who  fore- 
told to  Penelope's  suitors  the  return  of 
Ulysses. 

Halius,  a  son  of  Alcinous,  famous  for 

his  skill  in  dancing. A  Trojan,  who 

came  with  iEneas  into  Italy. 

Halizones,  a  people  of  Paphlagonia. 

Halmus,  a  son  of  Sysiphus,  father  to 
Chrysogone. 

Halmydessus,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Halocrates,  a  son  of  Hercules  and 
Olympusa. 

Halone,  an  island  of  Propontis,  oppo- 
site Cyzicus. 


Halonnesus,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Macedonia,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Sinus 
Thermiacus. 
Halotia,  a  festival  in  Tegea. 
Halotus,  an  eunuch,  who  used  to  taste 
the  meat  of  Claudius.  He  poisoned  the 
emperor's  food  by  order  of  Agrippina. 

Halus,  a  city  of  Achaia of  Thessaly 

of  Parthia. 

Haly^eetus,  a  man  changed  into  a  bird 
of  the  same  name. 

Halycus,  now  Platani,  a  river  at  the 
south  of  Sicily. 

Halys,  now  Kizil-ermark,  a  river  of  Asia 
Minor,  rising  in  Cappadocia,  and  falling 
into  the  Euxine  sea. A  man  of  Cyzi- 
cus killed  by  Pollux. 

Halyzia,  a  town  of  Epirus  near  the 
Achelous. 

Hamadryades,   nymphs  who  lived  in 
the  country,  and  presided  over  trees,  with 
which  they  were  said  to  live  and  die. 
Hamje,  a  town  of  Campania. 
Hamaxia,  a  city  of  Cilicia. 
Harcalo,  a  man  famous  for  his  know- 
ledge of  poisonous  herbs,  &c.      He  touch- 
ed the  most  venomous  serpents  and  rep- 
tiles without  receiving  the  smallest  injury. 
Harmatelia,  a  town  of  the  Brachma- 
nes  in  India. 
Harmatris,  a  town  of  ^Eolia. 
Hamillus,  an  infamous  debauchee. 
Harmodius,    a  friend    of   Aristogiton, 
who  delivered   his  country  from  the  ty- 
ranny of  the  Pisistratidae,  B.  C.  510. 

Harmonides,  a  Trojan  beloved  by  Mi- 
nerva. 

Harpagus,  a  general  of  Cyrus. A 

river  near  Colchis. 

Harpalion,  a  son  of  Pylsmenes  king 
of  Paphlagonia  who  assisted  Priam  during 
the  Trojan  war. 

Harpalus,  a  man  intrusted  with  the 
treasures  of  Babylon  by  Alexander.  His 
hopes  that  Alexander  would  perish  in  his 
expedition,  rendered  him  dissipate,  negli- 
gent, and  vicious.  When  brought  to  jus- 
tice, he  escaped  with  impunity  to  Crete, 
where    he    was    at  last  assassinated  by 

Thimbro,  B.  C.  325. A  robber  who 

scorned  the  gods. A   celebrated  as- 
tronomer of  Greece. 

Harpalyce,  the  daughter  of  Harpalycus, 
king  of  Thrace.  Her  mother  died  when 
she  was  but  a  child,  and  her  father  fed 
her  with  the  milk  of  cows  and  mares,  and 
inured  her  early  to  sustain  the  fatisues  of 

hunting. A  beautiful  virgin,  daugh- 

ter  of  Clymenus  and  Epicaste  of  Argos. 
She  was  changed  into  an  owl. A  mis- 
tress of  Iphiclus,  son  of  Thestius.  She 
died  through  despair  on  seeing  herself  de- 
spised by  her  lover. 
Harpalycus,  one  of  the  companions  of 

^Eneas,  killed  by  Camilla. The  father 

of  Harpafyce. 
Harpasa,  a  town  of  Caria. 


HE 


116 


HE 


IIarpasus,  a  river  of  Caria. 

Harfocrates,  a  divinity  supposed  to 
be  the  same  as  Orus  the  son  of  Isis, 
among  the  Egyptians.  The  Romans  plac- 
ed his  statues  at  the  entrance  of  their 
temples. 

Harpocration,  a  platonic  philosopher 

of  Argos. A  sophist  called  also  iElius. 

Valerius,  a  rhetorician  of  Alexandria. 

Another,  surnamed  Caius. 

Harfyke,  winged  monsters,  who  had 
the  face  of  a  woman,  the  body  of  a  vul- 
ture, and  had  their  feet  and  fingers  arm- 
ed with  sharp  claws.  They  were  three 
in  number,  Aello,  Ocypete,  and  Celeno, 
daughters  of  Neptune  and  Terra. 

Harudes,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Haruspex,  a  soothsayer  at  Rome,  who 
drew  omens  by  consulting  the  entrails  of 
beasts  that  were  sacrificed.  He  received 
the  name  of  Jlruspez,  ab  aris  aspiciendis, 
and  that  of  Extisp ex,  ab  cxtis  inspiciendis. 
The  order  of  Aruspices  was  first  estab- 
lished at  Rome  by  Romulus,  and  the  first 
Aruspices  were  Tuscans  by  origin,  as  they 
were  particularly  famous  in  that  branch 
of  divination.  This  custom  of  consulting 
the  entrails  of  victims  did  not  originate  in 
Tuscany,  but  it  was  in  use  among  the 
Chaldeans,  Greeks,  Egyptians,  &c.,and 
the  more  enlightened  part  of  mankind 
well  knew  how  to  render  it  subservient  to 
their  wishes  or  tyranny. 

Q,.  Haterius,  a  patrician  and  orator  at 

Rome  under  the  first  emperors. Agrip- 

pa,  a  senator  in  the  age  of  Tiberius. 

Antoninus,  a  dissipated  senator,  supported 
by  Nero. 

Haustaxe3,  a  man  who  conspired  with 
Bessus  against  Darius. 

Hebdole.   Vid.  Ebdome. 

Hebe,  a  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 
As  she  was  fair,  and  always  in  the  bloom 
of  youth,  she  was  called  the  goddess  of 
youth,  and  made  by  her  mother  cup-bearer 
to  all  the  gods. 

Hebesus,  a  Rutulian,  killed  in  the  night 
by  Euryalus. 

Hebeus,  now  Marissa,  a  river  of  Thrace, 
which   was  supposed  to  roll   its  waters 

upon  golden  sands. A  youth  of  Lipara, 

beloved  by  Neobule. A  man  of  Cyzi- 

cus,  killed   by  Pollux. A  friend  of 

/Eneas  son  of  Doliehaon,  killed  by  Me- 
zentius  in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Hecale,  a  town  of  Attica. 

Hecalesia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Jupi- 
ter of  Hecale,  instituted  by  Theseus. 

Hecamede,  a  daughter  of  Arsinous. 

Hecale  fasum,  a  celebrated  temple  at 
Stratonice  in  Caria. 

Hecat-eus,  an  historian  of  Miletus. 

A  Macedonian,  intimate  with  Alexander. 

A  Macedonian  brought  to  the  army 

against  his  will  by  Amyntas. 

Hecate,  a  daughter  of  Perses  and  As- 
teria,  W@  same  as  Proserpine,  or  Diana, 


She  wa3  called  Luna  in  heaven,  Diana 
on  earth,  and  Hecate  or  Proserpine  in  hell, 
whence  her  name  of  Diva  triformis,  ter- 
gemina,  triceps. 

Hecatesia,  a  yearly  festival  observed 
in  honor  of  Hecate. 

Hecato,  a  native  of  Rhodes,  pupil  to 
Panactius.  He  wrote  on  the  duties  of 
man. 

Hecatomboia,  a  festival  celebrated  in 
honor  of  Juno  by  the  Argians  and  people 
of  JEgina.  There  were  also  public  games 
first  instituted  by  Archinus,  a  king  of  Ar- 
gos, in  which  the  prize  was  a  shield  of 
brass  with  a  crown  of  myrtle. 

Hecatomphonia,  a  solemn  sacrifice 
offered  by  the  Messenians  to  Jupiter, 
when  any  of  them  had  killed  an  hundred 
enemies. 

Hecatompolis,  an  epithet  given  to 
Crete,  from  the  hundred  cities  which  it 
once  contained. 

Hecatompylos,  an  epithet  applied  to 
Thebes  in  Egypt  on  account  of  its  hun- 
dred gates. Also  the  capital  of  Parthia, 

in  the  reign  of  the  Arsacides. 

Hecatonnesi,  small  islands  between 
Lesbos  and  Asia. 

Hector,  son  of  king  Priam  and  Hecu- 
ba, was  the  most  valiant  of  all  the  Trojan 
chiefs  that  fought  against  the  Greeks.  He 
married  Andromache  the  daughter  of  Ee- 
tion,  by  whom  he  had  Astyanax.  He  was 
appointed  captain  of  all  the  Trojan  forces, 
when  Troy  was  besieged  by  the  Greeks ; 
and  the  valor  with  which  he  behaved 
showed  how  well  qualified  he  was  to  dis- 
charge that  important  office.  When  Achil- 
les had  driven  back  the  Trojans  towards 
the  city,  Hector  too  great  to  fly,  waited 
the  approach  of  his  enemy  near  the  Scean 
gates.  The  sight  of  Achilles  terrified  him, 
and  he  fled  before  him  in  the  plain.  The 
Greek  pursued  and  Hector  was  killed,  and 
his  body  was  dragged  in  cruel  triumph  by 
the  conqueror  round  the  tomb  of  Patro- 

clus. A  son  of  Parmenio  drowned   in 

the  Nile.  Alexander  honored  his  remains 
with  a  magnificent  funeral. 

Hecuba,  daughter  of  Dymas  a  Phrygian 
prince,  was  the  second  wife  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy,  and  proved  the  chastest  of 
women,  and  the  most  tender  and  unfortu- 
nate of  mothers.  During  the  Trojan  war 
she  saw  the  greatest  part  of  her  children 
perish  by  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  When 
Troy  was  taken,  Hecuba,  as  one  of  the 
captives,  fell  to  the  lot  of  Ulysses,  and 
embarked  with  the  conquerors  "for  Greece. 
The  Greeks  landed  in  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus  to  load  with  fresh  honors  the 
grave  of  Achilles.  During  their  stay  the 
hero's  ghost  appeared  to  them,  and  de- 
manded, to  ensure  the  safety  of  their  re- 
turn, the  sacrifice  of  Polyxena,  Hecuba's 
daughter.  They  complied  and  Polyxena 
was  torn  from  her  mother  to  be  sacrificed. 


HE 


177 


HE 


Hecuba  was  inconsolable,  and  her  grief 
was  still  more  increased  at  the  sight  of 
the  body  of  her  son  Polydorus  washed  on 
tbe  shore,  who  had  been  recommended  by 
his  father  to  the  care  and  humanity  of 
Polymnestor  king  of  the  country.  She 
determined  to  revenge  the  death  of  her 
son,  but  was  hindered  from  executing  her 
bloody  purpose,  and  fled  with  the  female 
companions  of  her  captivity.  She  after- 
wards threw  herself  into  the  sea.  Hecuba 
was  the  mother  of  many  children,  among 
whom  were  Hector,  Paris,  Troilus,  Creu- 
sa,  Cassandra,  &c.  &.c. 

Hecub-e  Sepulchrum,  a  promontory  of 
Thrace. 

Hedila,  a  poetess  of  Samos. 

FIedonjsum,  a  village  of  Bceotia. 

Hedymeles,  an  admired  musician  in 
Domitian'sage. 

Hegelochus,  a  general  of  six  thousand 
Athenians  sent  to  Mantinea. An  Egyp- 
tian general  who  flourished  B.  C.  128. 

HEGEMON,aThrasian  poet  in  the  age  of 

Alcibiades. Another  poet,  who  wrote  a 

poem  on  the  war  of  Leuctra. 

Hegesianax,  an  historian  of  Alexan- 
dria. 

Hegesius,  a  tyrant  of  Ephesus. A 

philosopher  who  so  eloquently  convinced 
his  auditors  of  their  failings  and  follies, 
and  persuaded  them  that  there  were  no 
dangers  after  death,  that  many  were  guilty 

of  suicide. An  historian. A  famous 

orator  of  Magnesia. 

Hegesilochus,  one  of  the  chief  magis- 
trates of  Rhodes  in  the  age  of  Alexander. 

Another   native  of  Rhodes,  171  years 

before  the  christian  era. 

Hegesinous,  a  man  who  wrote  a  poem 
on  Attica. 

Hegesinus,  a  philosopher  of  Pergamus, 
who  flourished  B.  C.  193. 

Hegjesippus,  an  historian  who  wrote 
6ome  things  upon  Pallene. 

Hegesipyle,  the  mother  of  Cimon. 

Hegesistratus,  an  Ephesian  who  con- 
sulted the  oracle  to  know  in  what  partic- 
ular place  he  should  fix  his  residence.  He 
was  directed  to  settle  where  he  found 
peasants  dancing  with  crowns  of  olives. 
This  was  in  Asia,  where  he  founded 
Elea,&c. 

Hegetorides,  a  Thrasian,  who,  upon 
seeing  his  country  besieged  by  the  Athe- 
nians, and  a  law  forbidding  any  one  on 
pain  of  death  to  speak  of  peace,  went  to 
the  market  place  with  a  rope  about  his 
neck,  and  boldly  told  his  countrymen  to 
treat  him  as  they  pleased,  provided  they 
saved  the  city  from  the  calamities  which 
the  continuation  of  the  war  seemed  to 
threaten  The  Thrasians  were  awakened, 
the  law  was  abrogated,  and  Hegetorides 
pardoned. 

Helena,  the  most  beautiful  woman  of 
her  age,   daughter  of  Leda  and  Jupiter. 


Her  beauty  was  universally  admired,  and 
her  hand  eagerly  sought  after  by  all  the 
young  princes  of  Greece.  Tyndarus  was 
rather  alarmed  than  pleased  at  the  sight 
of  such  a  number  of  illustrious  suitors. 
He  knew  that  he  could  not  prefer  one 
without  displeasing  all  the  rest,  and  from 
this  perplexity  he  was  at  last  drawn  by 
the  artifice  of  Ulysses.  This  prince  ad- 
vised the  king  to  bind,  by  a  solemn  oath, 
all  the  suitors,  that  they  would  approve  of 
the  uninfluenced  choice  which  Helen 
should  make  of  one  among  them  ;  and 
engage  to  unite  together  to  defend  her 
person  and  character  if  ever  any  attempts 
were  made  to  ravish  her  from  the  arms  of 
her  husband.  The  advice  of  Ulysses  was 
followed,  the  princes  consented,  and  Helen 
fixed  her  choice  upon  Menelaus  and  mar- 
ried him.  Hermione  was  the  early  fruit 
of  this  union,  which  continued  for  three 
years  with  mutual  happiness.  After  this, 
Paris,  son  of  Priam  king  of  Troy,  came 
to  Lacedaemon  on  pretence  of  sacrificing 
to  Apollo.  He  was  kindly  received  by 
Menelaus,  but  shamefully  abused  his  fa- 
vors, and  in  his  absence  in  Crete  he  cor- 
rupted the  fidelity  of  his  wife  Helen,  and 
persuaded  her  to  follow  him  to  Troy  B.<L 
1198.  At  his  return  Menelaus,  highly  sen- 
sible of  the  injury  he  had  received,  assem- 
bled the  princes,  and  reminded  them 
of  their  solemn  promises.  They  resolv- 
ed to  make  war  against  the  Trojans  ;  and 
soon  their  combined  forces  assembled  and 
sailed  for  the  coast  of  Asia.  The  behav- 
ior of  Helen  during  the  Trojan  war  is  not 
clearly  known.  When  Paris  was  killed 
in  the  ninth  year  of  the  war,  she  volunta- 
rily married  Deiphobus,  one  of  Priam's 
sons,  and  when  Troy  was  taken  she  made 
no  scruple  to  betray  him,  and  to  introduce 
the  Greeks  into  his  chamber,  to  ingratiate 
herself  with  Menelaus.  She  returned  to 
Sparta,  and  the  love  of  Menelaus  forgave 
the  errors  which  she  had  committed — 
The  age  of  Helen  has  been  a  matter  of 

deep  inquiry  among  the  chronologists. 

A  young  woman  of  Sparta,  often  con- 
founded with  the  daughter  of  Leda.  As 
she  was  going  to  be  sacrificed,  because 
the  lot  had  fallen  upon  her,  an  eagle  came 
and  carried  away  the  knife  of  the  priest. 

An  island  on  the  coast  of  Attica. 

A  daughter  of  the  emperor  Constantine 

who  married  Julian. The  mother  of 

Constantine. 

Helenia,  a  festival  in  Laconia,  in  ho- 
nor of  Helen,  who  received  their  divine 
honors. 

Helenor,  a  Lydian  prince  who  accom- 
panied ^Eneas  to  Italy. 

Helejtus,  a  celebrated  soothsayer,  son 
of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  greatly  respected 
by  all  the  Trojans.  He  was  the  only  one 
of  Priam's  sons  who  survived  the  ruin  of 

his  country. A  Rutulian  killed  by  Pallas. 

H* 


HE 


178 


HE 


Helerni  LtjctjSj  a  place  near  Rome. 

Heles  or  Hales,  a  river  of  Lucania 
near  Velia. 

Heliades,  the  daughters  of  the  Sun  and 
Clymene.  They  were  three  in  number, 
Lampetie,  Phaetusa,  and  Lampethusa. 
They  were  so  afflicted  at  the  deatli  of  their 
brother  Phaeton,  that  they  were  changed 
by  the  gods  into  poplars,  and  their  tears 
into  precious  amber,  on  the  banks  of  the 

river   Po. The    first    inhabitants  of 

Rhodes. 

Heliast.£,  a  name  given  to  the  judges 
of  the  most  numerous  tribunal  at  Athens. 
They  consisted  of  one  thousand,  and 
sometimes  of  one  thousand  five  hundred. 

Helicaon,  a  Trojan  prince,  son  of  An- 
tenor. 

Helice,  a  star  near  the  north  pole,  ge- 
nerally called  Ursa  major. A  town  of 

Achaia. A  daughter  of  Silenus,  king  of 

^3giale. A  daughter  of  Lycaon,  king 

of  Arcadia. 

Helicon,  now  Zagaro-Vouni,  a  moun- 
tain of  Eceotia,  on  the  borders  of  Phocis. 
It  was  sacred  to  the  Muses,  who  had  there 
a  temple. A  river  of  Macedonia. 

Heliconiades,  a  name  given  to  the 
Muses. 

Heliconis,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Heliodorus,  one    of   the  favorites  of 

Seleucus  Philopator,  king  of  Syria. A 

Greek  mathematician  of  Larissa. A 

famous  sophist  and  author  of  an  entertain- 
ing romance,  called  JEthiopica. A  learn- 
ed Greek  rhetorician  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

A  man  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  tombs. 

A  poet. A  geographer. A  sur- 
geon at  Rome  in  Juvenal's  age. 

Heliogaealus,  a  deity  among  the  Phoe- 
nicians.  M.   Aurelius   Antoninus,   a 

Roman  emperor,  son  of  Varius  Marcellus, 
called  Heliogabalus,  because  he  had  been 
priest  of  that  divinity  in  Phoenicia.  After 
the  death  of  Macrinus  he  was  invested 
with  the  imperial  purple,  and  the  senate, 
however  unwilling  to  submit  to  a  youth 
only  fourteen  years  of  age,  approved  of 
his  election,  and  bestowed  upon  him  the 
title  of  Augustus.  Rome  however  soon 
displayed  a  scene  of  cruelty  and  debauch- 
ery. The  prince  raised  his  horse  to  the 
honors  of  the  consulship,  and  obliged  his 
subjects  to  pay  adoration  to  the  god  Heli- 
ogabalus, which  was  no  other  than  a  large 
black  stone,  whose  figure  resembled  that 
of  a  cone.  His  licentiousness  soon  dis- 
pleased the  populace,  and  Heliogabalus, 
was  slain  by  his  soldiers  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  three  years, 
nine  months  and  four  days.  His  cruelties 
were  as  conspicuous  as  his  licentiousness. 

Heliopolis,  now  Matarca,  a  famous  city 

of  Lower  Egypt. There  was  a  small 

village  of  the"  same  name  near  Babylon. 
- — —A  town  of  Syria,  now  Balbeck. 

Helisson,  a  town  and  river  of  Arcadia. 


Helium,  a  name  given  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Maese  in  Germany. 

Helius,  a  celebrated  favorite  of  the 
emperor  Nero,  put  to   death  by  order  of 

Galba,  for  his  cruelties. The  Greek 

name  of  the  sun,  or  Apollo. 

Helixus,  a  river  of  Cos. 

Hellanice,  a  sister  of  Clitus,  who  was 
nurse  to  Alexander. 

Hellanicus,  a  celebrated  Greek  histo- 
rian, born  at  Mitylene. A  brave  officer 

rewarded  by  Alexander. An  historian 

of  Miletus. 

Hellanocrates,  a  man  of  Larissa. 

Hellas,  an  ancient  name  of  Thessaly, 

sometimes  applied  to  all  Greece. A 

beautiful  woman  mentioned  by  Horace  as 
beloved  by  Marius  ;  the  lover  killed  her 
in  a  fit  of  passion,  and  afterwards  destroy- 
ed himself. 

Helle,  a  daughter  of  Athamas  and  Ne- 
phele,  sister  to  Phryxus.  She  fled  from 
her  father's  house  with  her  brother,  to 
avoid  the  cruel  oppression  of  her  mother- 
in-law,  Ino.  According  to  some  accounts 
she  was  carried  through  the  air  on  a  gold- 
en ram  which  her  mother  had  received 
from  Neptune,  and  in  her  passage  she  be- 
came giddy  and  fell  from  her  seat  into  that 
part  of  the*sea  which  from  her  received 
the  name  of  Hellespont. 

Hellen,  son  of  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha, 
reigned  in  Phthiotis  about  one  thousand 
four  hundred  and  ninety- five  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  and  gave  the  name  of 
Hellenians  to  his  subjects. 

Hellenes,  the  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

Hellespontias,  a  wind  blowing  from 
the  north-east. 

Hellespontus,  now  the  Dardanelles,  a 
narrow  strait  between  Asia  and  Europe, 
near  the  Propontis,  which  received  its 
name  from  Helle  who  was  drowned  there 
in  her  voyage  to  Colchis.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  love  and  death  of  Leander,  and 
for  the  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes  built 

over  it  when  he  invaded  Greece. The 

country  along  the  Hellespont  on  the  Asiat- 
ic coast  bears  the  same  name. 

Hellopia,  a  small  country  of  Eubcea. 
The  people  were  called  Hcllopes. 

Hellotia,  two  festivals,  one  of  which 
was  observed  in  Crete,  in  honor  of  Euro- 
pa,  whose  bones  were  then  carried  in  sol- 
emn procession,  with  a  myrtle  garland  no 
less  than  twenty  cubits  in  circumference. 
The  other  festival  was  celebrated  at  Cor- 
inth with  games  and  races,  where  young 
men  entered  the  lists  and  generally  ran 
with  burning  torches  in  their  hands.  It 
was  instituted  in  honor  of  Minerva. 

Helnes,  an  ancient  king  of  Arcadia,  &c. 

Heloris,  a  general  of  the  people  of 
Rhegium,  sent  to  besiege  Messana,  which 
Dionysius  the  tyrant  defended.  He  fell 
in  battle. 

Helorijm  and  IIelorus,  now  Muri  Ucci, 


HE 


179 


HE 


a  town  and  river  of  Sicily. A  river  of 

Magna  Graicia. 

Helos,  a  place  of  Arcadia: A  town 

of  Laconia  taken  and  destroyed  by  the 
Lacedaemonians  under  Ay;is  the  third,  of 
the  race  of  the  HeracluicE,  because  they 
refused  to  pay  the  tribute  which  was  im- 
posed upon  them.  The  conquerors  reduc- 
ed the  inhabitants  to  the  lowest  and  most 
miserable  slavery,  and  made  a  law  which 
forbade  their  masters  either  to  give  thenl 
their  liberty,  or  to  sell  them  in  aiiy  other 
ccuntry. 

Helots  and  Helotes,  the  public  slaves 
of  Sparta. 

Helvetia,  a  vestal  virgin  struck  dead 
with  lightning  in  Trajan's  reign. 

IIelvetii,  an  ancient  nation  of  Gaul, 
conquered  by  J.  C;esar. 

Helvia,  the  mother  of  Cicero. Rici- 

na,  a  town  of  Picenum. 

Helvidia,  the  name  of  a  Roman  fa- 
mily. 

Helvii,  now  Vivers,  a  people  of  Gaul, 
along  the  Rhone. 

Kelvillum,  a  town  of  Umbria,  now 
Sijlllo. 

Helvina,  a  fountain  of  Aquinum. 

Hslvius  Cinna  proposed  a  law,  which 
however  was  not  passed,  to  permit  Cssar 

to  marry  whatever  woman  he  chose. 

A  poet. 

Helum,  a  river  of  Scythia. 

Helymus  and  Paxopes,  two  hunters  at 
the  court  of  Acestes  in  Sicily. 

Hemathion,  a  son  of  Aurora  and  Ge- 
phalus,  or  Tithonus. 

IIemithea,  a  daughter  of  Cycnus  and 
Proclea,  exposed  with  her  brother  Tenes 
by  her  father,  and  carried  by  the  wind  to 
Tenedos.  Achilles  offered  her  violence, 
but  the  earth  opened  and  swallowed  her 
after  she  had  entreated  the  assistance  of 
the  gods. 

Heneti,  a  people  of  Paphlagonia,  who 
are  said  to  have  settled  in  Italy  near  the 
Adriatic,  where  they  gave  the  name  of 
Veneiia  to  their  habitations. 

Heniochi,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Sarma- 
tia,  near  Colchis. 

Hephjestia,  the  capital  town  of  Lem- 

nos. A  festival  in  honor  of  Vulcan  at 

Athens. 

Heph.estiade3,  a  name  applied  to  the 
Lipari  isles  as  sacred  to  Vulcan. 

Heph^stii,  mountains  in  Lycia  which 
are  set  on  fire  by  the  lightest  touch  of  a 
burning  torch. 

Hephjjstio,  a  Greek  grammarian  of 
Alexandria  in  the  age  of  the  emperor  Ve- 
rus. 

Heph.*:stion,  a  Macedonian  famous  for 
his  intimacy  with  Alexander.  Alexander 
often  observed  that  Craterus  was  the 
friend  of  the  king,  but  Hephsstion  the 
friend  of  Alexander.  He  died  at  Ecbata- 
na,  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  years 
before  the  Christian  era. 


IIsptaphonos,  a  portico,  which  receiv- 
ed this  name,  because  the  voice  was  re- 
echoed seven  times  in  it. 

IIeptapolis,  a  country  of  Egypt,  which 
contained  seven  cities. 

Heptapylos,  a  surname  of  Thebe3  in 
Bccotia.  from  its  seven  gates. 

Hera,   the  name   of  Juno  among  the 

Greeks. A  daughter  of  Neptune  and 

Ceres. A  town  of  iEolia  and  of  Arca- 
dia.—  A  town  of  Sicily,  called    also 

Hybla. 

Heraclea,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily, 
near  Agrigentum. A  town  of  Macedo- 
nia.  Another  in  Pontus,  celebrated  for 

its  naval  power. There  were  no  less 

than  forty  cities  of  that  name  in  different 
parts  of  the  world,  all  built  in  honor  of 

Hercules. A  daughter  of  Hiero,  tyrant 

of  Sicily. 

Heracleia,  a  festival  at  Athens  cele- 
brated every  fifth  year,  in  honor  of  Hercu- 
les. The  Thisbians  and  Thebans  in  Bceo- 
tia,  observed  a  festival  of  the  same  name, 
in  which  they  offered  apples  to  the  god. 

There  was  also  a  festival  at  Sicyon  in 

honor  of  Hercules. At  Lindus,  a  so- 
lemnity of  the  same  name  was  also  ob- 
served", and  at  the  celebration  nothing  was 
heard  but  execrations  and  profane  words. 

Heracleum,  a  promontory  of  Cappado- 

cia. A  town  of  Egypt. The  port 

town  of  Gnossus  in  Crete. 

Heracleotes,  a  surname  of  Dionysius 
the  philosopher. A  philosopher  of  He- 
raclea, who,  like  his  master  Zeno,  and  all 
the  Stoics,  firmly  believed  that  pain  was 
not  an  evil.  A  severe  illness,  attended 
witi)  the  most  acute  pains,  obliged  him. to 
renounce  his  principles,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  philosophy  of  the  Stoics,  about 
two  hundred  and  sixty-four  yoars  before 
the  Christian  era. 

Heraclidje,  the  descendants  of  Hercu- 
les, grenlty  celebrated  in  ancient  history. 
Hercules  at  his  death  left  to  his  son  Hyllus 
all  the  rights  and  claims  which  he  had 
upon  the  Peloponnesus.  The  recovery  of 
the  Peloponnesus  by  the  descendants  of 
Hercules  forms  an  interesting  epoch  in  an- 
cient history,  which  is  universally  believ- 
ed to  have  happened  eighty  years  after  the 
Trojan  war,  or  one  thousand  one  hundred 
and  four  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
This  conquest  was  totally  achieved  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty  years  after  the 
first  attempt  of  Hyllus. 

Heraclides,  a  philosopher  of  Heraclea 
in  Pontus,  for  some  time  disciple  of  Seu- 
sippr.s  and  Aristotle.  He  lived  about 
three  hundred  and  thirty-five  years  before 
the  Christian  era. An  historian  of  Pon- 
tus surnamed  Lembus.,  who  flourished  B. 

C.  177. A  man  who,  after  the  retreat 

of  Dionysius  the  younger  from  Sicily,  rais- 
ed cabals  against  Dion,  in  whose  hands 
the  sovereign  power  was  lodged.    He  was 


HE 


180 


HE 


put  to  death  by  Dion's  order. A  youth 

of  Syracuse  in  the  battle  in  which  Nicias 
was  defeated. A  son  of  Agathocles. 

Heraclitus,  a  celebrated  Greek  philo- 
sopher of  Ephesus,  who  flourished  about 
five  hundred  years  before  the  Christian 
era.  Naturally  of  a  melancholy  disposi- 
tion, he  passed  his  time  in  a  solitary  and 
unsocial  manner,  and  received  the  appel- 
lation of  the  obscure  philosopher,  and  the 
mourner,  from  his  unconquerable  custom 
of  weeping  at  the  follies,  frailty,  and  vi- 
cissitude of  human  affairs.  He  fixed  his 
residence  in  a  dunghill,  in  hopes  that  the 
continual  warmth  which  proceeded  from 
it  might  dissipate  a  dropsical  complaint, 
and  restore  him  to  the  enjoyment  of  his 
former  health.  Such  a  remedy  proved 
ineffectual,  and  the  philosopher  suffered 
himself  to  die  in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his 
age.     Some  say  that  he  was  torn  to  pieces 

by  dogs. A  Lyric  poet. A  writer 

of  Halicarnassus,  intimate  with  Callima- 

chus. A  native  of  Lesbos. A  writer 

of  Sicyon. 

Heraclius,  a  river  of  Greece. A 

brother  of  Constantine. A  Roman  em- 
peror, &c. 

Her.ea,  a  town  of  Arcadia. Festi- 
vals at  Argos  in  honor  of  Juno,  who  was 
the  patroness  of  that  city.  They  were  also 
observed  by  the  colonies  of  the  Argives 
which  had  been  planted  at  Samos  and 
^Egina.  There  was  a  festival  of  the  same 
name  in  Elis,  celebrated  every  fifth  year, 
in  which  sixteen  matrons  wove  a  garment 

for   the    goddess. There    were   also 

others  instituted  by  Hippodamia,  who  had 
received  assistance  from  Juno  when  she 
married  Pelops.  Sixteen  matrons,  each 
attended  by  a  maid,  presided  at  the  cele- 
bration.  There  was  also  a  solemn  day 

of  mourning  at  Corinth  which  bore  the 
same  name,  in  commemoration  of  Medea's 
children,  who  were  buried  in  Juno's  tem- 
ple.  Another  festival  of  the  same  name 

at  Pallene. 

Her-ei  montes,  a  chain  of  mountains 
at  the  north  of  Sicily. 

Her.eum,  a  temple  and  grove  of  Juno, 

situate  between  Argos  and  Mycenae. A 

town  of  Thrace. 

Herbessus,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Herbita,  an  inland  town  of  Sicily. 

Herceius,  an  epithet  given  to  Jupiter. 

Herculanea  via,  a  mound  raised  be- 
tween the  Lucrine  lake  and  the  sea,  called 
also  Herculeum  iter. 

Herculaneum,  a  town  of  Campania 
swallowed  up,  with  Pompeii,  by  an  earth- 
quake, produced  from  an  eruption  of 
mount  Vesuvius,  August  24th,  A.  D.  79, 
in  the  reign  of  Titus.  After  being  buried 
under  the  lava  for  more  than  one  thou- 
sand six  hundred  years,  these  famous 
cities  were  discovered  in  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century. 


Hercules,  a  celebrated  hero  ;  who,  af- 
ter death,  was  ranked  among  the  gods, 
and  received  divine  honors.  He  was  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena  ;  and  his  birth 
was  attended  with  many  supernatural 
events.  In  his  eighteenth  year  he  deliv- 
ered the  neighborhood  of  mount  Cithreron 
from  a  huge  lion,  and  released  his  country 
from  the  annual  tribute  of  an  hundred 
oxen,  which  it  paid  to  Erginus,  king  of 
Orchomenos.  As  Hercules,  by  the  will 
of  Jupiter,  was  subjected  to  the  power  of 
Eurystheus,  his  brother,  king  of  Argos, 
and  obliged  to  obey  him  in  every  respect, 
Eurystheus  ordered  him  to  appear  at  My- 
cena?,  and  perform  whatever  labors  he 
should  impose  upon  him.  Hercules  re- 
fused ;  but  afterwards  consulted  the  oracle 
of  Apollo,  and  was  told  that  he  must  be 
subservient  for  twelve  years  to  the  will  of 
Eurystheus.  He  therefore  repaired  to  My- 
cenre,  determined  to  bear  with  fortitude 
whatever  gods  or  men  imposed  upon  him. 
Eurystheus  commanded  him  to  achieve  a 
number  of  enterprises  the  most  difficult 
and  arduous  ever  known,  generally  called 
the  Twelve  Labors  of  Hercules  ;  which 
were  as  follows : — 1.  He  was  to  kill  the 
lion  of  Nemsea,  which  ravaged  the  coun- 
try near  Mycenae.  The  hero  boldly  at- 
tacked him  with  his  club,  pursued  him  to 
his  den,  and,  after  a  sharp  engagement, 
choked  him  to  death.  He  then  carried 
the.  dead  beast  on  his  shoulders  to  Myce 
nse. — 2.  To  destroy  the  Lernaean  hydra, 
which,  accordmg  to  Diodorus,  had  one 
hundred  heads. — 3.  To  bring  alive  and 
unhurt  into  the  presence  of  Eurystheus  a 
stag,  famous  for  its  incredible  swiftness, 
its  golden  horns,  and  brazen  feet.  In  the 
accomplishment  of  this  task  Hercules  was 
a  whole  year  occupied  ;  but  he  at  length 
caught  the  stag  in  a  trap. — 4.  To  bring 
alive  a  wild  boar  which  ravaged  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Erymanthus. — 5.  To  clean  the 
stables  of  Augias,  where  three  thousand 
oxen  had  been  confined  for  many  years. — 
6.  To  kill  the  carnivorous  birds  which  in- 
fested the  country  near  the  lake  Stympha- 
lis,  in  Arcadia. — 7.  To  bring  alive  a  pro- 
digious wild  boar  which  laid  waste  the 
island  of  Crete. — 8.  To  obtain  the  mares 
of  Diomedes,  which  fed  upon  human 
flesh. — 9.  To  obtain  the  girdle  of  the  queen 
of  the  Amazons. — 10.  To  kill  the  monster 
of  Geryon,  king  of  Gades,  and  bring  to 
Argos  his  numerous  flocks,  which  lived 
upon  human  bodies. — 11.  To  gather  ap- 
ples from  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides. — 
12.  This  was  the  last  and  most  dangerous 
of  his  exploits,  in  which  he  was  com- 
manded to  bring  upon  earth  the  three- 
headed  dog,  Cerberus.  Hercules  descend- 
ed into  hell  by  a  cave  on  mount  Taenarus, 
seized  the  monster,  whom  he  carried  be- 
fore Eurystheus  ;  and  afterwards  convey- 
ed him  back.    Besides  these  arduous  la- 


HE 


181 


HE 


bors,  Hercules  achieved  a  number  of 
others,  of  his  own  accord,  equally  great 
and  wonderful.—  Such  are  some  of  the 
most  striking;  characteristics  of  the  life  of 
Hercules,  who  is  said  to  have  supported 
for  a  while  the  weight  of  the  heavens  upon 
his  shoulders,  and  to  have  separated  by 
the  force  of  his  arm  the  celebrate!  moun- 
tains which  were  afterwards  called  the 
boundaries  of  his  labors.  He  is  held  up  by 
the  ancients  as  a  true  pattern  of  virtue  and 
piety  ;  and,  as  his  whole  life  h ad  been 
employed  for  the  common  benefit  of  man- 
kind, he  was  deservedly  rewarded  with 

immortality. A  son  of  Alexander  the 

Great. A  surname  of  the  emperor  Com- 

modus',  sec; 

IIerculsum,  a  promontory  in  the  coun- 
try of  the   Brutii. Fretuin,  a   name 

given  tit  fcha  strait  which  forms  a  commu- 
nication between  the  Atlantic  and  Medi- 
terranean. 

HiRcu:.cu3,  one  of  Agdppina's  mur- 
derers. 

H^RccLHu.'  La.c:us,  a  lake  of  Sicily. 

Ii£F>ctTL:s  Columns:,  two  lofty  moun- 
tains, situate  one  on  the  most  southern 
extremities  of  Spain,  and  the  other  on  the 
itpp-osire  part  of  Africa.  They  were  call- 
ed by  the  ancients  Abyia  and  Calpe.  They 
are  reckoned  the  boundaries  of  the  labors 

of  Hercules. Labronis  vel  Liburni  Por- 

tus,  _a  seaport  town,  now  Leghorn. 

Promontorium,  a  cape  at  the   bottom  of 

Italy,  now  Spnrtivento. Insula,  two 

inlands  near  Sardinia. Portus,  a  sea- 
port of  the  Brutii,  on  the  western  coast. 

Lucus,  a  wood  in  Germany  sacred  to 

Hercules. A  small  island  on  the  coast 

of  Spain. 

Hercyha,  a  nymph  who  accompanied 

Ceres  as  she  travelled  over  the  world. 

A  river  of  Boeotia. 

Kercynia,  a  celebrated  forest  of  Ger- 
many. It  contained  the  modern  countries 
of  Switzerland,  Basil,  Spires,  Transylva- 
nia, and  a  great  part  of  Russia. 

Herdoxia,  a  small  town  of  Apulia. 

Herdonius,  a  man  put  to  death  by  Tar- 
quin. 

Herea,  a  town  of  Arcadia  on  an  emi- 
nence, the  bottom  of  which  was  watered 
by  the  Alpheus. 

Herennius  Senecio,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian under  Domitian. An  officer  of 

Sertorius  defeated  by  Pompey. A  cen- 
turion sent  in  pursuit  of  Cicero  by  Anto- 
ny.    He  cut  off  the  orator's  head. 

Caius,  a  man  to  whom  Cicero  dedicates 
his  book  de  Rhetoricd. A  Samnite  gen- 
eral.  Philo,  a  Phoenician  who  wrote  a 

book  on  Adrian's  reign. 

Hereus,  a  son  of  Lycaon,  who  founded 
a  city  in  Arcadia,  called  Herea. 

Herillus,  a  philosopher  of  Chalcedon. 

Herilus,  a  king  of  Pneneste,  son  of  the 
nymph  Feronia. 

16 


Hermachus,  a  native  of  Mltylene,  suc- 
cessor and  disciple  of  Epicurus,  B.  C. 
2o7. 

Herm.-e,  statues  of  Mercury  in  the  city 

of  Athens. Two  youths  who  attended 

those  who  consulted  the  oracle  of  Tropho- 
nius. 

Hsrmjea,  a  festival  in  Crete,  where  the 
masters  waited  upon  the  servants. 

Herm-euoi,  a  town  of  Arcadia. A 

promontory  at  the  east  of  Carthage,  now 
cape  Bon. 

IIermagoras  Bolides,  a  famous  rheto- 
rician.  A  philosopher  of  Amphipolis. 

A  famous  orator  and  philosopher. 

I1erm\n*dic  a,  a  town  of  the  Vaccsi  in 
Spain. 

Hermanocri,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Hermann,  a  people  of  Germany. 

ILermaphruhitus,  a  son  of  Venus  and 
Mercury,  educated  on  mount  Ida  by  the 
Naiades. 

Hermes,  an  ancient  father  of  the  church, 
in  or  near  the  age  of  the  apostles. 

Hermathena,  a  statue  which  repre- 
sented Mercury  and  Minerva  in  the  same 
body.  This  statue  was  generally  placed 
in  schools  where  eloquence  and  philoso- 
phy were  taught. 

Hermeas,  a  tyrant  of  Mysia. A  gen- 
eral of  Antiochua. 

Hermeia9,  a  native  of  Methymna  who 
wrote  an  history  of  Sicily. 

Hermes,  the  name  of  Mercury  among 

the  Greeks. A  famous   gladiator. 

An  Egyptian  philosopher. 

Hermesianax,  an  elegiac  poet  of  Colo- 
phon, son  of  Agoneus. A  native  of 

Cyprus,  who  wrote  an  history  of  Phrygia. 

Hermias,  a  Galatian  philosopher  in  the 
second  century. 

Herminius,  a  general  of  the  Hermann!. 

A  Roman  who  defended  a  bridge  with 

Codes  against  the  army  of  Porsenna. 

A  Trojan  killed  by  Catillus  in  the  Rutu- 
lian  war. 

Hermione,  a  daughter  of  Mars  and  Ve- 
nus, who  married  Cadmus.  The  gods, 
except  Juno,  honored  her  nuptials  with 
their  presence,  and  she  received,  as  a  pre- 
sent, a  rich  veil  and  a  splendid  necklace 
which  had  been  made  by  Vulcan.  She 
was  changed  into  a  serpent  with  her  hus- 
band Cadmus,  and  placed  in  the  Elysian 

fields. A  daughter  of  Menelaus  and 

Helen.  She  was  privately  promised  in 
marriage  to  Orestes  the  son  of  Agamem- 
non ;  but  her  father  gave  her  hand  to  Pyrr- 
hus  the  son  of  Achilles,  whose  services  he 
had  experienced  in  the  Trojan  war.  Pyrr- 
hus,  at  his  return  from  Troy,  carried 
home  Hermione  and  married  her.  Her- 
mione, tenderly  attached  to  her  cousin 
Orestes,  looked  upon  Pyrrhus  with  horror 
and  indignation.  She  gave  herself  to 
Orestes  after  the  murder  of  Pyrrhus,  and 
received  the  kingdom  of  Sparta  as  a  daw- 


HE 


182 


HE 


ry. A  town  of  Argolis  where  Ceres  had 

a  famous  temple. 

Hermionije,  a  city  near  the  Riphasan 
mountains. 

Hermionicus  sinus,  a  bay  on  the  coast 
of  Argolis  near  Hermione. 

Hermippus,  a  freedman,  disciple  of  Phi- 
lo,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian,  by  whom  he 
was   greatly  esteemed.      He    wrote   five 

books  upon  dreams. The  son  of  Lysis, 

who  distinguished  himself  as  a  poet  by 

forty  theatrical  pieces. A  Peripatetic 

philosopher  of  Smyrna,  who  flourished 
B.  C.  210. 

Hermocrates,  a  general  of  Syracuse. 
A  sophist  celebrated  for  his  rising  tal- 
ents.  The  father-in-law  of  Dionysius, 

tyrant  of  Sicily. A  Rhodian  employ- 
ed by  Artaxerxes  to  corrupt  the  Grecian 
states. 

Hermodorus,  a  Sicilian,  pupil  to  Plato. 

A  philosopher  of  Ephesus,  who  is  said 

to  have  assisted  the  Roman  decemvirs  in 
the  composition  of  the  ten  tables  of  laws. 

A  native  of  Salamis. A  poet  who 

wrote  a  book  on  the  laws  of  different  na- 
tions. 

Hermogenes,  an  architect  of  Alabanda 

in  Caria. A  rhetorician  in  the  second 

century.  He  died  A.  D.  161,  and  it  is  said 
that  his  body  was  opened,  and  his  heart 
found  hairy  and  of  an  extraordinary  size. 

A  lawyer  in  the  age  of  Dioclesian. 

A  musician. A  sophist  of  Tarsus, 

of  brilliant  talents. 

Hermolaus,  a  young  Macedonian 
among  the  attendants  of  Alexander.  As 
he  was  one  day  hunting  with  the  king  he 
killed  a  wild  boar  which  was  coming  to- 
wards him.  Alexander,  who  followed 
close  behind  him,  was  so  disappointed 
because  the  beast  had  been  killed  before 
he  could  dart  at  it,  that  he  ordered  Her- 
molaus to  be  severely  whipped.  This 
treatment  irritated  Hermolaus,  and  he  con- 
spired to  take  away  the  king's  life,  with 
others  who  were  displeased  with  the  cru- 
el treatment  he  had  received.  The  plot 
was  discovered  by  one  of  the  conspira- 
tors, and  Hermolaus  was  put  to  death. 

Hsrmopolis,  two  towns  of  Egypt,  now 
Jlshmunein  and  Demenhur. 

Hermotimus,  a  famous  prophet  of  Cla- 
zomenae.  It  is  said  that  his  soul  separat- 
ed itself  from  his  body,  and  wandered  in 
every  part  of  the  earth  to  explain  futurity, 
after  which  it  returned  again  and  animat- 
ed his  frame. 

Hermunduri,  a  people  of  Germany, 
subdued  by  Aurelius.  They  were  at  the 
north  of  the  Danube. 

Hermus,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  whose 
sands,  according  to  the  poets,  were  cover- 
ed with  gold.  It  flows  into  the  ^Egean 
sea. 

Hernici,  a  people  of  Campania,  cele- 
brated for  their  inveterate  enmity  to  Rome. 


Hero,  a  beautiful  priestess  of  Venus  at 
Sestos,  greatly  enamored  of  Leander,  a 
youth  of  Abydos.  These  two  lovers  were 
so  faithful  to  one  another,  that  Leander  in 
the  night  escaped  from  the  vigilance  of 
his  family,  and  swam  across  the  Helles- 
pont, while  Hero  in  Sestos  directed  hi* 
course  by  holding  a  burning  torch  on  the 
top  of  a  high  tower.  After  many  inter- 
views of  mutual  affection  and  tenderness, 
Leander  was  drowned  in  a  tempestuous 
night  as  he  attempted  his  usual  course, 
and  Hero  in  despair  threw  herself  down 
from  her  tower  and  perished  in  the  sea. 

HERODESjSurnamed  the  Great  and  As- 
calonita,  followed  the  interest  of  Brutus 
and  Cassius,  and  afterwards  that  of  Anto- 
ny. He  was  made  king  of  Juclrea  by 
means  of  Antony.  He  died  in  the  seven- 
tieth year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  forty 

years. Antipas,   a  son  of  Herod  the 

Great,  governor  of   Galihea. Agrippa, 

a  Jew,  intimate  with  the  emperor  Caligu- 
la. This  name  was  common  to  many  of 
the  Jews. 

Herodianus,  a  Greek  historian  who 
flourished  A.  D.  247.  He  was  born  at  Al- 
exandria, and  he  was  employed  among 
the  officers  of  the  Roman  emperors.  He 
wrote  a  Roman  history  in  eight  books. 

Herodocus,  a  physician  surnamed  Gym- 
nastic, who  flourished  B.  C.  443. A 

grammarian  surnamed  Crateleus,  B.  C.  123. 
Herodotus,  a  celebrated  historian  of 
Halicarnassus.  To  procure  a  lasting  fame 
he  publicly  repeated  at  the  Olympic  games 
the  history  which  he  had  composed,  in 
his  thirty-ninth  year,  B.  C.  445.  It  was 
received  with  universal  applause.  Hero- 
dotus is  among  the  historians  what  Homer 
is    among  the  poets,  and    Demosthenes 

among  the  orators. A  man  who  wrote 

a  treatise  concerning  Epicurus. A  The- 

ban  wrestler  of  Megara,  in  the  age  of  De- 
metrius, son  of  Antigonus.     He  was  six 

feet  and  a  half  in   height. Another, 

whose  victories  are  celebrated  by  Pindar. 
Heroes,  a  name  which  was  given  by 
the  ancients  to  such  as  were  born  from  a 
god,  or  to  such  as  had  signalized  them- 
selves by  their  actions,  and  seemed  to  de- 
serve immortality  by  the  service  they  had 
rendered  their  country.  According  to  the 
notions  of  the  stoics,  they  inhabited  a 
pure  and  serene  climate,  situate  above  the 
moon. 

Herois,  a  festival,  celebrated  every 
ninth  year  by  the  Delphians,  in  honor  of 
a  heroine. 

Heron,  two  mathematicians,  one  of 
whom  is  called  the  ancient  and  the  other 
the  younger. 

Heroopolis,  a  town  of  Egypt  on  the 
Arabic  gulf. 

Herophila,  a  Sybil,  who,  as  some  sup- 
pose, came  to  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Tar- 
quin. 


HE 


183 


HI 


Herophilus,  an  impostor  in  the  reign 
of  J.  Caesar,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
grandson  of  Marius. A  Greek  physi- 
cian about  five  hundred  and  seventy  years 
before  the  Christian  era. 

Herpa,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Herse,  a  daughter  of  Cecrops,  king  of 
Athens,  beloveiT  by  Mercury.  Herse  be- 
came mother  of  Cephalus  by  Mercury, 
and  after  death  she  received  divine  hon- 
ors at  Athens. A  wife  of  Danaus. 

Hersephoria,  festivals  of  Athens  in 
honor  of  Minerva. 

Hersilia,  one  of  the  Sabines  carried 
away  by  the  Rom  ins  at  the  celebration  of 
the  Consualia.  She  was  given  and  mar- 
ried to  Romulus. 

Hertha  and  Herta,  a  goddess  among 
the  Germans  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 
the  earth. 

Herult,  a  savage  nation  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe. 

Hes.exus,  a  mountain  near  Paeonia. 

Hesiodus,  a  celebrated  poet  born  at  As- 
cra,  in  Bceotia.  He  lived  in  the  age  of 
Homer,  and  even  obtained  a  poetical  prize 
in  competition  with  him,  according  to 
Varro  and  Plutarch.  His  poems  are  called 
The  Works  and  the  Days,  Theogony,  and 
the  S'ueld  of  Hercules ;  besides  these  he 
wrote  others  now  lost.  Hesiod  was  mur- 
dered by  the  sous  of  Ganyctor  of  Naupac- 
tum,  and  his  body  was  thrown  into  the 
sea.  Some  dolphins  brought  back  the 
body  to  the  shore,  which  was  immediately 
known,  and  the  murderers  were  discov- 
ered by  the  poet's  dogs,  and  thrown  into 
the  sea.  If  Hesiod  flourished  in  the  age 
of  Homer,  he  lived  907  B.  C. 

Hesione,  a  daughter  of  Laomedon, 
king  of  Troy.  It  fell  to  her  lot  to  be  ex- 
posed to  a  sea-monster,  to  whom  the  Tro- 
jans yearly  presented  a  marriageable  vir- 
gin, to  appease  the  resentment  of  Apollo 
and  Neptune,  whom  Laomedon  had  of- 
fended, but  Hercules  promised  to  deliver 
her,  provided  he  received  as  a  reward  six 
beautiful  horses.  Laomedon  consented, 
and  Hercules  attacked  the  monster  just  as 
he  was  going  to  devour  Hesione,  and  he 
killed  him  with  his  club.  Laomedon, 
however,  refused  to  reward  the  hero's 
services  ;  and  Hercules,  incensed  at  his 
treachery,  besieged  Troy,  and  put  the  king 
and  all  his  family  to  the  sword,  except 
Podarces,  or  Priam,  who  had  advised  his 
father  to  give  the  promised  horses  to  his 
sister's  deliverer.  The  conqueror  gave 
Hesione  in  marriage  to  his  friend  Tela- 
mon,  and  he  established  Priam  upon  his 
father's  throne.  Paris  was  afterwards 
sent  to  Greece  to  reclaim  the  possessions 
of  Hesione,  and  from  this  incident  arose 
the  Trojan  war. The  wife  of  Nauplius. 

Hesperia,  a  large  island  of  Africa,  once 

the  residence  of  the  Amazons. A  name 

common  both  to  Italy  and  Spain.     It  is 


derived  from  Hesper  or  Vesper,  the  setting 
sun,  or  the  evening,  whence  the  Greeks 
called  Italy  Hesperia,  because  it  was  sit- 
uate at  the  setting  sun,  or  in  the  west. 

A  daughter  of  the  Cebrenus. 

Hesperides,  three  celebrated  nymphs, 
daughters  of  Hesperus.  They  were  ap- 
pointed to  guard  the  golden  apples  which 
Juno  gave  to  Jupiter  on  the  day  of  their 
nuptials  ;  and  the  place  of  their  residence, 
placed  beyond  the  ocean  by  Hesiod,  ia 
more  universally  believed  to  be  near  mount 
Atlas  in  Africa,  according  to  Apollodorus. 
This  celebrated  place  or  garden  abounded 
with  fruits  of  the  most  delicious  kind,  and 
was  carefully  guarded  by  a  dreadful  drag- 
on which  never  slept. 

Hesperis,  a  town  of  Cyrenaica,  now 
Bemic  or  Bengali. 

Hesperitis,  a  country  of  Africa. 

Hesperus,  a  son  of  Japetus,  brother  to 
Atlas.  He  came  to  Italy,  and  the  coun- 
try received  the  name  of  Hesperia  from 

him,  according  to  some  accounts. The 

name  of  Hesperus  was  also  applied  to  the 
planet  Venus,  when  it  appeared  after  the 
setting  of  the  sun. 

Hestia,  one  of  the  Hesperides. 

Hestijea,  a  town  of  Euboea. 

Hesus,  a  deity  among  the  Gauls,  the 
same  as  the  Mars  of  the  Romans. 

Hesychia,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Hesychius,  the  author  of  a  valuable 
Greek  lexicon  in  the  beginning  of  the  third 
century. 

Hetriculum,  now  Lattarico,  a  town  in 
the  country  of  the  Brutii. 

Hetruria  and  Etruria,  a  celebrated 
country  of  Italy,  at  the  west  of  the  Tiber. 
The  inhabitants  were  particularly  famous 
for  their  superstition,  and' great  confidence 
in  omens,  dreams,  and  auguries. 

Heurippa,  a  surname  of  Diana. 

Hexapylum,  a  gate  at  Syracuse. 

Hiarbas  or  Iarbas,  a  king  of  Gaitulia. 

Hiber,  a  name  applied  to  a  Spaniard,  as 
living  near  the  river  Hiberus  or  Iberus. 

Hiberma  and  Hybernia,  a  large  island 
at  the  west  of  Britain,  now  called  Ireland. 

Hibrildes,  an  Athenian  general. 

Hicetaon,  a  son  of  Laomedon,  brother 

to  Priam. The  father  of  Thymoetes, 

who  came  to  Italy  with  ^Eneas. 

Hicetas,  a  philosopher  of  Syracuse. 

A  tyrant  of  Syracuse. 

Hiempsal,  a  king  of  Numidia. 

Hi  era,  a  woman  who  married  Tele- 

phus,  king  of  Mysia. The  mother  of 

Pandarus  and  Bitias,  by  Alcanor. One 

of  the  Lipari  islands. 

Hierapolis,  a  town  of  Syria,  near  the 
Euphrates, Another  of  Phrygia,  fa- 
mous for  hot  baths. Another  of  Crete. 

Hierax,  a  youth  who  awoke  Argus  to 
inform  him  that  Mercury  was  stealing  Io. 
Mercury  killed  him,  and  changed  him  into 
a  bird  of  prey. Antiochus  king  of  Syr- 


HI 


184 


HI 


ia,  and  brother  to  Seleucus,  received  the 
surname  of  Kierax. An  Egyptian  phi- 
losopher in  the  third  century. 

Hierichus,  the  name  of  Jericho  in  the 
holy  land,  called  the  city  of  palm-trees. 

Hiero  1st.  a  king  of  Syracuse,  after  his 
brother  Gelon,  who  rendered  himself  odi- 
ous in  the  beginning  of  his  reign  by  his 
cruelty  and  avarice.  He  obtained  three 
different  crowns  at  the  Olympic  games, 
two  in  horse  races,  and  one  at  a  chariot 
race.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  reign  he 
became  the  patron  of  learning,  genius,  and 
merit.    He  died,  after  a  reisrn  of  eighteen 

years,  B.  C.  467. The  second  of  that 

name,  king  of  Syracuse,  and  for  fifty  nine 
years  a  firm  ally  of  the  Romans.  He  died 
in  the  ninety-fourth  year  of  his  age,  about 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  years  before 
the  christian  era.  He  liberally  patronized 
the  learned,  and  employed  the  talents  of 
Archimedes  for  the  good  of  his  country. 

An  Athenian,  intimate  with  Nicias 

the  general. 

Hierocesarea,  a  town  of  Lydia. 

Hierocepia,  an  island  near  Paphos  in 
Cyprus. 

Hierocle3,  a  persecutor  of  the  Chris- 
tians under  Dioclesian. A  Platonic  phi- 
losopher, who  taught  at  Alexandria. A 

general  in  the  interest  of  Demetrius. 

A  governor  of  Bithynia  and  Alexandria, 
under  Dioclesian. An  officer. 

Hierodulum,  a  town  of  Libya. 

Hieronica  lex,  by  Hiero,  tyrant  of  Si- 
cily, to  settle  the  quantity  of  corn,  the 
price  and  time  of  receiving  it,  between  the 
farmers  of  Sicily,  and  the  collector  of  the 
corn  tax  at  Rome. 

Hierontmus,  a  tyrant  of  Sicily  who 
succeeded  his  father  or  grandfather  Hiero, 
when  only  fifteen  years  old.  He  rendered 
himself  odious  by  his  cruelty,  oppression, 
and  debauchery.  He  was  assassinated, 
and  all  his  family  was  overwhelmed  in 
his  fall,  and  totally  extirpated,  B.  C.  214. 
An  historian  of  Rhodes. An  Athe- 
nian set  over  the  fleet,  while  Conon  went 
to  the  king  of  Persia. A  Christian  wri- 
ter, commonly  called  St.  Jerome,  born  in 
Pannonia,  and  distinguished  for  his  zeal 
against  heretics.  He  died  A.  D.  420,  in 
his  ninety-first  year. 

Hierofhilu3,  a  Greek  physician. 

Hierosolyma,  a  celebrated  city  of  Pa- 
lestine, the  capital  of  Jadwa,  taken  by 
Pompey,  who,   on  that  account,   is  sur- 


;d  it 


it  and  destroyed  it  the  8th  of  September, 
A.  D. 70. 

Hignatia  Via,  a  large  road  which  led 
from  the  Ionian  sea  to  the  Hellespont, 
across  Macedonia,  about  five  hundred  and 
thirty  miles. 

Hilaria,  a  daughter  of  Leucippus  and 
Philodice.  As  she  and  her  sister  Phoebe 
were  going  to  marry  their  cousins  Lyn- 


ceue  and  Idas,  they  were  carried  away  by 

Castor  and  Pollux,  who  married  them*. 

Festivals  at  Rome  in  honor  of  the  mother 
of  the  gods. 

Hilaru's,  a  bishop  of  Foictiers,  in 
France,  who  wrote  several  treatises,  the 
most  famous  of  which  is  on  the  Trinity, 
in  twelve  books.  Hilary  died  A.  D.  372, 
in  his  eightieth  year. 

Hjlleviones,  a  people  of  Scandinavia. 

Hjmella,  now  Ata,  a  small  river  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabines. 

Him'era,  a  city  of  Sicily  built  by  the 
people  of  Zancle,  and  destroyed  by  the 
Carthaginians    two    hundred    and    forty 

years  after. There  were  two  rivers  of 

Sicily  of  the  same  name. The  ancient 

name  of  the  Eurotas. 

Himilco,  a  Carthaginian  sent  to  explore 

the  western  parts  of  Europe. A  son  of 

Amilcar,  who  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
command  of  the  Carthaginian  armies  in 
Sicily.  He  died,  with  his  army,  by  a 
plague,  B.  C.  398. 

Hipfagoras,  a  man  who  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  republic  of  Carthage. 

Hipfalcimus,  a  son  of  Pelops  and  Hip 
podamia,  who  was  among  the  Argonauts 

Hifpalus,  the  first  who  sailed  in  open 
sea  from  Arabia  to  India. 

Hifparchia,  a  woman  in  Alexander's 
age,  who  became  enamored  of  Crates,  the 
Cynic  philosopher,  because  she  heard  him 
discourse.  She  married  him,  though  he 
at  first  disdained  her  addresses,  and  rep- 
resented his  poverty  and  meanness. 

Hipparchus,  a  son  of  Pisistratus,  who 
succeeded  his  father  as  tyrant  of  Athens, 
with  his  brother  Hippias.  He  patronized 
some  of  the  learned  men  of  the  age,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  fondness  for 
literature.  The  seduction  of  a  sister  of 
Harmodius  raised  him  many  enemies,  and 
he  was  at  last  assassinated  by  a  desperate 
band  of  conspirators,  with  Harmodius  and 
Aristogiton  at   their  head,  five  hundred 

and  thirteen  years  before  Christ. One 

of  Antony's  freedmen. The  first  person 

who  was  banished  by  ostracism  at  Athens. 
The  father  of  Asclepiades. A  cele- 
brated mathematician  and  astronomer  of 
Nicsea.  He  was  the  first  who,  after 
Thales  and  Sulpicius  Callus,  found  out 
the  exact  time  of  eclipses,  of  which  he 
made  a  calculation  for  six  hundred  years. 
He   died   one   hundred    and   twenty-five 

years  before  the  Christian  era. An 

Athenian  who  conspired  against  Heracli- 
des,  who  kept  Athens  for  Demetrius. 

Hipparinus,  a  son  ofDionysius. The 

father  of  Dion. 

HiFFARiopr,  one  of  Dion's  sons. 

Hippasus,  a  son  of  Ceyx,  who  assisted 

Hercules  against  Eurytus. A  pupil  of 

Pythagoras,  born  at  Metapontum.  He 
sunposed  that  evpry  thing  was  produced 
from  fire. A  centaur,  killed  at  the  nup- 


HI 


185 


HI 


tials  of  Pirithous. An  illegitimate,  son 

of  Priam. 

Hiffeus,  a  son  of  Hercules  by  Procris, 
eldest  of  the  fifty  daughters  of  Thestius. 

Hifpi,  four  small  islands  near  Erythte. 

Hipfia,  an  infamous  woman.— — A  sur- 
name of  Minerva,  and  also  of  Juno. 

Hippias,  a  philosopher  of  Elis,  who 
maintained  that  virtue  consisted  in  not 
being  in  want  of  the  assistance  of  men. 
A  son  of  Pisistratus,  who  became  ty- 
rant of  Athens  after  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, with  his  brother  Hipparchus. 

Hippis,  an  historian  and  poet  of  Rhegi- 
um,  in  the  reign  of  Xerxes. 

Hippius,  a  surname  of  Neptune. 

Hippo,  a  daughter  of  Scedasus,  who, 
upon  being  ravished  bv  the  ambassadors 

of  Sparta,  killed  herself. A  celebrated 

town  of  Africa,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

Also  a  town  of  Spain— of  the  Brutii. 

IIippobotks,  a  large  meadow  near  the 
Caspian  sea,  where  fifty  thousand  horses 
could  graze. 

Hippobotus,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
composed  a  treatise  on  philosophers. 

Hippocentauri,  a  race  of  monsters 
who  dwelt  in  Thessaly. 

Hifpocoo*,  a  son  of  CEbalus,  brother  to 
Tyndarus.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Her- 
cules.  A  friend  of  ^Eneas,  who  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  funeral  games  of 
Sicily. 

Hippocorystes,  a  sou  of  iEgyptus 

of  Hippocoon. 

Hippocratk,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Hippocr\tes,  a  famous  physician  of 
Cos  ;  who  delivered  Athens  from  a  dread- 
ful pestilence,  in  the  beginning  of  the  Pe- 
loponnesian  war,  and  was  publicly  re- 
warded with  a  golden  crown,  and  the 
privileges  of  a  citizen.  His  memory  is 
still  venerated  at  Cos,  and  the  present  in- 
habitants of  the  island  show  a  small 
house,  which  Hippocrates,  as  they  men- 
tion,  once  inhabited. An  Athenian 

general  in  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

A  mathematician. An  officer  of  Chal- 

cedon,  killed  by  Alcibiades. A  Syra- 

cusan    defeated  by   Marcellus. —The 

father  of  Pisistratus. A  tyrant  of  Gela. 

Hippocratia,  a  festival  in  honor  of 
Neptune  in  Arcadia. 

HippocRE.vE,  a  fountain  of  Boeotia,  near 
mount  Helicon,  sacred  to  the  muses.  It 
first  rose  from  the  ground,  when  struck  by 
the  feet  of  the  horse  Pegasus. 

Hippodamas,  a  son  of  the  Achelous 

of  Priam. 

Hippodamia,  the  daughter  of  CEno- 
maus,  who  promised  her  in  marriage  to 
him  who  should  outrun  him  in  a  chariot, 
on  condition  that  the  defeated  should 
sufFer  death.  After  thirteen  had  forfeited 
their  lives,  Peiops  conquered,  and  obtain- 
ed the  prize. A  daughter  of  Adrastus, 

ting  of  Argos  who  married  Pirithous,  king 


of  the  Lapithae. A  daughter  of  Danaus. 

A  mistress  of  Achilles,  daughter  of 

Brises. 

Hippodamus,  a  man  of  Miletus,  who 
settled  a  republic  without  any  previous 
knowledge  of  government. A  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. An  Athenian  ar- 

chon. A  man  famous  for  his  voracious 

appetite. 

Hippodick,  one  of  the  Danaides. 

Hippodromus,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

A  Thessalian,  who  succeeded  in  a  school 

at  Athens. A  place  where  horse  races 

were  exhibited. 

Hippola,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Hippolochus,  a  son  of  Bellerophon. 

A  son  of  Glaucus  also  bore  the  same  name. 

A  son  of  Antimachus,  slain  in  the 

Trojan  war. 

Hippolyte,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
given  in  marriage  to  Theseus  by  Hercules, 
who  had  conquered  her,  and  taken  away 
her  girdle  by  order  of  Eurystheus.  SJie 
had  a  son  by  Theseus,  called  Hippolytus. 

The  wife  of  Acastus,  who  fell  in  love 

with  Peleus,  who  was  in  exile  at  her  hus- 
band's court. A  daughter  of  Cretheus. 

Hippolytus,  a  son  of  Theseus  and  Hip- 
polyte, famous  for  his  virtues  and  his  mis- 
fortunes. Hippolytus  fled  from  the  re- 
sentment of  his  father,  excited  by  a  false 
accusation  of  his  step-mother,  and,  as  he 
pursued  his  way  along  the  sea  shore,  his 
horses  were  so  frightened  at  the  noise  of 
sea-calves,  which  Neptune  had  purposely 
sent  there,  that  they  ran  among  the  rocks 
till  his  chariot  was  broken  and  his  body 
torn  to  pieces.  Temples  were  raised  to 
his    memory,    particularly    at    Trcezene, 

where  he  received  divine  honors. A 

son  of  Ropalus,  king  of  Sicyon,  greatly  be- 
loved by  Apollo. A  giant,  killed  by 

Mercury. A  son  of  iEgyptus. A 

christian  writer  in  the  third  century. 

Hippomachus,  a  musician,  who  severe- 
ly rebuked  one  of  his  pupils  because  he 
was  praised  by  the  multitude,  and  observ- 
ed, that  it  was  the  greatest  proof  of  his 
ignorance. 

Hippomedon,  a  son  of  Nisimachus  and 
Mythidice,  who  was  one  of  the  seven 
chiefs  who  went  against  Thebes. 

Hippomedusa,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

HippoMEtfEs,  an  Athenian  archon,  who 
exposed  his  daughter  Limone  to  be  de- 
voured by  horses. A  son  of  Macareus 

and  Merope,  who  married  Atalanta  with 
the    assistance    of  Venus.       These  two 

fond  lovers  were  changed  into  lions. 

The  father  of  Megareus. 

Hippomolgi,  a  people  of  Scythia,  who 
lived  upon  the  milk  of  horses. 

Hippo*  and  Hippo,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Hippona,  a  goddess  who  presided  over 
horses. 

Hipponax,  a  Greek  satirist,  born  at 
Ephesus,  540  years  before  the  Christian 


HI 


186 


HO 


era.  As  he  was  naturally  deformed,  two 
brothers,  Bupbalus  and  Anthermus,  made 
a  statue  of  him,  which,  by  the  deformity 
of  its  features,  exposed  the  poet  to  uni- 
versal ridicule.  Hipponax  resolved  to 
avenge  the  injury,  and  he  wrote  such 
bitter  invectives  and  satirical  lampoons 
against  them,  that  they  hanged  them- 
selves in  despair. 

Hjpponiates,  a  bay  in  the  country  of 
the  Brutii. 

Hipponium,  a  city  in  the  country  of  the 
Brutii. 

Hipponous,  the  father  of  Periboea  and 
Capaneus.  He  was  killed  by  the  thun- 
derbolts of  Jupiter,   before  the  walls  of 

Thebes. The  first  name  of  Eellero- 

phon. A  son  of  Priam. 

Hippopodes,  a  people  of  Scythia,  who 
have  horses'  feet. 

IIippostratus,  a  favorite  of  Lais. 

IIippotades,  the  patronymic  of  iEolus. 

Hippotas  or  Hippotes,  a  Trojan  prince, 

changed  into  a  river. The  father  of 

iEolus,  who  from  thence  is  called  IIippo- 
tades. 

Hippothoe,  a  daughter  of  Mestor  and 
Lysidice,  carried  away  to  the  islands  call- 
ed Echinades,  by  Neptune. One  of 

the  Nereides. A  daughter  of  Pelias. 

Hippothoon,  a  son  of  Neptune  and 
Alope,  daughter  of  Cercyon,  exposed  in 
the  woods  by  his  mother.  Her  shame 
was  discovered,  and  her  father  ordered 
her  to  be  put  to  death.  Neptune  changed 
her  into  a  fountain. 

Hippothoontis,  one  of  the  twelve 
Athenian  tribes. 

Hippothous,  a  son  of  Lethus,  killed  by 

Ajax  in  the  Trojan  war. A  son  of 

Priam. 

Hiffotion,  a  prince  who  assisted  the 
Trojans,  and  was  killed  by  Merion. 

Hippukis,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 

Hifpus,  a  river  falling  into  the  Phasis. 

Hipsides,  a  Macedonian. 

Hira,  a  maritime  town  of  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Hirfiivi,  a  people  of  the  Samnites. 

&.  Hirpinus,  a  Roman,  to  whom  Flo- 
race  dedicated  two  of  his  odes. 

Hirtus,  a  debauched  fellow. 

Hirtia  lex  de  magistratibus,  by  A.  Hir- 
tius.  It  required  that  none  of  Poropey's 
adherents  should  be  raised  to  any  office  or 
dignity  in  the  state. 

Hirtius,  Aulus,  a  consul  with  Pansa, 
who  assisted  Brutus  when  besieged  at 
Mutina  by  Antony.  They  defeated  An- 
tony, but  were  both  killed  in  battle  B.  C. 
43. An  historian. 

Hisbon,  a  Rutulian  killed  by  Pallas. 

Hispalis,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
now  called  Seville. 

Hispania  or  Hispanic,  called  by  the 
poets  Iberia,  Hesperia,  and  Hesprria  Ultima, 
a  large  country  of  Europe,  separated  from 


Gaul   by  the   Pyrcnean    mountains,    and 

bounded  on  every  other  side  by  the  sea. 
Spain  was  famous  for  its  rich  mines  of 
silver,  which  employed  forty  thousand 
workmen,  and  daily  yielded  to  the  Ro- 
mans no  less  than  twenty  thousand 
drachms.    These  have  long  since  failed. 

Hi spanvs,  a  native  of  Spain. 

Hispellum,  a  town  of  Umbiia. 

Hispo,  a  noted  debauchee. 

Hispulla,  an  infamous  woman. 

IIistaspes,  a  relation  cf  Darius  III.  kill- 
ed in  a  battle. 

IIister,  a  river.     Fid.  Ister. 

Hister  Pacuvius,  a  man  distinguished 
as  much  by  his  vices  as  his  immense 
riches. 

Histi.'ea,  a  city  cf  Eubcea,  anciently 
called  Talar.tia. 

Histi.cotis,  a  country  of  Thessaly,  sit- 
uate below  mount  Olympus   and   mount 

Ossa,  anciently  called  Doris. A  smaiV 

country  of  Eubcea,  of  which  Histia»a,  or 
Estia?a,  was  the  capital. 

Histi.kus,  a  tyrant  of  Miletus,  who  ex- 
cited the  Greeks  to  take  up  arms  against 
Persia. An  historian  of  Miletus. 

HoDius,a  herald  in  the  Trojan  war. 

IIolocron,  a  mountain  of  Macedon. 

Homekomastix,  a  surname  given  to 
ZpilUS  the  critic. 

Humerus,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet,  the 
most  ancient  of  all  the  profane  writers. 
The  age  in  which  he  lived  is  not  known, 
though  some  suppose  it  to  be  about  one 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  years  after  the 
Trojan  war,  or,  according  to  others,  one 
hundred  and  sixty  years  before  the  found- 
ation of  Rome.  Trie  Arundelian  Marbles 
fix  his  era  nine  hundred  and  seven  years 
before  Christ,  and  make  him  also  the  con- 
temporary with  Hesiod.  No  less  than 
seven  illustrious  cities  disputed  the  right 
of  having  eiven  birth  to  the  greatest  of 
poets,  as  it  is  well  expressed  in  these 
lines  : 

Smyrna,  Chins,  Colophon,  Salaeiis.,  Rhodos, 
Argos,  JiihciKB, 
Orbis  depatrid  certo.t,  Homere,  tuu. 

He  was  called  Mclesizrenog,  because  sup- 
posed to  be  born  on  the  borders  of  the 
river  Meles.  In  his  two  celebrated  poems 
called  the.  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  Homer  has 
displayed  the  most  consummate  know- 
ledge of  human  nature,  and  rendered  him- 
self immortal  by  the  sublimity,  the  fire, 
sweetness  and  elegancetif  his  poetry.  He 
deserves  a  greater  share  of  admiration 
when  we  consider  that  he  wrote  without 
a  model,  and  that  none  cf  his  poetical  im- 
itators have  been  able  to  surpass,  or,  per- 
haps, to  equal  their  great  master.  Alexan- 
der was  so  fond  of  Homer,  that  he  gene- 
rally placed  his  compositions  under  hi3 
pillow,  with  his  swoid  ;  and  he  carefully 
deposited  the  Iliad  in  one  of  the  richest 


HO 


187 


HO 


and  most  valuable  caskets  of  Darius,  ob- 
serving, that  the  most  perfect  work  of  liu- 
man  genius  ought  to  be  preserved  in  a  box 
the  i. lost  valuable  and  precious  in  the 
world.  If  is  said,  that  Pisistratus,  tyrant 
of  Athens,  was  the  first  who  collect- 
ed and  arranged  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey 
in  the  manner  in  which  they  now  appear 
to  us  ;  and  that  it  is  to  the  well- directed 
pursuits  of  Lycurgus  that  we  are  indebted 
for  their  preservation.  Besides  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey,  Homer  wrote,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  some  authors,  a  poem  upon 
Amphiaraus's  expedition  against  Thebes, 
besides  the  Phoceis,  the  Oercopes,  the 
small  Iliad,  the  Epicichlides,  and"  the  Ba- 
trachomyomachia,   and   many   hymns   to 

some  of  the  gods. One  of  the  Greek 

poets  called  Plei.ades,  born  at  Hierapolis, 
B.  C.  263.    He  wrote  forty-five  tragedies, 

all  lost. There  were  seven  other  poets, 

of  inferior  note,  who  bore  the  name  of  Ho- 
mer. 

Homole,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Thessaly, 
once  the  residence  of  the  Centaurs. 

Homolea,  a  mountain  of  Magnesia. 

Homoliffus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and 
Xanthis. 

Homoloides,  one  of  the  seven  fates  of 
Thebes. 

Homonadenses,  a  people  of  Cilicia. 

Honor,  a  virtue  worshipped  at  Rome. 

Honorius,  an  emperor  of  the  western 
empire  of  Rome,  who  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Theodosius  the  Great,  with  his  bro- 
ther Arcadius.  He  conquered  his  ene- 
mies by  means  of  his  generals,  and  suffer- 
ed himself  and  his  people  to  be  governed 
by  ministers,  who  took  advantage  of  their 
imperial  master's  indolence  and  inactivity. 
He  died  of  a  dropsy  in  the  thirty-ninth 
year  of  his  age,  fifteenth  of  August  A.  D. 
433.  Under  him  and  his  brother  the  R.o- 
man  power  was  divided  into  two  different 
empires.  The  successors  of  Honorius, 
who  fixed  their  residence  at  Rome,  were 
called  the  emperors  of  the  west,  and  the 
successors  of  Arcadnis,  who  sat  on  the 
throne  of  Constantinople,  were  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  emperors  of  the 
eastern  Roman  empire.  This  division  of 
power  proved  fatal  to  both  empires. 

Hora,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  supposed  to 
be  Hersiiia,  who  married  Romulus.  She 
was  said  to  preside  over  beauty. 

II.)RACirji,-a  people  near  Illyricum. 

Horapolw,  a  Greek  writer,  whose  age 
is  unknown  ;  author  of  Hierughtphica,  a 
curious  and  entertaining  book. 

Hor.-e,  thre'i  sisters,  daughters  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Themis,  called  Eunomia.  Dice, 
and  Irene.  They  were  the  same  as  the 
seasons  who  presided  over  the  spring, 
suni:ii3'\  and  winter,  and  were  repre- 
sent!'! !>>'  iiia  potts  as  opening  the  g;tes  , 
of  heaven  and  of  Olympus. 

SIoaATiA,  ■  'o  i  •  ii-  c'i  !.■.;,  R  ;>v.  s  k'JH-  I 


ed  by  her  brother  for  mourning  the  death 
of  the  Curiatii. 

Horatius  Cocles.     Vid.  Codes. Q,. 

Flaceus,  a  celebrated  poet,  born  at  Venu- 
sia.  His  father  was  a  freedman,  and, 
though  poor  in  his  circumstances,  he  lib- 
erally educated  his  son.  His  rising  talents 
claimed  the  attention  of  Virgil  and  Varius, 
who  recommended  him  to  the  care  of  Me- 
camas  and  Augustus,  the  most  celebrated 
patrons  of  literature.  Under  the  fostering 
patronage  of  the  emperor  and  of  his  minis- 
ter, Horace  gave  himself  up  to  indolence 
and  refined  pleasure.  He  was  a  follower 
of  Epicurus,  and,  while  he  liberally  indulg- 
ed his  appetites,  he  neglected  the  calls  of 
ambition,  and  never  suffered  himself  to 
be  carried  away  by  the  tide  of  popularity 
or  public  employments.  He  even  refused 
to  become  the  secretary  of  Augustus,  and 
the  emperor  was  not  offended  at  his  re- 
fusal. He  lived  at  the  table  of  his  illus- 
trious patrons  as  if  he  were  in  his  own 
house  ;  and  Augustus  sat  at  his  meals  with 
Virgil  at  his  right  hand,  and  Horace  at 
his  left.  Horace  was  warm  in  his  friend- 
ship, and,  if  ever  any  ill-judged  reflection 
had  caused  offence,  the  poet  immediately 
made  every  concession  which  could  effect 
a  reconciliation,  and  not  destroy  the  good 
purposes  of  friendly  society.  Horace 
died  in  the  fifty-seventh  year  of  his  age, 
B.  C.  8.  In  his  odes  Horace  is  ingenious 
and  elegant ;  in  his  satires  and  epistles, 
lively  and   witty  ;  in   his  Art  of  Poetry 

judicious  and  tasteful. Three  brave 

Romans,  born  at  the  same  birth,  who 
fought  against  the  three  Curiatii,  and  con- 
quered them  about  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
seven  years  before  Christ.  This  celebrat- 
ed fight  was  fought  between  the  hostile 
camps  of  the  people  of  Alba  and  Rome, 
and  on  their  success  depended  the  victory. 

A  consul,  who  dedicated  the  temple 

of  Jupiter  Capitolinus. 

Horcias,  the  general  of  three  thousand 
Macedonians,  who  revolted  from  Antigo- 
nus  in  Cappadocia. 

Horesti,  a  people  of  Britain. 

Hormisdas,  a  name  of  some  of  the  Per- 
sian kings. 

Horratus,  a  Macedonian  soldier,  who 
fought  with  another  private  soldier  in  sight 
of  the  whole  army  of  Alexander. 

Hortensia,  a  celebrated  Roman  lady, 
daughter  of  the  orator  Hortensius,  whose 
eloquence  she  had  inherited  in  the  most 
eminent  degree. 

Hortensia  lex,  bv  Q..  Hortensius,  the 
dictator,  A.  U.  C.  867.  It  ordered  the 
whole  body  of  the  Roman  people  to  pay 
implicit  obedience  to  whatever  was  enact- 
ed by  the  commons. 

Hlrta,  a  divinity  among  the  Romans, 
who  presided  over  youth. 

Horta,  or  IIortinum,  a  town  of  the  Sa 
bines. 


HY 


188 


HY 


0,.  Hortensius,  a  celebrated  orator,who 
began  to  distinguish  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence, in  the  Roman  forum,  at  the  age 
of  nineteen.  His  friend  and  successor 
Cicero  speaks  with  great  eulogium  of  his 
oratorical  powers,  and  mentions  the  un- 
common extent  of  his  memory.  The  af- 
fected actions  of  Hortensius  at  the  bar 
procured  him  the  ridiculous  surname  of 
Dionysia,  a  celebrated  stage  dancer  at  that 
time.  He  was  praitor  and  consul,  and 
died  fifty  years  before  Christ  in  his  sixty- 
third  year.  His  orations  are  not  extant. 
Hortensius  was  very  rich,  and  not  less 
than  ten  thousand  casks  of  Arvisian  wine 
were  found  in  his  cellar  after  his  death. 

Corbio,  a  grandson  of  the  orator  of 

the  same  name. A  Roman,  slain  by 

Antony  on  his  brother's  tomb. A  pne- 

tor,  who  gave  up  Macedonia  to  Brutus. 
One  of  Sylla's  lieutenants. A  Ro- 
man, the  first  who  introduced  the  eating 
of  peacocks  at  Rome. 

Hortona,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Horus,  a  son  of  Isis,  one  of  the  deities 

of  the  Egyptians. A  king  of  Assyria. 

Hosfitalis,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 
Hostilia  lex  was  enacted  A.  U.  C. 
583.  By  it  such  as  were  among  the  ene- 
mies of  the  republic,  or  absent  when  the 
state  required  their  assistance,  were  guilty 
of  rapine. 

Hostilia,  a  large  town  on  the  Po. 
Hostius  Hostilius,  a  warlike  Roman, 
presented  with  a  crown  of  boughs  by  Ro- 
mulus, for  his  intrepid  behavior  in  a  bat- 
tle.  A  consul. A  Latin  poet,  in  the 

age  of  J.  Cffisar,  who  composed  a  poem 
on  the  wars  of  Istria. 

Hunni,  a  people  of  Sarmatia. 
Hyacin-thia,  an   annual   solemnity   at 
Amyclae,  in  Laconia,  in  honor  of  Hyacin- 
thus  and  Apollo. 

Hyacinthus,  a  son  of  Amyclas  and  Dio- 
mede,  greatly  beloved  by  Apollo  and  Ze- 
phyrus.  He  returned  the  former's  love,  and 
Zephyrus  resolved  to  punish  his  rival. 
As  Apollo,  who  was  intrusted  with  the 
education  of  Hyacinthus,  once  played  at 
quoit  with  his  pupil,  Zephyrus  blew  the 
quoit,  as  soon  as  it  was  thrown  by  Apollo, 
upon  the  head  of  Hyacinthus,  and  he  was 
killed  with  the  blow. 

Hyades,  five  daughters  of  Atlas,  king 
of  Mauritania,  who  were  so  disconsolate 
at  the  death  of  their  brother  Hyas,  who 
had  been  killed  by  a  wild  boar,  that  they 
pined  away  and  died.  They  became  stars 
after  death,  and  were  placed  near  Taurus, 
one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 

Hyagms,  a  Phrygian,  father  of  Marsy- 
as.     He  invented  the  flute. 

IlYALA,acity  at  the  mouth  of  the  Indus. 

One  of  Diana's  attendant  nymphs. 

Hyampolis,  a  city  of  Phocis. 
Hyanthes,   the   ancient   name   of   the 
inhabitants  of  Bceotia,  from  king  Hyas. 


Hyantis,  an  ancient  name  of  Bceotia. 
Hyarbita,  a  man  who  endeavoured  to 
imitate  Timogenes. 

Hyas,  a  son  of  Atlas,  of  Mauritania,  by 
^Ethra.  His  extreme  fondness  for  shoot- 
ing proved  fatal  to  him,  and,  in  his  at- 
tempts to  rob  a  lioness  of  her  whelps,  he 
was  killed  by  the  enraged  animal.  His 
sisters  mourned  his  death  with  such  con- 
stant lamentations,  that  Jupiter,  in  com 
passion  of  their  sorrow,  changed  their 
into  stars. 

Hykla,  a  mountain  in  Sicily,  called  af- 
terwards Megara,  where  thyme  and  odori 
ferous  flowers  of  all  sorts  grew  in  abun- 
dance. Tt  is  famous  for  its  honey.  There 
is,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  a  town  of 
the   same  name.     There  is  also  another 

near  mount  iEtna. A  city  of  Attica 

bears  also  the  name  of  Hybla. 
Hybreas,  an  orator  of  Caria. 
Hybrianes,  a  people  near  Thrace. 
Hyccaron,  a  town  of  Sicily. 
Hyda  and  Hyde,  a  town  of  Lydia. 
Hydara,  a  town  of  Armenia. 
Hydarnes,  one  of  the  seven  noble  Per- 
sians who  conspired  to  destroy  the  usurper 
Smerdis. 

Hydaspes,  a  river  of  Asia,  flowing  by 

Susa. Another  in  India. A  friend 

of  ^Eneas. 

Hydra,  a  celebrated  monster,  which  in- 
fested the  neighborhood  of  the  lake  Lerna 
in  Peloponnesus.  It  had  an  hundred 
heads,  according  to  Diodorus ;  fifty,  ac- 
cording to  Simonides  ;  and  nine,  accord- 
ing to  the  more  received  opinion.  As  soon 
as  one  of  these  heads  was  cut  off,  two  im- 
mediately grew  up,  if  the  wound  was  not 
stopped  by  fire.  It  was  one  of  the  labors 
of  Hercules  to  destroy  this  dreadful  mon- 
ster. 

HYDRA0TEs,a  river  of  India,  crossed  by 
Alexander. 

Hydrophoria,  a  festival  observed  at 
Athens,  in  commemoration  of  those  who 
perished  in  the  deluge  of  Deucalion  and 
Ogyes. 

Hydruntum  and  Hydrus,  a  city  of  Ca- 
labria, fifty  miles  south  of  Brundusium, 
now  Otranto,  an  insignificant  town,  scarce 
containing  three  thousand  inhabitants. 
Hydrusa,  a  town  of  Attica. 
Hyela,  a  town  of  Lucania. 
Hyempsal,  a  son  of  Micipsa,  murdered 
by  Jugurtha. 

Hyettus,  a  town  of  Bceotia. 
Hygeia  or  Hygiea,  the  goddess  of 
health,  daughter  of  iEsculapius,  held  in 
great  veneration  among  the  ancients.  Her 
statues  represented  her  with  a  veil,  and 
the  matrons  usually  consecrated  their  locks 
to  her. 

Hygiana,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 
C.  Jul.  Hyqinus,  a  grammarian,  one  of 
the   freedmen  of   Augustus.     He  was  a 
native  of  Alexandria  ;    or,   according  to 


HY 


189 


HY 


some,  he  was  a  Spaniard,  very  intimate 
Willi  Ovid.  He  was  appointed  librarian  to 
the  library  of  mount  Palatine.  He  wrote 
a  mythological  history,  which  he  called 
fables,  and  Poetlcon  A-:trunc.rdcu;>,  and  se- 
veral treatises  now  lost. 

Hyla  and  Hyms,  n  river  of  Mysia. 
A  colony 'of  Phccis. 

IIvLACToRjOne  of  Action's  dogs. 

Hylje,  a  small  town  of  Bceotia. 

HrL.EU3,  a  name  given  to  some  cen- 
taurs. 

Hvlas,  a  son  of  Thiodamas,  king  of 
Mysia  and  Menodice,  stolen  away  by  Her- 
cules, and  carried  on  board  the  ship  Argo 
to  Colchis.  On  the  Asiatic  coast  the  Ar- 
gonauts landed  to  take  a  supply  of  fresh 
water,  and  Ilylas,  following  the  example 
of  his  companions,  went  to  the  fountain 
with  a  pitcher,  and  fell  into  the  water  and 
was  drowned. A  river  of  Bithynia. 

Hylax,  a  dog  mentioned  by  Virgil. 

Hyeia3,  a  river  of  Magna  Grscia. 

IIvLLAicus,a  part  of  Peloponnesus. 

Hyelus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Dejani- 
ra,  who,  soon  after  his  father's  death,  mar- 
ried Iole.  He,  as  well  as  his  father,  was 
persecuted  by  the  envy  of  Eurystheus,  and 
obliged  to  fly  from  the  Peloponnesus. 
Some  time  after  he  attempted  to  recover 
the  Peloponnesus  with  the  Heraclidte,  and 
was  killed  in  single  combat  by  Echemus, 
king  of  Arcadia. A  river  of  Lydia. 

GrLONOME,  the  wife  of  Cyllaras. 

Hvlophagi,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia. 

HyjfENiEus  and  Hymen,  the  god  of  mar- 
riage among  the  Greeks,  was  son  of  Bac- 
chus and  Venus,  or  according  to  others, 
of  An.ilo  and  one  of  the  muses,  flymen 
was  generally  represented  as  crowned 
with  flowers,  chiefly  with  marjoram  or 
roses,  and  holding  a  burning  torch  in  one 
hand,  and  in  the  other  a  vest  of  a  purple 
color.  3t  was  supposed  that  he  always  at- 
tended at  nuptials  ;  for,  if  not,  matrimo- 
nial connexions  were  fatal,  and  ended  in 
the  most  dreadful  calamities ;  and  hence 
people  ran  about,  calling  aloud,  Hymen  ! 
Hymen  ! 

Hymsttus,  a  mountain  of  Attica,  about 
two  miles  from  Athens,  still  famous  for  its 
bees  and  excellent  honey.  There  was 
also  a  quarry  of  marble  there. 

Hyp-epa  or  Ipep-e,  now  Berki,  a  town 
of  Lydia. 

Hyp .esia,  a  country  of  Peloponnesus. 

Hypanis,  a  river  of  European  Scythia, 

now  called  Bog. A  river  of  India. 

Another  of  Pontus. A  Trojan   who 

joined  himself  to  iEneas,  and  was  killed 
by  his  own  people. 

Hyparinus,  a  son  of  Dion. The  fa- 
ther of  Dion. 

Hypates,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Hypatha,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Hyfatia,  a  celebrated  native  of  Alex 
andria.    She  was  assassinated  415  A.  D. 


Hypengr,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Dioruedes. 

Hyperbatus,  a  pretor  of  the  Achrcans, 
B.  C.  2>i. 

H Y:\hRrsius,  a  son  of  jJlgrptus. 

Hyperrgrei,  a  nation  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia,  who  were  said 
to  live  to  an  incredible  age,  even  to  a  thou- 
sand years,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  all 
possible  felicity.  The  sun  was  said  to 
rise  and  set  to  them  but  once  a  year. 

Hyperea  and  Hyperia,  a  fountain  of 
Thessaly,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 
Another  in  Messenia. 

Hyperesia,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

Hyperides,  an  Athenian  orator,  disciple 
to  Plato  and  Socrates,  and  long  the  rival 
of  Demosthenes.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  eloquence,  and  the  active  part 
he  took  in  the  management  of  the  Athe- 
nian republic.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  Antipater,  B.  C.  322. 

Hyperion,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra, 
who  married  Thea,  by  whom  he  had  Au- 
rora, the  sun   and  moon. A  son   of 

Priam. 

Hypermnestra,  one  of  the  fifty  daugh- 
ters of  Danaus,  who  married  Lynceus, 
son  of  ^Egyptus.  She  disobeyed  her  fa- 
ther's bloody  commands,  who  had  ordered 
her  to  murder  her  husband  the  first  night 
of  her  nuptials,  and  suffered  Lynceus  to 

escape  unhurt  from  the  bridal  bed. A 

daughter  of  Thestius. 
"    Hyperochus,  a  man  who  wrote  a  poet- 
ical history  of  Cuma. 

Hyph.eus,  a  mountain  of  Campania. 

Hypsa,  now  Belici,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Hypsea,  a  Roman  matron,  of  the  family 
of  the  Plautii. 

Hypsenor,  a  priest  of  the  Scamander. 

Hypseus,  a  son  of  the  river  Peneus. — r 
A  pleader  at  the  Roman  bar  before  the  age 
of  Cicero. 

Hypsicratea,  the  wife  of  Mithridates. 

Hypsicrates,  a  Phoenician,  who  wrote 
an  history  of  his  country,  in  the  Phoeni- 
cian language. 

Hypsipides,  a  Macedonian  in  Alexan- 
der's army. 

Hypsipyle,  a  queen  of  Lemnos,  daugh- 
ter of  Thoas  and  Myrine,  celebrated  for 
her  crimes  and  misfortunes. 

Hyrcania,  a  large  and  mountainous 
country  of  Asia,  at  the  north  of  Paithia, 
and  at  the  west  of  Media,  abounding  in 

serpents,  and  wild  beasts. A  town  of 

Lydia,  destroyed  by  a  violent  earthquake 
in  the  age  of  Tiberius. 

Hyrcanum  mare,  a  large  sea,  called  also 
Caspian. 

Hyrganus,  a  name  common  to  some  of 
the  high  priests  of  Judea. 

Hyria,  a  country  of  Breotia,  near  Aulis, 
with  a  lake,  river,  and  town  of  the  same 

name. A  town  of  Isauria,  on  the  Caly- 

cadnus. 

Hyrieu3  and  HtfREVJ,  a  peasant,  or,  ad 


HY 


190 


HY 


some  say,  a  prince  of  Tanagra,  son  of 
Neptune  and  Alcyone,  who  kindly  en- 
tertained Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Mercury, 
when  travelling  over  Bceotia.     Vid.  Orion. 

Hyrmina,  a  town  of  Elis,  in  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Hyrneto  and  Hyrnetho,  a  daughter 
of  Temenus,  king  of  Argos,  who  married 
Deyphon,  son  of  Celeus. 

Hyrnithium,  a  plain  of  Argos,  fertile 
in  olives. 

Hyrtacus,  a  Trojan  of  mount  Ida,  fa- 
ther to  Nisus,  one  of  the  companions  of 
^Eneas. 

Hysia,  a  town  of  Bceotia. A  village 


of  Argos. A  city  of  Arcadia. The 

royal  residence  of  the  king  of  Parthia 

Hyspa,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Hyssus  and  Hyssi,  a  port  and  river  of 
Cappadocia. 

Hystaspes,  a  noble  Persian,  of  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Achaemenides.  His  son  Dari- 
us reigned  in  Persia  after  the  murder  of 
the  usurper  Smerdis.  Hystaspes  was  the 
first  who  introduced  the  learning  and  mys- 
teries of  the  Indian  Brachmans  in  Persia, 
and  to  his  researches  in  India  the  sciences 
were  greatly  indebted, particularly  in  Per- 
sia. 


IA 


IB 


I  A,  the  daughter  of  Midas,  who  married 
Atys. 

Iacchus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Iader,  a  river  of  Dalmatia. 

Ialemus,  a  wretched  singer,  son  of  the 
muse  Calliope. 

Ialmenus,  a  son  of  Mars  and  Astyoche, 
who  went  to  the  Trojan  war  with  his 
brother  Ascalaphus,  with  thirty  ships. 

Ialysus,  a  town  of  Rhodes. 

Iambe,  a  servant  maid  of  Metanira,  wife 
of  Celeus,  king  of  Eleusis. 

Iamblicus,  a  Greek  author,  who  wrote 
the  life  of-  Pvthagoras,  and  the  history  of 
his  follower?,  &c.    He  died  A.  D.  363. 

Iamenus,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Leonteus. 

iAiuiDiE,  certain  prophets  among  the 
Greeks,  descended  from  Iamus,  a  son  of 
Apollo. 

Ianira,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Ianthe,  a  girl  of  Crete,  who  married 
Iphis. 

Ianthea,  one  of  the  Oceanides. One 

of  the  Nereides. 

Iapis,  an  ^Etolian,  who  founded  a  city 

upon  the  banks  of  the  Timavus. A 

Trojan  favorite  of  Apollo. 

Iapydia,  a  district  of  Illyricum,  now 
Carniola. 

Iapygia,  a  country  on  the  confines  of 
Italy,  called  by  some  Messapia,  Peucetia, 
and  Salentinum. 

Iapyx,  a  son  of  Daedalus,  who  conquer- 
ed a  part  of  Italy,  which  he  called  Iapygia. 

A  wind  which  blows  from  Apulia, 

and  is  favorable  to  such  as  sailed  from 
Italy  towards  Greece. 

Iarbas,  a  king  of  Geetulia,  from  whom 
Dido  bought  land  to  build  Carthage.  He 
courted  Dido,  but  the  queen,  rather  than 
marry  him,  destroyed  herself. 

Iarchas  and  Jarchas,  a  celebrated  In- 
dian philosopher.     His  seven  rings  are  fa- 


mous for  their  power  of  restoring  old  men 
to  the  bloom  and  vigor  of  youth. 

Iard a  nus,  a  Ly dian,  father  of  Omphale, 

the  mistress  of  Hercules. A  river  of 

Arcadia. Another  in  Crete. 

Iasides,  a  patronymic  given  to  Palinu- 
rus — also  of  Jasus. 

Iasion  and  Iasius,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Electra,  one  of  the  Atlantides,  who  reign- 
ed over  part  of  Arcadia,  where  he  diligent- 
ly applied  himself  to  agriculture.  He  mar- 
ried the  goddess  Cybele  or  Ceres,  and  all 
the  gods  were  present  at  the  celebration 
of  his  nuptials.  He  had  by  Ceres  two 
sons,  and  a  daughter,  Atalanta,  whom  he 
exposed  as  soon  as  born,  saying  that  he 
would  raise  only  male  children. 

Iasis,  a  name  given  to  Atalanta,  daugh- 
ter of  Iasius. 

Iasius,  a  son  of  Abas,  king  of  Argos. 
A  son  of  Jupiter. 

Iasu9,  a  king  of  Argos,  who  succeeded 
his  father  Triopas. A  son  of  Argus  fa- 
ther of  Agenor. A  son  of  Argus  and 

Ismena. A  son  of  Lycurgus  of  Arca- 
dia.  An  island  with  a  town  of  the  same 

name  on  the  coast  of  Caria. 

Iaxartes,  now  Sir  or  Sihon,  a  river  of 
Sogdiana. 

Iaziges,  a  people  on  the  borders  of  the 
Palus  Maeotis. 

Iberia,  a  country  of  Asia,  between  Col- 
chis on  the  west,  and  Albania  on  the  east, 
governed  by  kings.  It  is  now  called  Geor- 
gia.  An  ancient  name  of  Spain,  deriv- 
ed from  the  river  Iberus. 

Iberus,  a  river  of  Spain,  now  called 

Ebro. A  river  of  Iberia  in  Asia. A 

fabulous  king  of  Spain. 

Ibi,  an  Indian  nation. 

Ibis,  a  poem  of  the  poet  Callimachng. 

Ibycus,  a  lyric  poet  of  Rhegium  about 
five  hundred  and  forty  years  before  Christ 


IC 


191 


ID 


He  was  murdered  by  robbers,  and  at  the 
moment  of  death  lie  implored  the  assist- 
ance of  some  cranes  which  at  that  mo- 
ment flew  over  his  head.  Some  time  after 
as  the  murderers  were  in  the  market 
place,  one  of  them  observed  some  cranes 
in  the  air,  and  said  to  his  companions, 
there  are  the  birds  that  are  conscious  of  the 
death  of  Ibycus.  These  words  and  the  re- 
cent murder  of  Ibycus  raised  suspicions  in 
the  people  :  the  assassins  were  seized  and 
tortured,  and  they  confessed  their  guilt. 
The  husband  of  Chloris,  whom  Ho- 
race ridicules. 

Icadius,  a  robber  killed  by  a  stone. 

Icaria,  a  small  island  in  the  ^Egean 
sea. 

Icaris  and  Icariotjs,  a  name  given  to 
Penelope  as  daughter  of  Icarius. 

Icarium  mare,  a  part  of  the  ^Egean 
sea  near  the  islands  of  Mycone  and  Gya- 
ros. 

Icariu9,  an  Athenian,  father  of  Eri- 
gone,  He  gave  wine  to  some  peasants 
who  drank  it  with  the  greatest  avidity, 
ignorant  of  its  intoxicating  nature.  They 
were  soon  deprived  of  their  reason,  and 
the  fury  and  resentment  of  their  friends 
and  neighbors  were  immediately  turned 
upon  Icarius,  who  perished  by  their  hands. 
After  death  he  was  honored  with  public 

festivals. A  son  of  CEbalus  of  Lacedae- 

mon.  He  gave  his  daughter  Penelope  in 
marriage  to  Ulysses  king  of  Ithaca. 

Icarus,  a  son  of  Dsdalus,  who,  with  his 
father,  fled  with  wings  from  Crete  to  es- 
cape the  resentment  of  Minos.  His  flight 
being  too  high  proved  fatal  to  him,  the 
sun  melted  the  wax  which  cemented  his 
wings,  and  he  fell  into  that  part  of  the 
iEgean  sea  which  was  called  after  his 
name. A  mountain  of  Attica. 

Ice i us,  a  lieutenant  of  Agrippa  in  Sici- 
ly  One  of  the  Rhemi  in  Gaul. 

Icelos,  one  of  the  sons  of  Somnus. 

Iceni,  a  people  of  Britain  who  submit- 
ted to  the  Roman  power. 

Icetas,  a  man  who  obtained  the  su- 
preme power  at  Syracuse  after  the  death 
of  Dion. 

Ichn-e,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Ichnusa,  an  ancient  name  of  Sardinia. 

Ichonuphis,  a  priest  of  Heliopolis. 

Ichthyophagi,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia, 
who  received  this  name  from  their  eating 
fishes. 

Ichthys,  a  promontory  of  Elis  in  Acha- 
ia. 

L.  Icilius,  a  tribune  of  the  people  who 
made  a  law  A.  U.  C.  397,  by  which  mount 
Aventine  was  given  to  the  Roman  people 

to  build  houses  upon. A  tribune  who 

made  a  law  A.  U.  C.  261,  that  forbade  any 
man  to  oppose  or  interrupt  a  tribune  while 
he  was  speaking  in  an  assembly. 

Icius,  a  harbor  in  Gaul,  on  the  modern 
straits  of  Dover. 


Iconium,  the  capital  of  Lycaonia. 

Ico3,  a  small  island  near  Euboea. 

Ictinus,  a  celebrated  architect,  430 
years  before  Christ. 

Ictumulorum  vicus,  a  place  at  the  foot 
of  the  Alps  abounding  in  gold  mines. 

Iculisma,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Angou- 
lesme. 

Ida,  a  nymph  of  Crete  who  went  into 
Phrygia,  where  she  gave  her  name  to  a 

mountain  of  that  country. The  mother 

of  Minos  2d. A  celebrated  mountain, 

or  more  properly  a  ridge  of  mountains  in 
Troas,  chiefly  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Troy.  It  was  covered  with  green  wood, 
and  the  elevation  of  its  top  opened  a  fine 
extensive  view  of  the  Hellespont  and  the 

adjacent  countries. A  mountain  of 

Crete,  the  highest  in  the  island. 

Id-ea,  the  surname  of  Cybele. 

Id^eus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. An 

arm-bearer  of  king  Priam. One  of  the 

attendants  of  Ascanius. 

Idalis,  the  country  round  mount  Ida. 

Idalus,  a  mountain  of  Cyprus. 

Idanthyrsus,  a  powerful  king  of  Scy- 
thia,  who  refused  to  give  his  daughter  in 
marriage  to  Darius  the  1st,  king  of  Persia. 
This  refusal  was  the  cause  of  a  war  be- 
tween the  two  nations,  and  Darius  march- 
ed against  ldanthyrsus,  at  the  head  of 
seven  hundred  thousand  men.  He  was 
defeated  and  retired  to  Persia,  after  an  in- 
glorious campaign. 

Idarnes,  an  officer  of  Darius. 

Idas,  a  son  of  Aphareus  and  Arane,  fa- 
mous for  his  valor  and  military  glory.  He 
was  among  the  Argonauts,  and  married 
Marpessa,  the  daughter  of  Evenus  king  of 
^Etolia.  Marpessa  was  carried  away  by 
Apollo,  and  Idas  pursued  his  wife's  rav- 
isher  with  bows  and  arrows,  and  obliged 

him  to  restore  her. A  son  of  ^Egyptus. 

A  Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 

Idea,  or  Idjja,  a  daughter  of  Darda- 

nus. The  mother  of  Teucer  by  Sca- 

mander. 

Idessa,  a  town  of  Iberia. 

Idex,  a  small  river  of  Italy. 

Idistavisus,  a  plain,  now  Hastcnbach, 
near  Oldendorp  on  the  Weser  in  West- 
phalia. 

Idmon,  son  of  Apollo  and  Astoria,  was 
the  prophet  of  the  Argonauts.  He  was 
killed  in  hunting  a  wild  boar  in  Bithy- 

nia. A  dyer  of  Colophon,  father  to 

Arachne. A  man  of  Cyzicus,  killed  by 

Hercules. A  son  of  iEgyptus,  killed  by 

his  wife. 

Idomene,  a  daughter  of  Pheres,  who 
married  Amythaon. 

Idomeneus,  succeeded  his  father  Deu- 
calion on  the  throne  of  Crete,  and  accom- 
panied the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war,  with 
a  fleet  of  ninety  ships.  During  this  cele- 
brated war  he  rendered  himself  famous 
by  his  valor,  and  slaughtered  many  of  the 


IL 


192 


IN 


enemy.  At  his  return  he  made  a  vow  to 
Neptune  in  a  dangerous  tempest,  that  if 
he  escaped  from  the  fury  of  the  seas  and 
storms  he  would  offer  to  the  god  whatever 
living  creature  first  presented  itself  to  his 
eye  on  the  Cretan  shore.  This  was  no 
other  than  his  son,  who  came  to  congratu- 
late his  father  upon  his  safe  return.  Ido- 
meneus  performed  his  promise  to  the  god, 

and  was  banished  by  his  subjects. A 

son  of  Priam. A  Greek  historian  of 

Lampsacus,  in  the  age  of  Epicurus. 

Idothea,  a  daughter  of  Prcetus,  king  of 

Argos. A  daughter  of  the  god  Proteus. 

One  of  the  nymphs  who  educated  Ju- 
piter. 

Idrieus,  brother  to  Artemisia,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  Mausolus,  and  invaded  Cyprus. 

Idubed  a,  a  river  and  mountain  of  Spain. 

Idume  and  Idumea,  a  country  of  Syria, 
famous  for  palm  trees. 

Idya,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Igeni,  a  people  of  Britain. 

Igilium,  now  Giglio,  an  island  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Ignatius,  an  officer  of  Crassus   in  his 

Parthian  expedition. A  bishop  of  An- 

tioch,  torn  to  pieces  in  the  amphitheatre 
at  Rome,  by  lions,  A.  D.  107. 

Iguvium,  a  town  of  Umbria,  on  the  via 
Flaminia,  now  Qubio. 

Ilaira,  a  daughter  of  Leucippus,  carried 
away  with  her  sister  Phoebe,  by  the  sons 
of  Leda. 

Ilba,  more  properly  Ilva,  an  island  of 
the  Tyrrhene  sea. 

Ilecaones  and  Ilecaonenses,  a  people 
of  Spain. 

Ilerda,  now  Lerida,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Ilia,  or  Rhea,  a  daughter  of  Numitor, 
king  of  Alba,  consecrated  by  her  uncle 
Amulius  to  the  service  of  Vesta,  which 
required  perpetual  chastity.  He  was  how- 
ever disappointed  ;  violence  was  offered 
to  Ilia,  and  she  brought  forth  Romulus 
and  Remus,  who  drove  the  usurper  from 
his  throne,  and  restored  the  crown  to  their 
grandfather  Numitor,  its  lawful  possessor. 
Ilia  was  buried  alive  for  violating  the  laws 
of  Vesta. 

Iliaoi  ludi,  games  instituted  by  Au- 
gustus, in  commemoration  of  the  victory 
he  had  obtained  over  Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra. 

Iliacus,  an  epithet  applied  to  such  as 
belong  to  Troy. 

Iliades,  a  surname  given  to  Romulus, 

as  son  of  Ilia. A  name  given  to  the 

Trojan  women. 

Ilias,  a  celebrated  poem  composed  by 
Homer  upon  the  Trojan  war. A  sur- 
name of  Minerva. 

Ilienses,  a  people  of  Sardinia. 

Ilion,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

In  one,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Priam. 

Ilioneus,  a  Trojan  who  came  into  Italy 
with  ^Eneas. One  of  Niobe's  sons. 


Ilipa,  a  town  of  Btetica. 

J-Lissua,  a  small  river  of  Attica,  falling 
into  the  sea  near  the  Piraeus.  There  was 
a  temple  on  its  banks,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Ilithyia,  a  goddess  called  also  Juno 
Lucina.  Some  suppose  her  to  be  the  same 
as  Diana. 

Ilium,  or  Ilion,  a  citadel  of  Troy,  built 
by  Ilus,  one  of  the  Trojan  kings,  from 
whom  it  received  its  name.  It  is  general- 
ly taken  for  Troy  itself;  and  some  have 
supposed  that  the  town  was  called  Ilium, 
and  the  adjacent  country  Troja. 

Illieeris,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Illice,  now  Elche,  a  town  of  Spain  with 
a  harbor  and  bay. 

Illipula,  two  towns  of  Spain,  one  of 
which  is  called  Major,  and  the  other  Mi- 
nor. 

Illiturgis,  Iliturgis,  or  Ilikgia,  a 
city  of  Spain. 

Ilorcis,  now  Lorca,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Illyricum,  Illyris,  and  Illyria,  a 
country  bordering  on  the  Adriatic  sea, 
opposite  Italy. 

Illyricus  sinus,  that  part  of  the  Adri- 
atic which  is  on  the  coast  of  Illyricum. 

Illyrius,  a  son  of  Cadmus  and  Hermi- 
one. 

Ilua,  now  Elba,  an  island  in  the  Tyr- 
rhene sea,  celebrated  for  its  iron  mines. 

Iluiio,  now  Oleron,  a  town  of  Gascony 
in  France. 

Ilus,  the  fourth  king  of  Troy,  was  son 
of  Tros  by  Callirhoe.  He  built,  or  rather 
embellished,  the  city  of  Ilium,  called  also 
Troy,  from  his  father  Tros.  Jupiter  gave 
him  the  Palladium,  a  celebrated  statue  of 
Minerva,  and  promised  that  as  long  as  it 
remained  in  Troy,  so  long  would  the  town 

remain  impregnable. A  name  of  Asca- 

nius. A  friend  of  Turnus. 

Ilyrgis,  a  town  of  Hispania  Beetica. 

Imanuentius,  a  king  of  part  of  Britain, 
killed  by  Cassivelaunus. 

Imaus,  a  large  mountain  of  Scythia, 
which  is  part  of  mount  Taurus. 

Imbarus,  a  part  of  mount  Taurus  in 
Armenia. 

Imbracides,  a  patronymic  given  to 
Asius,  as  son  of  Imbracus. 

Imbra sides,  a  patronymic  given  to 
Glaucus  and  Lades. 

Imbrasus,  or  Parthenius,  a  river  of  Sa- 

mos. The  father  of  Pirus,  the  leadei 

of  the  Thracians  during  the  Trojan  war. 

Imbreus,  one  of  the  Centaurs. 

Imbrex,  C.  Licmius,  a  poet. 

Imbrius,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Teucer,  son 
of  Mentor. 

Imbrivium,  a  place  of  Samnium. 

Imbros,  now  Embro,  an  island  of  the 
iEgean  sea,  near  Thrace,  thirty-two  miles 
from  Samothrace,  with  a  small  river  and 
town  of  the  same  name. 

Inachi,  a  name  given  to  the  Greeks, 
particularly  the  Argives 


IN 


193 


10 


Inachia,  a  name  given  to  Peloponne- 
sus, from  the  river  Inachus. A  festival 

in  Crete. 

Inachidje,  the  name  of  the  eight  first 
successors  of  Inachus,  on  the  throne  of 
Argos. 

Inachides,  a  patronymic  of  Epaphus 
as  grandson  of  Inachus and  of  Per- 
seus descended  from  Inachus. 

In ac his,  a  patronymic  of  Io,  as  daugh- 
ter of  Inachus. 

Inachium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Inachus,  a  son  of  Oceanus  and  Te- 
thys,  father  of  Io.  He  founded  the  king- 
dom of  Argos,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Phoroneus,  B.  C.  1807. A  river  of  Ar- 
gos.  Another  in  Epirus. 

Inamames,  a  river  in  the  east  of  Asia. 

Inarime,  an  island  near  Campania, 
with  a  mountain,  under  which  Jupiter 
confined  the  giant,  Typhosus. 

Inarus,  a  town  of  Egypt. A  tyrant 

of  Egypt,  who  died  B.  C.  456. 

Inc'itatus,  a  horse  of  the  emperor  Cali- 
gula, made  high  priest. 

India,  the  most  celebrated  and  opulent 
of  all  the  countries  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
one  side  by  the  Indus,  from  which  it  de- 
rives its  name.  It  is  situate  at  the  south 
of  the  kingdoms  of  Persia,  Parthia.  &c, 
along  the  maritime  coasts.  It  has  always 
been  reckoned  famous  for  the  riches  it 
contains  j  and  so  persuaded  were  the  an- 
cients of  its  wealth,  that  they  supposed 
that  its  very  sands  were  gold.  It  contain- 
ed nine  thousand  different  nations,  and 
five  thousand  remarkable  cities,  accord- 
ing to  geographers.  Bacchus  was  the  first 
who  conquered  it. 

Indibilis,  a  princess  of  Spain,  betrothed 
to  Albutius. 

Indiqetes,  a  name  given  to  those  dei- 
ties who  were  worshipped  only  in  some 
particular  places,  or  who  were  become 
gods  from  men,  as  Hercules,  Bacchus,  &c. 

Indigeti,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Indus,  now  Sinde,  a  large  river  of  Asia, 
from  which  the  adjacent  country  has  re- 
ceived the  name  of  India. A  river  of 

Caria. 

Indutiomarus,  a  Gaul  conquered  by 
Caesar. 

Inferum  mare,  the  Tuscan  sea. 

Ino,  a  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Har- 
monia,  wife  of  Athamas,  changed  into  a 
sea-goddess  by  Neptune.      , 

Inoa,  festivals  in  memory  of  Ino,  cele- 
brated yearly  with  sports  and  sacrifices  at 

Corinth. Another  in  Laconia,  in  honor 

of  the  same. 

Inous,  a  patronymic  given  to  the  god 
Palremon,  as  son  of  Ino. 

Inopus,  a  river  of  Delos. 

Insubres,  the  inhabitants  of  Insubria, 
a  country  near  the  Po,  supposed  to  be  of 
Gallic  origin. 

Intaphernes,  one  of  the  seven  Persian 
17 


noblemen  who  conspired  against  Smerdis 
who  usurped  the  crown  of  Persia. 

Intemelium,  a  town  at  the  west  of  Li- 
guria,  on  the  seashore. 

Interamna,  an  ancient  city  of  Umbria 
A  colony  on  the  confines  of  Samni- 


Intercatia,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Interrex,  a  supreme  magistrate  af 
Rome,  who  was  intrusted  with  the  care 
of  the  government  after  the  death  of  a 
king,  till  the  election  of  another.  This 
office  was  exercised  by  the  senators  alone, 
and  none  continued  in  power  longer  than 
five  days,  or,  according  to  Plutarch,  only 
twelve  hours. 

Inui  ca strum.  It  received  its  name 
from  Inuus,  a  divinity  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  the  Faunus  of  the  Latins. 

Inycus,  a  city  of  Sicily. 

Io,  the  daughter  of  Inachus  and  Isme- 
na,  turned  by  Jupiter  into  a  cow,  to  pre- 
vent the  suspicion  of  Juno,  and  worship- 
ped after  her  death  by  the  Egyptians, 
under  the  name  of  Isis. 

Iobates  and  Jobates,  a  king  of  Lycia, 
father  of  Stenobiea,  the  wife  of  Preetus, 
king  of  Argos. 

Iobes,  a  son  of  Hereules. 

Iclaia,  a  festival  at  Thebes,  the  same 
as  that  called  Heracleia.  It  was  institu- 
ted in  honor  of  Hercules  and  his  friend 
Iolas,  who  assisted  him  in  conquering  the 
hydra.  The  place  where  the  exercises 
were  exhibited  was  called  Iolaion,  where 
there  were  to  be  seen  the  monument  of 
Amphitryon,  and  the  cenatoph  of  Iolas, 
who  was  buried  in  Sardinia. 

Iolas  or  Iolaus,  a  son  of  Iphiclus,  king 
of  Thessaly,  who  assisted  Hercules  in 
conquering  the  hydra.  He  was  restored 
to  his  youth  and  vigor  by  Hebe,  at  the  re- 
quest of  his  friend  Hercules.  Some  time 
afterwards,  Iolas  assisted  the  Heraclida? 
against  Eurystheus,  and  killed  the  tyrant 

with  his  own  hand. A  compiler  of  a 

Phoenician  history. A  friend  of  ^Eneas. 

A  son  of  Antipaier,  cup-bearer  to 


Alexander 

Iolchos,  a  town  of  Magnesia,  above 
Demetrias,  where  Jason  was  born. 

Iole,  a  daughter  of  Eurytus,  king  of 
CEchalia.  Her  father  promised  her  in 
marriage  to  Hercules,  but  he  refused  to 
perforin  his  engagements,  and  Iole  was 
carried  away  by  force.  It  was  to  extin- 
guish the  love  of  Hercules  for  Iole,  that 
Dejenira  sent  him  the  poisoned  tunic, 
which  caused  his  death. 

Ion,  a  son  of  Xuthus,  and  Creusa,  who 
married  Helice,  the  daughter  of  Selinus, 
king  of  jEgiale.  He  succeeded  on  the 
throne  of  his  father-in-law,  and  built  a 
city,  which  he  called  Helice,  on  account 

of  his  wife. A  tragic  poet  of  Chios. 

— —A  native  of  Ephesus. 

Ione,  one  of  the  Nereides. 
I 


IP 


194 


IR 


Iones,  a  name  originally  given  to  the 
subjects  of  Ion,  who  dwelt  at  Helice. 

Ionia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  ^Eolia,  on  the  west  by 
the  ^Egean  and  lcarian  seas,  on  the  south 
by  Caria,  and  on  the  east  by  Lydia  and 
part  of  Caria.  It  was  founded  by  colo- 
nies from  Greece.  Ionia  has  been  always 
celebrated  for  the  salubrity  of  the  climate, 
the  fruitfulness  of  the   ground,  and  the 

geniu3  of  its  inhabitants. An  ancient 

name  given  to  Hellas,  or  Achaia. 

Ionium  mare,  a  part  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Adriatic, 
lying  between  Sicily  and  Greece. 

Iopas,  a  king  of  Africa,  among  the  suit- 
ors of  Dido.  lie  was  an  excellent  musi- 
cian, poet,  and  philosopher 

Iope  and  Joppa,  now  JaJ'u,  an  ancient 
and  famous  town  of  Phoenicia.  It  was 
about  forty  miles  from  the  capital  of  Judtca. 

A  daughter  of  Iphicles,  who  married 

Theseus. 

Iophon,  a  son  of  Sophocles. A  poet 

of  Gnossus,  in  Crete. 

I09,  now  Aw,  an  island  in  the  Myrtoan 
sea. 

Ifhiana»9a,  a  daughter  of  Prretus,  king 
of  Argos,  who,  with  her  sisters   Iphinoe 

and  Lysippe,  ridiculed  Juno. The  wife 

of  Endymion. 

Ipkiclus,  or  Iphicles,  a  son  of  Amphi- 
tryon   and    Alcmena,   born  at  the  same 

birth  with  Hercules. A  king  of  Pby- 

lace,  in  Phthiotis,  son  of  Phylacus  and 
Clymene.  He  had  bulls  famous  for  their 
bignes3,and  the  monster  which  kept  them. 
A  son  of  Thestius,  king  of  Pleuron. 

Iphicrates,  a  celebrated  general  of 
Athens,  who,  though  son  of  a  shoemaker, 
rose  from  the  lowest  station  to  the  highest 
offices  in  the  slate.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Cotys,  king  of  Thrace,  by  whom  he 
had    a  son   called   Mnestheus,    and   died 

380  R.  C. A  sculptor  of  Athens. 

An  Athenian,  sont  to  Darius  the  third, 
king  of  Persia. 

Iph!da.mu3.  a  son  ofAntenorand  The- 
ano,  killed  by  Agamemnon. 

Iphidemia,  a  Thessalian  woman,  rav- 
ished by  the  Naxians. 

Iphigenia,  a  daughter  of  Agamemnon 
and  Clytemnestra.  When  the  Greeks, 
going  to  the  Trojan  war,  were  detained  by 
contrary  winds  at  Aulb,  they  were  in- 
formed by  one  of  the  soothsayers,  that,  to 
appease  the  gods,  they  must  sacrifice  Iphi- 
genia,  Agamemnon's  daughter,  to  Diana. 
Agamemnon  consented  to  immolate  his 
daughter  for  the  common  cause  of  Greece. 
Iphigenia  came  to  Aulis  :  here  she  saw  the 
bloody  preparations  for  the  sacrifice  ;  she 
implored  the  forgiveness  and  protection 
of  her  father,  but  tears  and  entreaties  were 
unavailing.  Calchas  took  the  knife  in  his 
hand,  and,  as  he  was  going  to  strike  the 
fatal  blow,  Iphigenia  suddenly  disappear- 


ed, and  a  goat  of  uncommon  size  and 
beauty  was  found  in  her  place  for  the  sac- 
rifice. This  supernatural  change  anima- 
I  ted  the  Gieeks,  the  wind  suddenly  became 
favorable,  and  the  combined  fleet  set  sail 
j  from  Aulis.  Iphigenia's  innocence  had 
j  raised  the  compassion  of  the  goddess  on 
whose  altar  she  was  going  to  be  sacrificed, 
j  and  she  carried  her  to  Taurica,  where  she 
I  entrusted  her  with  the  care  of  her  tem- 
ple. 

Iphimedia,  a  daughter  of  Triopas,  who 
|  married  the  giant  Alceus. 

Iphimedon,  a  son  of  Eurystheus,  killed 
in  war. 

Ipkimedusa,  one  of  the  daughters  of 
Danaus. 

Iphinoe,  one  of  the  principal  women  of 
Lemnos,  who    conspired   to    destroy  all 

the  males  of  the  island. One  of  the 

daughters  of  Proetus. 

Iphinous,  one  of  the  centaurs. 

Iphis,  son  of  Alector,  succeeded  hi3 
father  on  the  throne  of  Argos. A  beau- 
tiful youth  of  Salamis,  of  ignoble  birth. 
He  became  enamored  of  Anaxarete,  and 
the  coldness  and  contempt  he  met  whh 
rendered  him  so  desperate  that  he  hung 

himself. A  daughter  of  Thespius. 

A  mistress  of  Patroclus. A  daughter  of 

Ligdus  and  Telethusa,  of  Crete. 

Iphition,  an  ally  of  the  Trojans,  son  of 
Otryntheus  and-Nais,  killed  by  Achilles. 

Iphitus,  a  son  of  Eurytus,  king  of 
CEchalia,.  kilied  by  Hercules. A  Tro- 
jan, who  survived  the  ruin  of  his  country, 

and  fled  with  ^Eneas  to  Italy. A  king 

of  Elis,  son  of  Praxonides,  in  the  age  of 
Lycurgus.  He  reestablished  the  Olym- 
pic games  three  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
years  after  their  institution  by  Hercules. 

Iphthime,  a  sister  of  Penelope,  who 
married  Eumelus. 

Ipsea,  the  mother  of  Medea. 

Ipsus,  a  place  of  Phrygia,  celebrated  for 
a  battle  which  was  fought  there,  between 
Antigonus  and  his  son,  and  Seleucus, 
rtolemy,  Lysimachus,  and  Cassander. 

Ira,  a  city  of  Messenia.  This  place  is 
famous  in  history  as  having  supported  a 
siege  of  eleven  years  against  the  Lacedae- 
monians. 

Iren.*:us,  a  native  of  Greece,  disciple  of 
Polycarp,  and  bishop  of  Lyons  in  France. 
His  opinions  concerning  the  soul  are  cu- 
rious.    He  suffered  martyrdom,  A.  D.  209. 

Irene,    a    daughter    cf    Cratinus    the 

painter. One  of  the  seasons  among  the 

Greeks,  called  by  the  moderns  Horae. 

Iresus,  a  delightful  spot  in  Lybia,  near 
Cyrer.e. 

Iris,  a  daughter  of  Thaumas  and  Elec- 
tra,  one  of  the  Oceanidcs,  messenger  of 
the  gods,  and  more  particularly  of  Juno. 
Her  office  was  to  cut  the  thread  which 
seemed  to  detain  the  soul  in  the  body  of 
those  that  were  expiring.    She  is  the  same 


IS 


195 


IS 


as  the  rainbow. A  river  of  Asia  Minor. 

A  river  of  Pontus. 

Iru3,  a  beggar  of  Itbaca,  who  executed 

the  commissions  of  Penelope's  suitors. 

A  mountain  of  India. 

Is,  a  small  river  falling  into  the  Eu- 
phrates.  A  small  town  on  the  river  of 

the  same  name. 

Is.-.DAs,  a  Spartan,  who,  upon  seeing 
the  Thebans  entering  the  city,  stripped 
himself  naked,  and,  with  a  spear  and 
sword, engaged  the  enemy. 
Isjea,  one  of  the  Nereides. 
Is.eits,  an  orator  of  Calchis,  in  Eubcsa, 
who  came  to  Athens,  and  became  there 
the  pupil  of  Lysias,  and  soon  after  the 
master  of  Demosthenes.  Demosthenes 
imitated  him  in  preference  to  Isocrates. 
Another  Greek  orator,  who  came  to  Rome 
A.  D.  17. 

Isamus,  a  river  of  India. 

Isajjder,  a  son  of  Bellerophon. 

Isapis,  a  river  of  Umbria. 

IsARand  Isara,  the  Isore,  a  river  of  Gaul. 

Another  called  the  Oyse,  which  falls 

into  the  Seine  below  Paris. 
Isar  and  Isjeus,  a  river  of  Vindelicia. 
IsARCHUs,an  Athenian  archon,B.  C.  44. 
Is  aura,  the  chief  town  of  Isauria. 
Isauria,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  near 
mount  Taurus. 
Isauricus,  a  surname  of  P.  Servilius. 
Isauros,  a  river  of  Umbria. Anoth- 
er in  Magna  Grada. 
Ischemia,  an  annual  festival  at  Olympia. 
Ischolaus,  a  brave  and  prudent  general 
of  Sparta. 

Ischomachus,  a  noble  athlete  of  Cro- 
tona. 
Ischopolis,  a  town  of  Pontus. 
Isdegerdes,  a  king  of  Persia,  appointed 
by  the  will  of  Arcadius,  guardian  to  The- 
odosius  the  second.  He  died  in  his  thirty- 
first  year,  A.  D.  408. 

Isia,  certain  festivals  observed  in  hon- 
or of  Isis,  which  continued  nine  days. 
These  festivals  were  adopted  by  the  Ro- 
mans, among  whom  they  soon  "degenera- 
ted into  licentiousness. 

Isiacorum  fortus,  a  harbor  on  the 
shore  of  the  Euxine,  near  Dacia. 

Isidorus,  a  native  of  Charax,  in  the  age 
of  Ptolemy  Lagus,  who  wrote  some  histo- 
rical treatises. A  disciple  of  Chrysos- 

tom. A  Christian  Greek  writer,  who 

flourished  in  the  seventh  century. 

Isis,  a  celebrated  deity  of  the  Egyptians, 
daughter  of  Saturn  and  Rhea,  according  to 
Diodorus  of  Sicily.  Osiris  and  Isis  reign- 
ed conjointly  in  Egypt ;  but  the  rebellion 
of  Typhon,  the  brother  of  Osiris,  proved 
fatal  to  this  sovereign.  As  Isis  was  sup- 
posed to  be  the  moon  and  Osiris  the  sun, 
she  was  represented  as  holding  a  globe  in 
her  hand,  with  a  vessel  full  of  ears  of 
corn. 
Ismarus,  a  rugged  mountain  of  Thrace, 


covered    with    vines    and    olives.       Its 

wines  are  excellent. A  Theban,  Bon  of 

Astacus. A  6on  of  Eumolpus. A 

Lydian  who  accompanied  yEneas  to  Italy. 
Ismene,  a  daughter  of  GEdipus  and  Jo- 
casta,  who,  when  her  sister  Antigone  had 
been  condemned  to  be  buried  alive  by 
Creon,  for  giving  burial  to  her  brother 
Polynices  against  the  tyrant's  positive  or- 
ders, declared  herself  as  guilty  as  her  sis- 
ter, and  insisted  upon  being  equally  pun- 
ished with  her. A  daughter  of  the  river 

Asopus. 

Ismenias,  a  celebrated  musician  of  The- 
bes.  A  Theban,  bribed  by  Timocrates 

of  Rhodes. A  Theban  general,  sent  to 

Persia  with  an  embassy  by  his  countrymen. 
As  none  were  admitted  into  the  king's 
presence  without  prostrating  themselves 
at  his  feet,  Ismenias  had  recourse  to  arti- 
fice to  avoid  doing  an  action  which  would 
prove  disgraceful  to  his  country.  When 
he  was  introduced  he  dropped  his  ring, 
and  the  motion  he  made  to  recover  it  from 
the  ground  was  mistaken  for  the  most 
submissive  homage,  and  Ismenias  had  a 

satisfactory  audience  of  the  monarch. 

A  river  of  Bceotia. 

Ismemides,  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
Theban  women. 
Ismenitjs,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 
Isme.nus,  a  son   of  Apollo  and  Melia. 

A  son  of  Asopus  and  Metope. 

A  son  of  Niobe,  killed  by  Apollo. 

Isocrates,  a  celebrated  orator,  son  of 
Theodoru3,  a  rich  musical  instrument 
maker  at  Athens.  The  defeat  of  the 
Athenians  at  Cberonsea  had  such  an  effect 
upon  his  spirits,  that  he  did  not  survive 
the  disgrace  of  his  country,  but  died,  after 
he  had  been  four  days  without  taking  any 
aliment,  in  the  ninety-ninth  year  of  his 
age,  about  three  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
years  before  Christ.  Isocrates  has  always 
been  much  admired  for  the  sweetness  and 
graceful  simplicity  of  his  style,  for  the 
harmony  of  his  expressions,  and  the  dig- 
nity of  his  language. One  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Peloponnesian  fleet. One 

of  the  disciples  of  Isocrates A  rhetori- 
cian of  Syria. 

Issa,  now  Lissa,  an  island  in  the  Adri- 
atic sea. A  town  of  Illyricum. 

Isse,  a  daughter  of  Macareus,  the  son 
of  Lycaon.  She  was  beloved  by  Apollo, 
who  to  obtain  her  confidence  changed 
himself  into  the  form  of  a  shepherd. 

Issus,  now  Jliss?,  a  town  of  Cilicia,  on 
the  confines  of  Syria,  famous  for  a  battle 
fought  there  between  Alexanderthe  Great 
and  the  Persians  under  Darius  their  king, 
in  October,  B.  C.  333,  in  consequence  of 
which  it  was  called  Nieopolis. 

Istbr  and  Istrus,  an  historian,  disci- 
ple to  Callimachus. A  large  river  of 

Europe,  called  also  the  Danuhi A  son 

of  ,-Egyptus 


IT 


im 


IX 


Isthmia.  sacred  games  aiming  tlie 
Greeks,  which  received  their  name  from 
the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  where  they  were 
observed.  They  were  celebrated  in  com- 
memoration of  Melicerta,  who  was  chang- 
ed into  a  sea  deity,  when  Jus  mother  J  no 
had  thrown  herself  into  the  sea  with  him 
in  her  arms.  These  games  were  observed 
every  third,  or  rather  fifth,  year. 

Isthmius,  a  king  of  Messenia. 

Isthmus,  a  small  neck  of  land  which 
joins  one  country  to  another. 

Istljeoiis,  a  country  of  Greece,  near 
Ossa. 

Istria,  a  province  at  the  west  of  Illyri- 
cum,whose  inhabitants  were  originally  pi- 
rates, and  lived  on  plunder. 

Istropolis,  a  city  of  Thrace. 

Isus  and  Antiphus,  sons  of  Priam,  the 
latter  by  Hecuba,  and  the  former  by  a 
concubine.  They  were  both  killed  by 
Agamemnon. A  city  of  Boeotia. 

Italia,  a  cele  (rated  country  of  Eu- 
rope, bounded  by  the  Adriatic  and  Tyrr- 
hene seas  and  the  Alpine  mountains. 
The  boundaries  of  Italy  appeared  to  have 
been  formed  by  nature  itself,  which  seems 
to  have  been  particularly  careful  in  sup- 
plying this  country  with  whatever  may 
contribute  not  only  to  the  support,  but  also 
to  the  pleasures  and  luxuries  of  life.  It 
has  been  called  the  garden  of  Europe. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  called  themselves 
Aborigines,  offspring  of  the  soil,  and  the 
country  was  soon  after  peopled  by  colo- 
nies from  Greece. 

Italica,  a  town  of  Italy,  called   also 

Corfinium. A  town  of  Spain,  now  Sc- 

villa  la  Vieja, 

Italicus,  a  poet. 

Italtjs,  a  son  ot  Telegonus. An  Ar- 
cadian prince,  who  came  to  Italy,  where 
he  established  a  kingdom,  called  after  him. 

A  prince  whose  daughter  Roma  is 

said  to  have  married  yEneas  or  Ascanius. 

Itargris,  a  river  of  Germany. 

Itea,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Itemales,  an  old  man  who  exposed 
GEdipus  on  mount  Cithaeron. 

Ithaca,  a  celebrated  island  in  the  Io- 
nian sea,  on  the  western  parts  of  Greece, 
with  a  city  of  the  same  name.  It  is  very 
rocky    and    mountainous,    and    is    now 


kno'vn  by  the  name  of  Inula  del  Vvmpa:e 
or  Tiduclu. 

Ithacesije, threo  islands  opposite  Vibe 
on  the  coast  of  the  Brutii. 

Ithop.alus,  a  king  of  Ty'ie,  who  died 
j  B.  C.  595. 

] thome,  a  town  of  Phthiotis.- An- 

j  other  of  Messenia. 

!  Ithomaia,  a  festival  in  which  musicians 
contended,  observed  at  llhome,  in  honor 
of  Jupiter 

Ithyphallus,  an  obscene  name  of  Pria- 
pus. 

Itius  Portus,  a"  town  of  Gaul,  now 
Wetsand,  or  Boulogne  in  Picardy. 

Itonia,  a  surname  of  Minerva. 

Itonus,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  son  of  Deu- 
calion. 
•  Ituna,  a  river  of  Britain, 

[tur.ea,  a  country  of  Palestine,  whose 
inhabitants  were  very  skilful  in  drawing 
the  bow. 

Iturum,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Itylus,  a  son  of  Zetheus,  and  ^Edon, 
killed  by  his  mother. 

ItVbjK'I,  a  people  of  Palestine. 

Itys,  a  sun  of  Tereus  king  of  Thrace, 
by  Procne,  daughter  of  Fandion,  king  of 
Alliens.  lie  was  killed  by  his  mother 
when  he  was  about  six  years  old,  and 
served  up  as  meat  before  his  father.  He 
was.changed  into  a  pheasant,  his  mother 
into  a  swallow,  and  his   father  into  an 

owl. A  Trojan  who  came  to  Italy  with 

iEneas. 

Intus,  the  name  of  Ascanius,  the  son 
of  ^Eneas. A  son  of  Ascanius. 

Ixibatje,  a  people  of  Pontus. 

Ixion,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  sen  of  Phle- 
gas.  Jupiter  carried  him  to  heaven,  and 
introduced  him  at  the  tables  of  the  gods. 
Such  a  favor,  which  ought  to  have  awak- 
ened gratitude  in  lxion,  served  only  to  in- 
flame his  lust ;  he  Became  enamored  of 
Juno,  and  attempted  to  seduce  her.  Ju- 
piter struck  him  with  his  thunder,  and 
ordered  Mercury  to  tie  him  to  a  wheel 
in  hell  which  continually  whirls  round. 
The  wheel  was  perpetually  in  motion, 
therefore  the  punishment  of  lxion  was 
eternal. One  of  the  Heraclidie. 

Ixionides,  the  patronymic  of  Pirithous 
son  of  Ixion. 


JA 

JANICULUM  and  Janicularius  moss, 
one  of  the  seven  hills  at  Rome,  joined 
to  the  city  by  Ancus  Martius,  and  made  a 
kind  of  citadel,  to  protect  the  place  against 
an  invasion.  This  hill  was  less  inhabited 
than  the  other  partn  of  the  city,  on  account 
of  the  grossness  of  the  air  ;  though  from  its 


JA 


top,  the  eye  could  have  a  commanding 
view  of  the  whole  city.  It  is  famous  for 
the  burial  of  king  Numa  and  the  poet  Itali- 
cus. 

Janus,  the  most  ancient  king  who  reign- 
ed in  Italy.  He  was  a  native  of  Thes- 
salv,  and  son  of  Apollo,  according  u>  some 


JA 


197 


JO 


He  came  to  Italy,  where  he  planted  a  col- 
ony and  built  a  small  town  on  the  river 
Tiber,  which  he  called  Janiculum.  Janus 
is  represented  with  two  faces,  because  he 
was  acquainted  with  the  past  and  the  fu- 
ture ;  or,  according  to  others,  because  he 
was  taken  for  the  sun  who  opens  the  day 
at  his  rising,  and  shuts  it  at  his  setting. 
Some  statues  represent  Janus  with  four 
heads.  He  was  chiefly  worshipped  among 
the  Romans,  where  he  had  many  temples. 
His  temple,  which  was  always  open  in 
times  of  war,  was  shut  only  three  times 
during  above  seven  hundred  years,  under 
Numa,  234  B.  C.  and  under  Augustus ; 
and  during  that  long  period  of  time,  the 
Romans  were  continually  employed  in 
war. A  street  at  Rome,  near  the  tem- 
ple of  Janus.  It  was  generally  frequented 
by  usurers,  money-brokers,  and  booksel- 
lers. 

Jape-tides,  a  musician  at  the  nuptials 
of  Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

jAPETus,ason  ofCoelus  or  Titan,  who 
married  Asia.  The  Greeks  looked  upon 
him  as  the  father  of  all  mankind. 

Jasof,  a  celebrated  hero,  son  of  iEson, 
king  of  Iolchos,  whose  throne  was  usurp- 
ed by  Pelias,  and  the  lawful  successor 
driven  to  retirement  and  obscurity.  Ja- 
son was  commanded  by  the  oracle  to  visit 
Iolchos,  his  native  country,  and  demand 
the  kingdom  from  the  usurper.  Pelias 
consented  to  abdicate  the  crown,  provid- 
ed Jason  would  undertake  an  expedition 
against  iEetes,  king  of  Colchis,  who  had 
murdered  their  common  relation,  Phryx- 
us.  Jason  accordingly  embarked  on  board 
a  ship  called  Argo,  accompanied  by  the 
youngest  and  bravest  of  the  Greeks  ;  and, 
after  a  series  of  adventures,  arrived  at 
Colchis.  iEetes  promised  to  restore  the 
golden  fleece,  which  was  the  cause  of  the 
death  of  Phryxus,  and  of  the  voyage  of 
the  Argonauts,  provided  they  submitted  to 
his  conditions.  Jason  was  to  tame  bulls 
which  breathed  flames,  and  had  feet  and 
horns  of  brass,  and  to  plough  with  them  a 
field  sacred  to  Mars.  After  this  he  was  to 
sow  in  the  ground  the  teeth  of  a  serpent, 
from  which  armed  men  would  arise, 
whose  fury  would  be  converted  against 
him  who  ploughed  the  field.  He  was  also 
to  kill  a  monstrous  dragon,  who  watched 
day  and  night  at  the  foot  of  the  tree  on 
which  the  golden  fleece  was  suspended. 
All  these  labors  were  to  be  performed  in 
one  day ;  but  Medea,  the  king's  daughter, 
whose  knowledge  of  herbs,  magic,  and 
potions,  was  unparalleled,  easily  extricat- 
ed Jason  from  all  dangers,  to  the  aston- 
ishment and  terror  of  his  companions, 
and  of  iEetes  and  the  people  of  Colchis, 
who  had  assembled  to  be  spectators  of 
these  wonderful  actions.  Jason  tamed 
the  bulls  with  ease,  ploughed  the  field, 
sowed  the  dragon's  teeth,  and,  when  the 
17* 


armed  men  sprang  from  the  earth,  he 
threw  a  stone  in  the  midst  of  them,  and 
they  immediately  turned  their  weapons 
one  against  the  other  till  they  all  perished. 
He  next  went  to  the  dragon,  and,  by 
means  of  enchanted  herbs,  given  him  by 
Medea,  he  lulled  the  monster  to  sleep,  and 
took  from  the  tree  the  celebrated  golden 
fleece,  which  was  the  sole  object  of  his 
voyage.  Jason  then  set  sail  for  Europe 
with  Medea,  whom  he  had  married  ;  and, 
after  numerous  disasters,  arrived  safely 
in  Thessaly.  This  expedition  has  been 
much  celebrated  in  the  ancient  ages  of  the 
world,  and  has  employed  the  pens  of 
many  writers.  Some  authors  say  that 
Jason  afterwards  returned  to  Colchis, 
where  he  reigned  in  great  security  ;  others, 
that,  as  he  was  one  day  reposing  by  the 
side  of  the  ship  which  had  carried  him  to 
Colchis,  a  beam  fell  upon  his  head,  and  he 

was  crushed  to  death. A  native  of  Ar- 

gos  who  wrote  an  history  of  Greece  in  four 

books. A  tyrant  of  Thessaly. Tral- 

lianus,  a  man  who  wrote  tragedies  and 
gained  the  esteem  of  the  kings  of  Parthia. 

Jasonidje,  a  patronymic  of  Thoas  and 
Euneus,  sons  of  Jason  and  Hipsipyle. 

Jenisus,  a  town  of  Syria. 

Jera,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Jericho,  a  city  of  Palestine,  besieged 
and  taken  by  the  Romans  under  Vespa- 
sian and  Titus. 

Jerne,  a  name  of  Ireland. 

Jeromus  and  Jeronymus,  a  Greek  of 
Cardia,  who  wrote  an  history  of  Alexan- 
der.  A  native  of  Rhodes,  disciple  of 

Aristotle. 

Jerusalem,  the  capital  of  Judea.  Vid. 
Hierosolyme. 

Jetje,  a  place  of  Sicily. 

Jocasta,  a  daughter  of  Menceceus,  who 
married  Laius,  king  of  Thebes,  by  whom 
she  had  CEdipus.  She  afterwards  married 
her  son  CEdipus,  without  knowing  who 
he  was.  When  she  discovered  that  she 
had  married  her  own  son,  she  hanged 
herself  in  despair. 

Jordanes,  a  river  of  Judea,  illustrious 
in  sacred  history. 

Jorn andes,  an  historian  who  wrote  on 
the  Goths.     He  died  A.  D.  552. 

Josephus,  Flavius,  a  celebrated  Jew- 
ish author  born  at  Jerusalem  ;  who  wrote 
the  history  of  the  wars  of  the  Jews,  first  in 
Syriac,  and  afterwards  translated  it  into 
Greek.  He  was  the  author,  also,  of  seve- 
ral other  works  on  the  antiquities  of  the. 
Jews  ;  and  though,  in  some  respects,  in-, 
imical  to  the  Christians,  yet  he  has  com- 
mended our  Saviour  so  warmly,  that  St. 
Jerome  calls  him  a  Christian  writer.  Jo-| 
sephus  died  at  the  age  of  56,  A.  D.  93. 

Jovianus  Flavius  Claudius,  a  native  of 
Pannonia,  elected  emperor  of  Rome  by  the 
soldiers  after  the  death  of  Julian.  He  at 
first  refused  to  bft  invested  with  the  iml 


98 


.IIJ 


periai  purple,  because  his  subjects  follow- 
ed the  religious  principles  of  the  late  em- 
peror;  but  they  removed  his  groundless 
apprehensions,  and,  when  they  assured 
him  that  they  were  warm  for  Christianity, 
he  accepted  the  crown.  Jovian  died  seven 
months  and  twenty  days  after  his  ascen- 
sion. 

Juba,  a  king  of  JVumidia  and  Maurita- 
nia, who  favored  the  cause  of  Pompey 
against  J.  Caesar.  lie  was  conquered  in  a 
battle  at  Thapsus,  and  totally  abandoned 
by  his  subjects.  He  killed  himself  with 
Petrelus,  who  bad  shared  his  good  fortune 
and  his  adversity.  His  kingdom  became 
a  Roman  province,  of  which  SaJIust  was 

the  first  governor. The  second  of  that 

name  was  the  son  <  f  Juba  the  first.  He 
was  led  among  tne  captives  to  Rome,  to 
adorn  the  triumph  of  Caesar.  His  captivi- 
ty was  the  source  of  the  greatest  honors, 
and  his  application  to  study  procured  him 
more  glory  tnan  he  could  have  obtained 
from  the  intieritance  of  a  kingdom.  He 
gained  the  heart  of  the  Romans  by  the 
courteousness  of  his  manners,  and  Augus- 
tus rewarded  his  fidelity  by  giving  him  in 
marriage  Cleopatra  the  daughter  of  Anto- 
ny, and  conferring  upon  him  the  title  of 
king,  and  making  him  master  of  all  the 
territories  which  his  father  once  possess- 
ed. 

Judacilius,  a  na'ive  of  Asculum,  cele- 
brated for  his  patriotism. 

Jud.ea,  a  famous  country  of  Syria, 
bounded  by  Arabia,  Egypt,  Phoenicia,  the 
Mediterranean  sea,  and  part  of  Syria. 
The  inhabitants,  whose  history  is  best  col- 
lected from  the  Holy  Scriptures,  were 
chiefly  governed,  after  the  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity, by  the  high  priests. 

Jugalis,  a  surname  of  Juno,  because 
she  presided  over  marriage. 

Jugantes,  a  people  of  Britain. 

Jugarius,  a  street  in  Rome,  below  the 
capitol. 

Jugurtha,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Ma- 
nastabal,  the  brother  of  Micipsa.  Micipsa 
and  Manastabal  were  the  sons  of  Masinis- 
sa,  king  of  Numidia.  Micipsa,  who  had 
inherited  his  father's  kingdom,  educated 
his  nephew  with  his  two  sons  Adherbal 
and  Hiempsal  ;  but,  as  he  was  of  an  as- 
piring disposition,  he  sent  him  with  a  body 
of  troops  to  the  assistance  of  Scipio,  who 
was  besieging  Numantia,  hoping  to  lose  a 
youth  whose  ambition  seemed  to  threaten 
the  tranquillity  of  his  children.  His  hopes 
were  frustrated,  Jugurtha  showed  himself 
brave  and  active,  and  endeared  himself  lo 
the  Roman  general.  Micipsa  appointed 
him  successor  to  his  kingdom  with  his  two 
sons,  but  the  kindness  of  the  father  prov- 
ed fatal  to  the  children.  Jugurtha  de- 
stroyed Hiempsal,  ind  stripped  Adherbal 
of  his  possessions,  a/id  obliged  him  to  fly  to 
Rome  for  safety.    The  Romans  listened  to 


the  well-grounded  complaints  of  Adher. 
bal,  but  Jugurtha's  gold  prevailed  among 
the  senators,  and  the  suppliant  monarch 
forsaken  in  his  distress,  perished  by  the 
snares  of  his  enemy.  Caecilius  Metellus 
was  at  last  sent  against  Jugurtha,  and  his 
firmness  and  success  soon  reduced  the 
crafty  Numidian,  and  obliged  him  to  fly 
among  his  savage  neighbors  for  support. 
Marius  and  Sylla  succeeded  Metellus,  and 
fought  with  equal  success.  Jugurtha  was 
at  last  betrayed  by  his  father-in-law  Boc- 
chus,  from  whom  he  claimed  assistance, 
and  he  was  delivered  into  the  hands  of 
Sylla,  after  carrying  on  a  war  of  five  years. 
He  was  exposed  to  the  view  of  the  Roman 
people,  and  dragged  in  chains  to  adorn  the 
triumph  of  Marius.  He  was  afterwards 
put  in  a  prison,  where  he  died  six  days 
after  of  hunger,  B.  C.  106.  The  name  and 
the  wars  of  Jugurtha  have  been  immortal- 
ized by  the  pen  of  Sallust. 

Julia  lex,  the  name  of  several  laws 
passed  in  Rome  ;  de  priminciis,  de  sumpti- 
bus,  de  civitatc,  de  judicibus,  de  amlitu, 
&c.  &c. 

Julia,  a  daughter  of  J.  Cresar,  by  Cor- 
nelia, famous  for  her  personal  charms  and 
for  her  virtues.  She  married  Corn.  Cospio, 
whom  her  father  obliged  her  to  divorce  to 
marry  Pompey  the  Great.  Her  amiable 
disposition  more  strongly  cemented  the 
friendship  of  the  father  and  of  the  son-in- 
law  ;  but  her  sudden  death  in  child-bed, 
B.  C.  53,  broke  all  ties  of  intimacy  and  re- 
lationship, and  soon  produced  a  civil  war. 
The  mother  of  M.  Antony,  whose  hu- 
manity is  greatly  celebrated  in  saving  her 
brother-in-law  J.  Cessar    from   the   cruel 

prosecutions  of  her  son. An  aunt  of 

J.  Cffisar,  who  married  C.  Marins.  Her 
funeral  oration  was  publicly  pronounced 

by  her  nephew. The  only  daughter  of 

the  emperor  Augustus,  remarkable  for  her 
beauty,  genius,  and  debaucheries.  She 
was  starved  to  death,  A.  D.  14,  by  order 
of  Tiberius. A  daughter  of  the  empe- 
ror Titus. A  daughter  of  Julia,  the 

wife  of  Agrippa,  who  married  Lepidus, 
and  was  banished  for  her  licentiousness. 

A  licentious  daughter  of  Germanicus 

and  Agrippina,  born  in  the  island  of  Les- 
bos, A.  D.  17.  She  married  a  senator 
called  M.  Vinucius,  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
and  was  put  to  death  about  the  twenty- 
fourth  year  of  her  age. A  celebrated 

woman,  born  in  Phoenicia.  She  is  also 
called  Domna.  She  applied  herself  to  the 
study  of  geometry  and  philosophy,  &c. 
and  rendered  herselfconspicuous,asmuch 
by  her  mental  as  by  her  personal  charms. 
She  came  to  Rome,  where  her  learning 
recommended  her  to  all  the  literati  of  the 
age.  She  married  Septimius  Severus, 
who,  twenty  years  after  this  matrimonial 
connexion,  was  invested  with  the  impe- 
ril purple      She  starved  herself  w.hoa  he* 


JU 


199 


JU 


ambitious  views  were  defeated  by  Macri- 
nus,  who  aspired  to  the  empire  in  prefer- 
ence to  her,  after  the  death  of  Caracalla. 
A  town  of  Gallia  Togata. 

Juliacum,  a  town  of  Germany,  now 
Juliers. 

Julianus,  a  son  of  Julius  Constantius, 
the  brother  of  Constantine  the  Great,  born 
at  Constantinople.  In  his  youth  he  was 
taught  the  doctrines  of  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, and  exhorted  to  be  modest  and  tem- 
perate ;  but  he  soon  afterwards  showed 
his  dislike  for  Christianity,  by  secretly 
cherishing  a  desire  to  become  one  of  the 
votaries  of  Paganism,  and  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  magic  and  astrology. 
About  the  twenty-sixth  year  of  his  age, 
he  was  appointed  by  Constans  over  Gaul, 
with  the  title  of  Caesar ;  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  prudence,  valor, 
and  the  numerous  victories  he  obtained 
over  the  enemies  of  Rome  in  Gaul  and 
Germany.  His  mildness  and  condescen- 
sion gained  him  the  hearts  of  his  soldiers  ; 
and  when  Constans,  to  whom  Julian  was 
become  suspected,  ordered  him  to  send 
him  part  of  his  forces,  to  be  sent  into  the 
east,  the  army  mutinied,  and  refused  to 
obey  the  mandate  of  the  emperor.  They 
compelled  Julian  to  accept  the  title  of  in- 
dependent emperor  and  of  Augustus  ;  and 
the  death  of  Constans,  which  shortly  after- 
wards happened,  left  him  sole  master  of 
the  Roman  empire.  Julian  then  disclosed 
his  religious  sentiments,  and  publicly  dis- 
avowed the  doctrines  of  Christianity.  Af- 
ter he  had  made  his  public  entry  into  Con- 
stantinople, he  determined  to  continue  the 
Persian  war;  and,  when  he  had  crossed 
the  Tigris,  he  destroyed  his  fleet,  and  ad- 
vanced into  the  enemy's  country.  He 
was,  however  obliged  to  retire  ;  and  he 
marched  up  the  sources  of  the  river,  de- 
termined to  imitate  the  bold  return  of  the 
ten  thousand  Greeks.  As  he  advanced 
through  the  country,  he  defeated  the  offi- 
cers of  Sapor,  king  of  Persia ;  but  an  en- 
gagement proved  fatal  to  him,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  deadly  wound  while  animating 
his  soldiers.  The  last  moments  of  Julian 
were  spent  in  a  conversation  with  a  phi- 
losopher concerning  the  immortality  of  the 
soul ;  and  he  died  without  showing  any 
sorrow  for  his  fate,  or  the  suddenness  of 

his  death. A  son  of  Constantine. A 

maternal  uncle  of  the  emperor  Julian. 

A  Roman  emperor. A  Roman  who  pro- 
claimed himself  emperor  in  Italy  during 

the  reign  of  Dioclesian. A  governor  of 

Africa. 

Julii,  a  family  of  Alba,  brought  to 
Rome  by  Romulus,  where  they  soon  rose 
to  the  greatest  honors  of  the  state.  J. 
Caesar  and  Augustus  were  of  this  family. 

Juliomaqus,  a  city  of  Gaul,  now  Angers 
in  Anjou. 

Juliopolis,  a  town  of  Bithynia. 


Julis,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cos, 
which  gave  birth  to  Simonides,  &c.  The 
walls  of  this  city  were  all  marble. 

Julius  Cesar.  Vid.  Cresar. Agri- 
cola,  a  governor  of  Britain,  A.  C.  80,  who 
first  discovered  that  Britain  was  an  island 

by  sailing  round  it. Obsequens,  a  Latin 

writer,  who  flourished  A.  D.  214. Titi- 

anus,  a  writer  in  the  age  of  Diociesian. 
His  son  became  famous  for  his  oratorical 
powers,  and  was  made  preceptor  in  the 

family  of  Maximinus. Africanus,  a 

chronologer,   who  flourished   A.  D.  220. 

Constantius,  the  father  of  the  emperor 

Julian. Pollux,  a  grammarian  of  Nau- 

pactus,  in  Egypt. Canus,  a  celebrated 

Roman,  put  to  death  by  order  of  Caracal- 
la. Proculus,  a  Roman,  who  solemnly 

declared  to  his  countrymen,  after  Romu- 
lus had  disappeared,  that  he  had  seen 
him  above  an  human  shape,  and  that  he 
had  ordered  him  to  tell  the  Romans  to 
honor  him  as  a  god. L.  Can-ar,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  uncle  to  Antony  the  triumvir. 

Junia  lex,  Sacrata,  by  L.  Junius  Bru- 
tus, the  first  tribune  of  the  people,  A.  U. 
C.  260.  It  ordained  that  the  person  of  the 
ti-ibune  should  be  held  sacred  and  inviola- 
ble.  Another,  A.  U.  C.  627,  which  ex- 
cluded all  foreigners  from  enjoying  the 
privileges  or  names  of  Roman  citizens. 

Junia,  a  niece  of  Cato  of  Utica,  who 

married  Cassius. Calvina,  a  beautiful 

Roman  lady 

Junius  Bl.esus,  a  proconsul  of  Africa 

under  the  emperors. Lupus,  a  senator 

who  accused  Vitellius  of  aspiring  to  the 
sovereignty 

Juno,  the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops, 
sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter,  queen  of  heaven, 
and  goddess  of  marriages  and  births.  Her 
temples  were  numerous,  the  most  famous 
of  which  were  at  Argos,  Olympia,  &c. 
No  woman  of  debauched  character  was 
permitted  to  enter,  or  even  touch  them. 
She  protected  cleanliness,  patronised  the 
most  faithful  and  virtuous  of  the  sex,  and 
severely  punished  incontinence  and  lewd- 
ness in  matrons.  The  surnames  of  Juno 
are  various,  they  are  derived  either  from 
the  function  or  things  over  which  she  pre- 
sided, or  from  the  places  where  her  wor- 
ship was  established.  She  is  represented 
sitting  on  a  throne  with  a  diadem  on  her 
head,  and  a  golden  sceptre  in  her  right 
hand.  Some  peacocks  generally  sat  by 
her,  and  a  cuckoo  often  perched  on  her 
sceptre,  while  Iris  behind  her  displayed 
the  thousand  colors  of  her  beautiful  rain- 
bow. She  is  sometimes  carried  through 
the  air  in  a  rich  chariot  drawn  by  pea- 
cocks. The  Roman  consuls,  when  they 
entered  upon  office,  were  always  obliged 
to  offer  her  a  solemn  sacrifice.  The  Juno 
of  the  Romans  was  called  Matrona  or  Ro- 
mana.  She  was  generally  represented  as 
veiled  from  head  to  foot. 


JU 


200 


JU 


JtJNONALiA  and  Junonia,  festivals  at 
Rome  in  honor  of  Juno. 

Junones,  a  name  of  the  protecting  ge- 
nii of  the  women  among  the  Romans. 

Junonia,  two  islands,  supposed   to  be 

among  the  Fortunate  islands. A  name 

which  Gracchus  gave  to  Carthage,  when 
he  went  with  six  thousand  Romans  to  re- 
build it. 

Junonigena,  a  surname  of  Vulcan  as 
son  of  Juno. 

Junonis,  promontorium,  a  promontory 

of  Peloponnesus. Lacinias  templum,  a 

temple  of  Juno  in  Italy. 

Jupiter,  the  most  powerful  of  all  the 
gods  of  the  ancients.  Several  of  this 
name  are  mentioned  by  the  ancient  wri- 
ters. To  that  of  Crete,  who  passed  for  the 
son  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  the  actions  of  the 
rest  have  been  attrihuted.  As  soon  as  he 
was  a  year  old,  Jupiter  found  himself  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  make  war  against  the  Ti- 
tans, who  had  imprisoned  his  father  be- 
cause he  had  brought  up  male  children. 
The  Titans  were  conquered,  and  Saturn 
set  at  liberty  by  the  hands  of  his  son.  Sa- 
turn, however,  soon  after,  apprehensive 
of  the  power  of  Jupiter,  conspired  against 
his  life,  and  was,  for  this  treachery,  driven 
from  his  kingdom,  and  obliged  to  fly  for 
safety  into  Latium.  Jupiter,  now  become 
the  sole  master  of  the  empire  of  the  world, 
divided  it  with  his  brothers.  He  reserved 
for  himself  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  and 
gave  the  empire  of  the  sea  to  Neptune, 
and  that  of  the  infernal  regions  to  Pluto. 
The  peaceful  beginning  of  his  reign  was 
soon  interrupted  by  the  rebellion  of  the 
giants,  who  were  sons  of  the  earth,  and 
who  wished  to  revenge  the  death  of  their 
relations  the  Titans.  They  were  so  pow- 
erful that  they  hurled  rocks,  and  heaped 
up  mountains  upon  mountains,  to  scale 
heaven,  so  that  all  the  gods  to  avoid  their 
fury  fled  to  Egypt,  where  they  escaped 
from  the  danger  by  assuming  the  form  of 
different  animals.  Jupiter,  however,  an- 
imated them,  and  by  the  assistance  of 
Hercules,  he  totally  overpowered  the  gi- 
gantic race,  which  had  proved  such  tre- 
mendous enemies.  Jupiter,  now  freed 
from  every  apprehension,  gave  himself  up 
to  the  pursuit  of  pleasures.  The  worship 
of  Jupiter  was  universal  ;  he  was  the 
Ammon  of  the  Africans,  the  Belus  of 
Babylon,  the  Osiris  of  Egypt,  &c.  His 
surnames  were  numerous,  many  of  which 
he  received  from  the  place  or  function 
over  which  he  presided.  The  worship  of 
Jupiter  surpassed  that  of  the  other  gods  in 


solemnity.  He  is  generally  represented 
as  sitting  upon  a  golden  or  ivory  throne, 
holding,  in  one  hand,  thunderbolts  just 
ready  to  be  hurled,  and,  in  the  other,  a 
sceptre  of  cypress.  His  looks  express  ma- 
jesty, his  beard  flows  long  and  neglected, 
and  the  eagle  stands  with  expanded  wings 
at  his  feet.  He  was  represented  at  Olym- 
pia  with  a  crown  like  olive  branches,  his 
mantle  was  variegated  with  different 
flowers,  particularly  by  the  lily,  and  the 
eagle  perched  on  the  top  of  the  sceptre 
which  he  held  in  his  hand. 

Jura,  a  high  ridge  of  mountains  sepa- 
rating the  Helvetii  from  the  Sequani,  or 
Switzerland  from  Burgundy. 

Justinus  M.  Junianus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian in  the  age  of  Antoninus,  who  epito- 
mised the  history  of  Trogns  Pompeius. 
This  epitome  is  replete  with  many  judi- 
cious reflections,  and  animated  harangues; 
but  the  author  is  often  too  credulous,  and 
sometimes  examines  events  two  minutely, 
while   others   are  related   only  in   a  few 

words  too  often   obscure. Martyr,  a 

Greek  father  formerly  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher, born  in  Palestine. An  emperor  cf 

the  east  who  reigned  nine  years,  and  died 

A.  D.  526. Another,  who  died  A.  D 

564,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-eight  years. 

Another,  who  died  577  A.  D.  after  a  reign 
of  thirteen  years. 

Juturna,  a  sister  of  Turnus,  king  of  the 
Rutuli.  She  heard  with  contempt  the  ad- 
dresses of  Jupiter,  or,  according  to  others, 
she  was  not  unfavorable  to  his  passion,  so 
that  the  god  rewarded  her  love  with  im- 
mortality. 

Juvejnali?,  Decius  Junius,  a  poet  born 
at  Aquinum  in  Italy.  He  came  early  to 
Rome,  and  passed  some  time  in  declaim- 
ing; after  which  he  applied  himself  to 
write  satires,  sixteen  of  which  are  extant. 
After  the  death  of  Nero,  the  satirist  was 
sent  by  Domitian  as  governor  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Egypt.  Juvenal  was  then  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age,  and  he  suffered 
much  from  the  trouble  which  attended  his 
office,  or  rather  his  exile.  He  returned, 
however,  to  Rome  and  died  in  the  reign  of 
Trajan,  A.  D.  128.  His  writings  are  fiery 
and  animated,  and  they  abound  with  hu- 
mor. He  may  be  called,  and  with  reason, 
perhaps,  the  last  of  the  Roman  poets. 

Juventas  or  Juventus,  a  goddess  at 
Rome,  who  presided  over  youth  and  vi- 
gor. 

JuvER>-A,or  Hibernia,  an  island  at  the 
west  of  Britain,  now  called  Ireland. 


LA 


201 


LA 


LAANDER,  a  youth,  brother  to  Nico- 
crates,  tyrant  of  Cyrene. 

Liarchus,  the  guardian  of  Battus  of 
Cyrene.  He  usurped  the  sovereign  power 
and  was  assassinated. 

Labaris,  a  king  of  Egypt  after  Sesos- 
tris. 

Labda,  a  daughter  of  Amphion,  one  of 
the  Bacchiadas,  born  lame. 

Libdacides,  a  name  given  to  CEdipus, 
as  descended  from  Labdacus. 

Labdacus,  a  son  of  Polydorus  by  Nyc- 
teis,  and  father  to  Laius.  It  is  unknown 
whether  he  ever  sat  on  the  throne  of 
Thebes. 

Labdalon,  a  promontory  of  Sicily. 

Labealis,  a  lake  in  Dalmatia. 

Labeo,  Antistius,  a  celebrated  lawyer 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  whose  views  he 
opposed,  and  whose  offers  of  the  consul- 
ship he  refused.    His  works  are  lost. 

A  tribune  of  the  people  at  Borne,  who 
condemned    the    censor    Metellus  to  be 

thrown  down  from  the  Tarpeian  rock. 

Q..  Fabius,  a  Roman  consul,  A.  U.  C.  571, 
who  obtained  a  naval  victory  over  the  fleet 

of  the   Cretans. Actius,  an   obscure 

poet. 

Laberius,  J.  Decimus,  a  Roman  knight 
famous  for  his  poetical  talents  in  writing 
pantomimes.  J.  Caesar  compelled  him  to 
act  one  of  his  characters  on  the  stage. 
Laberius  died  ten  months  after  the  mur- 
der of  J.  Caesar. Q,.  Durus,  a  tribune 

of  the  soldiers  in  Caesar's  legions. 

Laeicum,  now  Colonna,  a  town  of  Italy, 
called  also  Laeicum. 

Labienus,  an   officer  of  Caesar  in  the 

wars  of  Gaul. A  Roman  who  followed 

the  interest  of  Brutus  and  Cassius. . 


Titus,  an  historian  and  orator  at  Rome  in 
the  age  of  Augustus.  The  senate  ordered 
his  papers  to  be  burnt  on  account  of  their 
seditious  contents  ;  and  Labienus,  unable 
to  survive  the  loss  of  his  writings,  destroy- 
ed himself. 

Labinetus  or  Labynetus,  a  king  of 
Babylon,  &c. 

Labotas,  a  river  near  Antioch  in  Syria. 

A  son  of  Echestratus,  who  made  war 

against  Argos. 

Labradeus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  in 
Caria. 

Labron,  a  part  of  Italy  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Labyrinthus,  a  building  whose  nume- 
rous passages  and  perplexing  windings 
render  the  escape  from  it  difficult,  and 
almost  impracticable.  There  were  four 
very  famous  among  the  ancients,  one  near 
the  city  of  Crocodiles  or  Arsinoe,  another 
in  Crete,  a  third  at  Lemnos,  and  a  fourth 
in  Italy  built  by  Porsenna.  That  of  Egypt 
was  the  most  ancient,  and  Herodotus,  who 
saw  it,  declares  that  the  beauty  and  the 
art  of  the  building  were  almost  beyond 
belief.    It  was  built  by  twelve  kings  who 


at  one  time  reigned  in  Egypt,  and  it  was 
intended  for  the  place  of  their  burial,  and 
to  commemorate  the  actions  of  their  reign. 

Lacuna,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  female 
native  of  Laeonia. 

Laced.emon,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Tay- 
geta  the  daughter  of  Atlas.  From  Lace- 
daemon  and  his  wife,  the  capital  of  Laeonia 

was  called  Lacedamion  and  Sparta A 

noble  city  of  Peloponnesus,  the  capital  of 
Laeonia,  called  also  Sparta,  and  now 
known  by  the  name  of  Misitra.  In  the 
year  191,  B  C.  Lacedsemon  joined  the 
Achaean  league,  and  about  three  years  af- 
ter the  walls  were  demolished  by  order  of 
Philopcemen.  The  territories  of  Laeonia 
shared  the  fate  of  the  Achaean  confede- 
racy, and  the  whole  was  conquered  by 
Mummius,  147  B.  C.  and  converted  into  a 
Roman  province.  The  inhabitants  of 
Lacedaemon  have  rendered  themselves  il- 
lustrious for  their  courage  and  intrepidity, 
for  their  love  of  honor  and  liberty,  and  for 
their  aversion  to  sloth  and  luxury.  In  the 
affairs  of  Greece,  the  interest  of  the  La- 
cedaemonians was  often  powerful,  and  ob- 
tained the  superiority  for  five  hundred 
years.  Their  jealousy  of  the  power  and 
greatness  of  the  Athenians  is  well  known. 
The  authority  of  their  monarchs  was 
checked  by  the  watchful  eye  of  the  Epho- 
ri,  who  had  the  power  of  imprisoning 
the  kings  themselves  if  guilty  of  misde- 
meanors. The  names  of  Lacedmmon  and 
Sparta  are  promiscuously  applied  to  the 
capital  of  Laeonia,  and  often  confounded 
together.  The  latter  was  applied  to  the 
metropolis,  and  the  former  was  reserved 
for  the  inhabitants  of  the  suburbs,  or  rath- 
er of  the  country  contiguous  to  the  walls 
of  the  city.  The  place  where  the  city 
stood  is  now  called  Paleo  Chori,  {the  aid 
town,)  and  the  new  one  erected  on  its  ruins 
at  some  distance  on  the  west  is  called  Mi- 
satra. There  were  some  festivals  cele- 
brated at  Lacedffimon  the  names  of  which 
are  not  known.  It  was  customary  for  the 
women  to  drag  all  the  old  bachelors  round 
the  altars  and  beat  them  with  their  fists, 
that  the  shame  and  ignominy  to  which 
they  were  exposed  might  induce  them  to 
marry. 

Laced-emosii  and  Laced.emones,  the 
inhabitants  of  Lacedaemon. 

Lacedjimonibs,  a  son  of  Cimon  by  Cli- 
toria. 

Lacerta,  a  rich  soothsayer  in  Domi- 
tian's  age. 

Lacetan-ia,  a  district  at  the  north  of 
Spain. 

Lachares,  a  man  who  seized  the  su- 
preme power  at  Athens  and  was  banished 

B.  C.  296. An  Athenian  three  times 

taken  prisoner. A  son  of  Mithridates 

king  of  Bosphorus. A  robber  condemn- 
ed by  M.  Antony. An  Egyptian  buried 

in  ttie  labyrinth  near  Arsinoe. 


LJE 


202 


LA 


Laches,  an  Athenian  general  in  the  age 

of  Epaminondas. An  Athenian  sent 

with  Carias  at  the  head  of  a  fleet  in  the 
first  expedition  undertaken  against  Sicily 

in  the  Peloponnesian  war. An  artist 

who  finished  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes. 

Lachejis,  one  of  the  Parcae.  She  pre- 
sided over  futurity,  and  was  represented 
as  spinning  the  thread  of  life,  or  accord- 
ing to  others,  holding  the  spindle. 

Lacidas,  a  Greek  philosopher  of  Cyrene, 
who  flourished  B.  C.  241.  He  was  greatly 
esteemed  by  king  Attalus  who  gave  him  a 
garden  where  he  spent  his  hours  in  study. 
He  died  through  excess  of  drinking. 

Lacides,  a  village  near  Athens. 

Lacinia,  a  surname  of  Juno  from  her 
temple  at  Lacinium  in  Italy. 

Laciniensis,  a  people  of  Liburnia. 

Lacinium,  a  promontory  of  Magna  Grac- 
cia,  now  cape  Colonna. 

Lacmon,  a  part  of  mount  Pindus. 

Laco,  a  favorite  of  Galba,  mean   and 

cowardly  in  his  character. An  inhabi 

tant  of  Laconia  or  Lacedtemon. 

Lacobriga,  a  city  of  Spain. 

Laconia,  Laconica,  and  Lacedjcmon, 
a  country  on  the  southern  parts  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, having  Argos  and  Arcadia  on 
the  north,  Messenia  on  the  west,  the  Me- 
diterranean on  the  south,  and  the  bay  of 
Argos  at  the  east.  Its  extent  from  north 
to  south  was  about  fifty  miles.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  the  river  Eurotas.  The  capital  is 
called  Sparta  or  Lacedremon. 

Lacrates,  a  Theban  general. 

Lacrines,  a  Lacedaemonian  ambassa- 
dor to  Cyrus. 

Lactantius,  a  celebrated  Christian  wri- 
ter. The  expressive  purify,  elegance,  and 
energy  of  his  style  have  gained  him  the 
name  of  the  Christian  Cicero.  He  died 
A.  D. 325. 

Lacter,  a  promontory  of  the  island  of 
Cos. 

Lacydes,  a  philosopher. 

Lacydus,  an  effeminate  king  of  Argos. 

Ladas,  a  celebrated  courier  of  Alexan- 
der, born  at  Sicyon. 

Lade,  an  island  of  the  ^Egean  sea. 

Lades,  a  son  of  Imbrasus,  killed  by 
Turn  us. 

Ladocea,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Ladon,  a  river  of  Arcadia  falling  into 
the  Alpheus. An  Arcadian  who  follow- 
ed .(Eneas  into  Italy. One  of  Actteon's 

dogs. 

Ljelaps,  one  of  Action's  dog*. The 

dog  of  Cephalus. 

L-elia,  a  vestal  virgin. 

L.klianus,  a  general,  proclaimed  em- 
peror in  Gaul  by  his  soldiers,  A.  D.  2t58, 
after  the  death  of  Gallienus.  His  triumph 
was  short ;  he  was  conquered  and  put  to 
death  after  a  few  months  reign. 

C.  L.blius,  a  Roman  consul,  A.  U.  C. 
614,  surnamed  Sapiens.     Hit?  modesty,  hu- 


manity, and  the  manner  in  which  he  pat- 
ronised letters,  are  as  celebrated  as  his 
greatness  of  mind   and  integrity  in  the 

character  of  a  statesman. Another 

consul. Archelaus,  a  famous  gramma- 
rian. 

Ljbka  and  Lxjena,  the  mistress  of  Har- 

modius  and  Aristogiton. A  man  who 

was  acquainted  with  the  conspiracy  form- 
ed against  Caesar, 

L.v.nas,  a  surname  of  the  Popilii  at 
Rome. 

Ljeneus,  a  river  of  Crete. 

L-spa  Magna,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Laertes,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  son  of  Ar- 
cesius  and  Chalcomedusa,  who  married 
Anticlea  the  daughter  of  Autolycus.  An- 
ticlea  was  pregnant  by  Sisyphus  when  she 
married  Laertes,  and  eight  months  after 
her  union  with  the  king  of  Ithaca  she 
brought  forth  a  son  called  Ulysses.  Ulys- 
ses was  treated  with  parental  care  by  La- 
ertes, though  not  really  his  son,  and  Laer- 
tes ceded  to  him  his  crown  and  retired  into 
the  country,  where  he  spent  his  time  in 
gardening. A  city  of  Cilicia. 

Laertius  Diogenes,  a  writer  born  at 
Laertes. 

L.*strygones,  the  most  ancient  inha- 
bitants of  Sicily.  They  fed  on  human 
flesh,  and  when  Ulysses  came  on  their 
coasts,  they  sunk  his  ships  and  devoured 
his  companions. 

L.tTA,  the  wife  of  the  emperor  Gratian. 

LjKtoria  Lex  ordered  that  proper  per- 
sons should  be  appointed  to  provide  for 
the  security  and  the  possessions  of  such  as 
were  insane,  or  squandered  away  their 
estates. 

L^tus,  a  Roman  whom  Commodus  con- 
demned to  be  put  to  death. A  general 

of  the  emperor  Severus,  put  to  death  for 
his  treachery  to  the  emperor. 

L.t.vi,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Gallia 
Transpadana. 

L-«vinus,  a  Roman  consul  sent  against 
Pyrrhus,  A.  U.  C.  474,  and  defeated. 

Laoaria,  a  town  of  Lucania. 

Lagia,  a  name  of  the  island  Delos. 

Laginia,  a  town  of  Caria. 

La  gits,  a  Macedonian  of  mean  extrac- 
tion. He  received  in  marriage  Arsinoe 
the  daughter  of  Meleager,  who  was  then 
pregnant  of  king  Philip,  and  being  willing 
to  hide  the  disgrace  of  his  wife,  he  expos- 
ed the  child  in  the  woods.  An  eagle  pre- 
served the  life  of  the  infant,  and  fed  him 
with  her  prey.  This  uncommon  preserv- 
ation was  divulged  by  Lagus,  who  adopted 
the  child  as  bis  own,  and  called  him  Pto- 
lemy, conjecturing  that  as  his  life  had 
been  so  miraculously  preserved,  his  days 
would  he  spent  in  grandeur  and  affluence. 
This  Ptolemy  became  king  of  Egypt  after 
the  death  of  Alexander.  The  first  of  the 
Ptolemies  is  called  lMgu#,  to  distinguish 
him  from  his  successor*  of  the  s<une  name. 


LA 


203 


LA 


The  surname  of  Lagides  was  transmitted 
to  all  his  descendants  on  the  Egyptian 
throne  till  the  reign  of  Cleopatra,  Antony's 

mistress. A  Rutulian,  killed  by  Pallas 

son  of  Evander. 

Laousa,  an  island  in  the  Pamphylian 
sea. Another  near  Crete. 

Lagyra,  a  city  of  Taurica  Chersonesus. 

La  jades,  a  patronymic  of  CEdipus  son 
of  Laius . 

Lai  as,  a  king  of  Arcadia  who  succeeded 
his  father  Cypselus. A  king  of  Elis. 

Lais,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  daughter 
of  Timandra  the  mistress  of  Alcibiades, 
born  at  Hyccara  in  Sicily.  She  was  car- 
ried away  from  her  native  country  into 
Greece,  when  Nicias  the  Athenian  gen- 
eral invaded  Sicily. 

Laic*,  a  son  of  Labdacus,  who  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  of  Thebes.  An  oracle  in- 
formed him  that  he  should  perish  by  the 
hand  of  his  son.  The  child  as  soon  as 
born  was  given  to  a  servant,  with  orders 
to  put  him  to  death.  The  servant  was 
moved  with  compassion,  and  only  exposed 
him  on  mount  Cithseron,  where  his  life 
was  preserved  by  a  shepherd.  The  child 
called  CEdipus  was  educated  in  the  court 
6f  Polybus,  and  an  unfortunate  meeting 
with  his  father  in  a  narrow  road  proved 
Bis  ruin.  CEdipus  ordered  his  father  to 
make  way  for  him  without  knowing  who 
he  was ;  Laius  refused,  and  was  instantly 
murdered  by  his  irritated  son. 

Lalage,  one  of  Horace's  favorite  mis- 
tresses.  A  woman  censured  for  her 

cruelty. 

Lalassis,  a  river  of  Isauria. 

Lamachus,  a  son  of  Xenophanes,  sent 
into  Sicily  with  Nicias.  He  was  killed 
B.  C.  414,  before  Syracuse. A  govern- 
or of  Heraclea  in  Pontus,  who  betrayed 
his  trust  to  Mithridates. 

Lamalmok,  a  large  mountain  of  iEthio- 
pia. 

La mb ran  i,  a  people  of  Italy. 

Lambrus,  a  river  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  fall- 
ing into  the  Po. 

Lamia,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  famous  for 
a  fjjege  it    supported    after    Alexander's 

death. A  river  of  Greece,  opposite  mount 

CEta. A  daughter  of  Neptune,  mother 

of  Hierophile,  an  ancient  Sibyl,  by  Jupiter. 

Lamia  and  Auxesia,  two  deities  of 
Crete,  whose  worship  was  the  same  as  at 
Eleusis. 

Lamiacum  Bellum  happened  after  the 
death  of  Alexander,  when  the  Greeks, 
and  particularly  the  Athenians,  incited  by 
their  orators,  resolved  to  free  Greece  from 
the  garrisons  of  the  Macedonians. 

Lamijc,  small  islands  of  the  ^Egean,  op- 
posite Troaa. A  celebrated  family  at 

Rome,  descended  from  Lamus. Cer- 
tain monsters  of  Africa,  who  had  the  face 
and  breast  of  a  woman,  and  the  rest  of  the 
body  like  that  of  a  serpent. 


Lamias  J3lius,  a  governor  of  Syria  un- 
der Tiberius. Another,  during  the  reign 

of  Domitian. 

Lamirus,  a  son  of  Hercules  by  Iole. 

Lami>edo,  a  woman  of  Lacedaemon, 
who  was  daughter,  wife,  sister,  and  mo- 
ther of  a  king.  She  lived  in  the  age  of 
Alcibiades. 

Lampetia,  a  daughter  of  Apollo  and 
Neaera.  She  with  her  sister  Phsetusa 
guarded  her  father's  flocks  in  Sicily  when 
Ulysses  arrived  on  the  coasts  of  that  is- 
land. These  flocks  it  wa3  deemed  un- 
lawful and  sacrilegious  to  touch.  The 
companions  of  Ulysses,  impelled  by  hun- 
ger, paid  no  regard  to  their  sanctity,  or  to 
the  threats  and  entreaties  of  their  chief; 
but  they  carried  away  and  killed  some  of 
the  oxen.  The  watchful  keepers  com- 
plained to  their  father,  and  Jupiter,  at  the 
request  of  Apollo,  punished  the  offence  of 
the  Greeks.  The  hides  of  the  oxen  ap- 
peared to  walk,  and  the  flesh  which  was 
roasting  by  the  fire  began  to  bellow,  and 
nothing  was  heard  but  dreadful  noises 
and  loud  lowings.  The  companions  of 
Ulysses  embarked  on  hoard  their  ships, 
hut  here  the  resentment  of  Jupiter  follow- 
ed them.  A  storm  arose,  and  they  all  per- 
ished except  Ulysses,  who  saved  himself 
on  the  broken  piece  of  a  mast. Accord- 
ing to  Ovid,  L:\mpetia  is  one  of  the  He- 
liades,  who  was  changed  into  a  poplar 
tree  at  the  death  of  her  brother  Phaeton. 

Lampeto  and  Lampedo,  a  queen  of  the 
Amazons,  who  boasted  herself  to  be  the 
daughter  of  Mars. 

Lampeus  and  Lampia,  a  mountain  of 
Arcadia. 

Lampon,  Lampos,  or  Lampus,  one  of 
the   horses  of  fiiomedes — of  Hector — of 

Aurora. A  son  of  Laomedon  father  of 

Dolops. A  soothsayer  of  Athens. 

Lamponia  and  Lamponium,  a  city  of 

Troas. An   island  on  the   coast  of 

Thrace. 

Lampojthts,  an  Athenian  general. 

Lampridius  JFjL.ivs,  a  Latin  historian  in 
the  fourth  century,  who  wrote  the  lives 
of  some  of  the  Roman  emperors. 

Lamprus,  a  celebrated  musician. 

Lampsacus  and  Lampsacum,  now  Lam- 
sak't,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor  on  the  borders 
of  the  Propontis  at  the  north  of  Abydos. 
The  wine  of  Lampsacus  was  famous. 

Lamptera,  a  town  of  Phocaja  in  Ionia. 

Lampteria,  a  festival  at  Pellene  in 
Achaia,  in  honor  of  Picchus. 

Lampus,  a  son  of  yEgyptus. A  man 

of  Elis. 

Lamus,  a  king  of  the  Lsstrygones,  who 
is  supposed  by  some  to  have  founded  For- 
mia3  in  Italy.  The  family  of  the  Lamue 
at  Rome  was,  according  to  the  opinion  of 

some,  descended  from  him. A  son  of 

Hercules  and  Omphale. — A  Latian  chief 
killed  by  Xisus. A  river  of  Boeotia. 


LA 


204 


LA 


L.imtrus,  buffoon,  a  surname  Gf  one  of 
the  Ptolemies. 

Lanassa,  a  daughter  of  Cleodams,  who 

married  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achilles. 

A  daughter  of  Agathocles. 

Lajvcea,  a  fountain. 

Lancia,  a  town  of  Lusitania. 

Landi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Langia,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Langobardi,  a  warlike  nation  of  Ger- 
many. 

Langrobriga,  a  town  of  Lusitania. 

Lanuvium,  a  town  of  Latium,  about 
sixteen  miles  from  Rome  on  the  Appian 
road.  Juno  had  there  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple. 

Laoeotas,  or  Labotas,  a  Spartan  king, 
of  the  family  of  the  Agids,  who  succeed- 
ed his  father  Echestratus,  B.  C.  1093.  He 
sat  on  the  throne  for  thirty-seven  years. 

Laocoon,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 
As  being  priest  of  Apollo,  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  Trojans  to  offer  a  bullock  to 
Neptune  to  render  him  propitious.  During 
the  sacrifice  two  enormous  serpents  issued 
from  the  sea,  and  attacked  Laocoon's  two 
sons  who  stood  next  to  the  altar.  The 
father  immediately  attempted  to  defend 
his  sons,  but  the  serpents  falling  upon 
him  squeezed  him  in  their  complicated 
wreaths,  so  that  he  died  in  the  greatest 
agonies.  This  punishment  was  inflicted 
upon  him  for  his  temerity  in  dissuading 
the  Trojans  to  bring  into  the  city  the  fatal 
wooden  horse. 

Laodamas,  a  son  of  Alcinous,  king  of 
the  Phoeacians,  who  offered  to  wrestle 
with  Ulysses,  while  at  his  father's  court. 
A  son  of  Eteocles,  king  of  Thebes. 

Laodamia,  a  daughter  of  Acastus  and 
Astydamia,  who  married  Protesilaus,  the 
son  of  Iphiclus  king  of  a  part  of  Thessaly. 
The  departure  of  her  husband  for  the  Tro- 
jan war  was  the  source  of  grief  to  her, 
hut  when  she  heard  that  he  had  fallen  by 
the  hand  of  Hector  her  sorrow  was  in- 
creased.     She  destroyed  herself. A 

daughter  of  Bellerophon  by  Achemone  the 
daughter  of  king  Iobates.  She  had  a  son 
by  Jupiter,  called  Sarpedon.  She  dedi- 
cated herself  to  the  service  of  Diana,  and 
hunted  with  her,  but  her  haughtiness 
proved  fatal  to  her,  and  she  perished  by 

the  arrows  of  the  goddess. A  daughter 

of  Alexander,  king  of  Epirus,  by  Olympia 
the  daughter  of  Pyrrhus.  She  was  "assas- 
sinated in  the  temple  of  Diana. 

Laodite,  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba. Laodice  threw  herself  down  from 
the  top  of  a  tower  and  was  killed  when 

Troy  was  sacked  by  the  Greeks. One 

of  the  Oceanides. A  daughter  of  Ciny- 

ras,  by  whom  Elatus  had  some  children. 
A  daughter  of  Agamemnon. A  sis- 
ter of  Mithridates. A  queen  of  Cappa- 

docia,  put  to  death  by  her  subjects  for  poi- 
soning five  of  her  children. A  sister 


and  wife  of  Antiochus  2d.  She  put  to 
death  Berenice,  whom  her  husband  had 
married.  She  was  murdered  by  order  of 
Ptolemy  Evergetes,  B,  C.  246. 

Laodicea,  now  Ladik,  a  city  of  Asia, 
celebrated  for  its  commerce,  and  the  fine 
soft  and  black  wool  of  its  sheep. An- 
other in  Media. Another  in  Syria. 

Another  on  the  borders  of  Coelesyria. 

Laodicene,  a  province  of  Syria,  which 
receives  its  name  from  Laodicea,  its  capi- 
tal. 

Laodocus,  a  son  of  Antenor,  whose 
form  Minerva  borrowed  to  advise  Panda- 
rus  to  break  the  treaty  which  subsisted 

between  the  Greeks  and  Trojans. An 

attendant  of  Antilochus. A  son  of 

Priam. 

Laogonus,  a  son    of   Bias,  killed   by 

Achilles  at  the  siege  of  Troy.' A  priest 

of  Jupiter,  killed  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Laogoras,  a  king  of  the  Dryopes,  who 
accustomed  his  subjects  to  become  rob- 
bers. 

Laogore,  a  daughter  of  Cinyras  and 
Metharme,  daughter  of  Pygmalion.  She 
died  in  Egypt. 

Laomedon,  a  king  of  Troy,  killed  by 
Hercules  for  denying  him  his  daughter 
Hesione,  after  he  had  delivered  her  from 
the  sea-monster,  to  which  she  had  been 
exposed,  on  account  of  her  father's  refusal 
to  pay  Neptune  and  Apollo  their  reward 
for  building  the  city  walls. A  dema- 
gogue of  Messina. 

Laomedonteus,  an  epithet  applied  to 
the  Trojans  from  their  king  Laomedon. 

Laomedontiad*,  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  Trojans  from  Laomedon  their  king. 

Laonome,  the  wife  of  Polyphemus  one 
of  the  Argonauts. 

Laonomene,  a  daughter  of  Thespius, 
by  whom  Hercules  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

Laothoe,   a  daughter  of   Altes,   who 

married  Priam. One  of  the  daughters 

of  Thespius,  mother  of  Antidus,  by  Her- 
cules. 

Laous,  a  river  of  Lacedsemon. 

Lapathus,  a  city  of  Cyprus. 

Laphria,  a  surname  of  Diana  at  Patras 
in  Achaia,  where  she  had  a  temple  with  a 
statue  of  gold  and  ivory,  which  represent- 
ed her  in  the  habit  of  a  huntress. 

Laphystium,  a  mountain  in  Bceotia. 

Lapideus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  among 
the  Romans. 

Ijapithje,  a  people  of  Thessaly. 

Lapitho,  a  city  of  Cyprus. 

Lapithus,  a  son  of  Apollo,  by  Stilbe. 
He  was  brother  to  Centaurus,  and  mar- 
ried Orsinome,  daughter  of  Euronymus, 
by  whom  he  had  Phorbas  and  Periphas 
The  name  of  Lapitha  was  given  to  the  nu- 
merous children  of  Phorbas  and  Periphas 
or  rather  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
of  which  they  had  obtained  the  sovereign- 


LA 


205 


LA 


ty.  The  invention  of  bits  and  bridles  for 
horses  is  attributed  to  the  Lapitha. 

Lapithjeum,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Lara,  or  Laraxda,  one  of  the  Naiads, 
famous  for  her  beauty  and  her  loquacity. 

Larentia  and  LAURSNTiA,a  courtezan 
in  the  first  ages  of  Rome. 

Lares,  gods  of  inferior  power  at  Rome, 
who  presided  over  houses  and  families. 
In  process  of  time  their  power  was  ex- 
tended not  only  over  houses,  but  also  over 
the  country  and  the  sea.  The  statues  of 
the  Lares  resembling  monkeys,  and  cover- 
ed with  the  skin  of  a  dog,  were  placed  in 
a  niche  behind  the  doors  of  the  houses,  or 
around  the  hearths. 

Lar.-ja,  an  infamous  woman  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Largus,  a  Latin  poet  who  composed 
with  ease  and  elegance. 

Larides,  a  s>n  of  Daucus  or  Daunus 
who  assisted  Turnus  against  iEneas. 

Larina,  a  virgin  of  Italy,  who  accom- 
panied Camilla  in  her  war  against  /Eneas. 

Larinum,  or  Larina,  now  Larino,  a 
town  of  the  Frentani  on  the  Tifernus  be- 
fore it  falls  into  the  Adriatic. 

Larissa,  a  daughter  of  Pelasgus,  who 
gave  her  name  to  some  cities  in  Greece. 

A  city  between  Palestine  and  Egypt, 

where  Pornpey  was  murdered  and  buried 

according  to  some  accounts. A  large 

city  on  the  banks  of  the  Tigris. A  city 

of  Asia   Minor. • — Another   in   /Eolia, 

seventy  stadia  from  Cyme. Another 

near  Ephesus. Another  on  the  borders 

of  the  Peneus  in  Thessaly,  the  most  fa- 
mous of  all  the  cities  of  that  name.  Jupi- 
ter had  there  a  famous  temple,  on  account 
of  which  he  is  called  LarisscRtis. 

Larissus,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus  flow- 
ing between  Elis  and  Achaia. 

Larius,  a  large  lake  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Larntos,  a  smaH  desolate  island  on  the 
coast  of  Thrace. 

Laronia,  a  shameless  courtezan  in  Ju- 
venal's age. 

Lars  Tolujixius,  a  king  of  the  Veientes 
conquered  by  the  Romans,  and  put  to 
deRth,  A.  U.  C.  329. 

T.  Larti'js  Florus,  a  consul,  who  ap- 
peased a  sedition  raised  by  the  poorer  citi- 
zens, and  was  the  first  dictator  ever  cho- 
sen at  Rome,  B.  C.  493. Spurius,  one  of 

the  three  Romans  who  alone  withstood 
the  fury  of  Porsenna's  army  at  the  head 
of  a  bridge  while  the  communication  was 
cutting  down  behind  them. 

Lartol^tani,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Larv-e,  a  name  given  to  the  wicked 
spirits  and  apparitions  which,  according 
to  the  notions  of  the  Romans,  issued  from 
their  graves  in  the  night,  and  came  to  ter- 
rify the  world. 

Larymna,  a  town  of  Boeotia. An- 
other in  Caria. 

Lartsium,  a  mountain  of  Laconia. 
18 


Las3ia,  an  ancient  name  of  Andros. 

Lassus,  or  Lasus,  a  dithyrambic  poet 
born  at  Hermione  in  Peloponnesus,  about 
five  hundred  years  before  Christ,  and  reck- 
oned among  the  wise  men  of  Greece  by 
some. 

Lasthenes,  a  governor  of  Olynthus 
corrupted  by  Philip  king  of  Macedonia 

A  Cretan  demagogue  conquered  by 

Metellus  the  Roman  general. A  cruel 

minister  at  the  court  of  the  Seleucidse, 
kings  of  Syria. 

Lasthenia,  a  woman  who  disguised 
herself  to  come  and  hear  Plato's  lessons. 

Latagus,  a  king  of  Pontus. One  of 

the  companions  of  /Eneas. 

Lateranus  Plautus,  a  Roman  consul 
elect  A.  D.  65.  A  conspiracy  with  Piso 
against  the  emperor  Nero  proved  fatal  to 
him. 

Laterium,  the  villa  of  Q,.  Cicero  at 
Arpinum,  near  the  Liris. 

Lattalis,  a  .surname  of  Jupiter,  who 
was  worshipped  by  the  inhabitants  of  La- 
tium  upon  mount  Albanus  at  stated  times. 

Latini,  the  inhabitants  of  Latium. 

Latinius  Latiaris,  a  celebrated  in- 
former. 

Latinus,  a  son  of  Faunus  by  Marica, 
king  of  the  Aborigines  in  Italy,  who  from 
him  were  called  Latini.  He  married  Am- 
ata  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  a  daugh- 
ter. The  son  died  in  his  infancy,  and 
the  daughter,  called  Lavinia,  was  married 
to  /Eneas.     Latinus  soon  after  died,  and 

was  succeeded  by  his  son-in-law. A 

son  of  Sylvius  /Eneas  sumamed  also  Syl- 
vius.  A  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe. 

Lakom,  a  country  of  Italy  near  the 
river  Tiber.  The  first  inhabitants  were 
called  Aborigines,  and  received  the  name 
of  Latini  from  Latinus  their  king. 

Latius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at  Rome. 

Latmus,  a  mountain  of  Caria  near  Mi- 
letus. It  is  famous  for  the  residence  of 
Endymion. 

Latohius,  the  god  of  health  among  the 
Corinthians. 

Latobrigi,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul. 

LATois,aname  of  Diana  as  being  the 

daughter  of  Latona. A  country  house 

near  Ephesus. 

Latona,  a  daughter  of  Coeus  the  Titan 
and  Phoebe,  or,  according  to  Homer,  of 
Saturn.  She  was  admired  for  her  beauty 
by  Jupiter.  Juno  made  Latona  the  object 
of  her  vengeance,  and  sent  the  serpent 
Python  to  disturb  her  peace  and  persecute 
her.  At  last,  Latona,  though  persecuted 
and  exposed  to  the  resentment  of  Juno, 
became  a  powerful  deity,  and  saw  her 
children  receive  divine  honors. 

Latopolis,  a  city  of  Egypt. 

Latous,  a  name  given  to  Apclio  as  son 
of  Latona. 

Latreus,  one  of  the  Centaurs,  who, 
I  was  slain  by  Caneus. 


LE 


206 


LE 


Laudamia,  a  daughter  of  Alexander 
king  of  Epirus,  killed  by  the*  enraged 
populace. The  wife  of  Protesilaus. 

Laverna,  the  goddess  of  thieves  and 
dishonest  persons  at  Rome.  Her  worship 
was  very  popular,  and  the  Romans  raised 
her  an  altar  near  one  of  the  gates  of  the 
city,  which,  from  that  circumstance,  was 

called  the  gate  of  Laverna. A  place 

mentioned  by  Plutarch,  &c. 

Lavermum,  a  temple  of  Laverna,  near 
Formiae. 

Laufella,  an  infamous  woman. 

Laviana,  a  province  of  Armenia  Mi- 
nor. 

Lavinia,  a  daughter  of  king  Latinus 
and  Amata.  She  was  betrothed  to  her 
relation  king  Turnus,  but  because  the 
oracle  ordered  her  father  to  marry  her  to 
a  foreign  prince,  she  was  given  to  ^Eneas 
after  the  death  of  Turnus. 

Lavinium  or  Lavinum,  a  town  of  Italy, 
built  by  .<Eneas,  and  called  by  that  name 
in  honor  of  Lavinia  the  founder's  wife. 

Laura,  a  place  near  Alexandria  in 
Egypt. 

Laureacum,  a  town  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Ens  and  the  Danube,  now  Lorch. 

Laurentalia,  certain  festivals  celebra- 
ted at  Rome  in  honor  of  Laurentia,  on  the 
last  day  of  April  and  the  twenty -third  of 
December. 

LiURENTEs  agri,  the  country  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Laurentum. 

Laurentini,  the  inhabitants  of  Lati- 
um.  They  received  this  name  from  the 
great  number  of  laurels  which  grew  in 
the  country. 

Laurentius,  belonging  to  Laurentum 
or  Latium. 

Laurentum,  now  Paterno,  the  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Latium  in  the  reign  of 
Latinus. 

Laurion,  a  place  of  Attica,  where  were 
gold  mines,  from  which  the  Athenians 
drew  considerable  revenues. 

Lauron,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Lau9,  now  Laino,  a  town  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  forms  the  southern 
boundary  of  Lucania. 

Laus  Pompeia,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Lausus,  a  son  of  Numitor,  and  brother 
of  Ilia.     He  was  put  to  death  by  his  uncle 

Amulius. A  son  of  Mezentius,  king  of 

the  Tyrrhenians,  killed  by  ^Eneas. 

Lautium,  a  city  of  Latium. 

Lautumije  or  Latomije,  a  prison  at 
Syracuse  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock  by  Di- 
onysius,  and  now  converted  into  a  subter- 
raneous garden. 

Leades,  a  son  of  Astacus,  who  killed 
Eteoclus. 

Le.<ei,  a  nation  of  Pceonia,  near  Mace- 
donia. 

Le^na,  an  infamous  woman  of  Ath- 
ns. 

Leander,  a  youth  of  Abydos,  famous 


for  his  amours  with  Hero. A  Milesian 

who  wrote  an  historical  commentary  upon 
his  country. 

Leandre,  a  daughter  of  Amyclas,  who 
married  Areas. 

Leandrias,  a  Lacedaemonian  refugee 
of  Thebes. 

Leanira,  a  daughter  of  Amyclas. 

Learchus,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino, 
crushed  to  death  by  his  father,  in  a  fit  of 
madness. 

Lebadea,  now  Lioadias,  a  town  of  Boe- 
otia,  near  mount  Helicon. 

Lebedus  or  Lebedos,  a  town  of  Ionia, 
at  the  north  of  Colophon,  where  festivals 
were  yearly  observed  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus. 

Lebena,  a  commercial  town  of  Crete. 

Lebinthos  and  Lebynthos,  an  island 
in  the  iEgean  sea. 

LECHiEUM,  now  Pelago,  a  port  of  Cor- 
inth. 

Lectum,  a  promontory,  now  cape  Baba. 

Lecythus,  a  town  of  Eubcea. 

Leda,  a  daughter  of  king  Thespius  and 
Eurythemis,  who  married  Tyndarus,  king 
of  Sparta.  Jupiter  transformed  himself 
into  a  swan  to  enjoy  her  favors,  and  she 
brought  forth  two  eggs,  from  one  of  which 
sprang  Pollux  and  Helena,  and  from  the 
other  Castor  and  Clytemnestra, A  fa- 
mous dancer  in  the  age  of  Juvenal. 

Led.ka,  an  epithet  given  to  Hermione, 
as  related  to  Leda. 

Ledus,  now  Lei,  a  river  of  Gaul  near 
the  modern  Montpelier. 

Leoio,  a  corps  of  soldiers  in  the  Ro- 
man armies,  whose  numbers  have  been 
different  at  different  times.  The  legion 
under  Romulus  consisted  of  three  thou- 
sand foot  and  three  hundred  horse,  and 
was  soon  after  augmented  to  four  thou- 
sand, after  the  admission  of  the  Sabines 
into  the  city.  When  Annibal  was  in  It- 
aly it  consisted  of  five  thousand  soldiers, 
and  afterwards  it  decreased  to  four  thou- 
sand, or  four  thousand  five  hundred. 
Marius  made  it  consist  of  six  thousand 
two  hundred,  besides  seven  hundred 
horse.  This  was  the  period  of  its  great- 
ness in  numbers.  Each  legion  was  divi- 
ded into  ten  cohorts,  each  cohort  into  three 
tnanipuli,  and  every  manipulus  into  three 
centuries  or  ordines.  The  chief  com- 
mander of  the  legion  was  called  legatus, 
lieutenant.  The  standards  borne  by  the 
legions  were  various.  Sometimes  a  horse 
or  a  boar  was  used,  till  the  age  of  Marius, 
who  changed  all  these  for  the  eagle,  being 
a  representation  of  that  bird  in  silver, 
holding  sometimes  a  thunderbolt  in  its 
claws. 

Leitus,  or  Letus,  a  commander  of  the 

Boeotians  at  the  siege  of  Troy. One  of 

the  Argonauts. 

Lelaps,  a  dog  that  never  failed  to  seize 
and  conquer  whatever  animal  he  was  or 


LE 


207 


LE 


dered  to  pursue.  It  was  given  to  Procris 
by  Diana,  and  Procris  reconciled  herself 
to  her  husband  by  presenting  him  with 
that  valuable  present. One  of  Acti- 
on's dogs. 

Leleges,  a  wandering  people,  compos- 
ed of  different  unconnected  nations. 
They  were  originally  inhabitants  of  Ca- 
ria,  and  went  to  the  Trojan  war  with  Ai- 
res their  king.  The  inhabitants  of  Laco- 
nia  and  Megara  bore  this  name  for  some 
time,  from  Lelex,  one  of  their  kings. 

Lblegeis,  a  name  applied  to  Miletus, 
because  once  possessed  by  the  Leleges. 

Lelex,  an  Egyptian,  who  came  with  a 
colony  to  Megara,  where  he  reigned  about 
two  hundred  years  before  the  Trojan  war. 

A  Greek,  who  was  the  first  king  of 

Laconiain  Peloponnesus. 

Lemavis,  a  place  in  Britain,  where  Cae- 
sar is  supposed  to  have  first  landed. 

Lema.nnus,  a  lake  in  the  country  of  the 
Allobroges.  ft  is  now  called  the  lake  of 
Geneva  or  Lausanne. 

Lemnos,  an  island  in  the  iEgean  sea, 
between  Tenedos,  Imbros,  and  Samo- 
thrace.  It  was  sacred  to  Vulcan,  called 
Lemnius  pater,  who  fell  there  when  kicked 
down  from  heaven  by  Jupiter.  It  was 
celebrated  for  two  horrible  massacres, 
that  of  the  Lemnian  women  murdering 
their  husbands,  ( Vii.  Hipsipyle,)  and  that 
of  the  Lemnians,  or  Pelasgi,"in  killing  all 
the  children  they  had  had  by  some  Athe- 
nian women,  whom  they  had  carried 
away  to  become  their  wives.  The  island 
of  Lemnos,  now  called  Stalimene,  was  re- 
duced under  the  power  of  Athens  by  Mil- 
tiades,  and  the  Carians,  who  then  inhab- 
ited it,  obliged  to  emigrate. 

Lem>) vices,  a  people  of  Gaul,  now  Li- 
mousin and  Limoges. 

Lemovh,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Lemures,  the  manes  of  the  dead.  The 
ancients  supposed  that  the  souls,  after 
death,  wandered  all  over  the  world,  and 
disturbed  the  peace  of  its  inhabitants. 
The  good  spirits  were  called  Lares  fa.mil- 
iares,  and  the  evil  ones  were  known  by 
the  name  of  Larvae,  or  Lemures. 

Lemuria  and  Lemuralia,  festivals  ce- 
lebrated at  Rome  in  the  month  of  May,  in 
honor  of  the  Lemures  ;  said  to  have  been 
instituted  by  Romulus. 

Len ^eus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus.  There 
was  a  festival  called  Lenma,  celebrated  in 
his  honor,  in  which  the  ceremonies  ob- 
served at  the  other  festivals  of  the  god 
chiefly  prevailed. A  learned  gramma- 
rian. 

Lentulus,  a  celebrated  family  at  Rome, 
which  produced  many  great  men  in  the 
commonwealth.  The  most  illustrious 
were  L.  Corn.  Lentulus,  a  consul,  A.  U. 
C.  427,  who  dispersed  some  robbers  who 

infested  Umbria. -Batiatus  Lentulus, 

a  man  win  trained  up  some  gladiators  at 


Capua. -Com.    Lentulus,    surnamed 

Sura.  He  joined  in  Cataline's  conspira- 
cy, and  assisted  in  corrupting  the  Allo- 
broges. He  was  convicted  in  full  senate 
by  Cicero,  and  put  iu  prison,  and  after- 
wards executed. Cn.  Lentulus,  sur- 
named Gcetulicus,  was  made  consul,  A.D. 
26,  and  was,  some  time  after,  put  to  death 

by  Tiberius. P.  Lentulus,  a  friend  of 

Brutus,  mentioned  by  Cicero  as   a  great 

and  consummate  statesman. Besides 

these,  there  are  a  few  others,  whose  name 
is  only  mentioned  in  history,  and  whose 
life  was  not  marked  by  any  uncommon 
event.  The  consulship  was  often  in  the 
family  of  the  Lentuli. 

Leo,  a  native  of  Byzantium,  who  flour- 
ished three  hundred  and  fifty  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  famous  for  his  philoso- 
phical and  political  talents. A  Corinth- 
ian at  Syracuse. A  king  of  Sparta. 

An  emperor  of  the  east,  surnamed  the 
Thracian.. 

Leocorion,  a  monument  and  temple 
erected  by  the  Athenians  to  Pasitbea, 
Theope,  and  Eubule,  daughters  of  Leos 
who  immolated  themselves  when  an  ora- 
cle had  ordered  that,  to  stop  the  raging 
pestilence,  some  of  the  blood  of  the  citi- 
zens must  be  shed. 

Leocrates,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  460. 

Leodamas,  a  son  of  Eteocles,  one  of 
the  seven  Theban  chiefs  who  defended 

the  city  against  the  Argives. A  son  of 

Hector  and  Andromache. 

Leodocus,  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

Leogoras,  an  Athenian  debauchee. 

Leon,  a  king  of  Sparta. A  town  of 

Sicily,  near  Syracuse. 

Leona,  a  courtezan,  called  also  Lsena. 

Leonatus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 
His  father's  name  was  Eunus.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Alexander's  con- 
quest of  Asia,  and  once  saved  the  king's 
life  in  a  dangerous  battle.  Like  the  rest 
of  the  generals  of  Alexander,  he  was  am- 
bitious of  power  and  dominion.  He  pass- 
ed from  Asia  into  Europe  to  assist  Antipa- 
ter  against  the  Athenians,  and  was  killed 
in  a  battle  which  was  fought  soon  after 

his  arrival. A  Macedonian  with  Pyr- 

rhus  in  Italy  against  the  Romans. 

Leonidas,  a  celebrated  king  of  Lacedse- 
mon,  of  the  family  of  the  Eurysthenidte, 
sent  by  his  countrymen  to  oppose  Xerxes, 
king  of  Persia,  who  had  invaded  Greece 
with  about  five  millions  of  souls.  Before 
the  engagement  Leonidas  exhorted  his 
soldiers,  and  told  them  all  to  dine  hearti- 
ly, as  they  were  to  sup  in  the  realms  of 
Pluto.  The  battle  was  fought  at  Ther- 
mopylae, and  the  three  hundred  Spartans, 
who  alone  had  refused  to  abandon  the 
scene  of  action,  withstood  the  enemy 
with  such  vigor,  that  they  were  obliged  to 
retire,  wearied  and  conquered  during  three 


LE 


208 


LE 


successive  days,  till  Ephialtes,  a  Trachi- 
nian,  had  the  perfidy  to  conduct  a  detach- 
ment of  Persians  by  a  secret  path  up  the 
mountains,  whence  they  suddenly  fell 
upon  the  rear  of  the  Spartans,  and  crush- 
ed them  to  pieces.  Only  one  escaped  of 
the  three  hundred  ;  he  returned  home, 
where  he  was  treated  with  insult  and  re- 
proaches.  A    king    of   Sparta    after 

Areus  II.  two  hundred   and   fifty-seven 

years  before  Christ. A  preceptor  to 

Alexander  the  Great. A  friend  of  Par- 

menio. A  learned  man  of  Rhodes. 

Lscistium  and  Leontini,  a  town  of 
Sicily,  about  five  miles  distant  from  the 
seashore.  The  country  was  extremely 
fruitful,  whence  Cicero  calls  it  the  grand 
magazine  of  Sicily.  The  wine  which  it 
produced  was  thebest  of  the  island. 

Leontium,  a  celebrated  courtezan  of 
Athens  who  studied  philosophy  under 
Epicurus,  and  became  one  of  his  most 
renowned  pupils. 

Leom'tocephalus,  a  strongly  fortified 
city  of  Phrygia. 

Leon^tos,  or  Leontopolis,  a  town  of 
Egypt  where  lions  were  worshipped. 

Leos,  a  son  of  Orpheus,  who  immolated 
his  three  daughters  for  the  good  of  Athens. 

Leostheses,  an  Athenian  general, 
who,  after  Alexander's  death,  drove  An- 
ti  pater  to  Thessaly,  where  .  he  besieged 
him  in  the  town  of  Lamia.  The  success 
which  for  awhile  attended  his  arms  was 
soon  changed  by  a  fatal  blow  which  he 
received  from  a  stone  thrown  by  the  be- 
sieged, B.  C.  323. Another  general  of 

Athens,  condemned  on  account  of  the  bad 
success  which  attended  his  arms  against 
Peparethos. 

Leotychides,  a  king  of  Sparta,  son  of 
Menares,  of  the  family  of  the  Proclidae. 
He  was  set  over  the  Grecian  fleet,  and,  by 
his  courage  and  valor  he  put  an  end  to  the 
Persian  war  at  the  famous  battle  of  My- 
cale.  Leotychides  was  accused  of  a  capi- 
tal crime  by  the  Ephori,  and,  to  avoid  the 
punishment  which  his  guilt  seemed  to  de- 
serve, he  fled  to  the  temple  of  Minerva  at 
Tegea,  where  he  perished  B.  C.  469,  after 

a  reign  of  twenty -two  years. A  son  of 

Agis,  king  of  Sparta,  by  Timaia. 

Lephvrium,  a  city  of  Cilicia. 

Lepida,  a  noble  woman,  accused  of  at- 
tempts to  poison  her  husband.     She  was 

condemned  under  Tiberius. A  woman 

who  married  Scipio. Domitia,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Drusus  and  Antonia.  She  is  de- 
scribed by  Tacitus  as  infamous  in  her 
manners,  violent  in  her  temper,  and  yet 

celebrated  for  her  beauty. A  wife  of 

Galba  the  emperor. A  wife  of  Cassius. 

Lepidus  M.  tEmilius,  a  Roman,  cele- 
brated as  being  one  of  the  triumvirs  with 
Augustus  and  Antony.  He  was  of  an  il- 
lustrious family,  and,  like  the  rest  of  his 
contemporaries,   he   was    remarkable  for 


his  ambition,  to  which  was  added  a  nar- 
rowness of  mind,  and  a  great  deficiency 
of  military  abilities.  Augustus  obliged 
him  to  resign  the  power  to  which  he  was 
entitled  as  being  a  triumvir.  After  this 
degrading  event,  he  sunk  into  obscurity, 
and  so  ended  his  days  in  peace,  B.  C.  13. 

A  Roman  consul. A  son  of  Julia, 

the  grand-daughter  of  Augustus. An 

orator  mentioned  by  Cicero. A  censor. 

Lepinus,  a  mountain  of  Italy. 

Lepontii,  a  people  at  the  source  of  the 
Rhine. 

Lepreos,  a  son  of  Pyrgeus,  who  built 
a  town  in  Elis,  which  he  called  after  his 
own  name.  He  laid  a  wager  that  he 
would  eat  as  much  as  Hercules  ;  upon 
which  he  killed  an  ox  and  eat  it  up. 

Leprium  or  Lepreos,  a  town  of  Elis. 

Leptines,  a  general  of  Demetrius. 

A  son  of  Hermocrates,  of  Syracuse,  broth- 
er to  Dionysius.  He  was  sent  by  his 
brother  against  the  Carthaginians,  and 
experienced  so  much  success,  that  he 
sunk  fifty  of  their  ships.      He  was  killed 

in  a  battle  with  the  Carthaginians. A 

famous  orator  at  Athens,  opposed  by  De- 
mosthenes.  A  tyrant  of  Apollonia,  in 

Sicily. 

Leptis,  the  name  of  two  cities  of  Af- 
rica, one  of  which,  called  Major,  now 
Lebida,  was  near  the  Syrtes ;  and  the  other, 
called  Minor,  now  Lemta,  was  about 
eighteen  Roman  miles  from  Adrumetum. 

Leria,  an  island  in  the  iEgean  sea. 

Lerina,  or  Plan asia,  a  small  island  in 
the  Mediterranean. 

Lerna,  a  country  of  Argolis,  celebrated 
for  a  grove  and  a  lake,  where,  according 
to  the  poets,  the  Danaides  threw  the  heads 
of  their  murdered  husbands.  It  was 
there  also  that  Hercules  killed  the  famous 

hydra. There  was  a  festival,  called 

Lernaa,  celebrated  there  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus, Proserpine,  and  Ceres. 

Lero,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Gaul,  called  also  Lerina. 

Lesbos,  a  large  island  in  the  iEgean  sea, 
now  known  by  the  name  of  Metelin,  one 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles  in  circum- 
ference. The  wine  which  it  produced 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  ancients,  and 
still  is  in  the  same  repute  among  the 
moderns.  The  Lesbians  were  celebra- 
ted among  the  ancients  for  their  skill  in 
music,  and  their  women  for  their  beauty. 

Lesbus,  or  Lesbos,  a  son  of  Lapithas, 
grandson  of  iEolus. 

Lesches,  a  Greek  poet  of  Lesbos,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  GOO. 

Letanum,  a  town  of  Propontis,  built  by 
the  Athenians. 

Leth.eus,  a  river  of  Lydia Anoth- 
er of  Macedonia of  Crete. 

Lethe,  one  of  the  rivers  of  hell,  whose- 
waters  the  souls  of  the  dead  drank  after 
they  had  been  confined  for  a  certain  space 


LE 


209 


LI 


nf  time  in  Tartarus.  It  had  the  power  of 
making  them  forget  whatever  they  had 

done,  seen,  or  heard  before. Lethe  is  a 

river  of  Africa,  near  the  Syrtes,  which 
runs  under  the   ground,   and   some  time 

after  rises  again. There  is  also  a  river 

of  that  name  in  Spain. 

Letus,  a  mountain  of  Liguria. 

Leva^a,  a  goddess  at  Home,  who  pre- 
sided over  the  action  of  the  person  who 
took  up  from  the  ground  a  newly  born 
child,  after  it  had  been  placed  there  by 
the  midwife. 

Leuca,  a  town  of  the  Salen tines  near  a 

cape  of  the  same  name  in  Italy. A 

town  of  Ionia of  Crete of  Argolis. 

Leucas,  or  Leucadia,  an  island  of  the 
Ionian  sea  now  called  St.  Maura,  near  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  famous  for  a  promontory 
called  Leucate,  Leucas,  or  Leucates,  where 
desponding  lovers  threw  themselves  into 
the  sea. A  town  of  Phoenicia. 

Leucasion,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Leucaspis,  a  Lycian,  one  of  the  com- 
panions of --Eneas. 

Leuce,  a  small  island  in  the  Euxine 
sea,  of  a  triangular  form,  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Danube  and  the  Borysthe- 
nes.  According  to  the  poets,  the  souls  of 
the  ancient  heroes  were  placed  there  as  in 
the  Elysian  fields. One  of  the  Ocean- 
ides. 

Leuci,  a  people  of  Gaul,  between  the 

Moselle  and  the  Maese. Mountains  on 

the  west  of  Crete. 

Leucippe,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Leucippides,  the  daughters  of  Leucip- 
pus. 

Leucippus,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Abdera,  about  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  years  before  Christ,  disciple  to  Zeno. 
Many  of  his  hypotheses  have  been  adopt- 
ed by  the  moderns,  with  advantage.  Di- 
ogenes has  written  his  life. A  brother 

of  Tyndarus  king  of  Sparta,  who  married 
Philodice  daughter  of  Inachus,  by  whom 
he  had  two  daughters,  Hilairaand  Phoebe. 
They  were  carried  away  by  their  cousins 
Castor  and  Pollux,  as  they  were  going  to 
celebrate  their  nuptials  with  Lynceus  and 

Idas. A  son  of  Xanthus,  descended 

from  Bellerophon. A  son  of  CEnomaus, 

who  became  enamored  of  Daphne,  and  to 
obtain  her  confidence  disguised  himself 
in  a  female  dress,  and  attended  his  mis- 
tress as  a  companion.  He  gained  the  af- 
fections of  Daphne  by  his  obsequiousness 
and  attention,  but  his  artifice  at  last  proved 
fatal  through  the  influence  and  jealousy  of 
his  rival  Apollo;  for  when  Daphne  and 
her  attendants  were  ba'hins  in  the  Ladon, 
the  sex  of  Leucipnus  was  discovered,  and 
he  perished  by  the  darts  of  the  females. 

A  son  of  H?.  rules  by  Marse,  one  of 

the  daughters  nf  Thespms. 

Leucola,  a  part  of  Cyprus. 

Leccon',  a  tyrant  of  Bosphoru*,  who 
IS* 


lived  in  great  intimacy  with  the  Atheni- 
ans.    He  was  a  great  patron  of  the  useful 

arts. A  king  of  Pontus  killed  by  his 

brother. A  son  of  Athamas  and  The- 

misto. 

Leucone,  a  daughter  of  Aphidas,  who 
gave  her  name  to  a  fountain  of  Arcadia. 

Leucones,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Leuconoe,  a  daughter  of  Lycambes. 

Leucopetra,  a  place  on  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth,  where  the  Achasans  were  de- 
feated   by  the  consul  Mummius. A 

promontory  six  miles  east  from  Rhegium 
in  Italy. 

Leucophrvs,  a  temple  of  Diana,  with  a 
city  of  the  same  name,  near  the  Meander. 
An  ancient  name  of  Tenedos. 

Leucopolis,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Leucos,  a  river  of  Macedonia  near  Pyd- 
na. 

Leucosia,  a  small  island  in  the  Tyrr- 
hene sea. 

Leuco3yrii,  a  people  of«.  Asia  Minor, 
called  afterwards  Cappadocians. 

Leucothoe,  or  Leucothea,  the  wife 
of  Athamas,  changed  into  a  sea  deity. 
She  was  called  Matura  by  the  Romans, 
who  raised  her  a  temple,  where  all  the 
people,  particularly  women,  offered  vows 
for  their  brothers'  children. A  daugh- 
ter of  king  Orchamus  by  Eurynome,  loved 
by  Apollo,  who  changed  her  into  a  frank- 
incense tree  after  she  had  been  buried  alive 

by  order  of  her  father. An  island  in 

the  Tyrrhene  sea,   near  Caprese. A 

fountain  of  Samos. A  town  of  Egypt 

of  Arabia. 

Leuctra,  a  village  of  Bocotia,  between 
Platsea  and  Thespia,  famous  for  the  victo- 
ry which  Epaminondas  the  Thehan  gene- 
ral obtained  over  the  superior  force  of 
Cleombrotus,  king  of  Sparta,  on  the  eighth 
of  July,  B.C.  371. 

Leuctrum,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Letjcus,  one  of  the  companions  of  Ulys- 
ses, killed  before  Troy. 

Leucyanias,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Leutychides,  a  Lacedaemonian,  made 
king  of  Sparta. 

Lexovii,  a  people  of  Gaul,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Seine. 

Libanitts,  a  celebrated  sophist  of  Anti- 
och  in  the  age  of  the  emperor  Julian.  He 
was  educated  at  Athens,  and  opened  a 
school  at  Antioch,  which  produced  some 
of  the  best  and  most  of  the  literary  char- 
acters of  the  age.  When  Julian  had  im- 
prisoned the  senators  of  Antioch  for  their 
impertinence,  Libanius  undertook  the  de- 
fence of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  paid  a 
visit  to  the  emperor,  in  which  he  aston- 
ished him  by  the  boldness  and  indepen- 
dence of  his  expressions,  and  the  firmness 
and  resolution  of  his  mind.  Some  of  his 
orations,  and  above  one  thousand  six  hun- 
dred of  his  letters  are  extant ;  they  discov- 
er much  affectation  and  obscurity  of  style 


LI 


210 


LI 


LibaNus,  a  high  mountain  of  Syria,  fa- 
mous for  its  cedars. 

Libentina,  a  surname  of  Venus,  who 
had  a  temple  at  Rome. 

Liber,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  which 
signifies  free. 

Libera,  a  goddess,  the  same  as  Pros- 
erpine.  A  name  given  to  Ariadne. 

Liberalia,  festivals  yearly  celebrated 
in  honor  of  Bacchus  the  seventeenth  of 
March. 

Libertas,  a  goddess  of  Rome.  She 
was  represented  as  a  woman  in  a  light 
dress,  holding  a  rod  in  one  hand,  and  a 
cap  in  the  other. 

Libethra,  a  fountain  of  Magnesia  in 
Thessaly,  or  of  Bceotia,  sacred  to  the  Mu- 
ses. 

Libethrides,  a  name  given  to  the  Mu- 
ses from  the  fountain  Libethra. 

Libici,  Libecii,  or  Libri,  a  people  of 
Gaul  who  passed  into  Italy,  A.  U.  C.  364. 

Libitina,  a  goddess  at  Rome  who  pre- 
sided over  funerals. 

Libo,  a  friend  of  Pompey. A  Ro- 
man citizen. A  friend   of   the   first 

triumvirate. 

Libon,  a  Greek  architect  who  built  the 
famous  temple  of  Jupiter  Olympius. 

Libophcenices,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country  near  Carthage. 

Liburna,  a  town  of  Dalmatia. 

Liburnia,  now  Croatia,  a  country  of 
lllyricum,  between  Istria  and  Dalmatia, 
whence  a  colony  came  to  settle  in  Apulia, 
in  Italy. 

Lieurnides,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Liburnia,  in  the  Adriatic. 

Liburnum  mare,  the  sea  which  borders 
on  the  coasts  of  Liburnia. 

Lieurnus,  a  mountain  of  Campania. 

Libya,  a  daughter  of  Epaphus  and  Cas- 
siopea,   who    became   mother  of  Agenor 

and  Belus  by  Neptune. A  name  given 

to  Africa  one  of  the  three  grand  divisions 
of  the  ancient  globe.  Libya,  properly 
speaking,  is  only  a  part  of  Africa,  bound- 
ed on  the  east  by  .(Egypt,  and  on  the  west 
by  that  part  called  by  the  moderns  the 
kingdom  of  Tripoli. 

Libycum  mare,  that  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, which  lies  on  the  coast  of  Cy- 
rene. 

Libycus  and  Libystis.    Vid.  Libya. 

Libys,  a  sailor. 

Libyssa,  a  river  of  Bithynia,  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name. 

Licates,  a  people  of  Vindelicia. 

Licha,  a  city  near  Lycia. 

Lichades,  small  islands  near  Cceneum, 
a  promontory  of  Euboea. 

Lichas,  a  servant  of  Hercules  who 
brought  Jiim  the  poisoned  tunic  from  De- 
janira.  He  was  thrown  by  his  master 
into  the  sen. 

Liches,  an  Arcadian,  who  found  the 
bones  of  Orestes  buried  at  Tesea. 


Licinia  lex,  was  enacted  by  L.  Lici- 
nius    Crassus,  and    Q..   Mutius,  consuls, 

A.  U.  C.  657.  It  ordered  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Italy  to  be  enrolled  on  the  list  of 

citizens  in  their  respective   cities. 

Another  by  C.  Licinius  Stolo  the  tribune 
It  forbade  any  person  to  possess  five  hun- 
dred acres  of  land,  or  keep  more  than  one 
hundred  head  of  large  cattle,  or  five  hun- 
dred of  small. Another  by  P.  Licinius 

Varus,  A.  U.  C.  545,  to  settle  the  day  for 
the  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Apullivares. 
Another  by  P.  Licinius  Crassus  Lives, 

B.  C.  110.    It  was  the  same  as  the  Fanni- 

an  law. Another  de  sodalitiis,  by  M. 

Licinius  the  consul  690. Another  called 

also  JEbutia,  by  Licinius  and  iEbutius  the 
tribunes. 

Licinia,  the  wife  of  C.  Gracchus. 

A  vestal  virgin  accused  of  incontinence, 

but  acquitted  A.  U.  C.  636. The  wife 

of  Maecenas. 

C.  Licinius,  a  tribune  of  the  people 
celebrated  for  the  consequence  of  his  fam- 
ily, for  his  intrigues  and  abilities. C 

Calvus,  a  celebrated  orator  and  poet  in  the 
age  of  Cicero. Macer,  a  Roman  accu- 
sed by  Cicero  when  praetor. P.  Crassus, 

a  Roman  sent  against   Perseus  king  of 

Macedonia. A  consul  sent  against  An- 

nibal. Another  who  defeated  the  rob- 
bers that  infested  the  Alps. A  high 

priest. Caius  Imbrex,  a  comic  poet  in 

the  age  of  Africanus. Mucianus,  a  Ro- 
man  who  wrote   about  the   history   and 

geography  of  the  eastern  countries. 

P.  Tegula,  a  comic  poet  of  Rome   about 

two  hundred  years  before  Christ. Var- 

ro  Murrena,  a  brother  of  Proculeius,  who 
conspired  against  Augustus  with  Fannius 

Caspio  and  suffered  for  his  crime. C. 

Flavius  Valerianus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
emperor.  His  father  was  a  poor  peasant 
of  Dalmatia,  and  himself  a  common  sol- 
dier in  the  Roman  armies.  Having  been 
raised  by  the  favor  of  Maximianus,  lie 
married  the  sister  of  Constantine,  who 
was  also  one  of  the  emperors.  The  con- 
tinual successes  of  Licinius,  increased  his 
pride,  and  rendered  him  jealous  of  the 
greatness  of  his  brother-in-law.  The  per- 
secutions of  the  Christians,  whose  doc- 
trines Constantine  followed,  soon  caused 
a  rupture,  and  Licinius  had  the  mortifica- 
tion to  lose  two  battles,  one  in  Pannonia, 
and  the  other  near  Adrianopolis.  Ill-for- 
tune attended  Licinius,  he  was  conquered, 
and  fled  to  Nicomedia,  where  soon  the 
conqueror  obliged  him  to  surrender,  and 
ordered  him  to  be  strangled,  A.  D.  324. 

LiciNus,a  barber  of  Augustus,  raised 
by  his  master  to  the  rank  of  a  senator. 

Licymnius,  a  son  of  Electryon  and 
brother  of  Alcmena,  accidentally  killed 
by  Triptolemus,  son  of  Hercules. 

Lide,  a  mountain  of  Caria. 

Q,.  Ligarius,   a  Roman   pro  consul  of 


LI 


211 


LI 


Africa,  after  Confidius.  In  the  civil  wars 
he  followed  the  interest  of  Pompey,  and 
became  afterwards  one  of  Cajsar's  mur- 
derers. 

Liger,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Liger,  a  Rutulian  killed  by  iEneas. 

Liger  or  Ligeris,  now  La  Loire,  a  large 
river  of  Gaul. 

LinoRAs,  an  officer  of  Antioehus  king 
of  Syria. 

Ligurks,  the  inhabitants  of  Liguria. 

Liguria,  a  country  at  the  west  of  Italy, 
of  which  the  commercial  town  of  Genoa 
was  anciently  and  is  now  the  capital. 
Liguria  was  subdued  by  the  Romans,  and 
its  chief  harbor  now  bears  the  name  of 
Leghorn. 

Ligurinus,    a    poet. A    beautiful 

youth  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Ligus,  a  woman  who  inhabited  the 
Alps. 

Ligustic.e  Ajlpes,  a  part  of  the  Alps. 

Ligusticum  Jhfis,  the  north  part  of 
the  Tyrrhene  sea,  now  the  gulf  of  Genoa. 

Ligyes,  a  people  of  Asia  who  inhabited 
the  country  between  Caucasus  and  the 
river  Pbasfs. 

Ligyrgum,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

LiLii,  a  town  of  Achaia  near  the 
Cephisus. 

L'ltb.kum,  now  Boco,  a  promontory  of 
Sicily,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name 
near  the  ^E^ates,  now  Marsalla.  Nothing 
now  remains  of  this  once  powerful  city 
but  the  ruins  of  temples  and  aqueducts- 

Ltm.e\,  a  river  of  Lusitania. 

liSMu'su,  a  town  of  Cyprus. 

LsmsjEj  a  fortified  place  on  the  borders 

cf  Laconia  and  Messenia. A  town  of 

Ihe  Thracian  Chersonesus. 

Lim?x.eum,  a  temple  of  Diana  at  Lim- 
flee. 

Limnatidia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Di- 
ana. 

Lui.f  i  ace,  the  daughter  of  the  Ganges, 
mother  of  Atys. 

Limnonia,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Limon,  a  place  of  Campania  between 
Neapolis  and  Puteoli. 

Limoxum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  afterwards 
Pictavi,  Poictisrs. 

Limyra,  a  town  of  Lycia  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Limyrus. 

Li.xcasii,  a  people  of  Gaul  Narbonen- 
sis. 

LirtDUM,  a  colony  of  Britain,  now  Lin- 
coln. 

Lixous,  a  city  at  the  southeast  part  of 
Rhodes. A  grandson  of  Apolio. 

Lixgones,  now  Langre*,  a  people  of 
Gallia  Beljdca,  made  tributary  to  Rome  by 
J.  Caisar. 

Listeria  pai.fs,  a  lake  of  Cnnipania. 

Li.wter.vt'm,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Linus.  This  name  is  common  to  differ- 
ent persons  whose  history  is  confused, 
and  who  are  often  taken  one  for  the  other. 


One  who  was  eon  of  Ismenius,  and  born 
at  Thebes  in  Boeotia,  taught  music  to  Her- 
cules, who  in  a  fit  of  anger,  struck  him 
on  the  head  with  his  lyre  and  killed  him. 
A  fountain  in  Arcadia. 

Liodes,  one  of  Penelope's  suitors,  kill- 
ed by  Ulysses. 

Li  para,  the  largest  of  the  iEolian  is- 
lands on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  now  called 
the  Lipari.  It  bad  a  city  of  the  same 
name.  The  island  was  celebrated  for  the 
variety  of  its  fruits,   and  its  raisins  are 

still  in  general  repute. A  town  of  Etru- 

ria. 

LiPARis,a  river  of  Cilicia,  whose  wa- 
ters were  like  oil. 

Lifhlum,  a  town  of  the  yEqui. 

Lipodorus,  one  of  the  Greeks  settled  in 
Asia  by  Alexander. 

Liquentia,  now  Livenza,  a  river  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Lirceus,  a  fountain  near  Nemsa. 

Liriope,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  mother 
of  Narcissus  by  the  Cephisus. A  foun- 
tain of  Bceotia. 

Liris,  now  Oarigliano,  a  river  of  Cam- 
pania, which  it  separates  from  Latium 
A  warrior  killed  by  Camilla. 

Lisinias,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Lissa,  the  name  of  a  fury  which  Euri- 
pides introduces  on  the  stage. 

Lis3on,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Lissus.  now  rflesso,  a  town  of  Macedo- 
nia on  the  confines  of  Illyricum. A 

river  of  Thrace. 

Lista,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 

Litabrum,  now  Buitrago,  a  town  of 
Spain  Tarraconensis. 

Litana,  a  wood  in  Gallia  Togata. 

Litavicus,  one  of  the  iEdui,  who  as- 
sisted Cresar  with  ten  thousand  men. 

Liternum,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Lithobolia,  a  festival  celebrated  at 
Trcezene  in  honor  of  Lamia  and  Auxesia, 
who  came  from  Crete,  and  was  sacrificed 
by  the  fury  of  the  seditious  populace,  and 
stoned  to  death. 

Lithrus,  a  town  of  Armenia  Minor. 

Lithubium,  a  town  of  Liguria. 

Lityersas,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Midas 
king  of  Phrygia.  He  made  strangers  pre- 
pare his  harvest,  and  afterwards  put  them 
to  death.  He  was  at  last  killed  by  Her- 
cules. 

Li  via  Drusilla,  a  celebrated  Roman 
lady,  daughter  of  L.  Drusus  Calidianus. 
She  married  Tiberius  Claudius  Nero,  by 
whom  she  had  the  emperor  Tiberius  and 
Drusus  Germanicus.  The  attachment  of 
her  husband  to  the  cause  of  Antony  was 
the  beginning  of  her  greatness.  Augustus 
saw  her  as  she  fled  from  the  danger  which 
threatened  her  husband,  and  he  resolved 
to  marry  her.  He  divorced  his  wife  Scrl- 
bonia,  and,  with  the  approbation  of  the 
augurs,  he  celebrated  his  nuptials  with 
Livia.      Her    children    by   Drusus    were 


LO 


213 


LU 


adopted  by  the  complying  emperor  :  and, 
that  she  might  make  the  succession  of  her 
son  Tiberius  more  easy,  and  undisputed, 
Livia  is  accused  of  secretly  involving  in 
one  common  ruin,  the  heirs  and  nearest 
relations  of  Augustus.     Livia  died  in  the 

eighty-sixth  year  of  her  age,  A.  D.  29. 

Another  called   Horestilla. Another 

called  also  Ocellina. 

Livia  Lex,  de  sociis,  proposed  to  make 
all  the  inhabitants  of  Italy  free  citizens  of 

Rome- Another  by  M.  Livius  Drusus 

the  tribune  A.  U.  C.  6b2,  which  required 
that  the  judicial  power  sliould  be  lodged 
in  the  hands  of  an  equal  number  of  knights 
and  senators. 

LivineiuSj  a  friend  of  Pompey. 

Livilla,  a  daughter  of  Drusus. A 

sister  of  Caligula. 

Livius  Andromcus,  a  dramatic  poet 
who  flourished  at  Rome  about  two  hundred 
and  forty  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
He  was  the  first  who  turned  the  personal 
satires  and  fescennine  verses,  so  long  the 
admiration  of  the  Romans,  into  the  form 

of  a  proper  dialogue  and  regular  play. 

M.  Salinator,  a  Roman  consul  sent  against 

the  Illyrians. Drusus,  a  tribune  who 

joined"  the  patricians  in  opposing  the  am- 
bitious views  of  C.  Graechus. An  un- 
cle of  Cato  of  Utica. Titus,  a  native  of 

Padua,  celebrated  for  his  writings.  He 
passed  the  greatest  part  of  his  life  at  Na- 
ples and  Rome,  but  more  particularly  at 
the  court  of  Augustus,  who  liberally  pat- 
ronised the  learned,  and  encouraged  the 
progress  of  literature.  Few  particulars  of 
his  life  are  known,  yet  his  fame  was  so 
universally  spread  even  in  his  lifetime, 
that  an  inhabitant  of  Gades  traversed 
Spain,  Gaul,  and  Italy,  merely  to  see  the 
man  whose  writings  had  given  him  such 
pleasure  and  satisfaction  in  the  perusal. 
Livy  died  at  Padua,  in  his  sixty-seventh 
year,  and  according  to  some,  on  that  same 
day  Rome  was  also  deprived  of  another  of 
its  brightest  ornaments  by  the  death  of  the 
poet  Ovid,  A.  D.  17.  The  name  of  Livy 
is  rendered  immortal  by  his  history  of  the 

Roman  empire. A  governor  of  Taren- 

tum  who  delivered  his  trust  to  Annibal, 

&c. A  high-priest  who  devoted  Decius 

to  the  Dii  Manes. A  commander  of  a 

Roman  fleet  sent  against  Antiochus  in  the 
Hellespont. 

Lixus,  a  river  of  Mauritania  with  a  city 
of  the  same  name. A  son  of  .Egyptus. 

Lobon,  a  native  of  Argos,  who  wrote  a 
book  concerning  poets. 

Loceus,  a  man  who  conspired  against 
Alexander  with  Dymnus. 

Locha,  a  large  city  of  Africa,  taken  and 
plundered  by  Scipio's  soldiers. 

Lochias,  a  promontory  and  citadel  of 
Egypt  near  Alexandria. 

Locri,  a  town  of  Magna  Gnncia  in  Italy. 
■» A  town  of  Locris  in  Greece. 


LocRra,  a  country  of  Greece,  whose  hv 
habitants  are  kiiown  by  the  name  of  Ozola 
Epicnemidii,  and  Opuntii. 

Locusta,  a  celebrated  woman  at  Rome 
in  the  favor  of  Nero.  She  poisoned  Clau 
dins  and  Britannicus,  and  at  last  attempt- 
ed to  destroy  Nero  himself,  for  which  she 
was  executed. 

Lollia  Paulina,  a  beautiful  woman 
who  married  C.  Memmius  Eegulus,  and 
afterwards  Caligula.  She  was  divorced 
and  put  to  death  by  means  of  Agrippina. 

Lollianus  Spurius,  a  general  proclaim- 
ed emperor  by  his  soldiers  in  Gaul,  and 
soon  after  murdered. A  consul. 

M.  Lollius,  a  companion  and  tutor  of 
C.  Cassar  the  son-in-law  of  Tiberius. 

Londinum,  the  capital  of  Britain  found- 
ed as  some  suppose  between  the  age  of 
Julius  Cffisar  and  Nero.  It  has  been  se- 
verally called  Lovdinimn,  Lundimim,  &c. 

Loisgarenus,  a  man  guilty  of  adultery 
with  Fausta,  Sylla's  daughter. 

Longimanus,  a  surname  of  Artaxerxes. 

Longinus,  Dionysius  Cassius,  a  cele- 
brated Greek  philosopher  and  critic  of 
Athens.  He  was  preceptor  of  the  Greek 
language,  and  afterwards  minister,  to  Ze- 
nobia,  the  famous  queen  of  Palmyra,  and 
his  ardent  zeal  and  spirited  activity  in  her 
cause  proved,  at  last,  fatal  to  him.  When 
the  emperor  Aurelian  entered  victorious 
the  gates  of  Palmyra,  Longinus  was  sac- 
rificed to  the  fury  of  the  Roman  soldiers, 
A.  D.  273.  Longinus  rendered  his  name 
immoital  by  his  critical  remarks  on  an- 
cient authors.  His  treatise  on  the  sub- 
lime, gives  the  world  reason  to  lament  the 
loss   of   his  other  valuable  compositions. 

Cassius,  a  tribune  driven  out  of  the 

senate  for  favoring  the  interest  of  J.  Cte- 
sar. A  governor  of  Juda-a. A  pro- 
consul.  A  lawyer  whom  Nero  ordered 

to  be  put  to  death. 

Longobardi,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Longula,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Longcntica,  a  maritime  city  of  Spain. 

Lo.vcus,  a  Roman   consul,  &c. A 

Greek  author  w  ho  wrote  a  novel  called 
the  amours  of  Da'phnis  and  Chloe. 

Lordi,  a  people  of  I'lyricum. 

Loryma,  a  town  of  Doris. 

Lotis  or  Lotos,  a  beautiful  nymph, 
daughter  of  Neptune,  changed  by  the  gods 
into  a  tree  called  Lotus,  consecrated  to 
Venus  and  Apollo. 

Lotofhagi,  a  people  on  the  coast  of 
Africa  near  the  Syrtes. 

Lous  or  Aous,  a  river  of  Macedonia 
near  Apollonia. 

Lua,  a  goddess  at  Pome,  who  presided 
over  things  which  were  purified  by  lustra- 
tions. 

Luca,  now  Lucca,  a  city  of  Etruria  en 
the  river  Arnus. 

LrcAGts,  one  of  the  friends  of  Turnus 
killed  by  /Etiean. 


LU 


213 


LU 


Llcani,  a  people  of  Italy,  descended 
from  the  gssanites',  fir  from  the  Brutii. 

Lucania,  a  country  of  Italy  between 
the  Tyrrhene  and  Sicilian  seas. 

CI.  Lucanius,  a  centurion  in  Ccesar's 
army. 

Lucanus,  M.  A?t>'.ku3,  a  native  of  Cor- 
dnba  in  Spain.  He  was  early  removed  to 
Rome,  where  his  rising  talents  and  more 
particularly  his  lavished  praises  and  pane- 
gyrics, recommended  him  to  the  emperor 
Nero.  He  afterwards  joined  Piso  in  a 
conspiracy  against  the  emperor.  The 
whole  was  discovered,  and  the  poet  had 
nothing  left  but  to  choose  the  manner  of 
his  execution.  He  had  his  veins  opened 
in  a  warm  bath.  He  died  in  his  twenty- 
sixth  year,  A.  D.  65.  Of  his  compositions 
none  but  his  Pharsalia  remains.  This 
poem,  which  is  an  account  of  the  civil 
wars  of  Caesar  and  Pompey,  is  unfinished. 
Ocellus  or  Ucellus,  an  ancient  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

Lucaria  or  LuciiRiA,  festivals  at  Rome, 
celebrated  in  a  large  grove  between  the 
Via  Salaria  and  the  Tiber,  where  the  Ro- 
mans hid  themselves  when  besieged  by 
the  Gauls. 

L.  Lucceius,  a  celebrated  historian, 
asked  by  Cicero  to  write  a  history  of  his 
consulship. 

Lucceius  Ajlbinus,  a  governor  of  Mau- 
ritania after  Galba's  death. 

LucE.NTuir,  a  town  of  Spain  now  Ali- 
en nt. 

Luceres,  a  body  of  horse  composed  of 
Roman  knights,  first  established  by  Ro- 
mulus and  Tatius. 

Luceria,  a  town  of  Apulia,  famous  for 
wool. 

Lucerius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

Lucetius,  a  Puitulian,  killed  by  Ilio- 
neus. 

Lucianus,  a  celebrated  writer  of  Samo- 
sata.  The  emperor  M.  Aurelius  was  sen- 
sible of  his  merit,  and  appointed  him  re- 
gister to  the  Roman  governor  of  Egypt, 
lie  died,  A.  D.  180,  in  his  ninetieth  year, 
and  some  of  the  moderns  have  asserted 
that  he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  dogs  for  his 
impiety.  The  works  of  Lueian,  which 
are  numerous,  and  written  in  the  Attic 
dialect,  consist  partly  of  dialogues,  in 
which  he  introduces  different  characters 
with  much  dramatic  propriety.  His  style 
is  easy,  simple,  elegant,  and  animated, 
and  he  has  stored  his  compositions  with 
many  lively  sentiments,  and  much  of  the 
true  Attic  wit. 

Lucifer,  the  name  of  the  planet  Ve- 
nus, or  morning  star. 

Luciferi  fanum,  a  town  of  Spain. 

C.  Lucilius,  a  Roman  knight  born  at 
Aurunca,  illustrious  not  only  for  the  res- 
pectability of  his  ancestors,  but  more  de- 
servedly for  the  uprightness  and  the  inno- 
cence of  his  own  immaculate  character. 


Of  thirty  satires  which  he  wrote,  nothing 
but  a  few  verses  remain.  He  died  at  Na- 
ples, in  the  forty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  B. 

C.  103. Lucinus,  a  famous  Roman  who 

fled  with  Brutus  after  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi.  He  was  taken,  and  carried  to  the 
conquerors,   whose  clemency  spared  hia 

life. A  tribune  who  attempted  in  vain 

to  elect  Pompey  to  the  dictatorship. A 

centurion. A  governor  of  Asia  under 

Tiberius. A  friend  of  Tiberius. 

Lucilla,  a  daughter  of  M.  Aurelius, 
celebrated  for  the  virtues  of  her  youth,  her 
beauty,  debaucheries,  and  misfortunes. 

Lucira,  a  goddess,  daughter  of  Jupiter 
and  Juno,  or  according  to  others,  of  La- 
tona.  As  her  mother  brought  her  into  the 
world  without  pain,  she  became  the  god- 
dess whom  women  in  labor  invoked,  and 
she  presided  over  the  birth  of  children. 
She  is  called  Ilythia  by  the  Greeks.  She 
had  a  famous  temple  at  Rome. 

Lucius,  a  Roman  soldier  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem,  by  saving  in  his  arms 
a  man  who  jumped  down  from  one  of  the 

walls. A  brother  of  M.  Antony. A 

Roman  general  who  defeated  the  Etruri- 
ans.  A  relation  of  J.  Ceesar. A  man 

put  to  death  for  his  incontinence.  The 
word  Lucius  is  a  praenomen  common  to 
many  Romans,  of  whom  an  account  is 
given  under  their  family  names. 

Lucretia,  a  celebrated  Roman  Iad3', 
daughter  of  Lucretius,  and  wife  of  Tar- 
quinius  Collatinus  ;  who  stabbed  herself 
in  consequence  of  the  violence  she  receiv- 
ed from  Sextus,  son  of  Tarquin  the  Proud. 
This  fatal  blow  was  the  signal  for  rebel- 
lion. Brutus,  L.  J.,  who  saw  the  tragical 
death  of  Lucretia,  so  eloquently  and  ef- 
fectively harangued  the  populace  on  the 
barbarity  and  oppression  of  the  Tarquins, 
that  they  were  immediately  expelled  from 
Rome,  and  the  republican  or  consular  go- 
vernment established,  B.  C.  529. Tha 

wife  of  Numa. 

Lucretilis,  now  Libretti,  a  mountain 
in  the  country  of  the  Sabines. 

T.  Lucretius  Carus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man poet  and  philosopher,  who  was  early 
sent  to  Athens,  where  he  studied  under 
Zeno  and  Phasdrus.  The  tenets  of  Epicu- 
rus and  Empedocles,  which  then  prevail- 
ed at  Athens,  were  warmly  embraced  by 
Lucretius,  and  when  united  with  the  infi- 
nite of  Anaximander,  and  the  atoms  of  De- 
mocritus,  they  were  explained  and  eluci- 
dated in  a  poem,  in  six  books,  which  ia 
called  De  rerum  naturd.  It  is  said  that  he 
destroyed  himself  in  the  forty-fourth  year 
of  his   age,   about  fifty-four  years  before 

Christ. Gluintus,  a  Roman  who  killed 

himself  because  the  inhabitants  of  Sulmo, 
over  which  he  was  appointed  with  a  gar- 
rison, seemed  to  favor  the  cause  of  J.  Caj- 
sar. Sp.  Tricipitinus,  father  of  Lucre- 
tia, was  made  consul  after  the  death  of 


LU 


214 


LY 


Brutus. — i — An  tnterrex  at  Rome. A 

consul. Osella,  a  Roman,  put  to  death 

by  Sylla. 

Lucrinum,  a  town  of  Apulia. 

Lucrinus,  a  small  lake  of  Campania, 
opposite  Puteoli.  It  abounded  with  excel- 
lent oysters. 

C.  Luctatius  Catulus,  a  Roman  con- 
sul with  Marius.  He  was  eloquent  as 
well  as  valiant,  and  wrote  a  history  of  his 
consulship. C.  Catulus,  a  consul. 

Lucullea,  a  festival  established  by  the 
Greeks  in  honor  of  Lucullus. 

Luculli    horti,  gardens  of  Lucullus. 

Villa,  a  country  seat  near  mount  Mi- 

senus. 

Lucullus,  Lucius  Liciniu9,  a  Roman 
celebrated  for  his  fondness  of  luxury  and 
for  his  military  talents.  He  was  born 
about  one  hundred  and  fifteen  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era,  and  soon  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  proficiency  in  the 
liberal  arts,  and  by  his  military  success. 
He  fell  into  a  delirium  in  the  last  part  of 
his  life,  and  died  in  the  sixty-seventh  or 
sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  The  people 
showed  their  respect  for  his  merit,  by  their 
wish  to  give  him  an  honorable  burial  in 
the  Campus  Martius;  but  their  offers  were 
rejected,  and  he  was  privately  buried,  by 
his  brother,  in  his  estate  at  Tusculum. 
Lucullus  has  been  admired  for  his  many 
accomplishments,  but  he  has  been  censur- 
ed for  his  severity  and  extravagance.  The 
expenses  of  his  meals  were  immoderate, 
his  halls  were  distinguished  by  the  differ 
ent  names  of  the  gods;  and,  when  Cicero 
and  Pompey  attempted  to  surprise  him, 
they  were  astonished  at.  the  costliness  of 
a  supper  which  had  been  prepared  upon 
the  word  of  Lucullus,  who  had  merely 
said  to  his  servant  that  he  would  sup  in 

the  hall  of  Apollo. A  consul  who  went 

to  Spain. A  Roman  put  to  death  by 

Domitian. 

Lucumo,  the  first  name  of  Tarquinius 
Priscus,  afterwards  changed  into  Lucius. 

Lucus,  a  king  of  ancient  Gaul. A 

town  of  Gaul. 

Lugdunensis  Gallia,  a  part  of  Gaul, 
which  received  its  name  from  Lugdunum, 
the  capital  city  of  the  province. 

Lugdunum,  a  town  of  Gallia  Celtica, 
built  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rhone,  and 
the  Arar,  or  Saone,  and  now  called  Lyons. 

Batavorum,  a  town  on  the  Rhine,  now 

Ley  den. Convenarum,  a  town  at  the 

foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  now  St.  Bertrand. 

Luna,  was  daughter  of  Hyperion  and 
Terra,  and  was  the  same,  according  to 
some  mycologists,  as  Diana.  She  was 
worshipped  by  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
the  earth  with  many  superstitious  forms 

and  ceremonies. A  maritime  town  of 

Etruria,  famous  for  the  white  marble 
which  it  produced,  and  called  also  Lunen- 
tis  partus.     It  contained  a  fine  capacious 


harbor,  and   abounded  In  wine,  cheese 

&.C. 

Lupa,  (a  site  wolf)  was  held  in  great 
veneration  at  Rome,  because  Romulus  and 
Remus,  according  to  an  ancient  tradition, 
were  suckled  and  preserved  by  one  of 
these  animals. 

Lufercal,  a  place  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Aventine,  sacred  to  Pan,  where  festivals 
called  Lupercalia  were  yearly  celebrated. 

Lupercalia,  a  yearly  festival  observed 
at  Rome  the  fifteenth  of  February,  in  ho- 
nor of  the  god  Pan.  This  festival,  as 
Plutarch  mentions,  was  first  instituted  by 
the  Romans  in  honor  of  the  she-wolf 
which  suckled  Romulus  and  Remus.  It 
was  during  the  celebration  of  these  festi- 
vals that  Antony  offered  a  crown  to  J. 
Caesar,  which  the  indignation  of  the  pop- 
ulace obliged  him  to  refuse. 

Lufercj,  a  number  of  priests  at  Rome, 
who  assisted  at  the  celebration  of  the  Lu- 
percalia, in  honor  of  the  god  Pan.  Vid 
Lupercalia. 

Lupercus,  a  grammarian  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  Gallienus. 

Lupias,  or  Lupia,  now  Lippe,  a  town  of 
Germany. 

Lupus,  a  general  of  the  emperor  Sev- 

erus. A  governor  of  Britain. A 

quaestor  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  &c. A 

comic  writer  of  Sicily. P.  Rut.  a  Ro- 
man, who,  contrary  to  the  omens,  march- 
ed against  the  Marsi,  and  was  killed  with 
his  army. 

Lusitania,  a  part  of  ancient  Spain, 
whose  extent  and  situation  have  not  been 
accurately  defined  by  the  ancients.  Ac- 
cording to  the  better  descriptions,  it  ex- 
tended from  the  Tagus  to  the  sea  of  Can- 
tabria,  and  comprehended  the  modern 
kingdom  of  Portugal. 

Lusius,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Lusones,  a  people  of  Spain,  near  the 
Iberus. 

Lustricus  Brutianus,  a  Roman  poet. 

Lutatius  Catulus,  a  Roman  who  shut 
the  temple  of  Janus  after  peace  had  been 
made  with  Carthage. 

Luterius,  a  general  of  the  Gauls. 

Lutetia,  a  town  of  Belgic  Gaul,  on  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Sequana  and  Ma- 
trona,  now  Paris. 

C.  Lutorius  Priscus,  a  Roman  knight, 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Tiberius. 

Lyj:us,  a  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Lybas,  one  of  the  companions  of  Ulys- 
ses. 

Lvbva,  or  Lybissa,  a  small  village  of 
Bithynia. 

Lycabas,  an  Etrurian,  who  had  been 
banished  from  his  country  for  murder. 

Lycabetus,  a  mountain  of  Attica,  near 
Athens. 

Lycj:*,  festivals  in   Arcadia,  in  honor 

of  Pan,  the  god  of  shepherds. A  festi 

val  at  Argos  in  honor  of  Apollo  Lycaeus 


LY 


215 


LY 


Lyceum,  a  celebrated  place  near  the 
banks  of  the  llissus,  in  Attica.  It  was  in 
this  pleasant  and  salubrious  spot  that  Aris- 
totle taught  philosophy. 

Lycjjus,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  sacred 
to  Jupiter.  It  was  also  sacred  to  Pan, 
whose  festivals,  called  Lyccea,  were  cele- 
brated there. 

Lycambes,  the  father  of  Neobule..  He 
promised  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  the 
poet  Archilochus,  and  afterwards  refused 
to  fulfil  his  engagement  when  she  had 
been  courted  by  a  man  whose  opulence 
had  more  influence  than  the  fortune  of 
the  poet.  This  irritated  Archilochus  ;  he 
wrote  a  bitter  invective  against  Lycambes 
and  bis  daughter,  and  rendered  them  both 
so  desperate  by  the  satire  of  his  composi- 
tion, {hat  they  hanged  themselves. 

Lycaon,  the  first  king  of  Arcadia,  son 
of  Pelasgus  and  Meliboea.  He  lived  about 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty 

rears  hefore  the  Christian  era. An- 

ither  king  of  Arcadia,  celebrated  for  his 

rruelties. A  son  of  Priam  and  Lao- 

thoe. He  was  taken  by  Achilles  and 

tarried  to  Lemnos,  whence  he  escaped. 

The  father  of  Pandarus,  killed  by  Di- 

omedes  before  Troy. A  Gnossian  art- 
ist. 

Lycaoxia,  a  country  of  Asia,  between 
Cappadocia,  Pisidia,  Pamphylia,  and  Phry- 
gia,  made  a  Roman  province  under  Au- 
gustus. Iconium  was  the  capital. Arca- 
dia bore  also  that  name  from  Lycaon,  one 
of  its  kings. An  island  in  the  Tyber. 

Lycas,  a  priest  of  Apollo  in  the  interest 
of  Turnus. Another  officer  of  Turnus. 

Lycaste,  an  ancient  town  of  Crete. 

A  daughter  of  Priam  by  a  concubine. 

Lycastum,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Lycastus,  a  son  of  Minos  I.  He  was 
father  of  Minos  II.  by  Ida,  the  daughter  of 
Corybas. A  son  of  Minos,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  Arca- 
dia. 

Lyce,  one  of  the  Amazons. 

Lyces,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Lychnidus,  now  Achridna,  a  city  with 
a  lake  of  the  same  name,  in  Illyricum. 

Lycia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  bound- 
ed by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  Ca- 
ria  on  the  west,  Pamphylia  on  the  east, 
and  Phrygia  on  the  north.  It  was  an- 
ciently called  Milyas,  and  Tremile,  from 
the  Milyie  or  Solymi,  a  people  of  Crete, 
who  came  to  settle  there. 

Lycidas,  a  centaur,  killed  by  the  Lapi- 
thae. A  shepherd's  name. A  beauti- 
ful youth. 

Lycimna,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Lycimnia,  a  slave,  mother  of  Helenor 
by  a  Lydian  prince. 

Lyciscus,  an  Athenian  archon. A 

Messenian  of  the  family  of  the  ^Epytidae. 
s: A  youth  of  whom  Horace  was  en- 
amored 


Lycius,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Toxicre- 

ta. A  son  of  Lycaon. An  epithet 

given  to  Apollo. A  surname  of  Da- 

naus. 

Lycomedes,  a  king  of  Scyros,  in  the 
^Egean  sea.  Lycomedes  has  rendered 
himself  famous  for  his  treachery  to  The- 
seus, who  had  implored  his  protection 
when  driven  from  the  throne  of  Athens  by 

the  usurper  Mnestheus. An  Arcadian, 

who,  with  five  hundred  chosen  men,  put 
to  flight  one  thousand  Spartans,  and  five 

hundred  Argives. A  seditious  person 

at  Tegea. A  Mantinean  general. 

An  Athenian,  the  first  who  took  one  of 
the  enemy's  ships  at  the  battle  of  Salamis. 

LvcoN,'a  philosopher  of  Troas.  He  died 

in  the  seventy  fourth  year  of  his  age. 

A  man  who  wrote  the  life  of  Pythagoras. 
A  poet. A  writer  of  epigrams. 

Lycone,  a  city  of  Thrace. A  moun- 
tain of  Argolis. 

LvcoPHRo.\,a  sort  of  Periander,  king  of 
Corinth.  When  the  infirmities  of  Perian- 
der obliged  him  to  look  for  a  successor, 
Lycophron  refused  to  come  to  Corinth 
While  his  father  was  there,  and  he  was  in- 
duced to  leave  Corcyra,  only  on  promise 
that  Periander  would  come  and  dwell 
there  while  he  remained  master  of  Co- 
rinth. This  exchange,  however,  was  pre- 
vented. The  Corcyreans,  who  were  ap- 
prehensive of  the  tyranny  of  Periander, 
murdered   Lycophron   before  he  left  that 

island. A  brother  of  Thebe,  the  wife 

of  Alexander,  tyrant  of  Phera?. — -A  gen- 
eral of  Corinth,  killed  by  Nicias. A 

native   of  Cythera,   son   of  Mastor.     He 

went  to  the  Trojan  war  with  Ajax. A 

famous  Greek  poet  and  grammarian,  born 
at  Chalcis,  in  Euboea. 

Lycopolis,  now  Siut,  a  town  of  Egypt. 

Lycopus,  an  ^Etolian  who  assisted  the 
Cyreneans  against  Ptolemy. 

Lycorea,  a  town  of  Phocis  at  the  top  of 
Parnassus. 

Lycoreus,  the  supposed  founder  of  Ly- 
corea, on  mount  Parnassus. 

Lycorias,  one  of  the  attendant  nymphs 
of  Cyrene. 

Lycoris,  a  freedwoman  of  the  senator 
Volumnius  also  called  Cytheris,  and  Vo- 
lumnia,  from  her  master.  She  is  celebrat- 
ed for  her  beauty  and  intrigues. 

Lycormas,  a  river  of  iEtolia,  whose 
sands  were  of  a  golden  color. 

Lycortas,  the  father  of  Polybius,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  184.  He  was  chosen  gen- 
eral of  the  Achaean  league,  and  he  reveng- 
ed the  death  of  Philopcemen,  &c. 

Lycosura,  a  city  built  by  Lacaon  on 
mount  Lycaeus  in  Arcadia. 

Lyctus,  a  town  of  Crete. 

Lycurgides,  annual  days  of  solemnity 
appointed   in   honor  of  the  lawgiver  of 

Sparta. The  patronymic  of  a  son  of 

Lycurgus. 


LY 


216 


LY 


Lycurgus,  a  king  of  Neirisa,  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. Ke  was  raised  from  the  dead 
by  ^sculapius. A  giant  killed  by  Osi- 
ris in  Thrace. A  king  of  Thrace,  son 

of  Dryas.  Ke  ha3  been  represented  as 
cruel  and  impious,  on  account  of  the  vio- 
lence which  he  offered  to  Bacchus. An 

orator  of  Athens,  surnamed  Ibis,  in  the  age 
of  Demosthenes,  famous  for  his  justice  and 
impartiality  when  at  the  head  of  the  gov- 
ernment.    He  died  about  three  hundred 

and  thirty  years  before  Christ. A  king 

of  Tegea,  son  of  Aleus,  by  Neajra,  the 
daughter  of  Pereus.  He  married  Cleo- 
phile,  called  also  Eurynome,  by  whom  he 
had  Am;diidanias. - — A  celebrated  law- 
giver of  Sparta,  son  of  king  Eunomus,  and 
brother  to  Polydectes.  The  integrity  with 
which  he  acted,  when  guardian  of  his 
nephew  Charilaus,  united  with  the  disap- 
pointment and  the  resentment  of  the 
queen,  raised  him  many  enemies,  and  he 
at  last  yielded  to  their  satire  and  malevo- 
lence, and  retired  to  Crete.  He  travelled 
like  a  philosopher,  and  visited  Asia  and 
Egypt,  without  suffering  himself  to  be  cor- 
rupted by  the  licentiousness  and  luxury 
which  prevailed  there.  The  confusion 
which  followed  his  departure  from  Spar- 
ta, now  had  made  his  presence  totally  ne- 
cessary, and  he  returned  home  at  the  ear- 
nest solicitations  of  his  countrymen.  The 
disorder  which  reigned  at  Sparta,  induced 
him  to  reform  the  government ;  and  the 
more  effectually  to  execute  his  undertak- 
ing, he  had  recourse  to  the  oracle  of  Del- 
phi. He  was  received  by  the  priestess  of 
the  god  with  every  mark  of  honor,  his  in- 
tentions were  warmly  approved  by  the 
divinity,  and  he  was  called  the  friend  of 
gods,  and  himself  rather  god  than  man. 
After  such  a  reception  from  the  most  cele- 
brated oracle  of  Greece,  Lycurgus  found 
no  difficulty  in  reforming  the  abuses  of  the 
state,  and  all  were  equally  anxious  in  pro- 
moting a  revolution  which  had  received 
the  sanction  of  heaven.  This  happened 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-four  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  After  this,  Lycurgus 
retired  from  Sparta  to  Delphi,  or  according 
to  others  to  Crete,  and  before  his  depar- 
ture he  bound  all  the  citizens  of  Laceds- 
mon  by  a  solemn  oath,  that  neither  they 
nor  their  posterity,  would  alter,  violate, 
or  abolish  the  laws  which  he  had  estab- 
lished, before  his  return.  lie  soon  after 
put  himself  to  death,  and  he  ordered  his 
ashes  to  be  thrown  into  the  sea,  fearful 
lest  if  they  were  carried  to  Sparta  the  citi- 
zens should  call  themselves  freed  from  the 
oath  which  they  had  taken,  and  empower- 
ed to  make  a  revolution. 

Lycus,  a  king  of  Bceotia. A  king  of 

Libya,  who  sacrificed  whatever  strangers 

came  upon  his  coast. A  son  of  Neptune 

Dy  Celmno,  made  king  of  a  part  of  Mysia 
t>y  Hercules, A  son  of  ^Egyptus— of 


Mars — of  Lycaon,   king  of   Arcadia — ol 

Pandkm,  king  of  Athens. The  lather 

of  Arcesilaus. One  of  the  companions 

of -(Eneas. A  river  of  Phrygia. A 

river  of  Sarmatia  falling  into  the  Palus 

Masotis. One  of  the  friends  of  ./Eneas, 

killed  by  Turnus. A  youth  beloved 

by  Alcffius. A  town  of  Crete. 

Lyde,  the  wife  of  the  poet  Antimachus. 

A  woman  in  Domitian's  reign,  who 

j  pretended  she  could  remove  barrenness  by 
medicines, 

Lydia,  a  celebrated  kingdom  of  Asia 
Minor,  whose  boundaries  were  different 
at  different  times.  It  was  first  bounded 
by  Mysia  Major,  Caria,  Phrygia  Major, 
and  Ionia,  but  in  its  more  flourishing 
times  it  contained  the  whole  country 
which  lies  between  the  Halys  and  the 
^Egean  sea.  It  was  anciently  called  Mmo- 
nia,  and  received  the  name  of  Lydia  from 

Lydus  one  of  its  kings. A  mistress  of 

Horace,  &,c. 

Lydijls,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 

Lydius,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  Ty- 
ber. 

Lydus,  a  son  of  Atys  and  Callithea, 
king  of  Mseonia. 

Lygdamis,  or  Lygdamus,  a  man  who 

made  himself  absolute  at  Naxos. A 

general  of  the  Cimmerians. An  athlete 

of  Syracuse,  the  father  of  Artemisia  the 

celebrated  queen  of  Halicarnassus. A 

servant  of  the  poet  Propertius. 

Lygii,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Lygodesma,  a  surname  of  Diana  at 
Sparta. 

Lymiee,  a  town  of  Lycia. 

Lymax,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Lyncides,  a  man  at  the  court  of  Ce- 
pheus. 

Lyncest.*:,  a  noble  family  of  Macedo- 
nia. 

Lyncestes,  a  son  of  Amyntas,  in  the 
army  of  Alexander. Alexander,  a  son- 
in-law  of  Antipater,  who  conspired  against 
Alexander,  and  was  put  to  death. 

Lyncestitjs,  a  river  of  Macedonia, 
whose  waters  were  of  an  intoxicating 
quality.  , 

Lynceus,  son  of  Aphareus,  was  among 
the  hunters  of  the  Calydonian  boar,  and 
one  of  the  Argonauts.  He  was  so  sharp 
sighted  that,  as  it  is  reported,  he  could  see 
through  the  earth,  and  distinguish  objects 

at  the  distance  of  above  nine  miles. A 

son  of  ^Egyptus,  who  married  Hypermnes- 
tra,  the  daughter  of  Danaus.  His  life  was 
spared  by  the  love  and  humanity  of  his 

wife. One  of  the  companions  of  iEneas 

killed  by  Turnus. 

Lyncus,  Lynckus,  or  Lynx,  a  cruel 
king  of  Scythia,  or  according  to  others,  of 
Sicily,  suddenly  changed  into  a  lynx,  an 
animal  which  is  the  emblem  of  perfidy 
and  ingratitude 

Lyncus,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 


LY 


217 


LY 


Lyndtjs,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Lyrcje,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Lyrceus,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia.  Fid. 
Lycavus. A  fountain. 

Lyrcea,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Lyrcus,  a  king  of  Caunus  in  Caria. 

Lyrnessds,  a  city  of  Cilicia. 

Lysander,  a  celebrated  general  of  Spar- 
ta, in  the  last  years  of  the  Peloponnesian 
war.  He  drew  Ephesus  from  the  interest 
of  Athens,  and  gained  the  friendship  of 
Cyrus  the  younger.  He  gave  battle  to  the 
Athenian  fleet  consisting  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  ships,  at  ^Egospotamos,  and 
destroyed  it  all,  except  three  ships,  with 
which  the  enemy's  general  fled  to  Evago- 
ras  king  of  Cyprus.  He  was  famous  for 
his  victories  over  the  Athenians,  and  was 
killed  in  a  battle  against  the  Thebans. 
His  body  was  recovered  by  his  colleague, 
Pausanias,  and  honored  with  a  magnifi- 
cent funeral.  Lysander  has  been  com- 
mended for  his  bravery,  but  his  ambition 
deserves  the  severest  censure,  and  his 
cruelty    and    his  duplicity   have   greatly 

stained  his  character. A  Trojan  chief, 

wounded  by  Ajax  son  of  Telamon  be- 
fore Troy. One  of  the  Ephori  in  the 

reign  of  Agis. A  grandson  of  the  great 

Lysander. 

Lysandra,  a  daughter  of  Ptolemy  La- 
gus. 

Lysaniax,  a  man  made  king  of  Ituraea 
by  Antony. 

Lyse,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Lysiades,  an   Athenian,   son  of  Phs- 

drus  the  philosopher. An  Athenian 

archon. A  tyrant  of  Megalopolis  who 

died  B.C.  226. 

Lysianassa,    one  of  the  Nereides. 

A  daughter  of  Epaphus,  mother  of  Busiris. 

Lysias,  a  celebrated  orator,  son  of  Ce- 
phalus,  a  native  of  Syracuse.  His  father 
left  Sicily  and  went  to  Athens,  where  Ly- 
sias was  born  and  carefully  educated. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  his  eloquence, 
and  by  the  simplicity,  correctness,  and 
purity  of  his  orations.  He  died  in  the 
eighty-first  year  of  his  age,  three  hundred 
and  seventy-eight  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era. An   Athenian  general. A 

town  of  Phrygia. Another  of  Syria. 

— -A  tyrant  of  Tarsus,  B.  C.  267. 

Lysicles,  an  Athenian  sent  with  Chares 
into  Bceotia,  to  stop  the  conquests  of  Phi- 
lip of  Macedonia.  He  was  conquered  at 
Cha?ron»a. 

Lysidice,  a  daughter  of  Pelops  and 
Hippodamia. 


Lysimache,  a  daughter  of  Abas  the  son 
of  Melampus. A  daughter  of  Priam. 

Lysimachia,  now  Hexamili,  a  city  on 

the  Thracian  Chersonesus. A  town  of 

iEtolia,  built  by  Lysimachus. 

Lysimachus,  a  son  of  Agathocles,  who 
was  among  the  generals  of  Alexander. 
After  the  death  of  that  monarch,  he 
made  himself  master  of  part  of  Thrace, 
where  he  built  a  town  which  he  cal- 
led Lysimachia.  He  sided  with  Cas- 
sander  and  Seleucus  against  Antigonus 
and  Demetrius,  and  fought  with  them  at 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Ipsus.  He  was 
killed  in  a  bloody  battle,  two  hundred  and 
eighty-one  years  before  Christ,  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age,  and  his  body 
was  found  in  the  heaps  of  slain  only  by 
the  fidelity  of  a  little  dog,  which  had  care- 
fully watched  near  it. An  Acartianian, 

preceptor  to   Alexander  the  Great. An 

historian  of  Alexandria. A  son  of  Aris- 

tides. A  chief  priest  among  the  Jews, 

about  two  hundred  and  four  years  before 

Christ. A  physician  greatly  attached  to 

the  notions  of  Hippocrates. A  govern- 
or of  Heraclea  in  Pontus. 

Lysimelia,  a  marsh  of  Sicily  near  Syr- 
acuse. 

Lysinoe,  now  Aglasson,  a  city  of  Asia, 
near  Pamphylia. 

Lysippe,  a  daughter  of  Prcetus. A 

daughter  of  Thespius. 

Lysippus,  a  famous  statuary  of  Sicyon. 
He  was  originally  a  white-smith,  and  af- 
terwards applied  himself  to  painting,  till 
his  talents  and  inclination  taught  him  that 
he  was  born  to  excel  in  sculpture.  He 
flourished  about  three  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-five years  before  the  Christian  era  in 
the  age  of  Alexander  the  Great.  The 
monarch  was  so  partial  to  the  artist,  that 
he  forbade  any  sculptor  but  Lysippus  to 

make  his  statue. A  general  of  the 

Achaean  league. A  comic  poet,  some 

of  whose  plays  are  mentioned  by  Athe- 

nBEUS. 

Lysis,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  about 
three  hundred  and  eighty-eight  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era. 

Lysistratus,  an  Athenian  parasite. 

A  brother  of  Lysippus.  He  was  the  first 
artist  who  ever  made  a  statue  with  wax. 

Lysithous,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Lyso,  a  friend  of  Cicero. 

Lystra,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

LYTiEA,  a  daughter  of  Hyacinthus. 

LYZArriAs,  a  king  of  Chalcis. 


MA 


218 


MM 


MACiE,  a  people  of  Arabia  Felix. 
They  are  placed  in  Africa  near  the 
larger  Syrtis  by  Herodotus. 

Macar,  a  son  of  Criasius  or  Crinacus, 
the  first  Greek  who  led  a  colony  to  Les- 
bos. His  four  sons  took  possession  of  the 
four  neighboring  islands,  Chios,  Samos, 
Cos,  and  Rhodes. 

Macareus,  an  ancient  historian. A 

son  of  iEolus,  and   priest  of  Apollo,  at 

Delphi. One  of  the  companions  of 

Ulysses,  left  at  Caieta  in  Italy,  where 
iEneas  found  him. A  son  of  Lycaon. 

Macaria,  a  daughter  of  Hercules  and 
Dejanira. An  ancient  name  of  Cyprus. 

Macaris,  an  ancient  name  of  Crete. 

Macednus,  a  son  of  Lycaon. 

Macedo,  a  son  of  Osiris,  who  had  a 
share  in  the  divine  honors   which  were 

paid  to  his  father. A  man  who  gave 

his  name  to  Macedonia. 

Macedonia,  a  celebrated  country,  situ- 
ated between  Thrace,  Epirus,  and  Greece. 
The  inhabitants  of  Macedonia  were  nat- 
urally warlike,  and  the  Macedonian  pha- 
lanx, or  body  of  soldiers,  was  always  held 
in  the  highest  repute. 

Macedonicum  bellum  was  undertaken 
by  the  Romans  against  Philip  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, some  few  months  after  the  sec- 
ond Punic  war,  B.  C.  200.  Macedonia 
was  finally  reduced  into  a  Roman  pro- 
vince, and  governed  by  a  regular  procon- 
sul, about  one  hundred  and  forty -eight 
years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Macedonicus,  a  surname  given  to  Me- 
tellus,  from  his  conquests  in  Macedonia. 

Mac ella,  a  town  of  Sicily,  taken  by 
the  consul  Duiilius. 

Macer  jEmvxius,  a  Latin  poet  of  Ve- 
rona, intimate  with  Tibullus  and  Ovid. 
He  died  B.  C.  16. L.  Claudius  a  pro- 
praetor of  Africa  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 

Mach2era,  a  river  of  Africa. A  com- 
mon crier  at  Rome. 

Machanidas,  a  man  who  made  himself 
absolute  at  Sparta.  He  was  killed  by  Phi- 
lopoemen,  after  being  defeated  at  Manti- 
nea,  B.  C.  208.. 

Machaon,  a  celebrated  physician,  son 
of  iEsculapius  and  brother  to  Podalirus. 
He  received  divine  honors  after  death, 
and  had  a  temple  in  Messenia. 

Macra,  a  river  flowing  from  the  Apen- 
nines. 

Macri  camfi,  a  plain  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
A  plain  near  Mutina. 

Macrianus,  Titus  Fulvius  Julius,  an 
Egyptian  of  obscure  birth,  who,  from  a 
private  soldier,  rose  to  the  highest  com- 
mand in  the  army,  and  proclaimed  him- 
self emperor  when  Valerian  had  been 
made  prisoner  by  the  Persians,  A.  D.  260. 
He  was  defeated  in  Illyricum  by  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Gallienus,  and  put  to  death  with 
his  son,  at  his  own  expressive  request,  A. 
I),  969. 


Macrinus,  M.  Opilius  Severus,  a  na- 
tive of  Africa,  who  rose  from  the  most 
ignominious  condition  to  the  rank  of  pre- 
fect of  the  praetorian  guards,  and  at  last 
of  emperor,  after  the  death  of  Caracalla, 
whom  he  inhumanly  sacrificed  to  his  am- 
bition, A.  D.  217.  The  beginning  of  his 
reign  was  popular ;  the  abolition  of  the 
taxes,  and  an  affable  and  complaisant  be- 
haviour, endeared  him  to  his  subjects. 
These  promising  appearances  did  not  long 
continue,  and  while  he  affected  to  imitate 
the  virtuous  Aurelius,  without  possessing 
the  good  qualities  of  his  heart,  he  became 
contemptible  and  insignificant.  The  pop- 
ulace were  excited,  and  Heliogabalus  was 
proclaimed  emperor.  Macrinus  attempted 
to  save  his  life  by  flight.  He  was,  how 
ever,  seized  in  Cappadocia,  and  his  head 
was   cut   off  and   sent  to  his  successor, 

June  7th,  A.  D.  218. A  friend  of  the 

poet  Persius. 

Macro,  a  favorite  of  the  emperor  Tibe- 
rius, celebrated  for  his  intrigues,  perfidy, 
and  cruelty.  He  was  obliged  by  Caligula 
to  kill  himself  together  with  his  wife,  A. 
D.  38. 

Macrobii,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia,  cele- 
brated for  their  justice  and  the  innocence 
of  their  manners.  They  generally  lived 
to  their  120th  year,  some  say  to  a  thou- 
sand. 

Macrobius,  a  Latin  writer  who  died 
A.  D.  415.  Macrobius  has  rendered  him- 
self famous  for  a  composition  called  Sat- 
urnalia, a  miscellaneous  collection  of  an- 
tiquities and  criticisms,  supposed  to  have 
been  the  result  of  a  conversation  of  some 
of  the  learned  Romans  during  the  cele- 
bration of  the  Saturnalia. 

Macrochir,  a  Greek  name  of  Arta- 
xerxes,  the  same  as  Longimanus. 

Macrones,  a  nation  of  Pontus. 

Mactorium,  a  town  of  Sicily  at  the 
south  near  Gela. 

Maculonus,  a  rich  and  penurious  Ro 
man. 

Madaura,  a  town  on  the  borders  of  Nu- 
midia  and  Gsetulia. 

Madestes,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Madetes,  a  general  of  Darius. 

Maduateni,  a  people  of  Thrace 

Mad  yes,  a  Scythian  prince  who  pursu- 
ed the  Cimmerians  in  Asia,  and  conquer- 
ed Cyaxares,  B.  C.  623. 

Mjeander,  a  son  of  Oceanus  and  Te- 

thys. A  celebrated  river  of  Asia  Minor. 

It  is  celebrated  among  the  poets  for  its 
windings,  which  amount  to  no  less  than 
six  hundred,  and  from  which  all  obliqui- 
ties have  received  the  name  of  Matanders 

M^eandria,  a  city  of  Epirus. 

Mjeat-s:,  a  people  at  the  south  of  Scot 
land. 

Mjedi,  a  people  of  Madica,  a  district  of 
Thrace  near  Rhodope. 

Mjllius,  a  Roman,  thrown  down  froa 


MA 


219 


MA 


the  Tarpeian  rock,  for  aspiring  to  tyranny 
at  Rome. 

M.emacteria,  sacrifices  offered  to  Ju- 
piter at  Athens  in  the  winter  month  Mae- 
niacterion. 

Msxades,  a  name  of  the  Bacchantes, 
or  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

MiSAU,  a  town  of  Spain. 

MiSALus,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia  sa- 
cred to  the  god  Pan,  and  greatly  frequent- 
ed by  shepherds. A  town  of  Arcadia. 

A  son  of  Lycaon. The  father  of 

Atalanta. 

MiE^iua,  a  Roman  consul. A  dicta- 
tor accused  and  honorably  acquitted. 

A  spendthrift  at  Rome. 

M-enon,  a  tyrant  of  Sicily,  B.  C.  285. 

Mjenus,  a  river  of  Germany  now  called 
the  Mayne. 

Mjsonia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  the 
same  as  Lydia. 

JVLeonidje,  a  name  given  to  the  Muses, 
because  Homer  was  supposed  to  be  a  na- 
tive of  Maeonia. 

M.EOMDES,  a  surname  of  Homer 


The  surname  is  also  applied  to  Bacchus. 

M-eonis,  an  epithet  applied  to  Omphale 
as  queen  of  Lydia  or  Meeonia. 

M-eotjj,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Sarmatia. 

Mjeotis  Palus,  a  large  lake,  or  part  of 
the  sea  between  Europe  and  Asia,  at  the 
north  of  the  Euxine. 

M-esia  Sylva,  a  wood  in  Etruria,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 

M-evia,  an  immodest  woman. 

Mjkvius,  a  poet  of  inferior  note  in  the 
Augustan  age,  who  made  himself  known 
by  his  illiberal  attacks  on  the  character  of 
the  first  writers  of  his  time. 

Magas,  a  king  of  Cyrene  in  the  age  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  He  reigned  fifty 
years,  and  died  B.  C.  257. 

Magella,  a  town  of  Sicily  about  the 
middle  of  the  island. 

Magstj;,  a  people  of  Africa. 

Magi,  a  religious  sect  among  the  east- 
ern nations  of  the  world,  and  particularly 
in  Persia.  They  had  great  influence  in 
the  political  as  well  as  religious  affairs  of 
the  state,  and  a  monarch  seldom  ascended 
the  throne  without  their  previous  appro- 
bation. Zoroaster  was  founder  of  their 
sect.     Fid.  Zoroaster. 

Magius,  a  lieutenant  of  Piso. A  man 

in  the  interest  of  Pompey,  grandfather  to 
the  historian  Velleius  Paterculus. 

Magna  Grjecia,  a  part  of  Italy. 

Magna  Matek,  a  name  given  to  Cybele. 

Magnentius,  an  ambitious  Roman  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  cruelty  and 
perfidy.  He  conspired  against  the  life  of 
Constans,  and  murdered  him  in  his  bed. 

Magnes,  a  young  man  who  found  him- 
self detained  by  the  iron  nails  which  were 
under  his  shoes  as  he  walked  over  a  stone 
mine.  This  was  no  other  than  the  mag- 
net, which  received  its  name  from  the  per- 


son who  had  been  first  sensible  of  its  pow- 
er.  A  son  of  iEolus  and  Anaretta. 

A  poet  and  musician  of  Smyrna. 

Magnesia,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor  on  the 
Masander,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Ephe- 

sus,  now  called  Ghizelbizar. Another  in 

Lydia  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  the 

reign  of  Tiberius. A  country  on  the 

eastern  parts  of  Thessaly,  at  the  south  of 
Ossa. A  promontory  of  Magnesia. 

Mago,  a  Carthaginian  general  sent 
against  Dionysius  tyrant  of  Sicily.  He 
obtained  a  victory  and  granted  peace  to 
the  conquered.  In  a  battle,  which  soon 
after  followed  this  treaty  of  peace,  Mago 
was  killed.  His  son  of  the  same  name 
succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  Cartha- 
ginian army,  but  he  disgraced  himself  by 
flying  at  the  approach  of  Timoleon,  who 
had  come  to  assist  the  Syracusans.  He 
was  accused  in  the  Carthaginian  Senate, 
and  he  prevented  by  suicide  the  execu- 
tion of  the  sentence  justly  pronounced 
against  him.  His  body  was  hung  on  a 
gibbet,  and  exposed  to  public  ignominy. 

A  brother  of  Annibal  the  Great.     He 

was  present  at  the  battle  of  Cannas,  and 
was  deputed  by  his  brother  to  carry  to 
Carthage  the  news  of  the  celebrated  vic- 
tory. He  was  afterwards  sent  to  Spain, 
where  he  defeated  the  two  Scipios,  and 
was  himself,  in  another  engagement,  to- 
tally ruined.  He  was  defeated  in  a  battle 
by  Quintilius  Varus,  and  died  of  a  mortal 
wound  two  hundred  and  three  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era. A  Carthaginian 

more  known  by  the  excellence  of  his  wri- 
tings than  by  his  military  exploits. A 

Carthaginian  sent  by  his  countrymen  to 
assist  the  Romans  against  Pyrrhus  and 
the  Tarentines,  with  a  fleet  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  sail. 

Magon,  a  river  of  India  falling  into  the 
Ganges. 

Magontiacum,  or  Magontea,  a  large 
city  of  Germany,  now  called  Mentz. 

Magus,  an  officer  of  Turnus,  killed  by 
iEneas 

Maherbal,  a  Carthaginian  who  was  at 
the  siege  of  Saguntum,  and  who  com- 
manded the  cavalry  of  Annibal  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Cannae. 

MAiA,a  daughter  of  Atlas  and  Pleione, 
mother  of  Mercury  by  Jupiter.     She  wa3 

one  of  the  Pleiades. A  surname  of 

Cybele. 

Majest as,  a  goddess  amongthe  Romans, 
daughter  of  Honor  and  Reverence. 

Majorianus,  Jul.  Valerius,  an  empe- 
ror of  the  western  Roman  empire,  raised 
to  the  imperial  throne  A.  D.  457.  He  sig- 
nalized himself  by  his  private  as  well  as 
public  virtues.  He  was  massacred  after 
a  reign  of  thirty-seven  years  by  one  of  his 
generals. 

Majorca,  the  greatest  of  the  islands 
called  Baleares,  on  the  coast  of  Spain. 


MA 


22G 


MA 


Mala  Fostuna,  the  goddess  of  evil  for- 
tune, was  worshipped  among  the  Romans. 

Malea,  a  promontory  of  Lesbos. 

Another  in  Peloponnesus,  at  the  south  of 
Laconia. 

Malevemum,  the  ancient  name  of  Be- 
neventum. 

Malho  or  Matho,  a  general  of  an  finny 
of  Carthaginian  mercenaries,  258  B.  C. 

Malia,  a  city  of  Phthiotis  near  mount 
CEta  and  Thermopyhe.  There  were  in  its 
neighborhood  some  hot  mineral  waters. 

Malii,  a  people  of  Mesopotamia. 

Malis,  a  servant  maid  of  Omphale,  be- 
loved by  Hercules. 

Malleolus,  a  man  who  murdered  his 
mother. 

Mallius,  a  Roman  consul  defeated  by 
the  Gauls. 

Maliophora,  a  surname  under  which 
Ceres  had  a  temple  at  Megara,  because  she 
had  taught  the  inhabitants  the  utility  of 
wool,  and  the  means  of  tending  sheep  to 
advantage. 

Mallos,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Malthinus,  a  name  under  which  Ho- 
race has  lashed  some  of  his  friends  or 
enemies. 

Mamaus,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Mamercus,  a  tyrant  of  Catana,  who 
surrendered  to  Timoleon.  Kis  attempts 
to  speak  in  a  public  assembly  at  Syracuse 
were  received  with  groans  and  hisses, 
upon  which  he  dashed  his  head  against  a 
wall  and   endeavored  to  destroy  himself. 

A  dictator  at  Rome,  B.  C.  437. A 

consul  with  D.  Brutus. 

Mamerthes,  a  Corinthian  who  killed 
his  brother's  son  in  hopes  of  reigning. 

Mamertina,  a  town  of  Campania,  fa- 
mous for  its  wines. A  name  of  Mes- 

sana  in  Sicily. 

Mamertini,  a  mercenary  band  of  sol- 
diers which  passed  from  Campania  into 
Sicily,  at  the  request  of  Agathocles. 
They  made  themselves  masters  of  Mes- 
sana*  in  Sicily,  and  called  the  city  Mavier- 
tina  from  a  word  in  their  language  signify- 
ing warlike.  They  were  destroyed  by 
Hiero. 

Mamilia  Lex  de  limitibus,  by  the  tri- 
bune Mamiiius.  It  ordained,  that  in  the 
boundaries  of  the  lands  five  or  six  feet  of 
land  should  be  left  uncultivated,  which 
no  person  could  convert  into  private  pro- 
perty. 

Mamilii,  a  plebeian  family  at  Rome,  de- 
scended from  the  Aborigines. 

Mamilius  Octavius,  a  son-in-law  of 
Tarquin,  who  behaved  with  uncommon 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Regillce.  He  is 
also  called  Manilius. 

Mammea,  the  mother  of  the  emperor 
Severus,  who  died  A.  D.  235. 

Mamurius  Veturius,  a  worker  in  brass 
in  Numa's  reign.  He  was  ordered  by  the 
monarch  to  make  a  number  of  ancylia  or 
shields,  like  that  one  which  had   fallen 


from  heaven,  that  it  might  be  difficult  to 
distinguish  the  true  one'from  the  others. 
He  was  very  successful  in  his  undertak- 
ing. 

Mamueea,  a  Roman  knight  born  at  For- 
mise.  He  followed  the  fortune  of  J.  Cm- 
sar  in  Gaul,  where  he  greatly  enriched 
himself. 

Manastabal,  son  of  Masinissa. 
C.  Mancincjs,  a  Roman  general,  who, 
though  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  thirty 
thousand  men,  was  defeated  by  four  thou- 
sand Numantians,  B.  C.  138. 

Mandane,  a  daughter  of  king  Astyages 
married  by  her  father  to  Cambyses,  an  ig- 
noble person  of  Persia  because  a  sooth- 
sayer had  prophesied  that  her  son  would 
dethrone  him. 

Mandanes,  an  Indian  prince  and  philo- 
sopher. 

Mandela,  a  village  in  the  country  of  the 
Sabines. 

Mandonius,  a  prince  in  Spain,  who  for 
some  time  favored  the  cause  of  the  Ro- 
mans. 
Mandrocles,  a  general  of  Artaxerxes. 
Mandron,  a  king  of  the  Bebryces. 
Mandubii,  a  people  of  Gaul. 
Mandubratius,   a    young  Briton  who 
came  over  to  Caesar  in  Gaul. 

Manduria,  a  city  of  Calabria,  near  Ta- 
rentum. 

Manes,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Tellus, 
who  reigned  in  Mceonia. 

Manes,  a  name  generally  applied  by  the 
ancients  to  the  souls  when  separated  from 
the  body.  They  were  worshipped  with 
great  solemnity,  particularly  by  the  Ro- 
mans.  A  river  of  Locris. 

Manetho,  a  celebrated  priest  of  Helio- 
polis  in  Egypt,  surnamed  the  Mendesian, 
B.  C.  261.  He  wrote  in  Greek  an  history 
of  Egypt. 

Mania,  a  goddess,  supposed  to  be  the 
mother  of  the  Lares  and  Manes. A  fe- 
male servant  of  queen  Berenice  the  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy. A  mistress  of  Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. 

Manilia  lex,  bv  Manilius  the  tribune, 
A.  U.  C.  678.  It  required  that  all  the 
forces  of  Lucullus  and  his  province,  to- 
gether with  Bithynia,  should  be  delivered 
to  Pompey,  and  that  this  general  should, 
without  any  delay,  declare   war  against 

Mithridates. Another  which  permitted 

ail  those  whose  fathers  had  not  been  in- 
vested with  public  offices,  to  be  employed 
in  the  management  of  affairs. A  wo- 
man famous  for  her  debaucheries. 

Manilius,  a  Roman  who  married  the 
daughter  of  Tarquin.  He  lived  at  Tuscu- 
lum,  and  received  his  fatber-in-law  in  his 

house,  when  banished  from  Rome. 

Caius,  a  celebrated  mathematician  and 
poet  of  jAntioch. Titus,  a  learned  his- 
torian in  the  age  of  Sylla  and  Marius. 

Marcus,  another  mentioned  by  Cicero. 
Manimi,  a  people  in  Germany. 


MA 


221 


xMA 


Manlia  lex,  bvthe  tribune  P.  Manlius, 
A.  U.  C.  557.  It  revived  the  office  of 
treviri  epulones,  first  instituted  by  JNuma. 

Manlius  Torquatus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, whose  youth  was  distinguished  by  a 
lively  and  cheerful  disposition.  In  a  war 
against  the  Gauls,  he  accepted  the  chal- 
lenge of  one  of  the  enemy,  whose  gigantic 
stature  and  ponderous  arms  had  rendered 
him  terrible  and  almost  invincible  in  the 
eyes  of  the  Romans.  The  Gaul  was  con- 
quered, and  Manlius  stripped  him  of  his 
arms,  and  from  the  collar  (torquis)  which 
he  took  from  the  enemy's  neck,  he  was 
ever  after  surnamed  Torquatus.  Manlius 
was  the  first  Roman  who  was  raised  to 
the  dictatorship,  without  having  been  pre- 
viously consul.  The  severity  of  Torqua- 
tus to  his  son,  has  been  deservedly  censur- 
ed .  This  father  had  the  courage  and  heart 
to  put  to  death  his  son,  because  he  had 
engaged  one  of  the  enemy,  and  obtained 
an  honorable  victory,  without  his  previous 
permission.  From  the  rigor  of  Torquatus, 
all  edicts,  and  actions  of  severity  and  jus- 
tice have  been  called  Manliana  edicta. 

Marcus,  a  celebrated  Roman,  whose  valor 
was  displayed  in  the  field  of  battle,  even 
at  the  early  age  of  sixteen.  When  Rome 
was  taken  by  the  Gauls,  Manlius  with  a 
body  of  his  countrymen  fled  into  the  capi- 
tol,  which  he  defended  when  it  was  sud- 
denly surprised  in  the  night  by  the  enemy. 
This  action  gained  him  the  surname  of 
Capitolinus.  A  law  which  Manlius  pro- 
posed, to  abolish  the  taxes  on  the  common 
people,  raised  the  senators  against  him  ; 
but  he  continued  to  raise  factions,  and 
even  secretly  to  attempt  to  make  himself 
absolute,  till  at  last  the  tribunes  of  the 
people  themselves  became  his  accusers. 
He  was  condemned  and  thrown  down 

from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  A.  U.  C.  371. 

Imperiosus,  father  of  Manlius  Torquatus. 

He  was  made  dictator. Volso,  a  Roman 

consul  who  received  an  army  of  Scipio  in 
Asia,  and  made  war  against  the  Gallo-gre- 
cians,  whom  he  conquered.  He  was  ho- 
nored with  a  triumph  at  his  return. 

Caius,  or  Aulus,  a  senator  sent  to  Athens 
to  collect  the  best  and  wisest  laws  of  So- 
lon, A.  U.  C.  300. Another,  called  also 

Cincinnatus.  He  died  of  a  wound  he  had 
received  in  a  battle. — Another,  who  in  his 

prffitor3hip  reduced  Sardinia. Another, 

who  was  defeated  by  a  rebel  army  of 

slaves  in  Sicily. A  praetor  in  Gaul,  who 

fought  against  the  Boii,  with  very  little 

success. Another,  called  Attilius,  who 

defeated  a  Carthaginian  fleet. A  Ro- 
man appointed  judge  between  his  son  Si- 
Janus  and  the  province  of  Macedonia. 

A  learned  man  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 

Mannus,  the  son  of  Thiasto,  both  fa- 
mous divinities  among  the  Germans. 

J.   Mansuetus,   a  friend    of   Vitellius, 

who  entered  the  Roman  armies,  and  left 

19* 


his  son,  then  very  young,  at  home.  The 
son  was  promoted  by  Galba,  and  soon 
after  met  a  detachment  of  the  partisans 
of  Vitellius  in  which  his  father  was.  A 
battle  was  fought,  and  Mansuetus  was 
wounded  by  the  hand  of  his  son. 

Mantinea,  a  town  of  Arcadia  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. It  is  famous  for  the  battle 
which  was  fought  there  between  Epami- 
nondas  at  the  head  of  the  Thebans,  and 
the  combined  force  of  Lacedasmon,  Acha- 
ia,  Elis,  Athens,  and  Arcadia,  about  three 
hundred  and  sixty-three  years  before 
Christ. 

Mantineus,  the  father  of  Ocalea,  who 
married  Abas  the  son  of  Lynceus  and  Hy- 
permnestra. 

Mantinorum  oppidum,  a  town  of  Cor- 
sica. 

Mantius,  a  son  of  Melampus. 

Manto,  a  daughter  of  the  prophet  Tire- 
sias,  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy. 
Manto,  acccording  to  a  certain  tradition, 
was  so  struck  at  the  misfortunes  which 
afflicted  Thebes,  her  native  country,  that 
she  gave  way  to  her  sorrow,  and  waa 
turned  into  a  fountain.  She  received  di- 
vine honors  after  death. 

Mantua,  a  town  of  Italy  beyond  the 
Po,  founded  about  three  hundred  years  be- 
fore Rome,  by  Bianor  or  Ocnus,  the  son 
of  Manto.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
Etruria. 

Maracanda,  a  town  of  Sogdiana. 

Maratha,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Marathon,  a  village  of  Attica,  ten  miles 
from  Athens,  celebrated  for  the  victory 
which  the  ten  thousand  Athenians  and 
one  thousand  Platsans,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Miltiades,  gained  over  the  Per- 
sian army,  consisting  of  one  hundred 
thousand  foot  and  ten  thousand  horse. 

A  king  of  Attica,  son  of  Epopeus, 

who  gave  his  name  to  a  email  village 
there. A  king  of  Sicyon. 

Marathos,  a  town  of"  Phoenicia. 

Marcella,  a  daughter  of  Octavia  the 
sister  of  Augustus  by  Marcellus.  She 
married  Agrippa. 

Marcellinus  Ammianus,  a  celebrated 
historian  who  carried  arms  under  Con- 
stantius,  Julian,  and  Valens,  and  wrote 
an  history  of  Rome  from  the  reign  of  Do- 
mitian,  where  Suetonius  stops,  to  the  em- 
peror Valens.  His  style  is  neither  elegant 
nor  labored,  but  it  is  greatly  valuable  for 
its  veracity,  and  in  many  of  the  actions 
he  mentions,  the  author  was  nearly  con- 
cerned. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius,  a  fa- 
mous Roman  general.  He  was  the  first 
Roman  who  obtained  some  advantage 
over  Hannibal  and  showed  his  country- 
men that  he  waa  not  invincible.  The 
troubles  which  were  raised  in  Sicily  by 
tbe  Carthaginians  at  the  death  of  Hiero 
nymus,  alarmed  the  Romans,  and  Marcel- 


MA 


222 


MA 


lus,  in  hts  third  consulship,  was  sent  with 
a  powerful  force  against  Syracuse.  lie 
attacked  it  by  sea  and  land,  but  his  opera- 
tions proved"  ineffectual,  and  the  inven- 
tion and  industry  of  a  philosopher  ( Vid. 
Archimedes,)  were  able  to  baffle  all  the 
efforts,  and  to  destroy  all  the  great  and 
stupendous  machines  and  military  engines 
of  the  Romans  during  three  successive 
years.  The  perseverance  of  Marcellus  at 
last  obtained  the  victory.  After  the  con- 
quest of  Syracuse,  Marcellus  was  called 
upon  by  his  country  to  oppose  a  second 
time  Annibal.  In  this  campaign  he  be- 
haved with  greater  vigor  than  before  ;  but 
was  not  sufficiently  vigilant  against  the 
snares  of  his  adversary.  He  imprudently 
separated  himself  from  his  camp,  and  was 
killed  in  an  ambuscade  in  the  sixtieth  year 
of  his  age,  in  his  fifth  consulship,  A.  U.  C. 
.546.  His  body  was  honored  with  a  mag- 
nificent funeral  by  the  conqueror,  and  his 
ashes  were  conveyed  in  a  silver  urn  to  his 

son. One  of  his  descendants,  who  bore 

the  same  name,  signalized  himself  in  the 
civil  wars  of  Caesar  and  Pompey,  by  his 
firm  attachment  to  the  latter. — The  grand- 
son of  Pompey's  friend  rendered  himself 
popular  by  his  universal  benevolence  and 
affability.  The  suddenness  of  his  death, 
at  the  early  age  of  eighteen,  was  the  cause 
of  much  lamentation  at  Rome,  and  Virgil 
procured  himself  great  favors  by  celebrat- 
ing the  virtues  of  this  amiable  prince. 

The  son  of  the  great  Marcellus  who  took 
Syracuse,  was  caught  in  the  ambuscade 
which  proved  fatal  to  his  father,  but  lie 
forced  his  way  from  the  enemy  and  es- 
caped. He  received  the  ashes  of  his  fa- 
ther from  the  conqueror. The  husband 

of  Octavia  the  sister  of  Augustus. A 

conqueror  of  Britain. A   colleague  of 

Cato  in  the  quaestorship. A  native  of 

Pamphylia,  who  wrote  an  heroic  poem  on 

physic,  divided  into  forty-two  books. 

A  Roman  drowned  in  a  storm. 

Marcia  lex,  by  Marcius  Censorinus. 
Tt  forbade  any  man  to  be  invested  with 
the  office  of  censor  more  than  once. 

Marcia,  the  wife  of  Regulus,  when  she 
heard  that  her  husband  had  been  put  to 
death  at  Carthage  in  the  most  excruciat- 
ing manner,  retorted  the  punishment,  and 
shut  up  some  Carthaginian  prisoners  in  a 
barrel,  which  she  had  previously  filled 
with  sharp  nails.    The  senate  was  obliged 

to  stop  her  wantonness  and  cruelty. A 

favorite  of  the  emperor  Commodus,  whom 

he  poisoned. A  vestal  virgin,  punished 

for  her  incontinence. A  daughter  of 

Philip,  who  married  Catojhe  censor. 

An  ancient  name  of  the  island  of  Rhodes. 

A  daughter  of  Cato  of  Utica. A 

stream  of  water. 

Marciaxa,  a  sister  of  the  emperor  Tra- 
jan, who,  on  account  of  her  public  and 
private  virtues  and  her  amiable  disposi- 


tion, was  declared  Augusta  and  empress 
by  her  brother.     She  died  A.  D.  113. 

Marcianofoms,  the  capital  of  Lower 
Moesia  in  Greece. 

Marcia>-us,  a  native  of  Thrace,  born  of 
an  obscure  family.  After  he  had  for  some 
time  served  in  the  army  as  a  common  sol- 
dier, he  was  made  private  secretary  to  one 
of  the  officers  of  Theodosius.  His  win- 
ning address  and  uncommon  talents  rais- 
ed him  to  higher  stations ;  and  on  the 
death  of  Theodosius  the  2d,  A.  D.  450,  he 
was  invested  with  the  imperial  purple  in 
the  east.  In  the  midst  of  universal  popu- 
larity Marcianus  died,  after  a  reign  of  six 
years,  in  the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age, 
as  he  was  making  warlike  preparations 
against  the  barbarians  that  had  invaded 
Africa. 

M.  Marcius  Sabinus,  was  the  progeni- 
tor of  the  Marcian  family  at  Rome.  His 
son,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Numa, 
was  made  high  priest  by  his  father-in-law. 

He  was  father  of  Ancus  Martius. A 

Roman  consul,  defeated  by  the  Samnites. 
Another  consul,  who  obtained  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Etrurians. A  man  whom 

Catiline  hired  to  assassinate  Cicero. 

Marcius  Saltus,  a  place  in  Liguria. 

Maecomakni,  a  people  of  Germany, 
who  originally  dwelt  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine  and  the  Danube. 

Marcus,  a  praenomen  common  to  many 

of  the  Romans. Carynensis,  a  general 

of  the  Achaean  league,  255  B.  C. 

Mardi,  a  people  of  Persia,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Media.  They  were  very  poor, 
and  generally  lived  upon  the  flesh  of  wild 
beasts. 

Mardia,  a  place  of  Thrace,  famous  for 
a  battle  between  Constantine  and  Licini- 
us,  A.  D.  315. 

Mardonius,  a  general  of  Xerxes,  who, 
after  the  defeat  of  his  master  at  Thermo- 
pylae and  Salamis,  was  left  in  Greece  with 
an  army  of  three  hundred  thousand  cho- 
sen men,  to  subdue  the  country,  and 
reduce  it  under  the  power  of  Persia. 
His  operations  were  rendered  useless  by 
the  courage  and  vigilance  of  the  Greeks , 
and,  in  a  battle  at  Platasa,  Mardonius  was 
defeated  and  left  among  the  slain,  B.  C. 
479. 

Mardus,  a  river  of  Media,  falling  into 
the  Caspian  sea. 

Mare  Mortuum,  called  also,  from  the 
bitumen  it  throws  up,  the  lake  Asphaltites, 
is  situate  in  Judaea,  and  near  one  hundred 
miles  long  and  twenty-five  broad. 

Mareotis,  now  Siwah,  a  lake  in  Egypt, 
near  Alexandria.  Its  neighborhood  is  fa- 
mous for  wine. 

Marginia  and  Margiania,  a  town  and 
country  near  the  river  Oxus,  at  the  east 
of  Hyrcania,  celebrated  for  its  wines. 

Margites,  a  man  against  whom,  as 
some  suppose,  Homer  wrote  a  poem,  to 


MA 


233 


MA 


ridicule  his  superficial  knowledge,  and  to 
expose  his  affectation. 

Margus,  a  river  of  Mcesia  failing  into 
the  Danube. 

Mariaba,  a  city  in  Arabia,  near  the  Red 
Sea. 

Maria  lex,  by  C.  Marius,  the  tribune, 
A.  U.  C.  634.  It  ordered  the  planks  called 
pontes,  on  which  the  people  stood  up  to 
give  their  votes  in  the  co->nitia,  to  be  nar- 
rower, that  no  other  might  stand  there  to 
hinder  the  proceedings  of  the  assembly  by 

appeal,  or  other  distu  rbances. Another, 

called  also  Porcia,  by  L.  Marius  and  Por- 
cius,  tribunes,  A.  U.  C.  691.  It  fined  a 
certain  sum  of  money  such  commanders 
as  gave  a  false  account  to  the  Roman  sen- 
ate, of  the  number  of  slain  in  a  battle. 

Mariamma,  a  Jewish  woman,  who  mar- 
ried Herodes. 

Marianje  fossje,  a  town  of  Gaul  Nar- 
bonensis. 

MiEuxDVNCM,  a  place  near  Bithynia 
where  the  poets  feign  that  Hercules  drag- 
ged Cerberus  out  of  hell. 

Marianus,  a  surname  given  to  Jupiter, 
from  a  temple  built  to  his  honor  by  Ma- 
rius. 

Marica,  a  nymph  of  the  river  Liris, 
near  Mitfturnae.  A  city  of  Campania  bore 
her  name.     Some  suppose  her  to  be  the 

same  as  Circe. A  wood  on  the  borders 

of  Campania. 

Maricus,  a  Gaul  thrown  to  lions,  in  the 
reign  of  Vitellius,  who  refused  to  devour 
him. 

Marina,  a  daughter  of  Arcadius. 

Marinus,  a  friend  of  Tiberius,  put  to 
death. 

Marion,  a  king  of  Tyre,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Marissa,  an  opulent  town  of  Judaea. 

Maris,  a  river  of  Scythia. A  son  of 

Armisodares,  who  assisted  Priam  against 
the  Greeks,  and  was  killed  by  Antilo- 
chus. 

Marisus,  a  river  of  Dacia. 

Marius,  C,  a  celebrated  Roman,  born 
at  Arpinum,  of  obscure  and  illiterate  pa- 
rents. He  first  signalized  himself  under 
Scipio  at  the  siege  of  Numantia ;  and  next 
passed  into  Africa  against  Jugurtha,  king 
of  Numidia,  whom  he  defeated.  Marius 
then  returned  to  Rome,  where  new  honors 
and  fresh  trophies  awaited  him.  The  pro- 
vinces were  suddenly  invaded  by  an  army 
of  three  hundred  thousand  barbarians,  and 
Marius  was  the  only  man  whose  activity 
and  boldness  could  resist  so  powerful  an 
enemy.  He  was,  therefore,  elected  con- 
sul, and  sent  against  them  ;  two  battles 
were  fought ;  and  two  hundred  thousand 
of  the  enemy  were  slain,  and  ninety  thou- 
sand made  prisoners.  The  following  year 
was  also  marked  by  the  total  overthrow 
of  the  Cirnbri,  another  horde  of  barba- 
rians, in  which   one  hundred  and  forty 


thousand  were  slaughtered  by  the  Ro- 
mans, and  sixty  thousand  taken  prison- 
ers. After  these  glorious  victories,  Ma- 
rius, with  his  colleague,  Catulus,  entered 
Rome  in  triumph  ;  but  his  restless  ambi- 
tion began  to  raise  seditions,  and  to  op- 
pose the  power  of  Sylla.  This  produced 
a  civil  war.  Sylla  refused  to  deliver  up 
the  command  of  the  forces  with  which  he 
was  empowered  to  prosecute  the  Mithri- 
datic  war,  and  resolved  to  oppose  the  au- 
thors of  a  demand  which  he  considered 
arbitrary  and  improper.  He  advanced  to- 
wards Rome,  and  Marius  was  obliged  to 
save  his  life  by  flight.  He  escaped  to 
Campania,  but  was  discovered  by  the 
emissaries  of  Sylla,  and  dragged  to  the 
neighboring  town  of  Minturnae,  where  the 
magistrates  passed  sentence  of  death  on 
their  magnanimous  prisoner.  The  inhab- 
itants of  Minturnae,  however,  fearful  of 
putting  so  great  a  man  to  death,  released 
him  from  prison,  and  favored  his  escape 
to  Africa,  where  he  joined  his  son  Marius, 
who  had  been  exciting  the  princes  of  the 
country  in  his  cause.  He  then  set  sail  to 
assist  his  friend  Cinna,  who  had  favored 
his  interest  at  Rome,  at  the  head  of  only 
one  thousand  men  ;  but  his  army  gradual- 
ly increased,  and  he  entered  the  city  like 
a  conqueror.  His  enemies  were  inhu- 
manly sacrificed  to  his  fury  ;  Rome  was 
filled  with  blood,  and  he  who  had  been 
once  called  the  father  of  his  country, 
marched  through  the  streets  attended  by 
a  number  of  assassins,  who  immediately 
slaughtered  all  those  whose  salutations 
were  not  answered  by  their  leader.  When 
he  had  sufficiently  gratified  his  resent- 
ment, he  again  made  himself  consul ;  but 
he  did  not  long  enjoy  this  dignity :  he 
was  worn  out  with  age  and  infirmities, 
and  he  died  sixteen  days  afterwards,  aged 
seventy.  B.  C.  86. -His  son,  Caius  Ma- 
rius, was  as  cruel  as  his  father,  and  shared 
his  good  and  adverse  fortune.  He  made 
himself  consul  in  his  twenty-fifth  year, 
and  murdered  all  those  senators  who  op- 
posed his  views.  He  was  defeated  by 
Sylla,  and  fled  to  Praneste,  where  he  kill- 
ed himself. M.  Aurelius,  a  native  of 

Gaul,  who,  from  the  mean  employment  of 
a  blacksmith,  became  one  of  the  generals 
of  Gailienus,  and  at  last  caused  himself  to 
be. saluted  emperor.  Three  days  after  this 
elevation,  a  man  who  had  shared  his  pov- 
erty without  partaking  of  his  more  pros- 
perous fortune,  publicly  assassinated  him. 
Maximus,  a  Latin  writer,  who  pub- 
lished an  account  of  the  Roman  emperors 

from  Trajan  to  Alexander,  now  lost. 

Celsus,  a  friend  of  Galba,  saved  from 
death  by  Otho. Sextus,  a  rich  Span- 
iard, thrown  down  from  the  Tarpeian 
rock,  on  account  of  his  riches. 

Marmacus,  the  father  of  Pythagoras. 

Marmarexses,  a  people  of  Lycia. 


MA 


224 


MA 


jVIarmaiuca.    Vid.  Marmaridte. 
Marmarid.*:,  the  inhabitants  of  that  part 
of  Lybia  called  Marmarica,  between  Cy- 
rene  and  Egypt.    They  were  swift  in  run- 
ning, and  pretended  to  possess  some  drugs 
or  secret  power  to  destroy  the  poisonous 
effects  of  the  bite  of  serpents. 
Marmarion,  a  town  of  Euboea. 
Marobodui,  a  nation  of  Germany. 
Maron,  a  son  of  Evanthes,  high  priest 
of  Apollo,  in  Africa,  when  Ulysses  touch- 
ed upon  the  coast. An  Egyptian  who 

accompanied  Osiris  in  his  conquests. 

Maronea,  a  city  of  the  Cicanes,  in 
Thrace,  near  the  Hebrus,  of  which  Bac- 
chus is  the  chief  deity.  The  wine  has  al- 
ways been  reckoned  excellent. 

Marpesia,  a  celebrated  queen  of  the 
Amazons,  who  waged  a  successful  war 
against  the  inhabitants  of  mount  Cauca- 
sus. 

Marpessa,  a  daughter  of  the  Evenus, 
who  married  Idas,  by  whom  she  had  Cle- 
opatra, the  wife  of  Meleager.  Marpessa 
was  tenderly  loved  by  her  husband  ;  and 
when  Apollo  endeavored  to  carry  her 
away,  Idas  followed  him  with  a  bow  and 
arrows,  resolved  on  revenge.  Apollo  and 
Idas  were  separated  by  Jupiter,  who  per- 
mitted Marpessa  to  go  with  that  of  the 
two  lovers  whom  she  most  approved  of. 
She  returned  to  her  husband. 

Marpesus,  a  town   of   Mysia. A 

mountain  of  Paros,  abounding  in  white 
marble. 

Marres,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  had  a 
crow  which  conveyed  his  letters  wherever 
he  pleased. 
Marrucini,  a  people  of  Picenum. 
Marruvium,  or  Marrubium,  now  San 
Benedetto,  a  place  near  the  Liris,  in  Italy. 
Mars,  the  god  of  war  among  the  an- 
cients, was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 
The  education  of  Mars  was  intrusted  by 
Juno  to  the  god  Priapus,  who  instructed 
him  in  dancing  and  every  manly  exercise. 
The  worship  of  Mars  was  not  very  uni- 
versal among  the  ancients;  his  temples 
were  not  numerous  in  Greece,  but  in  Rome 
he  received  the  most  unbounded  honors. 
His  most  celebrated  temple  at  Rome  was 
built  by  Augustus  after  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi.  His  priests  among  the  Romans  were 
called  Salii ;  they  were  first  instituted  by 
Numa,  and  their  chief  office  was  to  guard 
the  sacred  Ancylia,  one  of  which,  as  was 
supposed,  had  fallen  down  from  heaven. 
Mars  was  generally  represented  in  the 
naked  figure  of  an  old  man,  armed  with  a 
helmet,  a  pike,  and  a  shield.  Sometimes 
he  appeared  in  a  military  dress,  and  with 
a  long  flowing  beard,  and  sometimes  with- 
out. He  generally  rode  in  a  chariot  drawn 
by  furious  horses  which  the  poets  called 
Flight  and  Terror.  His  altars  were  stain- 
ed with  the  blood  of  the  horse,  on  account 
of  his  warlike  spirit,  and  of  the  wolf,  on 


account  of  his  ferocity.  Magpies  and  vul- 
tures were  also  offered  to  him,  on  ac- 
count of  their  greediness  and  voracity. 
The  Scythians  generally  offered  him  asses, 
and  the  people  of  Caria  dogs.  He  presid- 
ed over  gladiators,  and  was  the  god  of 
hunting,  and  of  whatever  exercises  or 
amusements  have  something  manly  and 
warlike. 

Marsala,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Marsjeus,  a  Roman  ridiculed  by  Ho- 
race. 

Marse,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Marsi,  a  nation  of  Germany,  who  after- 
wards came  to  settle  near  the  lake  Fuci- 
nus  in  Italy,  in  a  country  chequered  with 
forests  abounding  with  wild  boars,  and 
other  ferocious  animals. 

Marsigm,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Marsus  Domitiu9,  a  Latin  poet. 

Marstaba,  a  town  of  Arabia. 

Marsyas,  a  celebrated  piper  of  Cehenas, 
in  Phrygia,  son  of  Olympus,  or  of  Hy- 
agnis,  or  OSagrus.  He  was  so  skilful  in 
playing  on  the  flute,  that  he  is  generally 
deemed  the  inventor  of  it.  Marsyas  was 
enamored  of  Cybele,  and  he  travelled  with 
her  as  far  as  Nysa,  where  he  had  the  im- 
prudence to  challenge  Apollo  to  a  trial  of 
his  skill  as  a  musician.  The  god  accepted 
the  challenge,  and  it  was  mutually  agreed 
that  he  who  was  defeated  should  be  flayed 
alive  by  the  conqueror.  The  Muses,  or 
according  to  Diodorus,  the  inhabitants  of 
Nysa,  were  appointed  umpires.  Each  ex- 
erted his  utmost  skill,  and  the  victory, 
with  much  difficulty,  was  adjudged  to 
Apollo.  The  god,  upon  this,  tied  his  an- 
tagonist to  a  tree,  and  flayed  him  alive. 

The  sources  of  the  Marsyas  were  near 

those  of  the  Mreander,  and  those  two  riv- 
ers had  their  confluence  a  little  below  the 
town  of  CelBenae. A  writer,  who  pub- 
lished a  history  of  Macedonia,  from  the 
first  origin  and  foundation  of  that  empire 
till  the  reign  of  Alexander,  in  which  he 

lived. An  Egyptian  who  commanded 

the  armies  of  Cleopatra  against  her  bro- 
ther Ptolemy  Physcon. A  man  put  to 

death  by  Dionysius,  the  tyrant  of  Sicily. 

Martha,  a  celebrated  prophetess  of 
Syria. 

Martia,  a  vestal  virgin,  put  to  death 
for  her  incontinence. 

Martia  aqua,  water  at  Rome,  cele- 
brated for  its  clearness  and  salubrity. 

Martiales  ludi,  games  celebrated  at 
Rome  in  honor  of  Mars. 

Marti alis,  Marcus  Valerius,  a  native 
of  Bilbilis,  in  Spain,  who  came  to  Rome 
about  the  twentieth  year  of  his  age, 
where  he  recommended  himself  to  notice 
by  his  poetical  genius.  As  he  was  the 
panegyrist  of  the  emperors,  he  gained  the 
greatest  honors,  and  was  rewarded  in  the 
most  liberal  manner.  Domitian  gave  him 
the  tribuneship.     Trajan  treated  the  poet 


MA 


225 


MA 


with  coldness  ;  and  Martial,  after  he  Lad 
passed  thirty-five  years  in  the  capital  of 
the  world,  in  the  greatest  splendor  and  af- 
fluence, retired  "to  his  native  country, 
where  he  had  the  mortification  to  be  the 
object  of  malevolence,  satire,  and  ridicule. 
Martial  died  about  the  one  hundred  and 
fourth  year  of  the  Christian  era,  in  the 
seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  is  now 
well  known  by  the  fourteen  books  of  epi- 
grams which  he  wrote. A  friend  of 

Otho. A  man  who  conspired  against 

Caracalla. 

Martina,  a  woman  skilled  in  the  know- 
ledge of  poisonous  herbs. 

Marti ni anus,  an  officer,  put  to  death 
by  order  of  Constantine. 

Martius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  in  Atti- 
ca.  A  Roman  consul  sent  against.  Per- 
seus, &c. A  consul  against  the  Dalma- 
tians, <fcc. Another  who  defeated  the 

Privernates. 

Marullus,  a  tribune  of  the  people,  who 
tore  the  garlands  which  had  been  placed 
upon  Cresar's  statues,  and  who  ordered 
those  that  had  saluted  him  king  to  be  im- 
prisoned.  A  governor  of  Judaea. A 

Latin  poet  in  the  age  of  M.  Aurelius. 

Marus,  (the  Morava)  a  river  of  Germany. 

Massa  B.ee,  an  informer  at  the  court  of 
Domitian. 

Mas.isylii,  a  people  of  Libya,  where 
Syphax  reigned. 

Masinissa,  son  of  Gala,  was  king  of  a 
small  part  of  Africa,  and  assisted  the  Car- 
thagin'.ms  in  their  wars  against  Rome. 
He  proved  a  most  indefatigable  and  cour- 
ageous ally,  but  an  act  of  generosity  ren- 
dered him  amicable  to  the  interests  of 
Rome.  After  the  defeat  of  Asdrubal, 
Scipio,  the  first  Africanus  who  had  ob- 
tained the  victory,  found,  among  the  pris- 
oners of  war,  one  of  the  nephews  of  Ma- 
sin  issa.  He  sent  him  back  to  his  uncle 
loaded  with  presents,  and  conducted  him 
with  a  detachment  for  the  safety  and  pro- 
tection of  his  person.  Masinissa  was 
struck  with  the  generous  action  of  the 
Roman  general,  he  forgot  all  former  hos- 
tilities, and  joined  his  troops  to  those  of 
Scipio.  This  change  of  sentiments  was 
not  the  effect  of  a  wavering  or  unsettled 
mind,  but  Masinissa  showed  himself  the 
most  attached  and  the  firmest  ally  the 
Romans  ever  had.  At  his  death  Masinis- 
sa showed  the  confidence  he  had  in  the 
Romans,  and  the  esteem  he  entertained 
for  the  rising  talents  of  Scipio  iEmilianus, 
by  intrusting  him  with  the  care  of  his 
kingdom,  and  impowering  him  to  divide 
it  among  his  sons.  Masinissa  died  in  the 
ninety-seventh  year  of  his  age,  after  a 
reign  of  abave  sixty  years,  one  hundred 
and  forty-nine  years  before  the  Christian 
era. 

Maso,  a  name  common  to  several  per- 
sons mentioned  by  Cicero. 


Massaga,  a  town  of  India,  taken  by 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Massaght.e,  a  people  of  Scythia  who 
dwelt  in  tents.  They  had  no  temples, 
but  worshipped  the  sun,  to  whom  they  of- 
fered horses  on  account  of  their  swiftness. 

Massani,  a  nation  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Indus. 

Massicus,    a  mountain  of   Campania, 

near  Minturnce,  famous  for  its  wine. 

An  Etrurian  prince,  who  assisted  /Eneas 
against  Turnus  with  one  thousand  men. 

Massilia,  a  maritime  town  of  Gaul  Nar- 
bonensis,  now  called  Marseilles,  founded 
B.  C.  539,  by  the  people  of  Phoccea,  in 
Asia.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  laws,  its  fidel- 
ity for  the  Romans,  and  for  its  being  long 
the  seat  of  literature. 

Massyla,  an  inland  part  of  Mauritania 
near  mount  Atlas.  When  the  inhabitants, 
called  Massyli,  went  on  horseback,  they 
never  used  saddles  or  bridles,  but  only 
sticks.  Their  character  was  warlike,  and 
their  love  of  liberty  unconquerable. 

Mastramela,  a  lake  near  Marseilles. 

Masurius,  a  Roman  knight  under  Tibe- 
rius, learned  but  poor. 

Masus  Domitius,  a  Latin  poet. 

Matho,  an  infamous  informer,  patron- 
ised by  Domitian. 

Matieni,  a  people  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Armenia. 

Matinus,  a  mountain  of  Apulia,  a- 
bounding  in  yew-treos  and  bees. 

Matisco,  a  town  of  the  iEdui,  in  Gaul, 
now  called  Macon. 

Matralia,  a  festival  at  Rome,  in  honor 
of  Matuta  or  Ino.  Only  matrons  and  free- 
born  women  were  admitted. 

Matrona,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  called 

the  Manic,  falling  into  the  Seine. One 

of  the  surnames  of  Juno. 

Matronalia,  festivals  at  Rome  in  hon- 
or of  Mars,  celebrated  by  married  women, 
in  commemoration  of  the  rape  of  the  Sa- 
bines. 

Mattiaci,  a  nation  of  Germany,  now 
Marpurg  in  Hesse.  The  Mattiacai  aquce, 
was  a  small  town,  now  JVisbaden  opposite 
Mentz. 

Matuta,  a  deity  among  the  Romans, 
She  was  originally  Ino,  who  was  changed 
into  a  sea  deity,  and  she  was  worshipped 
by  sailors  as  such,  at  Corinth  in  a  temple 
sacred  to  Neptune. 

Mayors,  a  name  of  Mars. 

Mavortia,  an  epithet  applied  to  every 
country  whose  inhabitants  were  warlike. 

Maurt,  the  inhabitants  of  Mauritania. 
This  name  i3  derived  from  their  black 
complexion. 

Mauritania,  a  country  on  the  western 
part  of  Africa,  which  forms  the  modern 
kingdom  of  Fez  and  Morocco. 

Maurus,  a  man  who  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  Trajan,  or  according  to  others,  of 
the  Antonini.  He  was  governor  of  Syene. 
K* 


MA 


226 


MA 


in  Upper  Egypt.  He  wrote  a  Latin  poem 
upon  the  rules  of  poetry  and  versification. 

Maurusii,  the  people  of  Maurusia,  a 
country  near  the  columns  of  Hercules.  It 
is  also  called  Mauritania. 

Mausolus,  a  king  ofCaria.  His  wife 
Artemisia  was  so  disconsolate  at  his  death, 
which  happened  B.  C.  353,  that  she  drank 
up  his  ashes,  and  resolved  to  erect  one 
of  the  grandest  and  noblest  monuments 
of  antiquity,  to  celebrate  the  memory  of  a 
husband  whom  she  tenderly  loved.  This 
famous  monument,  which  passed  for  one 
of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world,  was 
called  Mausoleum,  and  from  it  all  other 
nagnificent  sepulchres  and  tombs  have  re- 
jeived  the  same  name.  It  was  built  by 
four  different  architects.  The  expenses 
of  this  edifice  were  immense,  and  this 
gave  an  occasion  to  the  philosopher  Anax- 
agoras  to  exclaim,  when  he  saw  it,  How 
much  money  changed  into  stones! 

Maxentius,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
a  son  of  the  emperor  Maximianus  Hercules. 
The  voluntary  abdication  of  Dioclesian, 
and  of  his  father,  raised  him  in  the  state, 
and  he  declared  himself  independent  em- 
peror, or  Augustus,  A.  D.  306.  Constan- 
tine  undertook  to  dethrone  him.  He  gave 
his  adversary  battle  near  Rome,  and,  after 
he  had  lost  the  victory,  he  fled  back  to  the 
city.  The  bridge  over  which  he  crossed 
the  Tiber  was  in  a  decayed  situation,  and 
he  fell  into  the  river  and  was  drowned,  on 
the  twenty-fourth  of  September,  A.  D.  312. 
The  cowardice  and  luxuries  of  Maxentius 
are  as  conspicuous  as  his  cruelties. 

Corn.  Maximiliana,  a  vestal  virgin 
buried  alive  for  incontinency,  A.  D.  92. 

Maximianus,  Herculius  Marcus  Aure- 
lius Valerius,  a  native  of  Sirmium,  in 
Pannonia,  who  served  as  a  common  sol- 
dier in  the  Roman  armies,  and  was  made 
by  Dioclesian  his  colleague  in  the  empire. 
Dioclesian  abdicated  the  imperial  purple, 
and  obliged  Maximianus  to  follow  his  ex- 
ample, on  the  first  of  April,  A.  D.  304. 
Maximianus  reluctantly  complied  with 
the  command  of  a  man  to  whom  he  owed 
his  greatness ;  but,  before  the  first  year 
of  his  resignation  had  elapsed,  he  was 
roused  from  his  indolence  and  retreat  by 
the  ambition  of  his  son  Maxentius.  He 
reassumed  the  imperial  dignity,  and 
showed  his  ingratitude  to  his  son  by 
wishing  him  to  resign  the  sovereignty, 
and  to  sink  into  a  private  person.  This 
proposal  was  not  only  rejected  with 
the  contempt  it  deserved,  but  the  troops 
mutinied  against  Maximianus,  and  he  fled 
for  safety  to  Gaul,  to  the  court  of  Constan- 
tine,  to  whom  he  gave  his  daughter  Faus- 
tina in-  marriage.  Here  he  again  acted  a 
conspicuous  character,  and  reassumed 
the  imperial  power,  which  his  misfortunes 
had  obliged  him  to  relinquish.  He  base- 
ly attempted  to  murder  Constantine,  who 


resolved  to  destroy  a  man  so  inimical  to 
his  nearest  relations.  Maximianus  was 
allowed  to  choose  his  own  death.  He 
strangled  himself  at  Marseilles,  A.  D.  310, 

in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age. Gale- 

rius  Valerius,  a  native  of  Dacia,  who  in 
the  first  years  of  his  life,  was  employed  in 
keeping  his  father's  flocks.  He  entered 
the  army,  where  his  valor  and  bodily 
strength  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  his  superiors,  and  particularly  to  Dio- 
clesian who  invested  him  with  the  impe- 
rial purple  in  the  east,  and  gave  him  his 
daughter  Valeria  in  marriage.  Dioclesian 
afterwards  himself  dreaded  his  power, 
and  even,  it  is  said,  abdicated  the  impe- 
rial dignity  by  means  of  his  threats.  As 
soon  as  Dioclesian  had  abdicated,  Galerius 
was  proclaimed  Augustus,  A.  D.  304,  but 
his  cruelty  soon  rendered  him  odious,  and 
the  Roman  people  raised  Maxentius  to 
the  imperial  dignity  the  following  year. 
Galerius  was  obliged  to  yield  to  the  tor- 
rent of  his  unpopularity,  and  to  fly  before 
his  more  fortunate  adversary.  He  died 
in  the  greatest  agonies,  A.  D.  311. 

Maximinus,  Caius  Julius  Verus,  the  son 
of  a  peasant  in  Thrace.  He  was  origin- 
ally a  shepherd,  and,  by  heading  his  coun- 
trymen against  the  frequent  attacks  of  the 
neighboring  barbarians  and  robbers,  he 
inured  himself  to  the  labors  and  to  the  fa- 
tigues of  a  camp.  He  entered  the  Roman 
armies,  where  he  gradually  rose  to  the 
first  offices  ;  and  on  the  death  of  Alexan- 
der Severus  he  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed emperor,  A.  D.  235.  The  popu- 
larity which  he  had  gained  when  general 
of  the  armies,  was  at  an  end  when  he  as- 
cended the  throne.  He  was  delighted 
with  acts  of  the  greatest  barbarity,  and 
no  less  than  four  hundred  persons  lost 
their  lives  on  the  false  suspicion  of  having 
conspired  against  the  emperor's  life.  His 
bloody  machinations  were  stopped,  and 
his  soldiers,  ashamed  of  accompanying  a 
tyrant  whose  cruelties  had  procured  him 
the  name  of  Busiris,  Cyclops,  and  Phala- 
ris,  assassinated  him  in  his  tent  before  the 
walls  of  Aquileia,  A.  D.  236,  in  the  sixty- 
fifth  year  of  his  age.  The  news  of  his 
death  was  received  with  the  greatest  re- 
joicings at  Rome,  public  thanksgivings 
were  offered,  and  whole  hecatombs  flamed 
on  the  altars.  Maximinus  has  been  repre- 
sented by  historians  as  of  a  gigantic  sta- 
ture, immense  strength,  and  remarkable 
voracity.  Maximinus  made  his  son,  of 
the  same  name,  emperor,  as  soon  as  he 
was  invested  with  the  purple,  and  his 
choice  was  unanimously  approved  by  the 
senate,  by  the  people,  and  by  the  army . 

Galerius   Valerius,   a    shepherd  of 

Thrace,  who  was  raised  to  the  imperial 
dignity  by  Dioclesian,  A.  D.  305.  He  de- 
clared war  against  Licinius,  his  colleague 
on  the  throne,  but  a  defeat,  which  soon 


MA 


227 


ME 


after  followed,  on  the  30th  of  April,  A.  D. 
313,  between  Heraclea  and  Adrianopolis, 
left  him  without  resources  and  without 
friends.  He  expired  in  the  greatest  ago- 
nies, of  a  dreadful  distemper  which  con- 
sumed him  day  and  night  with  inexpressi- 
ble pains,  and  reduced  him  to  a  mere  ske- 
leton.  A  minister  of  the  emperor  Va- 
lerian.  One  of  the  ambassadors  of 

young  Theodosius  to  Attila  king  of  the 
Huns. 

Maximus,  Magnus,  a  native  of  Spain, 
who  proclaimed  himself  emperor,  A.  D. 
383.  The  unpopularity  of  Gratian  favor- 
ed his  usurpation,  and  he  was  acknow- 
ledged by  his  troops.  Gratian  marched 
against  him,  but  he  was  defeated,  and 
soon  after  assassinated.  Maxim  us  refus- 
ed the  honors  of  a  burial  to  the  remains 
of  Gratian  ;  and,  when  he  had  made  him- 
self master  of  Britain,  Gaul,  and  Spain, 
he  sent  ambassadors  into  the  east,  and 
demanded  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  to 
acknowledge  him  as  his  associate  on  the 
throne.  Theodosius  endeavored  to  amuse 
and  delay  him,  but  Maximus  resolved  to 
support  his  claim  by  arms,  and  crossed  the 
Alps.  Italy  was  laid  desolate,  and  Rome 
opened  her  gates  to  the  conqueror.  Max- 
imus was  betrayed  by  his  soldiers  to  The- 
odosius, and  the  conqueror,  moved  with 
compassion  at  the  sight  of  his  fallen  and 
dejected  enemy,  granted  him  life,  but  the 
multitude  refused  him  mercy,  and  instant- 
ly struck  off  his  head,  A.  D.  388. Pe- 

tronius,  a  Roman,  descended  of  an  illus- 
trious family.  He  caused  Valentinian 
III.  to  be  assassinated,  and  ascended  the 
throne ;  and  was  stoned  to  death  by  his 
soldiers,  after  a  reign  of  seventy-seven 

days. Pupianus.    Vid.  Pupianus. A 

celebrated  cynic  philosopher  and  magi- 
cian of  Ephesus.  He  instructed  the  em- 
peror Julian  in  magic  ;  and,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  some  historians,  it  was  in 
the  conversation  and  company  of  Maxi- 
mus that  the  apostacy  of  Julian  originated. 
The  emperor  not  only  visited  the  philoso- 
pher, but  he  even  submitted  his  writings 
to  his  inspection  and  censure.  He  was 
accused  of  magical  practices  before  the 
emperor  Valens,  and  beheaded  at  Ephe- 
sus, A.  D.  366. Tyrius,  a  platonic  phi- 
losopher, in  the  reign  of  M.  Aurelius. 

One  of  the  Greek  fathers  of  the  seventh 

century. Paulus  Fabius,  a  consul  with 

M.  Antony's  son.  Horace  speaks  of  him, 
as  of  a  gay  handsome  youth,  fond  of  plea- 
sure,  yet  industrious   and  indefatigable. 

An  epithet  applied  to  Jupiter. A 

native  of  Sirmium,  in  Pannonia.  He  was 
originally  a  gardener,  but,  by  enlisting  in 
the  Roman  army,  he  became  one  of  the 
military  tribunes,  and  his  marriage  with 
a  woman  of  rank  and  opulence  soon  ren- 
dered him  independent. A  general  of 

Trajan,  killed  in  the  eastern  provinces. 


A  philosopher,  native  of  Byzantium, 

in  the  age  of  Julian  the  emperor. 

Mazaca,  a  large  city  of  Cappadocia,  the 
capital  of  the  province. 

Mazaces,  a  Persian  governor  of  Mem- 
phis. He  made  a  sally  against  the  Gre- 
cian soldiers  of  Alexander,  and  killed 
great  numbers  of  them. 

Mazsus,  a  satrap  of  Cilicia. A  gov- 
ernor of  Babylon. 

Mazares,  a  satrap  of  Media,  who  reduc- 
ed Priene  under  the  power  of  Cyrus. 

Mazaxes,  a  people  of  Africa,  famous  for 
shooting  arrows. 

Mazeras,  a  river  of  Hyrcania,  falling 
into  the  Caspian  sea. 

Mazices  and  Mazvges,  a  people  of 
Libya,  very  expert  in  the  use  of  missile 
weapons. 

Mec.enas  or  Meccenas,  C.  Cilnius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  knight,  descended  from 
the  kings  of  Etruria.  He  has  rendered 
himself  immortal  by  his  liberal  patronage 
of  learned  men  and  of  letters  ;  and  to  his 
prudence  and  advice  Augustus  acknow- 
ledged himself  indebted  for  the  security  he 
enjoyed.  To  the  interference  of  Mecce- 
nas,  Virgil  owed  the  restitution  of  his 
lands,  and  Horace  was  proud  to  boast  that 
his  learned  friend  had  obtained  his  for- 
giveness from  the  emperor,  for  joining 
the  cause  of  Brutus  at  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi.  Meccenas  was  himself  fond  of  lite- 
rature, and,  according  to  the  most  receiv- 
ed opinion,  he  wrote  an  history  of  ani- 
mals, a  journal  of  the  life  of  Augustus,  a 
treatise  on  the  different  natures  and  kinds 
of  precious  stones,  besides  the  two  trage- 
dies of  Octavia  and  Prometheus,  and  other 
things,  all  now  lost.  He  died  eight  years 
before  Christ ;  and,  on  his  death-bed  he 
particularly  recommended  his  friend  Ho- 
race to  the  care  and  confidence  of  Augus- 
tus. 

Mechaneus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  from 
his  patronising  undertakings. 

Mecisteus,  son   of  Echius  or  Talaus, 

was  one  of  the  companions  of  Ajax. 

A  son  of  Lycaon. 

Mecrida,  the  wife  of  Lysimachus. 
Medea,  a  celebrated  magician,  daugh- 
ter of  ^Eetes,  king  of  Colchis.  She  was 
the  niece  of  Circe.  When  Jason  came  to 
Colchis  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece,  Me- 
dea became  enamored  of  him,  and  it  was 
to  her  well-directed  labors  that  the  Argo- 
nauts owed  their  preservation.  (  Vid.  Ja- 
son.) 

Medesicaste,  a  daughter  of  Priam, 
who  married  Imbrius  son  of  Mentor. 

Media,  a  celebrated  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Caspian 
sea,  west  by  Armenia,  south  by  Persia, 
and  east  by  Parthia  and  Hyrcania.  The 
Medes  were  warlike  in  the  primitive  ages 
of  their  power;  they  encouraged  polyga- 
my, and  were  remarkable  for  the  homage 


ME 


228 


ME 


which  they  paid  to  their  sovereigns,  who 
were  styled  kings  of  kings. 

Medias,  a  tyrant  of  Mysia. 

Medicus,  a  prince  of  Larissa,  in  Thes- 
saly. 

Mediolanum,  now  Milan,  the  capital 

of  Insubria  at  the  mouth  of  the  Po. 

Auiercorum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Evreux, 

in  Normandy. Santonum,    another, 

now  Saintes,  in  Guienne. 

Mediomatrices,  a  nation  that  lived  on 
the  borders  of  the  Rhine,  now  Mett. 

Mediterraneum  mare,  a  sea  which 
divides  Europe  and  Asia  Minor  from  Afri- 
ca. It  receives  its  name  from  its  situa- 
tion, medio  terra;,  situate  in  the  middle  of 
the  land. 

Meditrina,  the  goddess  of  medicines, 
whose  festivals,  called  Meditrinalia,  were 
celebrated  at  Rome  the  last  day  of  Sep- 
tember. 

Medoacus  or  Meduacus,  a  river  in  the 
country  of  the  Veneti,  falling  into  the 
Adriatic  sea. 

Medobithyni,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Medobriga,  a  town  of  Lusitania,  now 
destroyed. 

Medon,  son  of  Codrus  the  17th  and  last 
king  of  Athens,  was  the  first  Archon  that 
\vas  appointed  with  regal  authority,  B.  C. 
J070.  His  successors  were  called  from 
iiim  Medontidae,  and  the  office  of  Arcbon 
remained  for  above  two  hundred  years  in 
the  family  of  Codrus  under  twelve  per- 

?etual  archons. A  man  killed  in  the 
'rojan  war. A  statuary  of  Laceda> 

Jion. One  of  the  Centaurs. One  of 

Ihe  Tyrrhene  sailors  changed  into  dol- 
phins by  Bacchus. A  river  of  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Medontias,  a  woman  of  Abydos,  with 
whom  Alcibiades  cohabited  as  with  a  wife. 

Meduacus,  two  rivers,  falling  near  Ve- 
nice into  the  Adriatic  sea. 

Meduana,  a  river  of  Gaul. 

Medullina,  an  infamous  courtezan  in 
Juvenal's  age. 

Medus,  now  Kur,  a  river  of  Media,  fall- 
ing into  the  Araxes.  Some  take  Medus 
adjectively,  a3  applying  to  any  of  the  great 

rivers  of  Media. A  son  of  iEgeus  and 

Medea,  who  gave  his  name  to  a  country 
of  Asia.  Medus,  when  arrived  to  years 
of  maturity,  went  to  seek  his  mother, 
whom  the  arrival  of  Theseus  in  Athens 
had  driven  away.  He  came  to  Colchis, 
where  he  was  seized  by  his  uncle  Perses, 
who  usurped  the  throne  of  ^Eetes,  his 
mother's  father,  because  the  oracle  had 
declared  that  Perses  should  be  murdered 
by  one  of  the  grandsons  of  JSetes.  Me- 
dus assumed  another  name,  and  called 
himself  Hippotes,  son  of  Creon.  Mean- 
while Medea  arrived  in  Colchis  disguised 
in  the  habit  of  a  priestess  of  Diana,  and 
when  she  heard  that  one  of  Creon's  chil- 
dren was  imprisoned,  she  resolved  to  has- 


ten the  destruction  of  a  person  whose 
family  she  detested.  To  effect  this  with 
more  certainty  she  told  the  usurper,  that 
Hippotes  was  really  a  son  of  Medea,  sent 
by  his  mother  to  murder  him.  She  beg- 
ged Perses  to  give  her  Hippotes,  that  she 
might  sacrifice  him  to  her  resentment. 
Perses  consented.  Medea  discovered  that 
it  was  her  own  son,  and  she  instantly 
armed  him  with  the  dagger  which  she 
had  prepared  against  his  life,  and  ordered 
him  to  stab  the  usurper.  He  obeyed,  and 
Medea  discovered  who  he  was,  and  made 
her  son  Medus  sit  on  his  grandfather's 
throne. 

Medusa,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons, 
daughter  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto.  She  was 
the  only  one  of  the  Gorgons  who  was 
subject  to  mortality.  She  is  celebrated  for 
her  personal  charms  and  the  beauty  of  her 
locks.  The  locks  of  Medusa  were  chan- 
ged into  serpents  by  Minerva,  whose  tem- 
ple she  had  profaned.  According  to  Apol- 
lodorus  and  others,  Medusa  and  her  sis- 
ters came  into  the  world  with  snakes  on 
their  heads,  instead  of  hair,  with  yellow 
wings  and  brazen  hands.  Their  body 
was  also  covered  with  impenetrable 
scales,  and  their  very  looks  had  the  pow- 
er of  killing  or   turning  to  stones. A 

daughter  of  Priam. A   daughter  of 

Sthenelus. 

Megabizi,  certain  priests  in  Diana's 
temple  at  Ephesus. 

Megabyzus,  one  of  the  noble  Persians 
who  conspired  against  the  usurper  Smer- 
dis. A  son  of  Zopyrus,  satrap  to  Dari- 
us.    He  conquered  Egypt. A  satrap  of 

Artaxerxes.  He  was  discarded  and  after- 
wards reconciled  to  the  monarch  by  means 
of  his  mother.  He  died  in  the  76th  year 
of  his  age,  B.  C.  447,  greatly  regretted. 

Megacles,  an  Athenian  archon  who 
involved  the  greatest  part  of  the  Atheni- 
ans in  the  sacrilege  which  was  committed 

in  the  conspiracy  of  Cylon. A  brother 

of  Dion. A  son  of  Alcmseon,  who  re- 
volted with  some  Athenians  after  the  de- 
parture of  Solon  from  Athens. A  na- 
tive of  Messana  in  Sicily,  famous  for  his 
inveterate  enmity  to  Agathocles,  tyrant  of 

Syracuse. A  man  who  destroyed  the 

leading  men  of  Mitylene,  because  he  had 
been  punished. 

Megaclides,  a  peripatetic  philosopher 
in  the  age  of  Protagoras. 

Megjeka,  one  of  the  furies,  daughter  of 
Nox  and  Acheron. 

Megale,  the  Greek  name  of  Cybele, 
the  mother  of  the  gods,  whose  festivals 
were  called  Megalesia. 

Megaleas,  a  seditious  person  of  Cor- 
inth. He  was  seized  for  his  treachery  to 
king  Philip  of  Macedonia,  upon  which  he 
destroyed  himself  to  avoid  punishment. 

Megalesia,  games  in  honor  of  Cybele 
instituted  by  the  Phrygians,  and  introduc- 


ME 


229 


ME 


ed  at  Rome  in  the  second  Punic  war, 
r.iien  the  statue  of  the  goddess  was 
Drought  from  Persinus. 

MeoaU a,  a  small  island  of  Campania, 
neir  NeapOlis. 

-Megalopolis,  a  town  of  Arcadia  in  Pe- 
loponnesus, built  by  Epaminondas. 

M$gamede,  the  wife  of  Thestius,  moth- 
er by  him  of  fifty  daughters. 

.M*k:ga..vira,  the  wife  of  Celeus,  king  of 
Eleisis  in  Attica.  She  was  mother  to 
Ti  iptpleimis,  to  Whom  Ceres,  as  she  trav- 
elled over  Attica,  taught  agriculture. 
She  received  divine  honors  after  death. 
The  wife  of  Areas. 

JbuAPESTHEs,  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Menelaus,  who  was  married  to  a  daugh- 
ter of  Alector,  a  native  of  Sparta.  His 
mother's  name  was  Teridoa,  a  slave  of 
Menelaus. 

Megara,  a  daughter  of  Creon,  king  of 
Thebes,  given  in  marriage  to  Hercules, 
because  he  had  delivered  the  Thebans 
from  the  tyranny  of  the  Orchomenians. 
She  was  killed,  with  her  three  children, 
by  her  husband,  in  a  fit  of  madness. 

Megara,  a  city  of  Achaia,  the  capital 
of  a  country  called  Me^aris,  founded  about 
1131  B.  C.  It  is  situate  nearly  at  an 
equal  distance  from  Corinth  and  Athens, 
on  the  Sinus  Saronicus.  It  was  built 
upon  two  rocks,  and  is  still  in  being,  and 

preserves  its  ancient  name. A  town  of 

Sicily. 

Megareus,  the  father  of  Hippomenes. 
< A  son  of  Apollo. 

Megaris,  a  small  country  of  Achaia, 
between  Phocis  on  the  west  and  Attica  on 
the  east. 

Megarstjs,  a  town  of  Sicily— of  Cilicia. 
A  river  of  India. 

Megasthenes,  a  Greek  historian  in  the 
age  of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  about  three  hun- 
dred years  before  Christ.  He  wrote  about 
the  oriental  nations,  and  particularly  the 
Indians. 

Meges,  one  of  Helen's  suitors,  who 
went  with  forty  ships  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Megilla,  a  native  of  Locris,  remarka- 
ble for  beauty. 

Megista,  an  island  of  Lycia,  with  an 
harbor  of  the  same  name. 

Megistias,  a  soothsayer  who  told  the 
Spartans  that  defended  Thermopylae,  that 
they  all  should  perish. A  river. 

Mela  Pomponius,  a  Spaniard  who  flou- 
rished about  the  forty-fifth  year  of  the 
Christian  era,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  geography  divided  into  three  books, 
and  written  with  elegance,  with  great 
perspicuity  and  brevity. 

Melsn^,  a  village  of  Attica. 

Melampus,  a  celebrated  soothsayer  and 
physician  of  Argo3,  son  of  Amythaon  and 
ldomenea,  or  Dorippe.  He  lived  at  Pylos 
in  Peloponnesus.  The  tyranny  of  his  un- 
cle Neleus,  king  of  Pylos,  obliged  him  to 
90 


leave  his  native  country,  and  Prcetus  gave 
him  part  of  his  kingdom,  over  which  he 
established  himself  About  this  time  the 
personal  charms  of  Pero,  the  daughter  of 
Neleus,  had  gained  many  admirers,  but 
the  father  promised  his  daughter  only  to 
him  who  brought  into  his  hands  the  oxen 
of  Iphiclus.  This  condition  displeased 
many ;  but  Bias,  who  was  also  one  of  her 
admirers,  engaged  his  brother  Melampus 
to  steal  the  oxen,  and  deliver  them  to  him. 
Melampus  was  caught  in  the  attempt,  and 
imprisoned,  and  nothing  but  his  services 
as  a  soothsayer  and  physician  to  Iphiclus 
would  have  saved  him  from  death.  A 
severe  distemper,  which  had  rendered  the 
women  of  Argos  insane,  was  totally  re- 
moved by  Melampus,  and  Anaxagoras, 
who  then  sat  on  the  throne,  rewarded  his 
merit  by  giving  him  part  of  his  kingdom 
He  received  divine  honors  after  death, 
and  temples  were  raised  to  his  memory. 

The  father  of  Cisseus  and  Gyas. 

A  son  of  Priam. One  of  Actaeon's 

dogs. 

Melampyges,  a  surname  of  Hercules, 
from  the  black  and  hairy  appearance  of 
his  back. 

Melanch^tes,  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Melanchljeni,  a  people  near  the  Cim- 
merian Bosphorus. 

Melanchrus,  a  tyrant  of  Lesbos,  who 
died  about  612  B.  C. 

Melane,  the  same  as  Samothrace. 

Melaneus,  a  son  of  Eurytus,  from 
whom  Eretria  has  been  called  Melaneis. 
A  centaur. 

Melanida,  a  surname  of  Venus. 

Melanion,  the  same  as  Hippomenes, 
who  married  Atalanta. 

Melanippe,  a  daughter  of  iEolus  who 
had  two  children  by  Neptune,  for  which 
her  father  put  out  both  her  eyes,  and  con- 
fined her  in  a  prison.  Her  children  de- 
livered her  from  confinement,  and  Nep- 
tune restored  her  to  her  eye-sight. A 

nymph  who  married  Itonus,  son  of  Am- 
phictyon. 

Melanippides,  a  Greek  poet  about  five 
hundred  and  twenty  years  before  Christ. 

Melanippus,  a  priest  of  Apollo,  at  Cy- 

rene,  killed  by  the  tyrant  Nicocrates. 

A  son  of  Astacus  one  of  the  Theban 
chiefs  who  defended  the  gates  of  Thebes 
against  the  army  of  Adrastus  king  of  Ar- 
gos.   He  was  killed  by  Amphiaraus. 

A  son  of  Mars,  who  became  enamored  of 
Cometho,  a  priestess  of  Diana  Triclaria. 

A  Trojan  killed  by  Antilochus  in  the 

Trojan  war. Another  killed  by  Patro- 

clus. 

Melanosyri,  a  people  of  Syria. 

Melanthii,  rocks  near  the  island  of 
Samos. 

Melanthiu9,  a  man  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  Attica. A  famous  painter  of 

Sicyon. A  tragic  poet  in  the  age  of 


ME 


230 


ME 


Phocion. A  Trojan  killed  by  Eurypylus 

in  the  Trojan  war. A  goat  herd  killed 

by  Telemachus  after  the  return  of  Ulys- 
ses. 

Melantho,  a  daughter  of  Proteus. 

One  of  Penelope's  women,  sister  to  Me- 
lanthius. 

Melanthus,  Melanthes,  or  Melan- 
thius,  a  son  of  Andropompus,  whose  an- 
cestors were  kings  of  Pylos.  He  was 
driven  from  his  paternal  kingdom  by  the 
Heraclidae,  and  came  to  Athens,  where  his 
family,  surnamed  the  JVeleidce,  sat  on  the 
throne  till  the  age  of  Codrus. 

Melas,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus — of 
Thrace,  at  the  west  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 

sonesus. Another  in  Sicily — in  Achaia 

— in  Boeotia — in  Thessaly. A  son  of 

Neptune. Another,  son  of  Proteus. 

A  son  of  Phryxus  who  was  among  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 
Meld.e,  a  city  of  Gaul. 
Meleager,  a  celebrated  hero  of  anti- 
quity, son  of  CEneus,  king  of  iEtolia  by 
Althaea,  daughter  of  Thestius.  The 
Parcae  were  present  at  the  moment  of  his 
birth;  and  Atropos  declared  that  he  should 
live  as  long  as  that  fire-brand,  which  was 
on  the  fire,  remained  entire  and  uncon- 
sumed.  Althaea  no  sooner  heard  this, 
than  she  snatched  the  stick  from  the  fire, 
and  kept  it  with  the  most  jealous  care,  as 
the  life  of  her  son  was  destined  to  depend 
upon  its  preservation.  The  fame  of  Mele- 
ager increased  with  his  years  ;  he  signal- 
ized himself  in  the  Argonautic  expedi- 
tion, and  afterwards  delivered  his  country 
from  the  neighboring  inhabitants,  who 
made  war  against  his  father,  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Diana,  whose  altars  CEneus  had 
neglected.  No  sooner  were  they  destroy- 
ed than  Diana  punished  the  negligence  of 
CEneus  by  a  greater  calamity.  She  sent 
a  huge  wild  boar,  which  laid  waste  all  the 
country,  and  seemed  invincible  on  account 
of  its  immense  size.  It  became  soon  a 
public  concern,  all  the  neighboring  princes 
assembled  to  destroy  this  terrible  animal, 
and  nothing  became  more  famous  in  my- 
thological history,  than  the  hunting  of  the 
Calydonian  boar.  This  troop  of  armed 
men  attacked  the  boar  with  unusual  fury, 
and  it  was  at  last  killed  by  Meleager. 
The  conqueror  gave  the  skin  and  the  head 
to  Atalanta,  who  had  first  wounded  the 
animal.  This  partiality  to  a  woman  irri- 
tated the  others,  and  particularly  Toxeus 
and  Plexippus,  the  brothers  of  Althaea, 
and  they  endeavored  to  rob  Atalanta  of 
the  honorable  present.  Meleager  defend- 
ed a  woman,  of  whom  he  was  enamored, 
and  killed  his  uncles  in  the  attempt. 
When  Althaea  was  informed  that  her  broth- 
er had  been  killed  by  Meleager,  in  the  mo- 
ment of  resentment,  she  threw  into  the  fire 
the  fatal  stick  on  which  her  son's  life  de- 
pended, and  Meleager  died  as  soon   as  it 


was  consumed. A  general,  who  sup- 
ported Aridaeus  when  he  had  been  made 
king  after  the  death  of  his  brother  Alex- 
ander the  Great. A  brother  of  Ptolemy, 

made  king  of  Macedonia  B.  C.  280  years. 

A  Greek  poet  in  the  reign  of  Seleucus 

the  last  of  the  Seleucidae.  He  was  born 
at  Tyre  and  died  at  Cos.  It  is  to  his  well- 
directed  labors  that  we  are  indebted  for 
the  antholog-ia,  or  collection  of  Greek  epi- 
grams, which  he  selected  from  forty-six 
of  the  best  and  most  esteemed  poets. 

Meleagrides,  the  sisters  of  Meleager 
daughters  of  CEneus  and  Althaea.  They 
were  so  disconsolate  at  the  death  of  their 
brother  Meleager,  that  they  refused  all  ali- 
ments, and  were,  at  the  point  of  death, 
changed  into  birds  called  Meleagrides, 
whose  feathers  and  eggs,  as  it  is  supposed, 
are  of  a  different  color. 

Melesander,  an  Athenian  general  who 
died  B.  C.  414. 

Meles,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ionia 
near  Smyrna.  Some  of  the  ancients  sup- 
posed that  Homer  was  born  on  its  banks. 

A  beautiful  Athenian  youth,  greatly 

beloved  by  Timagoras,  whose  affections 
he  repaid  with  the  greatest  coldness  and 

indifference. A  king  of  Lydia,  who 

succeeded  his  father  Alyattes,  about  seven 
hundred  and  forty-seven  years  before 
Christ. 

Melesigenes  or  Melesigena,  a  name 
given  to  Homer. 
Melia,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  who 

married  Inachus. A  nymph. A 

daughter  of  Oceanus,  sister  to  Caanthus. 

One  of  the  Nereides. A  daughter 

of  Agenor. 
Melibcea,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  who 

married  Pelasgus. A  daughter  of  Am- 

phion  and  Niobe. A  maritime  town  of 

Magnesia  in  Thessaly. Also  an  island 

at  the  mouth  of  the  Orontes  in  Syria. 

Melibceus,  a  shepherd  introduced  in 
Virgil's  eclogues. 

Melicerta,  Melicertes,  or  Melicer- 
tus,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino,  changed 
into  a  sea  deity  by  Neptune.  Neptune  had 
compassion  on  the  misfortunes  of  Ino  and 
her  son,  and  changed  them  both  into  sea 
deities. 

Meliguni9,  one  of  the  ^Eolian  islands 
near  Sicily. 

Melina,  a  daughter  of  Thespius,  mo- 
ther of  Laomedon,  by  Hercules. 
Melisa,  a  town  of  Magna  Graecia. 
Melissa,  a  daughter  of  Melissus,  king 
of  Crete,  who  with  her  sister  Amalthaea, 

fed  Jupiter  with  the  milk  of  goats. 

One  of  the  Oceanides. A  daughter  of 

Procles,  who  married  Periander,  the  son 

of  Cypselus,  by  whom  she  was  killed. 

A  woman  of  Corinth,  who  refused  to  ini- 
tiate others  in  the  festivals  of  Ceres,  after 
she  had  received  admission.  She  was 
torn  to  pieces  upon  this  disobedience,  and 


ME 


231 


ME 


the  goddess  made  a  swarm  of  bees  rise 
from  her  body. 

Mejlissus,  a  king   of  Crete,   father  to 

Melissa  and  Amaltlnca. An  admiral  of 

the  Samian  fleet  B.  C.  441,  defeated  by 

Pericles. A  philosopher  of  Samos,  about 

four  hundred  and  forty  years  before  the 

Christian  era. A  freedman  of  Mecae- 

nas. 

Melita,  an  island  in  the  Libyan  sea,  be- 
tween Sicily  and  Africa  now  called  Malta. 

Another  on  the  coast  of  Ulyricum  in 

the  Adriatic,  now  Mclede. An  ancient 

name  of  Samothrace. — ^— One  of  the  Ne- 
reides. 

Melitene,  a  province  of  Armenia. 

Melitus,  a  poet  and  orator  of  Athens, 
who  became  one  of  the  principal  accusers 
of  Socrates. 

Sp.  Melius,  a  Roman  knight  accused  of 
aspiring  to  tyranny,  on  account  of  his  un- 
common liberality  to  the  populace.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  Ahala,  the  master  of 
horse. 

Melixandrus,  a  Milesian,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  wars  of  the  Lapithae 
and  Centaurs. 

Mella  or  Mela,  a  small  river  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul. 

Mella  Ann-eus,  the  father  of  Lucan. 
He  was  accused  of  being  privy  to  Piso's 
conspiracy  against  Nero,  upon  which  he 
opened  his  veins. 

Melobosis,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Melon,  an  astrologer,  who  feigned  mad- 
ness and  burnt  his  house  that  he  might  not 
go  to  an  expedition,  which  he  knew  would 

be  attended  with  great  calamities. An 

interpreter  of  king  Darius. 

Melos,  now  Milo,  an  island  between 
Crete  and  Peloponnesus,  about  twenty- 
four  miles  from  Scyllaeum,  about  sixty 
miles  in  circumference,  and  of  an  oblong 
figure. 

Melpes,  now  Melpa,  a  river  of  Lucania, 
falling  into  the  Tyrrhene  sea. 

Melpia.  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Melpomene,  one  of  the  muses,  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  She  pre- 
sided over  tragedy.  Her  garments  were 
splendid  ;  she  wore  a  buskin,  and  held  a 
dagger  in  one  hand  and  in  the  other  a 
sceptre  and  crowns. 

Memaceni,  a  powerful  nation  of  Asia. 

Memmia  Sulpitia,  a  woman  who  mar- 
ried the  emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

Memmia  Lex,  ordained  that  no  one 
should  be  entered  on  the  calendar  of  cri- 
minals who  was  absent  on  the  public  ac- 
counts. 

Memmius,  a  Roman  citizen  accused  of 
ambitus. A  Roman  knight,  who  render- 
ed himself  illustrious   for  his  eloquence 

and  poetical  talents. The  family  of  the 

Memmii  were  plebeians. 

Memnon,  a  king  of  ^Ethiopia,  son  of 
Tithonus  and  Aurora.    He  came  with  a 


body  often  thousand  men  to  assist  his  un- 
cle Priam,  during  the  Trojan  war,  where 
he  behaved  with  great  courage,  and  killed 
Antilochus,  Nestor's  son.  The  aged  fa- 
ther challenged  the  ^Ethiopian  monarch, 
but  Memnon  refused  it  on  account  of  the 
venerable  age  of  Nestor,  and  accepted  that 
of  Achilles.  He  was  killed  in  the  combat 
in  the  sight  of  the  Grecian  and  Trojan  ar- 
mies. The  ^Ethiopians  or  Egyptians,  over 
whom  Memnon  reigned,  erected  a  cele- 
brated statue  to  the  honor  of  their  mon- 
arch. This  statue  had  the  wonderful  pro- 
perty of  uttering  a  melodious  sound  every 
day,  at  sun-rising,  like  that  which  is  heard 
at  the  breaking  of  the  string  of  a  harp 
when  it  is  wound  up.  This  was  effected 
by  the  rays  of  the  sun  when  they  fell  upon 
it.  This  celebrated  statue  was  disman- 
tled by  order  of  Cambyses,  when  he  con- 
quered Egypt,  and  its  ruins  still  astonish 
modern  travellers  by  their  grandeur  and 

beauty. A  general  of  the  Persian  forces, 

when  Alexander  invaded  Asia.  He  de- 
fended Miletus  against  Alexander,  and 
died  in  the  midst  of  his  successful  enter- 
prises, B.  C.  333. 

Memphis,  a  celebrated  town  of  Egypt, 
on  the  western  banks  of  the  Nile,  above 
the  Delta.  It  once  contained  many  beau- 
tiful temples,  particularly  those  of  the  god 
Apis,  whose  worship  was  observed  with 
the  greatest  ceremonies.  It  was  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Memphis  that  those  fa- 
mous pyramids  were  built,  whose  grand- 
eur and  beauty  still  astonish  the  modern 

traveller. A  nymph  daughter  of  the 

Nile,  who  married  Ephesus,  by  whom  she 
had  Libya. The  wife  of  Danaus. 

Memphitis,  a  son  of  Ptolemy  Physcon 
king  of  Egypt,  put  to  death  by  his  father. 

Mena,  a  goddess  worshipped  at  Rome. 

MENAOr  Menes,  the  first  king  of  Egypt, 
according  to  some  accounts. 

Menalcas,  a  shepherd  in  Virgil's  ec- 
logues. 

Menalcidas,  an  intriguing  Lacedae- 
monian in  the  time  of  the  famous  Achaaan 
league. 

Menalippe,  a  sister  of  Antiope,  queen 
of  the  Amazons,  taken  by  Hercules  when 
that  hero  made  war  against  this  celebrat- 
ed nation.  She  was  ransomed,  and  Her- 
cules received  in  exchange  the  arms  and 

belt  of  the  queen. A  daughter  of  the 

centaur  Chiron,  beloved  by  ^Eolus,  son 
of  Hellen.  She  became  a  constellation 
after  death,  called  the  horse. 

Menander,  a  celebrated  comic  poet  of 
Athens,  educated  under  Theophrastus. 
He  was  universally  esteemed  by  the 
Greeks,  and  received  the  appellation 
of  Prince  of  the  New  Comedy.  Of  one 
hundred  and  eight  comedies  which  he 
wrote,  nothing  remains  but  a  few  frag- 
ments. It  is  said  that  Menander  drowned 
himself  in  the  fifty-second  year  of  his  age, 


ME 


232 


ME 


B.  C.  293. A  man  who  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  embassies,  &c. A  king  of  Bac- 

tria,  whose  ashes  were  divided  among  his 

subjects. An   historian   of  Ephesus. 

Another  of  Pergamus. 

Menapii,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  near 
the  Mosa. 

Menapis,  a  Persian  exile  made  satrap 
of  Hyrcania,  by  Alexander. 

Mesas,  a  freedman  of  Pompey  the 
Great  who  distinguished  himself  by  the 
active  and  perfidious  part  he  took  in  the 
civil  wars  which  were  kindled  between 
the  younger  Pompey  and  Augustus. 

Mencheees,  the  twelfth  king  of  Mem- 
phis. 

Mendes,  a  city  of  Egypt,  near  Lycopo- 
lis,  on  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Nile, 
called  the  Mendesian  mouth.  Pan  under 
the  form  of  a  goat  was  worshipped  there 
with  the  greatest  solemnity. 

Menecles,  an  orator  of  Alabanda  in 
Caria,  who  settled  at  Rhodes. 

Meneclides,  a  detractor  of  the  charac- 
ter of  Epaminondas. 

Menecsates,  a  physician  of  Syracuse, 
famous  for  his  vanity  and  arrogance.  He 
was  generally  accompanied  by  some  of 
his  patients  whose  disorders  he  had  cured. 
He  disguised  one  in  the  habit  of  Apollo, 
and  the  other  in  that  of  ^Esculapius,  while 
he  reserved  for  himself  the  title  and  name 
of  Jupiter,  whose  power  was  extended 
over  those  inferior  deities.  He  lived  about 
three  hundred  and  sixty  years  before  the 

Christian  era. One  of  the  generals  of 

Seleucus. An  historian. 

Menedemus,  an  officer  of  Alexander 
killed  by  the  Dafue. A  Socratic  philo- 
sopher of  Eretria,  who  was  originally  a 
tent  maker,  an  employment  which  he  left 
for  the  profession  of  arms.  It  is  said  that 
he  died  through  melancholy  when  Anti- 
gonus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals  had 
made  himself  master  of  his  country,  B. 

C.  301,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his 

age. A  Cynic  philosopher  of  Lampsa- 

cus. An  officer  of  Lucullus. 

Menegetas,  a  boxer  or  wrestler  in  Phi- 
lip of  Macedon's  army. 

Menelai  portus,  an  harbor  on  the  coast 

of  Africa,  between  Cyrene  and  Egypt. 

Mons,  a  hill  near  Sparta. 

Menelai  a,  a  festival  celebrated  at  The- 
rapna;  in  Laconia,  in  honor  of  Mene- 
laus. 

Menelaus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  brother  to 
Agamemnon.  His  father's  name  was 
Atreus.  Like  the  rest  of  the  Grecian  prin- 
ces he  solicited  the  marriage  of  Helen  the 
daughter  of  king  Tyndarus.  By  the  arti- 
fice and  advice  of  Ulysses,  Helen  was  per- 
mitted to  choose  a  husband,  and  she  fixed 
her  eyes  upon  Menelaus  and  married  him. 
As  soon  as  the  nuptials  were  celebrated, 
Tyndarus  resigned  the  crown  to  his  son- 
in-law,  and  their  happiness  was  complete. 


The  absence  of  Menelaus  in  Crete  gave 
opportunities  to  the  Trojan  prince  Paris  to 
corrupt  the  fidelity  of  Helen.  This  action 
was  highly  resented  by  Menelaus  ;  he  re- 
minded the  Greek  princes  of  their  oath  and 
solemn  engagements  and  immediately  all 
Greece  took  up  arms  to  defend  his  cause. 
In  the  tenth  year  of  the  Trojan  war, 
Helen,  as  it  is  reported,  obtained  the  for- 
giveness and  the  good  graces  of  Menelaus 
by  introducing  him  with  Ulysses,  the  night 
that  Troy  was  reduced  to  ashes,  into  the 
chamber  of  Deiphobus  whom  she  had  mar- 
ried after  the  death  of  Paris.  This  per- 
fidious conduct  totally  reconciled  her  to 
her  first  husband ;  and  she  returned 
with  him  to  Sparta,  during  a  voyage  of 
eight  years.     He  died  some  time  after  his 

return. A  lieutenant  of  Ptolemy  set 

over  Salamis. A  city  of  Egypt. A 

mathematician  in  the  age  of  the  emperor 
Trajan. 

Menenius  Agrippa,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man who  appeased  the  Roman  populace 
in  the  infancy  of  the  consular  government 
by  repeating  the  well  known  fable  of  the 
belly  and  limbs.  He  flourished  495,  B.  C. 
A  Roman  consul. An  insane  per- 
son in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Menephron,  a  man  changed  into  a  wild 
beast  for  his  unnatural  wickedness. 

Menes,  the  first  king  of  Egypt.  He 
built  the  town  of  Memphis. 

Menesthei  Portus,  a  town  of  Kispania 
Bfetica. 

Menesteus,  or  Menestheus,  or  Mxes- 
theus,  a  son  of  Pereus,  who  so  insinuat- 
ed himself  into  the  favor  of  the  people  of 
Athens,  that,  during  the  long  absence  of 
Theseus,  he  was  elected  king.  He  went 
to  the  Trojan  war,  and  died  in  his  return 

in  the  island  of  Melos. A  son  of  Iphi- 

crates  who  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Athenian  armies. 

Menesthius,  a  Greek  killed  by  Pari3 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

Menetas,  a  man  set  governor  over  Bab- 
ylon by  Alexander. 

Meninx,  or  Lotophagitis  insula,  now 
Zerbi,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
near  the  Syrtis  Minor. 

Menippa,  one  of  the  Amazons  who  as- 
sisted iEetes. 

Menippides,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Menippus,  a  Cynic  philosopher  of  Phoe- 
nicia.    He  wrote  thirteen  books  of  satires 

which  have  been  lost. A  native  of  Stra- 

tonice  who  was  preceptor  to  Cicero  for 
some  time. 

Menius,  a  plebeian  consul  at  Rome. 
He  was  the  first  who  made  the  rostrum  at 
Rome  with  the    beaks  of  the    enemy's 

ships. A  son  of  Lycaon,  killed  by  the 

same  thunderbolt  which  destroyed  his  fa- 
ther. 

Mennis,  a  town  of  Assyria  abounding 
in  bitumen. 


ME 


233 


ME 


MeN'odotus,  a  physician. A  Samian 

historian. 

Menceceus,  a  Theban,  father  of  Hippo- 

nome,  Jocasta,  and  Creon. A  young 

Theban,  son  of  Creon.  He  offered  him- 
self to  death,  when  Tiresias  ordered  the 
Thebans  to  sacrifice  one  of  the  descend- 
ants of  those  who  sprang  from  the  dra- 
gon's teeth. 

Mengetes,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  of  Gyas, 
at  the  naval  games  exhibited  by  ^Eneas  at 
the  anniversary  of  his  father's  death. 

Mencetiades.    Vid.  Menoetius. 

Mencetius,  a  son  of  Actor  and  /Egina, 
one  of  the  Argonauts. 

Menon,  a  Thessalian  commander  in  the 
expedition  of  Cyrus  the  younger  against 

his  brother  Artaxerxes. A  Thessalian 

refused  the  freedom  of  Athens,  though  he 
furnished  a  number  of  auxiliaries  to  the 

people. The  husband  of  Semiramis. 

A  sophist  in  the  age  of  Socrates. 

Menophilds,  an  eunuch  to  whom  Mith- 
ridates,  when  conquered  by  Pompey,  in- 
trusted the  care  of  his  daughter.  Meno- 
philus  murdered  the  princess  for  fear  of 
her  falling  into  the  enemy's  hands. 

Mentes,  a  king  of  the  Taphians  in 
jEtolia. 

Mentissa,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Mento,  a  Roman  consul. 

Mentor,  a  faithful  friend  of  Ulysses. 

A  son  of  Hercules. A  king  of  Sido- 

nia. An  excellent  artist  in  polishing 

cups  and  engraving  flowers  on  them. 

Mentllus,  a  Macedonian  set  over  the 
garrison  which  Antipater  had  stationed  at 
Athens. 

Mera,  a  priest  of  Venus. A  dog  of 

Icarius,  who  by  his  cries  showed  Erigone 
where  her  murdered  father  had  been 
thrown. 

Mera,  or  Moera,  one  of  the  Atlantides 
who  married  Tegeates  son  of  Lycaon. 

Mercurii  Promontorium,  a  cape  of 
Africa,  near  Clypea. 

Mercurius,  a  celebrated  god  of  antiqui- 
ty, called  Hermes  by  the  Greeks.  There 
were  no  less  than  five  of  this  name,  to 
which  some  add  a  sixth.  To  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Maia,  the  actions  of  all  the 
others  have  been  probably  attributed,  as 
he  is  the  most  famous,  and  the  best 
known.  Mercury  was  the  messenger  of 
the  gods,  and  of  Jupiter  in  particular  ;  he 
was  the  patron  of  travellers  and  of  shep- 
herds ;  he  conducted  the  souls  of  the  dead 
into  the  infernal  regions,  and  not  only  pre- 
sided over  orators,  merchants,  declaim- 
ers,  but  he  was  also  the  god  of  thieves, 
pickpockets,  and  all  dishonest  persons. 
His  name  is  derived  a  mcrcibus,  because 
he  was  the  god  of  merchandise  among  the 
Latins.  Jupiter  took  him  as  his  messen- 
ger, interpreter,  and  cup-bearer  in  the  as- 
sembly of  the  gods.  This  last  office  he 
discharged  till  the  promotion  of  Gany- 
20* 


mede.  He  was  presented  by  the  king  of 
heaven  with  a  winged  cap  called  petasus, 
and  with  wings  for  his  feet  called  talaria. 
He  had  also  a  short  sword  called  herpe, 
which  he  lent  to  Perseus.  With  these  he 
was  enabled  to  go  into  whatever  part  of 
the  universe  he  pleased  with  the  greatest 
celerity,  and  besides  he  was  permitted  to 
make  himself  invisible,  and  to  assume 
whatever  shape  he  pleased.  His  wor- 
ship was  well  established,  particularly  in 
Greece,  Egypt,  and  Italy.  Sometimes 
Mercury  appears  on  monuments  with  a 
large  cloak  round  his  arm,  or  tied  under 
his  chin.  The  chief  ensigns  of  his  power 
and  offices  are  his  cadaceus,  his  petasus, 
and  his  talaria.  Sometimes  he  is  like  a 
young  man  without  a  beard,  holding  in 
one  hand  a  purse,  as  being  a  tutelary  god 
of  merchants,  with  a  cock  on  his  wrists  as 
an  emblem  of  vigilance,  and  at  his  feet  a 
goat,  a  scorpion,  and  a  fly.  Sometimes  he 
rests  his  foot  upon  a  tortoise.  Sometimes 
his  statues  represent  him  as  without  arms, 
because,  according  to  some,  the  power  of 
speech  can  prevail  over  every  thing  even 
without  the  assistance  of  arms.    Mercury 

has  many  surnames  and  epithets. 

Trismegistus,  a  priest  and  philosopher  of 
Egypt  who  taught  his  countrymen  how 
to  cultivate  the  olive,  and  measure  their 
lands,  and  to  understand  hieroglyphics. 
He  lived  in  the  age  of  Osiris,  and  wrote 
forty  books. 

Meretrix,  a  name  under  which  Venus 
was  worshipped  at  Abydos  and  at  Samos. 

Meriones,  a  charioteer  of  Idomeneus 

king  of  Crete  during  the  Trojan  war. 

A  brother  of  Jason  son  of  iEson,  famous 
for  his  great  opulence  and  for  his  avarice. 

Mermeros,  a  centaur. A  Trojan 

killed  by  Antilochus. A  son  of  Jason 

and  Medea. 

Mermnadj;,  a  race  of  kings  in  Lydia 
of  which  Gyges  was  the  first.  They  were 
descendants  of  the  Heraclidas. 

Meroe,  now  Nuabia,  an  island  of  iEthi- 
opia,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  cele- 
brated for  his  wines. 

Merope,  one  of  the  Atlantides.  She 
married  Sisyphus  son  of  iEolus,  and,  like 
her  sisters,  was  changed  into  a  constella- 
tion after  death. A  daughter  of  Cypse- 

lus  who  married  Cresphontes  king  of  Mes- 
senia,  by  whom  she  had  three  children. 

A  daughter  of  CEnopion   beloved  by 

Orion. A  daughter  of  the  Cebrenus 

who  married  ^Esacus  the  son  of  Priam. 

Merops,  a  king  of  the  island  of  Cos, 
who  married  Clymene,  one  of  the  Ocean- 
ides.  He  was  changed  into  an  eagle  and 
placed  among  the  constellations. A  ce- 
lebrated soothsayer  of  Percosus  in  Troas, 
who  foretold  the  death  of  his  sons  Adras- 
tus  and  Amphius,  who  were  engaged  in 
the  Trojan  war. One  of  the  compan- 
ions of  iEneas. 


ME 


234 


ME 


Meros,  a  mountain  of  India,  sacred  to 
Jupiter. 

Mertjla  Corn,  a  Roman  who  fought 
against  the  Gauls,  and  was  made  consul 
by  Octavius  in  the  place  of  China. 

Mesabates,  an  eunuch  in  Persia,  flayed 
alive  by  order  of  Parysatis. 
Mesabius,  a  mountain  of  Bosotia. 
Mesapia,  an  ancient  name  of  Bceotia. 
Mesaubius,  a  servant  of  Eumsus  the 
steward  of  Ulysses. 
Mesembria,  now  Mescuria,  a  maritime 

city  of  Thrace. Another  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Lissus. 
Mesene,  an  island  in  the  Tigris. 
Mesomedes,  a  lyric  poet  in  the  age  of 
the  emperor  Antoninus. 

Mesopotamia,  a  country  of  Asia,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Tigris  and  Euphrates. 

Messala,  a  name  of  Valerius  Corvinus, 
from  his  having  conquered  Messana  in  Si- 
cily.  Another  consul. The  father 

of  Valeria  who  married  the  dictator  Sylla. 

A  tribune  in  one  of  the  Roman  legions 

during  the  civil  war  between  Vespasian 

and  Vitellius. A  consul  with  Domitius. 

A  painter  at  Rome,  who  flourished 

B.  C.  235. 

Messalina  Valeria,  a  daughter  of  Mes- 
sala Barbatus.  She  married  the  emperor 
Claudius,  and  disgraced  herself  by  her  cru- 
elties and  incontinence. Another  call- 
ed also  Statilia.  She  was  descended  of  a 
consular  family,  and  married  the  consul 
Atticus  Vistinus  whom  Nero  murdered. 
She  received  with  great  marks  of  ten- 
derness her  husband's  murderer  and  mar- 
ried him. 
Messalinus  M.  Valer.  a  Roman  officer 

in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. One  of  Domi- 

tian's  informers. A  flatterer  of  the  em- 
peror Tiberius. 

Messana,  an  ancient  and  celebrated 
town  of  Sicily  on  the  straits  which  sepa- 
rate Italy  from  Sicily.  It  was  anciently 
called  Zavcle,  and  was  founded  one  thou- 
sand six  hundred  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  The  straits  of  Messana  have 
always  been  looked  npon  as  very  danger- 
ous, especially  by  the  ancients,  on  ac- 
count of  the  rapidity  of  the  currents,  and 
the  irregular  and  violent  flowing  and  ebb- 
ing of  the  sea. 

Messapia,  a  country  of  Italy,  between 
Tarentum  and  Brundusium.  It  is  the 
same  as  Calabria. 

Messatis,  a  town  of  Achaia. 
Messe,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Cithera. 
Messeis,  a  fountain  of  Thessaly. 
Messe ne,  a  daughter  of  Triopas,  king 
of  Argos,  who  married  Polycaon  son  of 
Lelex,  king  of  Laconia.    She  encouraged 
her  husband  to  levy  troops,  and  to  seize  a 
part  of  Peloponnesus,  which,  after  it  had 
been  conquered,  received  her  name. 

Messene,  or  Messena,  now  Maura-Ma- 
tra}  a  city  in  the  Peloponnesus,  the  capital 


of  the  country  called  Messenia.  The  in- 
habitants have  rendered  themselves  fa- 
mous for  the  war  which  they  carried  on 
against  the  Spartans,  and  which  received 
the  appellation  of  the  Messenian  tear. 

Messenia,  a  province  of  Peloponnesus, 
situate  between  Laconia,  Elis,  Arcadia, 
and  the  sea.    Its  chief  city  is  Messena. 

Mestor,  a  son  of  Perseus  and  Andro- 
meda, who  married  Lysidice,  daughter  of 

Pelops,  by  whom  he  had  Hippothoe. A 

son  of  Pterilaus — of  Priam. 

Mesula,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  country 
of  the  Sabines. 

Metabtjs,  a  tyrant  of  the  Privernates. 
He  was  father  of  Camilla. 

Metagitnia,  a  festival  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  celebrated  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Melite,  who  migrated  to  Attica. 

Metanira,  the  wife  of  Celeus,  king  of 
Eleusis,  who  first  taught  mankind  agri- 
culture. 

Metapontum,  a  town  of  Lucania  in 
Italy,  founded  about  1269  years  B.  C.  by 
Metabus,  the  father  of  Camilla,  or  Epeus, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Nestor.  A  few 
broken  pillars  of  marble  are  now  the  only 
vestiges  of  Metapontum. 

Metapontus,  a  son  of  Sisyphus,  who 
married  Theana. 

Metaurus,  now  Metro,  a  town  with  a 
small  river  of  the  same  name  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Brutii. 
Metella,  the  wife  of  Sylla. 
Metelli,  the  surname  of  the  family  of 
the  Csecilii  at  Rome,  the  most  known  of 
whom  were — A  general  who  defeated  the 
Achaeans,  took  Thebes,  and  invaded  Ma- 
cedonia.  Q,.  Ceecilius,  who  rendered 

himself  illustrious  by  his  successes  against 
Jugurtha  the  Numidian  king,  from  which 
he  was  surnamed  JVumidicus.  He  was  ac- 
cused of  extortion  and  ill  management  by 
his  lieutenant  Marius,  who  was  appointed 
successor  to  finish  the    Numidian   war. 

Metellus  was  acquitted. L.  Crecilius, 

another,  who  saved  from  the  flames  the 
palladium,  when  Vesta's  temple  was  on 
fire.  He  was  honored  with  the  dictator- 
ship, and  the  office  of  master  of  horse. 

Q..  Cascilius  Celer,  another  who  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  spirited  exertions 
against  Catiline.  He  died  fifty-seven  years 

before  Christ. L.  Ca?cilius,  a  tribune  in 

the  civil  wars  of  J.  Caesar  and  Pompey. 
He  favored  the  cause  of  Pompey,  and  op- 
posed Csesar  when  he  entered  Rome  with 

a  victorious  army. Q.  Caecilius,  the 

grandson  of  the  high  priest,  who  saved 
the  palladium  from  the  flames,  was  a  war- 
like general,  who,  from  his  conquest  of 
Crete  and  Macedonia,  was  surnamed  Ma- 
cedonicus. Nepos,  a  consul. An- 
other, who,  as  tribune,  opposed  the  am- 
bition of  Julius  Caesar. A  general  of 

the  Roman  armies  against  the  Sicilians 
and  Carthaginians. Lucius  Caecilius,  or 


ME 


235 


MI 


Qnintus,  Surname;!  Crelicus,  from  his  con- 
quest in  Crete,  B.  0.  bti,  is  supposed  by 
some  to  be  the  sou  of  Metelius  Macedoni- 

cus. Ciniber,  one  of  the  conspirators 

against  J.  Cffisar. Pius,  a  general  in 

Spain,  against  tertorius,  on  whose  head 
he  set  a  price  of  one  hundred  talents,  and 
twenty  thousand  acres  of  land. A  con- 
sul who  commanded  in  Africa. 

Metharma,  a  daughter  of  Pygmalion, 
king  of  Cyprus,  and  mother  of  Adonis  by 
Cinyras. 

Methiox,  the  father  of  Phorbas. 

Methodius,  a  bishop  of  Tyre,  who 
maintained  a  controversy  against  Por- 
phyry. 

Methone,    a  town    of  Peloponnesus. 

A  town  of  Macedonia,  south  of  Pella, 

in  the  seige  of  which  Philip  lost  his  right 
eye. Another  in  Magnesia. 

Methydrium,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus, 
near  Megalopolis. 

Methymna,  (now  Porto  Petero),  a  town 
of  the  island  of  Lesbos,  which  receives  its 
name  from  a  daughter  of  Macareus.  It  is 
the  second  city  of  the  island  in  greatness, 
population,  and  opulence,  and  its  territory 
is  fruitful,  and  the  wines  it  produces,  ex- 
cellent. 

Metiadusa,  a  daughter  of  Eupalamus, 
who  married  Cecrops. 

Metilia  lex,  was  enacted  A.  U.  C. 
536,  to  settle  the  power  of  the  dictator  and 
of  his  master  of  horse. 

Metilii,  a  patrician  family  brought 
from  Alba  to  Rome,  by  Tullus  Hostilius. 

Metilius,  a  man  who  accused  Fabius 
Maximus,  before  the  senate. 

Metiochus,  a  son  of  Miltiades,  who 
was  taken  by  the  Phoenicians,  and  given 
to  Darius  king  of  Persia. 

Metion,  a  son  of  Erechtheus,  king  of 
Athens  and  Praxithea.  His  sons  drove 
Pandion  from  the  throne  of  Athens,  and 
were  afterwards  expelled  by  Pandion's 
children. 

Metis,  one  of  the  Oceanides.  She  was 
Jupiter's  first  wife,  celebrated  for  her  great 
prudence  and  sagacity  above  the  rest  of 
the  gods.  Jupiter,  who  was  afraid  lest 
she  should  bring  forth  into  the  world  a 
child  more  cunning  and  greater  than  him- 
self, devoured  her  Some  time  after  this 
adventure  the  god  had  his  head  opened, 
from  which  issued  Minerva  armed  from 
head  to  foot. 

Metiscus,  a  charioteer  to  Turnus. 

Metius  Curtius,  one  of  the  Sabines 
who  fought  against  the  Romans  on  ac- 
count of  the  stolen  virgins. Suffetius, 

a  dictator  of  Alba,  in  the  reign  of  Tullus 
Hostilius.  He  fought  against  the  Romans, 
and  at  last,  finally  to  settle  their  disputes, 
he  proposed  a  single  combat  between  the 
Horatii  and  Curiatii.  For  his  treachery 
to  the  Romans  Tullu3  ordered  Metius  to 
be  tied  between  two  chariots,  which  were 


drawn  by  four  horses  two  different  ways, 
and  his  limbs  were  torn  away  from  his 
body,   about  six  hundred  and  sixty-nine 

years  before  the  christian  era. A  critic. 

Carus,  a  celebrated  informer  under 

Domitian. 

Metgecia,  festivals  instituted  by  The- 
seus. 

Meton,  an  astrologer  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Athens. A  native  of  Tarentum, 

who  pretended  to  be  intoxicated  that  he 
might  draw  the  attention  of  his  country- 
men, when  he  wished  to  dissuade  them 
from  making  an  alliance  with  king  Pyr- 
rhus. 

Metope,   the  wife  of  the  river  Sanga- 

rius.    She  was  mother  of  Hecuba. The 

daughter  of  Ladon,  who  married  the  Aso- 
pus. A  river  of  Arcadia. 

Metra,  a  daughter  of  Erisichthon,  a 
Thessalian  prince,  beloved  by  Neptune. 

Metragyrte,  one  of  the  names  of  Te!- 
lus  or  Cybele. 

Metrobius,  a  player  greatly  favored  by 
Sylla. 

Metrocles,  a  pupil  of  Theophrastus, 
who  had  the  care  of  the  education  of  Cle- 
ombrotus  and  Cleomenes.  He  suffocated 
himself  when  old  and  infirm. 

Metrodorus,  a  physician  of  Chios,  B. 
C.  444.  He  was  disciple  of  Democritus, 
and  had  Hippocrates  among  his  pupils. 

A  painter  and  philosopher  of  Strato- 

nice,  B.  C.  171. A  friend  of  Mithri- 

dates,  sent  as  ambassador  to  Tigranes, 
king  of  Armenia.  He  was  remarkable  for 
his  learning,  moderation,  humanity,  and 

justice. Another,  of  a  very  retentive 

memory. 

Metrophanes,  an  officer  of  Mithri- 
dates,  who  invaded  Eubcea. 

Metropolis,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Another  of  Thessaly  near  Pharsalia. 

Mettius,  a  chief  of  the  Gauls,  impris- 
oned by  J.  Cssar. 

Metulum,  a  town  of  Liburnia. 

Mevania,  now  Bevagna,  a  town  of  Um- 
bria,  on  the  Clitumnus. 

Mevius,  a  wretched  poet. 

Mezentius,  a  king  of  the  Tyrrhenians 
when  ^Eneas  came  into  Italy.  He  was  re- 
markable for  his  cruelties,  and  put  his 
subjects  to  death  by  slow  tortures.  He 
was  killed  by  ^Enea3,  with  his  son  Lau- 
sus. 

Micea,  a  virgin  of  Elis,  daughter  of 
Philodemus,  murdered  by  a  soldier  called 
Lucius. 

Micipsa,  a  king  of  Numidia,  son  of  Ma- 
sinissa. 

Micythus,  a  youth,  through  whom  Bi- 
omedon  made  an  attempt  to  bribe  Epami- 

nondas. A  slave  of  Anaxilaus,  of  Rhe- 

gium. 

Midas,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  Gor- 
dius  or  Gorgias.  The  hospitality  he  show- 
ed to  Silenus,  the  preceptor  of  Bacchus, 


MI 


236 


MI 


Who  had  been  brought  to  him  by  some 
peasants,  was  liberally  rewarded ;  and 
Midas,  when  he  conducted  the  old  man 
back  to  the  god,  was  permitted  to  choose 
whatever  recompense  he  pleased.  He  had 
the  imprudence  and  the  avarice  to  demand 
of  the  god  that  whatever  he  touched  might 
be  turned  into  gold.  His  prayer  was 
granted,  but  he  was  soon  convinced  of  his 
injudicious  choice  ;  and  he  begged  Bac- 
chus to  take  away  a  present  which  must 
prove  so  fatal  to  the  receiver.  He  was  or- 
dered to  wash  himself  in  the  river  Pacto- 
lus,  whose  sands  were  turned  into  gold  by 
the  touch  of  Midas.  Sometime  after  this 
adventure  Midas  had  the  imprudence  to 
support  that  Pan  was  superior  to  Apollo  in 
singing  and  in  playing  upon  the  flute,  for 
which  rash  opinion  the  offended  god 
changed  his  ears  into  those  of  an  ass,  to 
show  his  ignorance  and  stupidity. 

Midea,  a  town  of  Argolis of  Lycia 

-of  Boeotia,  drowned  by  the  inunda- 
tions of  the  lake  Copais. A  nymph 

who  had  Aspledon  by  Neptune. 

Milaniojnt,  a  youth  who  became  enam- 
ored of  Atalanta. 
Milesii,  the  inhabitants  of  Miletus. 
Milesiorum  murus,  a  place  of  Egypt 
at  the  entrance  of  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile. 

Milesius,  a  surname  of  Apollo. A 

native  of  Miletus. 

Miletia,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Sce- 
dasus,  ravished  with  her  sister  by  some 
young  Thebans. 

Miletium,  a  town  of  Calabria,  built  by 

the  people  of  Miletus  of  Asia. A  town 

of  Crete. 

Miletus,  a  son  of  Apollo,  who  fled 
from  Crete  to  avoid  the  wrath  of  Minos, 
whom  he  meditated  to  dethrone.  He  came 
to  Caria,  where  he  built  a  city  which  he 

called  by  his  own  name. A  celebrated 

town  of  Asia   Minor,    the   capital   of  all 
Ionia.        The    inhabitants    early  applied 
themselves  to  navigation,  and  planted  no 
less  than  eighty  colonies,  or,  according  to 
Seneca,  three  hundred  and  eighty,  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world. 
Milias,  a  part  of  Lycia. 
Milichus,  a  freedman  who  discovered 
Piso's  conspiracy  against  Nero. 
Milinus,  a  Cretan  king,  &c. 
Milionia,  a  town  of  the  Samnites  taken 
by  the  Romans. 

Milo,  a  celebrated  athlete  of  Crotonain 
Italy.  It  is  said  that  he  carried  on  his 
shoulders  a  young  bullock  four  years  old, 
for  above  forty  yards,  and  afterwards  kill- 
ed it  with  one  blow  of  his  fist,  and  eat  it 
up  in  one  day.  He  was  seven  times 
crowned  at  the  Pythian  games,  and  six 
at  Olympia.  He  presented  himself  a 
seventh  time,  but  no  one  had  the  courage 
or  boldness  to  enter  the  lists  against  him. 
In  his  old  age  Milo  attempted  to  pull  up  a 


tree  by  the  roots  and  break  it.  He  partly 
effected  it,  but  his  strength  being  gradu- 
ally exhausted,  the  tree  when  half  cleft  re- 
united, and  his  hands  remained  pinched 
in  the  body  of  the  tree.  He  was  their 
alone,  and  being  unable  to  disentangle 
himself,  he  was  eaten  up  by  the  wild 
beasts   of  the  place,  about   five  hundred 

years  before  the  Christian  era. T.  An- 

nius,  a  native  of  Lanuvium,  who  attempt- 
ed to  obtain  the  consulship  at  Rome  by 
intrigue  and  seditious  tumults.  Clodius 
the  tribune  opposed  his  views,  and  was 
slain  by  Milo  in  a  chance  affray.  Cicero 
undertook  the  defence  of  Milo,  but  the 
continual  clamors  of  the  friends  of  Clodius, 
and  the  sight  of  an  armed  soldiery,  which 
surrounded  the  seat  of  judgment,  so  terri- 
fied the  orator,  that  he  forgot  the  greatest 
part  of  his  arguments,  and  the  defence  he 
made  was  weak  and  injudicious.  Milo 
was  condemned  and  banished  to  Massi- 
lia.  It  was  by  the  successful  labors  of 
Milo  that  the  orator  was  recalled  from 
banishment  and  restored  to  his  friends. 

A  general  of  the  forces  of  Pyrrhus. 

A  tyant  of  Pisa  in  Elis. 

Milonius,  a  drunken  buffoon  at  Rome, 
accustomed  to  dance  when  intoxicated. 

Miltas,  a  soothsayer,  who  assisted  Dion 
in  explaining  prodigies. 

Miltiades,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Cypse- 
lus,  who  obtained  a  victory  in  a  chariot 
race  at  the  Olympic  games,  and  led  a  colo- 
ny of  his  countrymen  to  the  Chersonesus. 
He  afterwards  left  the  Chersonesus  and 
returned  to  Athens.  He  was  present  at 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Marathon,  in 
which  all  the  chief  officers  ceded  their 
power  to  him,  and  left  the  event  of  the 
battle  to  depend  upon  his  superior  abili- 
ties. He  obtained  an  important  victory, 
{Vid.  Marathon)  over  the  more  numerous 
forces  of  his  adversaries ;  and  when  he 
had  demanded  of  his  fellow  citizens  an 
olive  crown  as  the  reward  of  his  valor  in 
the  field  of  battle,  he  was  not  only  refus- 
ed, but  severely  reprimanded  for  presump- 
tion. The  only  reward,  therefore,  that  he 
received  for  a  victory  which  proved  so 
beneficial  to  the  interests  of  universal 
Greece,  was  in  itself  simple  and  inconsid- 
erable, though  truly  great  in  the  opinion 
of  that  age.  He  was  represented  in  the 
front  of  a  picture  among  the  rest  of  the 
commanders  who  fought  at  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  and  he  seemed  to  exhort  and 
animate  his  soldiers  to  fight  with  courage 
and  intrepidity.  Some  time  after  Milti- 
ades was  intrusted  with  a  fleet  of  seven- 
ty ships,  and  ordered  to  punish  those  is- 
lands which  had  revolted  to  the  Persians. 
He  was  successful  at  first,  but  a  sudden 
report  that  the  Persian  fleet  was  coming 
to  attack  him,  changed  his  operations  as 
he  was  besieging  Paros.  He  raised  the 
siege  and  returned  to  Athens,  where  he 


MI 


237 


MI 


was  accused  of  treason,  and  particularly 
of  holding  correspondence  with  the  enemy. 
The  falsity  of  these  accusations  might  have 
appeared,  if  Miltiades  had  been  able  to 
come  into  the  assembly.  A  wound  which 
he  had  received  before  Paros  detained 
him  at  home,  and  his  enemies,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  his  absence,  became  more  ea- 
ger in  their  accusations  and  louder  in  their 
clamors.  He  was  condemned  to  death, 
but  the  rigor  of  the  sentence  was  retract- 
ed on  the  recollection  of  his  great  services 
to  the  Athenians,  and  he  was  put  into 
prison  till  he  had  paid  a  fine  of  fifty  tal- 
ents to  the  state.  His  inability  to  discharge 
so  great  a  sum  detained  him  in  confine- 
ment, and  soon  after  his  wounds  became 
incurable,  and  he  died  about  four  hundred 
and  eighty-nine  years  before  the  Christian 
era.  His  body  was  ransomed  by  his  son 
Cimon,  who  was  obliged  to  borrow  and 
pay  the  fifty  talents,  to  give  his  father  a 
decent  burial. An  archon  at  Athens. 

Milto,  a  favorite  of  Cyrus  the  younger. 

Milvius,   a  parasite   at  Rome. A 

bridge  at  Rome  over  the  Tiber,  now  called 
Pont  de  Molle. 

Miltas,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Lycia. 

Mimallones,  the  Bacchanals, who  when 
they  celebrated  the  orgies  of  Bacchus,  put 
horns  on  their  heads. 

Mimas,  a  giant  whom  Jupiter  destnwed 

with  thunder. A  high  mountain  of 

Asia  Minor,  near  Colophon. A  Trojan, 

son  of  Theano  and  Amycus,  born  on  the 
same  night  as  Paris,  with  whom  he  lived 
in  great  intimacy. 

Mimnermus,  a  Greek  poet  and  musi- 
cian of  Colophon  in  the  age  of  Solon.  He 
chiefly  excelled  in  elegiac  poetry,  whence 
some  have  attributed  the  invention  of  it  to 
him,  and,  indeed,  he  was  the  poet  who 
made  elegy  an  amorous  poem,  instead  of 
a  mournful  and  melancholy  tale. 

Mincius,  now  Mincio,  a  river  of  Vene- 
tia,  flowing  from  the  lake  Benacus,  and 
falling  into  the  Po. 

Mindarus,  a  commander  of  the  Spartan 
fleet  during  the  Peloponnesian  war.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  Athenians,  and  died 
410  B.  C. 

Mineides,  the  daughters  of  Minyas  or 
Mineus,  king  of  Orchomenos,  in  Boeotia. 
They  were  three  in  number,  Leuconoe, 
Leucippe,  and  Alcithoe.  They  derided 
the  orgies  of  Bacchus,  for  which  impiety 
the  god  inspired  them  with  an  unconquer- 
able desire  of  eatins  human  flesh.  They 
drew  lots  which  of  them  should  give  up 
her  son  as  food  to  the  rest.  They  were 
changed  into  bats. 

Minerya,  the  goddess  of  wisdom,  war, 
and  all  the  liberal  arts,  was  produced 
from  Jupiter's  brain  without  a  mother. 
Minerva  came  all  aimed  and  grown  up 
from  her  father's  brain,  and  immediately 


was  admitted  into  the  assembly  of  the 
gods,  and  made  one  of  the  most  faithful 
counsellors  of  her  father.  The  power  of 
Minerva  was  great  in  heaven  ;  she  could 
hurl  the  thunders  of  Jupiter,  prolong  the 
life  of  men,  bestow  the  gift  of  prophecy, 
and,  indeed,  she  was  the  only  one'of  all 
the  divinities  whose  authority  and  conse- 
quence, were  equal  to  those  of  Jupiter. 
The  worship  of  Minerva  was  universally 
established  ;  she  had  magnificent  temples 
in  Egypt,  Phoenicia,  all  parts  of  Greece, 
Italy,  Gaul,  and  Sicily.  The  festivals  cel- 
ebrated in  her  honor  were  solemn  and 
magnificent.  She  was  invoked  by  every 
artist,  and  particularly  such  as  worked  in 
wool,  embroidery,  painting,  and  sculp- 
ture. It  was  the  duty  of  almost  every 
member  of  society  to  implore  the  assist- 
ance and  patronage  of  a  deity  who  presid- 
ed over  sense,  taste,  and  reason.  Miner- 
va was  represented  in  different  ways,  ac- 
cording to  the  different  ch<vacters  in 
which  she  appeared.  She  generally  ap- 
peared with  a  countenance  more  full  of 
masculine  firmness  and  composure,  than 
of  softness  and  grace.  Most  usually  she 
was  represented  with  a  helmet  on  her 
head,  with  a  large  plume  nodding  in  the 
air.  In  one  hand  she  held  a  spear,  and  in 
the  other  a  shield,  with  the  dying  head 
of  Medusa  upon  it.  Sometimes  this  Gor- 
gon's head  was  on  her  breast-plate,  with 
living  serpents  writhing  round  it,  as  well 
as  round  her  shield  and  helmet.  When 
she  appeared  as  the  goddess  of  the  liberal 
arts,  she  was  arrayed  in  a  variegated  veil, 
which  the  ancients  called  peplum.  Some 
of  her  statues  represented  her  helmet 
with  a  sphinx  in  the  middle,  supported  on 
either  side  by  griffins.  In  some  medals, 
a  chariot  drawn  by  four  horses,  or  some- 
times a  dragon  or  a  serpent,  with  wind- 
ing spires,  appear  at  the  top  of  her  helmet. 
She  was  partial  to  the  olive  tree ;  the  owl 
and  cock  were  her  favorite  birds,  and  the 
dragon  among  reptiles  was  sacred  to  her. 
The  functions,  offices,  and  actions,  of  Mi- 
nerva, seem  so  numerous  that  they  un- 
doubtedly originate  in  more  than  one  per- 
son. 

Minerv.e  Castrum,  atown  of  Calabria. 

Proinontorium,  a  cape  at  the  most 

southern  extremity  of  Campania. 

Minervalia,  festivals  at  Rome  in  hon- 
or of  Minerva,  celebrated  in  the  months 
of  March  and  June.  During  the  solemni- 
ty scholars  obtained  some  relaxation  from 
their  studious  pursuits,  and  the  present, 
which  it  was  usual  for  them  to  offer  to 
their  masters,  was  called  Jfincrval,  in 
honor  of  the  goddess  Minerva,  who  patron- 
ised over  literature. 

Minio,  now  Misrnone,  a  river  of  Etruria, 

falling  into  the  Tyrrhene  sea. One 

of  the  favorites  of  Antiochus,  king  of 
Syria. 


MI 


238 


MI 


Minn -Ei,  a  people  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red 
sea. 

Miko,  a  town  of  Sicily. A  town  of 

Peloponnesus. A  town  of  Crete. 

Minois,  belonging  to  Minos.  Crete  is 
called  Minoia  regna,  as  being  the  legisla- 
tor's kingdom. A  patronymic  of  Ari- 
adne. 

Minds,  a  king  of  Crete,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Europa,  who  gave  laws  to  his  sub- 
jects B.  C.  1406,  which  still  remained  in 
full  force  in  the  age  of  the  philosopher 
Plato.  His  justice  and  moderation  pro- 
cured him  the  appellation  of  the  favorite 
of  the  gods,  the  confident  of  Jupiter,  the 
wise  legislator,  in  every  city  of  Greece ; 
and,  according  to  the  poets,'  he  was  re- 
warded for  his  equity,  after  death,  with 
the  office  of  supreme  and  absolute  judge 

in  the  infernal  regions. The  second 

was  a  son  of  Lycastes,  the  son  of  Minos 
I.  and  king  of  Crete.  He  increased  his 
paternal  dominions  by  the  conquest  of 
the  neighboring  islands,  but  he  showed 
himself  cruel  in  the  war  which  he  carried 
on  against  the  Athenians,  who  had  put  to 
death  his  son  Androgeus.  He  took  Me- 
gara  by  the  treachery  of  Scylla,  and,  not 
satisfied  with  a  victory,  he  obliged  the 
vanquished  to  bring  him  yearly  to  Crete 
seven  chosen  boys  and  the  same  number 
of  virgins  to  be  destroyed  by  the  Minotaur. 
This  bloody  tribute  was  at  last  abolished 
when  Theseus  had  destroyed  the  monster. 
Minos  was  put  to  death  by  Cocalus,  king 
of  Sicily,  about  thirty-five  years  before  the 
Trojan  war. 

Minotaurus,  a  celebrated  monster,  half 
a  man  and  half  a  bull.  The  Minotaur 
usually  devoured  the  chosen  young  men 
and  maidens,  which  the  tyranny  of  Minos 
yearly  exacted  from  the  Athenians.  The- 
seus delivered  his  country  from  this  shame- 
ful tribute,  when  it  had  fallen  to  his  lot  to 
be  sacrificed  to  the  voracity  of  the  Mino- 
taur, and,  by  means  of  Ariadne,  the  king's 
daughter,  he  destroyed  the  monster,  and 
made  his  escape  from  the  windings  of  the 
labyrinth. 

Minthe,  a  daughter  of  Cocytus,  loved 
by  Pluto. 

Minturn.*:,  a  town  of  Campania,  be- 
tween Sinuessa  and  Formiae.  It  was  in 
the  marshes,  in  its  neighborhood,  that 
Marius  concealed  himself  in  the  mud,  to 
avoid  the  partisans  of  Sylla. 

Minutia,  a  vestal  virgin,  condemned 

to  be  buried  alive  A.  U.  C.  418. A 

public  way  from  Rome  to  Brundusium. 

Minutius,  Augurinus,  a  Roman  consul 

slain  in  a  battle  against  the  Samnites. 

A  tribune  of  the  people  who  put  Maelius 
to  death  when  he  aspired  to  the  sovereign 

ty  of  Rome. Rufus,  a  master  of  horse 

to  the  dictator  Fabius  Maximus.  His  dis- 
obedience to  the  commands  of  the  dicta- 
tor was  productive  of  an  extension  of  his 


prerogative,  and  the  master  of  the  horse 
was  declared  equal  in  power  to  the  dicta- 
tor.  A  Romanconsul  who  defended 

Coriolanus  from  the  insults  of  the  people. 

Another,   defeated  by  the  zEqui  and 

disgraced    by  the    dictator   Cincinnatus. 

A  tribune  who  warmly  opposed  the 

views  of  C.  Gracchus. A  Roman  cho- 
sen dictator,  and  obliged  to  lay  down  hia 
office,  because,  during  the  time  of  his 
election,    the    sudden  cry  of  a  rat   was 

heard. A  Roman,  one  of  the  first  who 

were  chosen  quaestors. Felix,  an  Afri- 
can lawyer,  who  flourished  207  A.  D. 

Miny.e,  a  name  given  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Orchomenos,  in  Bceotia,  from 
Minyas,  king  of  the  country.  The  de- 
scendants of  the  Argonauts,  as  well  as 
the  Argonauts  themselves,  received  the 
name  of  Minyae. 

Minyas,  a  king  of  Bceotia,  son  of  Nep 
tune  and  Tritegenia,  the  daughter  of  ^Eo- 
lus.  According  to  Plutarch  and  Ovid,  he 
had  three  daughters,  who  were  changed 
into  bats. 

Minycus,  a  river  of  Thessaly. 

Minyia,  a  festival  observed  at  Orcho- 
menos in  honor  of  Minyas,  the  king  of  the 
place. A  small  island  near  Patmos. 

Minytus,  one  of  Niobe's  sons. 

Miraces,  an  eunuch  of  Parthia. 

Misenus,  a  son  of  iEolus,  who  was  pi- 
per to  Hector.  After  Hector's  death  he 
followed  .<Eneas  to  Italy,  and  was  drown- 
ed on  the  coast  of  Campania,  because  he 
had  challenged  one  of  the  Tritons. 

Misitheus,  a  Roman,  celebrated  for  his 
virtues  and  his  misfortunes.  He  died  A. 
D.  243. 

Mithras,  a  god  of  Persia,  supposed  to 
be  the  sun,  or  according  to  others  Venus 
Urania.  His  worship  was  introduced  at 
Rome. 

Mithracenses,  a  Persian  who  fled  to 
Alexander  after  the  murder  of  Darius  by 
Bessus. 

Mithradates,  a  herdsman  of  Astyages, 
ordered  to  put  young  Cyrus  to  death.  He 
refused,  and  educated  him  at  home  as  his 
own  son. 

Mithrenes,  a  Persian  who  betrayed 
Sardes. 

Mithridates  1st,  was  the  third  king  of 
Pontus.  He  was  tributary  to  the  crown 
of  Persia,  and  his  attempts  to  make  him- 
self independent  proved  fruitless. The 

second  of  that-name,  king  of  Pontus,  was 
grandson  to  Mithridates  I.  He  reigned 
about  twenty-six  years,  and  died  at  the 
advanced  age  of  eighty-four  years,  B.  C. 

302. The  III.  was  son  of  the  preceding 

monarch.  He  enlarged  his  paternal  pos- 
sessions by  the  conquest  of  Cappadocia 
and  Paphlagonia,  and  died  after  a  reign  of 

thirty-six  years. The  IV.  succeeded 

his  father  Ariobarzanes,  who  was  the  son 
of  Mithridates  III. The  V.  succeeded 


MI 


239 


MI 


his  father  Mithridates  IV.  and  strengthen- 
ed himself  on  his  throne  by  an  alliance 
with  Antiochus  the  Great,  whose  daugh- 
ter Laodice  he  married.  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  his  son  Pharnaces. The  VI.  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Pharnaces.  He  was  the 
first  of  the  kings  of  Pontus  who  made 
alliance  with  the  Romans.  He  was  mur- 
dered B.  C.  123. The   VII.  surnam- 

ed  Eupator,  and  The,  Oreat,  succeeded 
his  father  Mithridates  VI.  though  only 
at  the  age  of  eleven  years.  The  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  was  marked  by  am- 
bition, cruelty,  and  artifice.  He  murder- 
ed his  own  mother,  who  had  been  left  by 
his  father  coheiress  of  the  kingdom,  and 
he  fortified  his  constitution  by  drinking 
antidotes  against  the  poison  with  which 
his  enemies  at  court  attempted  to  destroy 
him.  Mithridates  never  lost  an  opportu- 
nity by  which  he  might  lessen  the  influ- 
ence of  his  adversaries  ;  and  the  more 
effectually  to  destroy  their  power  in  Asia, 
he  ordered  all  the  Romans  that  were  in 
his  dominions  to  be  massacred.  This  was 
done  in  one  night,  and  no  less  than 
150,000,  according  to  Plutarch,  or  80,000 
Romans,  as  Appian  mentions,  were  made, 
at  one  blow,  the  victims  of  his  cruelty. 
This  universal  massacre  called  aloud  for 
revenge.  Aquilius.  and  soon  after  Sylla, 
inarched  against  Mithridates  with  a  large 
army.  The  former  was  made  prisoner, 
but  Sylla  obtained  a  victory  over  the  king's 
generals,  and  another  decisive  engage- 
ment rendered  him  master  of  all  Greece, 
Macedonia,  Ionia,  and  Asia  Minor,  which 
had  submitted  to  the  victorious  arms  of 
the  monarch  of  Pontus.  This  ill  fortune 
was  aggravated  by  the  loss  of  about 
200,000  men,  who  were  killed  in  the  sev- 
eral engagements  that  had  been  fought ; 
and  Mithridates  weakened  by  repeated  ill 
success  by  sea  and  land,  sued  for  peace 
from  the  conqueror,  which  he  obtained  on 
condition  of  defraying  the  expenses  which 
the  Romans  had  incurred  by  the  war,  and 
of  remaining  satisfied  with  the  posses- 
sions which  he  had  received  from  his 
ancestors.  While  these  negotiations  of 
peace  were  carried  on,  Mithridates  was 
not  unmindful  of  his  real  interest.  His 
poverty,  and  not  his  inclinations,  obliged 
him  to  wish  for  peace.  He  immediately 
took  the  field  with  an  army  of  140,000  in- 
fantry, and  16,000  horse,  which  consisted 
of  his  own  forces  and  those  of  his  son-in- 
law  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia.  The 
news  of  his  warlike  preparations  was  no 
sooner  heard,  than  Lucullus,  the  consul, 
marched  into  Asia,  and  without  delay,  he 
blocked  up  the  camp  of  Mithridates,  who 
H-as  then  besieging  Cyzicus.  The  Asiatic 
monarch  escaped  from  him,  and  fled  into 
Ihe  heart  of  his  kingdom.  The  appoint- 
ment of  Glabrio  to  the  command  of  the 
Roman  forces,  instead  of  Lucullus,   was 


favorable  to  Mithridates,  and  he  recovered 
the  greatest  part  of  his  dominions.  The 
sudden  arrival  of  Pompey,  however,  soon 
put  an  end  to  his  victories.  A  battle,  in 
the  night,  was  fought  near  the  Euphrates, 
in  which  the  troops  of  Pontus  labored 
under  every  disadvantage.  An  universal 
overthrow  ensued,  and  Mithridates,  bold 
in  his  misfortunes,  rushed  through  the 
thick  ranks  of  the  enemy,  at  the  head  of 
eight  hundred  horsemen,  five  hundred  of 
which  perished  in  the  attempt  to  follow 
him.  He  fled  to  Tigranes,  but  that  mon- 
arch refused  an  asylum  to  his  father-in- 
law,  whom  he  had  before  supported  with 
all  the  collected  forces  of  his  kingdom. 
Mithridates  found  a  safe  retreat.  His  sub- 
jects refused  to  follow  him  any  longer, 
and  they  revolted  from  him,  and  made 
his  son  Pharnaces  king.  The  son  show- 
ed himself  ungrateful  to  his  father,  and 
even,  according  to  some  writers,  he  or- 
dered him  to  be  put  to  death.  This 
unnatural  treatment  broke  the  heart  of 
Mithridates  ;  he  obliged  his  wife  to  poison 
herself,  and  was  himself  slain  at  his  own 
command  about  sixty-three  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  in  the  72d  year  of  his 
age. A  king  of  Parthia,  who  took  De- 
metrius prisoner. A  man  made  king  of 

Armenia   by  Tiberius. Another,  king 

of  Armenia. A  king  of  Pergamus. 

A  king  of  Iberia. Another  of  Coma- 

gena. A  celebrated    king  of  Parthia. 

Another,  who  murdered  his  father, 

and  made  himself  master  of  the  crown. 

A  king  of  Pontus,  put  to  death  by 

order  of  Galba. A  man  in  the  armies 

of  Artaxerxes.  He  was  rewarded  by  the 
monarch  for  having  wounded  Cyrus  the 
younger ;  but,  when  he  boasted  he  had 
killed  him,  he  was  cruelly  put  to  death. 

A  son  of  Ariobarzanes,  who  basely 

murdered  Datames. 

Mithridaticum  Bellum,  begun  eighty- 
nine  years  B.  C.  was  one  of  the  longest 
and  most  celebrated  wars  ever  carried  on 
by  the  Romans  against  a  foreign  power. 
The  ambition  of  Mithridates,  from  whom 
it  receives  its  name,  may  be  called  the 
cause  and  origin  of  it. 

Mithridatis,  a  daughter  of  Mithrida- 
tes the  Great.  She  was  poisoned  by  her 
father. 

Mithrobarzanes,  a  king  of  Armenia. 

An  officer  sent  by  Tigranes  against 

Lucullus. The  father-in-law  of  Da- 
tames. 

Mitylene  and  Mitylenje,  the  capital 
city  of  the  island  of  Lesbos.  It  was 
greatly  commended  by  the  ancients  for 
the  stateliness  of  its  buildings,  and  the 
fruitfulness  of  its  soil,  but  more  particu- 
larly for  the  great  men  it  produced. 

Mitys,  a  man  whose  statue  fell  upon 
his  murderer,  and  crushed  him  to  death 
A  river  of  Macedonia. 


MCE 


240 


MO 


MizjEi,a  people  of  Elymaig. 

Mnasalces,  a  Greek  poet,  who  wrote 
epigrams. 

Mnasias,  an  historian  of  Phoenicia. 

Another  of  Colophon. A  third  of  Pa- 
ir®, in  Achaia. 

Mnasicles,  a  general  of  Thymhro. 

Mnasilus,  a  youth  who  assisted  Chro- 
mis  to  tie  the  old  Silenus,  whom  they 
found  asleep  in  a  cave. 

Mnasippidas,  a  Lacedaemonian,  who 
imposed  upon  the  credulity  of  the  people. 

Mnasippus,  a  Lacedaemonian,  sent  with 
a  fleet  of  sixty-five  ships  and  fifteen  hun- 
dred men  to  Corcyra,  where  he  was  kill- 
ed. 

Mnasitheus,  a  friend  of  Aratus. 

Mnason,  a  tyrant  of  Elatia,  who  gave 
twelve  hundred  pieces  of  gold  for  twelve 
pictures  of  twelve  gods  to  Asclepiodorus. 

Mnasyrium,  a  place  in  Rhodes. 

Mnemon,  a  surname  given  to  Artax- 
erxes,  on  account  of  his  retentive  mem- 
ory.  A  Rhodian. 

Mnemosyne,  a  daughter  of  Ccelus  and 
Terra,  mother  of  the  nine  Muses,  by  Ju- 
piter, who  assumed  the  form  of  a  shep- 
herd to  enjoy  her  company.  The  word 
Mnemosyne  signifies  memory. A  cele- 
brated fountain  of  Boeotia. 

Mne9archus,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Greece. 

Mnesidamus,  an  officer  who  conspired 
against  the  lieutenant  of  Demetrius. 

Mnesilau9,  a  son  of  Pollux  and  Phoebe. 

Mnesimache,  a  daughter  of  Dexame- 
nus  king  of  Olenus,  courted  by  Eurytion, 
whom  Hercules  killed. 

Mnesimachus,  a  comic  poet. 

Mnester,  a  freedman  of  Agrippina, 
who  murdered  himself  at  the  death  of  his 
mistress. 

Mnestheus,  a  Trojan,  who  obtained 
the  prize  given  to  the  best  sailing  vessel 
by  iEneas,  at  the  funeral  games  of  Anchi- 

ses,  in  Sicily. A  son  of  Peteus. A 

freedman  of  Aurelian. 

Mnestia,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Mnestra,  a  mistress  of  Cimon. 

Mnevis,  a  celebrated  bull,  sacred  to  the 
sun  in  the  town  of  Heliopolis.  He  was 
the  emblem  of  Osiris. 

Moaphernes,  the  uncle  of  Strabo's 
mother. 

Modestus,  a  Latin  writer. 

Modia,  a  rich  widow  at  Rome. 

Mas  ci  a,  one  of  the  tribes  at  Rome. 

Mcesv  s,  now  Mayne,  a  river  of  Germany. 

Mceragetes,  fatorum  ductor,  a  surname 
of  Jupiter. 

Mcsris,  a  king  of  India,  who  fled  at  the 

approach  of  Alexander. A  steward  of 

the  shepherd  Menalcas. A  king  of 

Egypt.  He  was  the  last  of  the  three  hun- 
dred kings  from  Menes  to  Sesostris,  and 

reigned  sixty-eight  years. A  celebrated 

lake  in  Egypt,  about  two  hundred  and 


twenty  miles  in  circumference,  and  in- 
tended as  a  reservoir  for  the  superfluous 
waters  during  the  inundation  of  the  Nile. 
There  were  two  pyramids  in  it,  six  hun- 
dred feet  high. 

Mcedi,  a  people  of  Thrace,  conquered  by 
Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Mceon,  a  Sicilian  who  poisoned  Agatho- 
cles. 

Mcesia,  a  country  of  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  south  by  the  mountains  of  Dahna- 
tia,  north  by  mount  Ha;mus,  extending 
from  the  confluence  of  the  Savus  and  the 
Danube  to  the  shores  of  the  Euxine.  It 
was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Mce- 
sia. 

Moleia,  a  festival  in  Arcadia,  in  com 
memoration  of  a  battle  in  which  Lycurgus 
obtained  the  victory. 

Molion,  a  Trojan  prince  who  distin 
guished  himself  in  the  defence  of  his  coun 
try  against  the  Greeks. 

Molione,  the  wife  of  Actor,  son  of 
Phorbas. 

Molo,  a  philosopher  of  Rhodes,  called 

also  Apollonius. A  prince  of  Syria,  who 

revolted  against  Antiochus,  and  killed 
himself  when  his  rebellion  was  attended 
with  ill  success. 

Moloeis,  a  river  of  Boeotia,  near  Pla- 
taea. 

Molorchus,  an  old  shepherd  near  Cle- 
onae,  who  received  Hercules  with  great 
hospitality.  The  hero,  to  repay  the  kind- 
ness he  received,  destroyed  the  Nemaean 
lion,  which  laid  waste  the  neighboring 
country. 

Molossi,  a  people  of  Epirus,  who  in- 
habited that  part  of  the  country  which  was 
called  Molossia  or  Molossis  from  king  Mo 
lossus.  The  dogs  of  the  place  were  fa 
mous. 

Molossia,  or  Molossis.    Fid.  Molossi 

Molossus,  a  son  of  Pyrrhus  and  Andro 
mache.    He  reigned  in  Epirus  after  the 

death  of  Helenus. A  surname  of  Jupi 

ter  in  Epirus. An  Athenian  general 

The  father  of  Merion  of  Crete. 

Molfadia,  one  of  the  Amazons. 

Molpus,  an  author  who  wrote  an  histo 
ry  of  Lacedaemon. 

Molus,  a  Cretan,  father  of  Meriones. 

A  son  of  Deucalion. Another,  son 

of  Mars  and  Demonice. 

Molycrion,  a  town  of  iEolia  between 
the  Evenus  and  Naupactum. 

Momemphis,  a  town  of  Egypt. 

Momus,  the  god  of  pleasantry  among  the 
ancients,  son  of  Nox.  He  was  continual- 
ly employed  in  satirizing  the  gods,  and 
whatever  they  did  was  freely  turned  to 
ridicule.  Venus  herself  was  exposed  to 
his  satire  ;  and  when  the  sneering  god  had 
found  no  fault  in  the  body  of  the  naked 
goddess,  he  observed  as  she  retired,  that 
the  noise  of  her  feet  was  too  loud,  and 
greatly  improper  in  the  goddess  of  beauty. 


MO 


241 


MO 


These  illiberal  reflections  upon  the  gods 
were  the  cause  that  Moraus  was  driven 
from  heaven. 

Mona,  an  island  between  Britain  and 
Hibernia,  anciently  inhabited  by  a  num- 
ber of  Druids. 

Monjeses,  a  king  of  Parthia,  who  fa- 
vored the  cause  of  M.  Antony  against  Au- 
gustus.  A  Parthian  in  the  age  of  Mith- 
ridates. 

Monda,  a  river,  between  the  Durius  and 
Tagus,  in  Portugal. 

Monesus,  a  general  killed  by  Jason  at 
Colchis. 

Moneta,  a  surname  of  Juno  among  the 
Romans.  She  received  it  because  she  ad- 
vised them  to  sacrifice  a  pregnant  sow  to 
Cybele,  to  avert  an  earthquake. 

Mosimj,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Mile- 
tus, whom  Mithridates  the  Great  married. 
When  his  affairs  grew  desperate,  she  or- 
dered one  of  her  attendants  to  stab  her. 

Monimus,  a  philosopher  of  Syracuse. 

Monodus,  a  son  of  Prusias.  He  had 
one  continued  bone  instead  of  a  row  of 
teeth. 

Moncecus,  now  Monaco,  a  town  and 
port  of  Liguria,  where  Hercules  had  a 
temple. 

Monoleus,  a  lake  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Monophage,  sacrifices  in  ^Egina. 

Monophilus,  an  eunuch  of  Mithridates. 
The  king  intrusted  him  with  the  care  of 
one  of  his  daughters ;  and  the  eunuch, 
when  he  saw  the  affairs  of  his  master  in  a 
desperate  situation,  stabbed  her  lest  she 
should  fall  into  the  enemy's  hands. 

Mon3  sacer,  a  mountain  near  Rome, 
where  the  Roman  populace  retired  in  a 
tumult,  which  was  the  cause  of  the  elec- 
tion of  the  tribunes. 

Mons  severus,  a  mountain  near  Rome. 

Mo  NT  anus,  a  poet  who  wrote  in  hexa- 
meter and  elegiac  verses. An  orator 

under  Vespasian. A  favorite  of  Messa- 

lina. One  of  the  senators  whom  Domi- 

tian  consulted  about  boiling  a  turbot. 

Montchos,  a  powerful  giant,  who  could 
root  up  trees  and  hurl  them  like  a  javelin. 

Montmus,  a  servant  of  Corinth,  who, 
not.  being  permitted  by  his  master  to  fol- 
low Diogenes  the  cynic,  pretended  mad- 
ness and  obtained  his  liberty. 

Mophis,  an  Indian  prince  conquered  by 
Alexander. 

Mopsium,  a  hill  and  town  of  Thessaly, 
between  Tempe  and  Larissa. 

Mopsopia,  an  ancient  name  of  Athens, 
from  Mopsus  one  of  its  kings. 

Mofsuhestia,  or  Mopsos,  a  town  of  Ci- 
licia  near  the  sea. 

Mopsu9,  a  celebrated  prophet,  son  of 
Manto  and  Apollo,  and  rival  of  Calchas, 
son  of  Thestor.  These  famous  soothsay- 
ers were  jealous  of  each  other's  fame,  and 
determined  on  a  trial  of  their  skill  in  di- 
vination. Calchas  first  asked  his  antago- 
21 


nist  how  many  figs  a  neighboring  tree 
bore.  Mopsus  replied,  "  Ten  thousand, 
except  one  ;  and  one  single  vessel  can  con- 
tain them  all."  The  figs  were  gathered, 
and  his  conjectures  were  true.  Mopsus 
now  asked  his  adversary  how  many  young 
ones  a  certain  pregnant  sow  would  bring 
forth,  Calchas  confessed  his  ignorance  ; 
and  Mopsus  said,  that  on  the  morrow  the 
sow  would  litter  ten,  of  which  only  one 
would  be  male,  all  black.  This  predic- 
tion was  al3o  verified  ;  and  Calchas  died 
through  the  excess  of  grief  which  this  de- 
feat produced.  After  death,  Mopsus  was 
ranked  among  the  gods,  and  had  an  ora- 
cle at  Malia. A  son  of  Ampyx  and 

Chloris,  often  confounded  with  the  son  of 
Manto.  He  was  the  prophet  and  sooth- 
sayer of  the  Argonauts  ;  and  died  at  his 
return  from  Colchis,  by  the  bite  of  a  ser- 
pent  in  Lybia. A  shepherd  of  that 

name. 

Morgantium  (or  ia,)  a  town  of  Sicily, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Simethus. 

Morini,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  on  the 
shores  of  the  British  ocean.  The  shortest 
passage  to  Britain  was  from  their  territo- 
ries. 

Moritasgus,  a  king  of  the  Senones. 

Morius,  a  river  of  Boeotia. 

Morpheus,  the  son  and  minister  of  the 
god  Somnus,  who  naturally  imitated  the 
grimaces,  gestures,  words,  and  manners, 
of  mankind.  He  is  sometimes  called  the 
god  of  sleep.  He  is  generally  represented 
as  a  sleeping  child  of  great  corpulence, 
and  with  wings. 

Mors,  one  of  the  infernal  deities  born 
of  ATight,  without  a  father.  She  was  wor- 
shipped by  the  ancients,  particularly  by 
the  Lacedaemonians,  with  great  solemni- 
ty. The  moderns  represent  her  as  a  ske- 
leton armed  with  a  scythe  and  ascimetar. 

Morys,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Meriones  dur- 
ing the  Trojan  war. 

Mosa,  a  river  of  Belgic  Gaul  falling  into 
the  German  ocean. 

Moscha,  now  Mascat,  a  port  of  Arabia 
on  the  Red  sea. 

Moschi,  a  people  of  Asia,  at  the  west 
of  the  Caspian  sea. 

Moschion,  a  name  common  to  four  dif- 
ferent writers,  whose  compositions,  char- 
acter, and  native  place  are  unknown. 

Moschus,  a  Phoenician  who  wrote  the 
history  of  his  country  in  his  own  mother 

tongue. A  philosopher  of  Sidon. A 

Greek  Bucolic  poet  in  the  age  of  Ptolemy 

Philadelphus. A  Greek  rhetorician  of 

Pergamus  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Mosella,  a  river  of  Belgic  Gaul,  now 
called  the  Moselle. 

Moses,  a  celebrated  legislator  and  gen- 
eral among  the  Jews,  well  known  in  sa- 
cred history.  He  was  born  in  Egypt,  1571 
B.  C.  and  after  he  had  performed 'his  mira 
cles  before  Pharaoh,  conducted  the  Israel- 
is 


MU 


242 


MU 


ites  through  the  Red  sea,  and  given  them 
laws  and  ordinances,  during  their  peregri- 
nation of  forty  years  in  the  wilderness  of 
Arabia  ;  he  died  at  the  age  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty. 

Mosychlus,  a  mountain  of  Lemnos. 

Mosyn^ci,  a  nation  on  the  Euxine  sea. 

Mothone,  a  town  of  Magnesia,  where 
Philip  lost  one  of  his  eyes.  The  word  is 
oftener  spelt  Methone. 

Motya,  a  town  of  Sicily,  besieged  and 
taken  by  Dionysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse. 

Mucianus,  a  facetious  and  intriguing 
general  under  Otho  and  Vitellius. 

Mucr.e,  a  village  of  Samnium. 

Mulciber,  a  surname  of  Vulcan. 

Mulucha,  a  river  of  Africa,  dividing 
Numidia  from  Mauritania. 

Mulvius  Pon3,  a  bridge  on  the  Flami- 
nian  way,  about  one  mile  distant  from 
Rome. 

L.  Mummius,  a  Roman  consul,  sent 
against  the  Acheeans,  whom  he  conquer- 
ed, B.  C.  147.  He  destroyed  Corinth, 
Thebes,  and  Chalcis,  by  order  of  the  sen- 
ate, and  obtained  the  surname  of  Achai- 

cus  from  his  victories. -Publins,  a  man 

commended  by  C.  Publicius  for  the  versa- 
tility of  his  mind,  and  the  propriety  of  his 

manners. A  Latin  poet. M.  a  pras- 

tor. Spurius,  a  brother  of  Achaicus  be- 
fore mentioned,  distinguished  as  an  ora- 
tor, and  for  his  fondness  for  the  stoic  phi- 
losophy.  A  lieutenant  of  Crassus  de- 
feated. 

Munatius,  Plancus,  a  consul  sent  to 
the  rebellious  army  of  Germanicus.  He 
was  almost  killed  by  the  incensed  sol- 
diery, who  suspected  that  it  was  through 
him  that  they  had  not  all  been  pardoned 
and  indemnified  by  a  decree  of  the  sen- 
ate.  An  orator  and  disciple  of  Cicero. 

He  was  long  Antony's  favorite,  but  he  left 
him  at  the  battle  of  Actium  to  conciliate 
the  favors  of  Octavius. Gratus,  a  Ro- 
man knight  who  conspired  with  Piso 
against  Nero. A  friend  of  Horace. 

Munda,  a  small  town  of  Hispania  Boe- 
tica. 

Munitus,  a  son  of  Laodice  the  daugh- 
ter of  Priam  by  Acamas.  He  was  intrust- 
ed to  the  care  of  ^Ethra  as  soon  as  born, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Troy  he  was  made 
known  to  his  father,  who  saved  his  life, 
and  carried  him  to  Thrace,  where  he  was 
killed  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent. 

Munychia,  a  port  of  Attica,  between 
the  Piraeus  and  the  promontory  of  Suni- 
um,  called  after  king  Munychus,  who  built 
there  a  temple  to  Diana,  and  in  whose 
honor  he  instituted  festivals  called  Muny- 
chia. The  port  of  Munychia  was  well  for- 
tified, and  of  great  consequence. 

McRiNA,  a  celebrated  Roman,  left  at 
the  head  of  the  armies  of  the  republic  in 
Asia  by  Sylla.  He  invaded  the  domin- 
ions of  Mithridates  with  success,  but  soon 


after  met  with  a  defeat.    He  was  honored 

with  a  triumph  at  his  return  to  Rome. 

A  man  put  to  death  for  conspiring  against 
Augustus,  B.  C.  22. 

Murcus,  an  enemy  of  the  triumvirate  of 
J.  Ctssar. Statius,  a  man  who  murder- 
ed Piso  in  Vesta's  temple  in  Nero's  reign. 

Murgantia,  a  town  of  Samnium. 

Murrhenus,  a  friend  of  Turnus  killed 
by  iEneas. 

Mursa,  now  Essek,  a  town  of  Hungary, 
where  the  Drave  falls  into  the  Danube. 

Murtia,  or  Myrtia,  a  supposed  sur- 
name of  Venus,  because  she  presided  over 
the  myrtle. 

Mus,  a  Roman  consul. 

Musa  Antonius,  a  freedman  and  phy- 
sician of  Augustus.  He  cured  his  impe- 
rial master  of  a  dangerous  disease  under 
which  he  labored,  by  recommending  to 
him  the  use  of  the  cold  bath.  He  was 
greatly  rewarded  for  this  celebrated  cure. 

A  daughter  of  Nicomedes,  king  of 

Bithynia. 

Mus.e,  certain  goddesses  who  presided 
over  poetry,  music,  dancing,  and  all  the 
liberal  arts.  They  were  daughters  of  Ju- 
piter and  Mnemosyne,  and  were  nine  in 
number  ;  Clio,  Euterpe,  Thalia,  Melpo- 
mene, Terpsichore,  Erato,  Polyhymnia, 
Calliope,  and  Urania.  The  palm  tree,  the 
laurel,  and  all  the  fountains  of  Pindus, 
Helicon,  Parnassus,  &c,  were  sacred  to 
the  muses.  They  were  generally  repre- 
sented as  young,  beautiful,  and  modest 
virgins.  They  were  fond  of  solitude,  and 
commonly  appeared  in  different  attire  ac- 
cording to  the  arts  and  sciences  over  which 
they  presided.  Sometimes  they  were  re- 
presented as  dancing  in  a  chorus,  to  inti- 
mate the  near  and  indissoluble  connexion 
which  exists  between  the  liberal  arts  and 
sciences.  The  worship  of  the  muses  was 
universally  established.  No  sacrifices 
were  ever  offered  to  them,  though  no  poet 
ever  began  a  poem  without  a  solemn  in- 
vocation to  the  goddesses  who  presided 
over  verse. 

Musjeus,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  son  or  disciple  of  Li 
nus  or  Orpheus,  and  to  have  lived  about 
one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ten  years 
before  the   Christian  era.      None  of  the 

poet's  compositions  are  extant. A  Latin 

poet  whose   compositions  were  very  ob- 
scene.  A  poet  of  Thebes  who  lived 

during  the  Trojan  war. 

Musonius  Rufus,  a  stoic  philosopher  of 
Etruria  in  the  reign  of  Vespasian. 

Muta,  a  goddess  who  presided  over  si- 
lence, among  the  Romans. 

Mustela,  a  man  greatly  esteemed  by 
Cicero. A  gladiator. 

Muthullus,  a  river  of  Numidia. 

Mutia,  sister  of  Metellus  Celer,  and 
Pompey's  third  wife  Her  incontinent 
behaviour  so  disgusted  her  husband  that 


3SI¥ 


243 


MY 


at  his  return  from  the  Mithridatie  war,  he 

divorced  her. A  wife  of  Julius  Cassar 

beloved  by  Clodius  the  tribune.- The 

mother  of  Augustus. 

Muti  a  lex,  the  same  as  that  which  was 
enacted  by  Licinius  Crassus,  and  Q,.  Mu- 
tius,  A.U.  C.  657. 

Mutica,  or  Mutyce,  a  town  of  Sicily 
west  of  the  cape  Pachynus. 

Mutilia,  a  woman  intimate  with  Livia 
Augusta. 

Mutina,  a  Roman  colony  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  where  M.  Antony  besieged  D.  Bru- 
tus whom  the  consuls  Pansa  and  Hirtius 
delivered.     Mutina  is  now  called  Modena. 

Mutines,  one  of  Annibal's  generals. 

Mutius,  the  father-in-law  of  C.  Marius. 

A  Roman  who  saved  the  life  of  young 

Marius,  by  conveying  him  away  from  the 
pursuits  of  his  enemies  in  a  load  of  straw. 

■ A  friend  of  Tiberius  Gracchus  by 

whose  means  he  was  raised  to  the  office 

of  a  tribune. C.  Scaevola,  surnamed 

Cordus,  became  famous  for  his  courage 
and  intrepidity.  When  Porsenna,  king 
of  Etruria,  had  besieged  Rome  to  reinstate 
Tarquin  in  all  his  rights  and  privileges, 
Mutius  determined  to  deliver  his  country 
from  so  dangerous  an  enemy.  He  dis- 
guised himself  in  the  habit  of  a  Tuscan, 
and  gained  an  easy  introduction  into  the 
camp,  and  soon  into  the  royal  tent.  Por- 
senna sat  alone  with  his  secretary  when 
Mutius  entered.  The  Roman  rushed  upon 
the  secretary  and  stabbed  him  to  the  heart, 
mistaking  him  for  his  royal  master.  This 
occasioned  a  noise,  and  Mutius,  unable  to 
escape,  was  seized  and  brought  before  the 
king.  He  gave  no  answer  to  the  inquiries 
of  the  courtiers,  and  to  give  them  a  proof 
of  his  fortitude,  he  laid  his  right  hand 
on  an  altar  of  burning  coals,  and  sternly 
looking  at  the  king,  and  without  uttering 
a  groan,  he  boldly  told  him,  that  three 
hundred  young  Romans  like  himself  had 
conspired  against  his  life,  and  entered  his 
camp  in  disguise.  This  extraordinary 
confession  astonished  Porsenna,  he  made 
peace  with  the  Romans  and  retired  from 
their  city. ■ — Q,.  Scfevola,  a  Roman  con- 
sul. He  obtained  a  victory  over  the  Dal- 
matians, and  signalized  himself  greatly  in 

the  Marsian  war. Another  appointed 

proconsul  of  Asia,  which  he  governed 
with  much  popularity.  He  was  murdered 
in  the  temple  of  Vesta,  eighty-two  years 
before  Christ. 

Mutunus,  or  Mutinus,  a  deity  among 
the  Romans,  much  the  same  as  the  Pria- 
pus  of  the  Greeks. 

Mutusc-e,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Muzeri9,  a  town  of  India,  now  Vhin- 
druk. 

Myagrus,  or  Myodes,  a  divinity  among 
the  Egyptians,  called  also  Achor.  He  was 
entreated  by  the  inhabitants  to  protect 
them  from  flies  and  cements. 


MiCALE,  a  celebrated  magician,  who 
boasted  that  he  could  draw  down  the 
moon  from  her  orb. A  city  and  prom- 
ontory of  Asia  Minor  opposite  Samos,  ce- 
lebrated for  a  battle  which  was  fough 
there  between  the  Greeks  and  Persians  on 
the  22d  of  September,  479  B.  C.  the  same 
day  that  Mardonius  was  defeated  at  Pla- 
trea. A  woman's  name. 

Mycalessus,  an  inland  town  of  Bceotia, 
where  Ceres  had  a  temple. 

MvcEs.ii,  a  town  of  Argolis,  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. It  was  situate  on  a  small  river 
at  the  east  of  the  Inachus,  about  fifty  sta- 
dia from  Argos,  and  received  its  name 
from  Mycene,  a  nymph  of  Laconia.  The 
town  of  Mycenae  was  taken  and  laid  in 
ruins  by  the  Argives  B.  C.  568.  The  word 
MyoeritBUs  is  used  for  Agamemnon  as  he 
was  one  of  the  kings  of  Mycenae. 

Mycjenis,  a  name  applied  to  Iphigenia 
as  residing  at  Mycenae. 

Mycerinus,  a  son  of  Cheops,  king  of 
Egypt.  Afier  the  death  of  his  father  he 
reigned  with  great  justice  and  modera- 
tion. 

Myciberna,  a  town  of  the  Hellespont. 

Mycithos,  a  servant  of  Anaxilaus,  ty- 
rant of  Rhegium  and  afterwards  a  faithful 
guardian  to  his  children. 

Mycon,  a  celebrated  painter  who  with 
others  assisted  in  making  and  perfecting 

the   Paicile  of  Athens. A  youth   of 

Athens  changed  into  a  poppy  by  Ceres. 

Myconos,  (or  e,)  one  of  the  Cyclades 
between  Delos  and  Ic aria,  which  received 
its  name  from  Myconus,  an  unknown  per- 
son. It  is  about  thiee  miles  at  the  east  of 
Delos,  and  is  thirty-six  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  remained  long  uninhabited  on 
account  of  the  frequent  earthquakes  to 
which  it  was  subject. 

Mydon,  one  of  the  Trojan  chiefs  killed 
by  Antilochus. 

Myecphoris,  a  town  in  Egypt,  in  a 
small  island  near  Bubastis. 

Myenus,  a  mountain  of  iEtolia. 

MyGDON,a  brother  of  Amycus,  killed  in 

a  war  against  Hercules. A  brother  of 

Hecuba. 

Mygdonia,  a  small  province  of  Mace- 
donia near  Thrace,  between  the  rivers 
Axius  and  Strymon.  Cybele  was  called 
Mygdonia,  from  the  worship  she  received 
in  Mygdonia  in  Phrygia. A  small  pro- 
vince of  Mesopotamia. 

Mygdonus,  or  Mygdon,  a  brother  of 
Hecuba,  Priam's  wife,  who  reigned  in  part 

of   Thrace. A  small   river  running 

through  Mesopotamia. 

Mylassa,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Myle  or  Mylas,  a  small  river  on  the 
east  of  Sicily,  with  a  town  of  the  same 

name. Also  a  town  of  Thessaly,  now 

Mulazzo. 

Myles,  a  son  of  Lelex. 

Mylitta,  a  surname  of  Venus. 


MY 


244 


MY 


Myndus,  a  maritime  town  of  Caria  near 
Halicarnassus. 

Mynes,  a  prince  of  Lyrnessus,  who 
married  Briseis.  He  was  killed  by  Achil- 
les, and  his  wife  became  the  property  of 
the  conqueror. 

Myonia,  a  town  of  Phocis. 

Myonnesus,  a  town  and  promontory  of 
Ionia,  now  Jalanghi-Liman. 

Myra,  a  town  of  Lycia  on  a  high  hill, 
two  miles  from  the  sea. 

Myriandros,  a  town  of  Seleucia  in 
Syria. 

Myrina,  a  maritime  town  of  iEolia, 
called  also  Sebastopolis,  and  now  Sanderlic. 

A  queen  of  the  Amazons. A  town 

of  Lemnos,  now  Palio  Castro. A  town 

of  Asia,  destroyed   by  an   earthquake   in 

in  Trajan's  reign. The  wife  of  Thoas 

king  of  Lemnos. 

Myrinus,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  from 
Myrina  in  iEolia,  where  he  was  worship- 
ped.  A  gladiator. 

Myrioe,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  called  also 
Megalopolis. 

Myrl-Eje  or  Apamea,  a  town  of  Bithy- 
nia. 

Myrmecides,  an  artist  of  Miletus  men- 
tioned as  making  chariots  so  small  that 
they  could  be  covered  by  the  wing  of  a 

fly. 

Myrmidones,  a  people  on  the  southern 
borders  of  Thessaly,  who  accompanied 
Achilles  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Myron,  a  tyrant  of  Sicyon. A  man 

of  Priene,  who  wrote  an  history  of  Messe- 

nia. A  celebrated   statuary  of  Greece, 

peculiarly  happy  in  imitating  nature.  He 
flourished  about  four  hundred  and  forty- 
two  years  before  Christ. 

Myronianus,  an  historian. 

Myronides,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
conquered  the  Thebans. 

MYRRHA,a  daughter  of  Cinyras,  king  of 
Cyprus  changed  into  a  tree  called  myrrh. 

Myrsilus,  a  son  of  Myrsus,  the  last  of 
the  Heraclidffi,  who  reigned  in  Lydia. 

Myrsus,  the  father  of  Candaules. A 

Greek  historian  in  the  age  of  Solon. 

Myrtale,  a  courtezan  of  Rome. 

Myrtea,  a  surname  of  Venus. 

Myrtilus,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Myr- 


tho,  killed  by  Pelops  for  murdering  his 
master,  CEnomaus,  king  of  Pisa,  in  a  cha- 
riot-race. 

Myrtis,  a  Greek  woman  who  distil 
guished  herself  by  her  poetical  talents. 

Myrtoum  Mare,  a  part  of  the  JEge&n 
sea  which  lies  between  Eubcea,  Attica, 
and  Peloponnesus,  as  far  as  cape  Malea. 

Myrtuntium,  a  name  given  to  that  part 
of  the  sea  which  lies  on  the  coast  of  Epi- 
rus  between  the  bay  Ambracia  and  Leu- 
cas. 

Myrtusa,  a  mountain  of  Libya. 

Mys,  an  artist  famous  in  working  and 
polishing  silver.  He  beautifully  represent- 
ed the  battle  of  the  centaurs  andLapithse, 
on  a  shield  in  the  hand  of  Minerva's  eta 
tue  made  by  Phidias. 

Myscellus,  or  Miscellus,  a  native  of 
Rhypae  in  Achaia,  who  founded  Crotona 
in  Italy,  accordingtoan  oracle,  which  told 
him  to  build  a  city  where  he  found  rain 
with  fine  weather.  The  meaning  of  the 
oracle  long  perplexed  him,  till  he  found  a 
beautiful  woman  all  in  tears  in  Italy, 
which  circumstance  he  interpreted  in  hia 
favor. 

Mysia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  gene- 
rally divided  into  major  and  minor.  The 
inhabitants  were  once  very  warlike,  but 
they  greatly  degenerated  ;  and  the  words 
Mysorum  ultimus  were  emphatically  used 
to  signify  a  person  of  no  merit.  The  an- 
cients generally  hired  them  to  attend  their 

funerals  as  mourners.— A  festival  in 

honor  of  Ceres. 

Myson,  a  native  of  Sparta,  one  of  the 
seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 

Mystes,  a  son  of  the  poet  Valgius, 
whose  early  death  was  so  lamented  by  the 
father,  that  Horace  wrote  an  ode  to  allay 
the  grief  of  his  friend. 

Mythecus,  a  sophist  of  Syracuse.  He 
studied  cookery,  and  when  he  thought 
himself  sufficiently  skilled  in  dressing 
meat,  he  went  to  Sparta,  where  he  gain- 
ed much  practice,  especially  among  the 
younger  citizens. 

Myus,  a  town  of  Ionia  on  the  confines 
of  Caria,  founded  by  a  Grecian  colony. 
It  is  one  of  the  twelve  capital  cities  of  Io 


NA 


NA 


NABAZANES,  an  officer  of  Darius  3d 
at  the  battle  of  Issus. 
Nabath2ea,   a  country  of   Arabia,   of 
which  the  capital  was  called  Petra.     The 
word  is  often  applied  to  any  of  the  eastern 
countries  of  the  world  by  the  poets. 
JS'abis,  a  celebrated  tyrant  of  Lacedre- 


mon,  who  in  all  acts  of  cruelty  and  op- 
pression surpassed  a  Phalaris  or  a  Diony- 
sius.  His  house  was  filled  with  flatterers 
and  with  spies,  who  were  continually  em- 
ployed in  watching  the  words  and  the  ac- 
tions of  his  subjects.  When  he  had  ex- 
ercised every  art  in  plundering  the  citi- 


NA 


245 


NA 


zens  of  Sparta,  he  made  a  statue,  which 
in  resemblance  was  like  his  wife,  and  was 
clothed  in  the  most  magnificent  apparel, 
and  whenever  any  one  refused  to  deliver 
up  his  riches,  the  tyrant  led  him  to  the  sta- 
tue, which  immediately,  by  means  of  se- 
cret springs,  seized  him  in  its  arms,  and 
tormented  him  in  the  most  excruciating 
manner  with  bearded  points  and  prickles, 
hid  under  the  clothes.     He  was  murdered 

B.  C.  19-2, A  priest  of  Jupiter  Amnion, 

killed  in  the  second  Punic  war. 

Nabokassak,  a  king  of  Babylon  after  the 
division  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy.  From 
him  the  Nabonassarean  epoch  received  its 
name,  agreeing  with  the  year  of  the  world 
3237,  or  746,  B.  C. 

Nacri  campi,  a  place  of  Gallia  Togita 
near  Mutina. 

Njenia,  the  goddess  of  funerals  at 
Rome,  whose  temple  was  without  the 
gates  of  the  city.  The  songs  which  were 
sung  at  funerals  were  also  called  ncBiiia. 

Cn.  Njsvius,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  first  Pu- 
nic war.  His  satirical  disposition  dis- 
pleased the  consul  Metellus,  who  drove 
him  from  Rome.  He  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  Utica,  where  he  died  about  two 
hundred  and  three  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era. A  tribune  of  the  people  at 

Rome,  who  accused  Scipio  Africanus  of 

extortion. An  augur  in  the  reign  of 

Tarquin.  To  convince  the  king  and  the 
Romans  of  his  power,  as  an  augur,  he  cut 
a  flint  with  a  razor,  and  turned  the  ridi- 
cule of  the  populace  into  admiration. 

Njevolus,  an  infamous  pimp  in  Domi- 
tian's  reign. 

Naharvali,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Naiades  or  Naides,  certain  inferior  dei- 
ties who  presided  over  rivers,  springs, 
wells,  and  fountains.  The  Naiades  ge- 
nerally inhabited  the  country,  and  resort- 
ed to  the  woods  or  meadows  near  the 
stream  over  which  they  presided.  They 
are  represented  as  young  and  beautiful 
virgins,  often  leaning  upon  an  urn,  from 
which  flows  a  stream  of  water. 

Nais,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  mother  of 

Chiron   or   Glaucus,  by   Magnes. A 

nymph,  mother  by  Bucolion  of  iEgesus 

and  Pedasus. A  nymph  in  an  island 

of  the  Red  Sea,  who  by  her  incantations 
turned  to  fishes  all  those  who  approached 

her  residence. The  word  is  used  for 

water  by  Tibullus. 

Naissus  or  Njessus,  now  Nissa,  a  town 
of  Moesia,  the  birth-place  of  Constantine. 

Nantuates,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Napje^:,  certain  divinities  among  the  an- 
cients who  presided  over  the  hills  and 
woods  of  the  country. 

Nafata,  a  town  of  ^Ethiopia. 

Naphilus,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 

Nar,  now   Nera,  a  river   of  Umbria, 
whose  waters  were  famous  for  their  sul- 
phureous properties. 
21* 


Naubo  Martius,  now  Narbonne,  a  town 
of  Gaul  founded  by  the  consul  Marcius, 
A.  U.  C.  636. 

Narbonensis  Gallia,  one  of  the  four 
great  divisions  of  ancient  Gaul,  was 
bounded  by  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
tains, Aquitania,  Belgicum,  and  the  Me- 
diterranean, and  contained  the  modern 
provinces  of  Languedoc,  Provence,  Dau- 
phine,  and  Savoy. 

Narc.eus,  a  son  of  Bacchus  and  Phys- 
coa. 

Narcea,  a  surname  of  Minerva  in  Elis, 
from  her  temple  there  erected  by  Nar- 
caeus. 

Narcissus,  a  beautiful  youth,  son  of 
Cephisus  and  the  nymph  Liriope.  He 
saw  his  image  reflected  in  a  fountain,  and 
became  enamored  of  it,  thinking  it  to  be 
the  nymph  of  the  place.  His  fruitless  at- 
tempts to  approach  this  beautiful  object  so 
provoked  him  that  he  grew  desperate  and 
killed  himself.  His  blood  was  changed 
into  a  flower,  which  still  bears  his  name. 
A  freedman  and  secretary  of  Claudi- 
us, who  abused  his  trust  and  the  infirmi- 
ties of  his  imperial  master,  and  plundered 
the  citizens  of  Rome  to  enrich  himself. 
Narcissus  was  compelled  to  kill  himself, 

A.  D.  54. A  favorite  of  the  emperor 

Nero,  put  to  death  by  Galba. A  wretch 

who  strangled  the  emperor  Commodus. 

Nargara,  a  town  of  Africa,  where  Han- 
nibal and  Scipio  came  to  a  parley. 

Narisci,  a  nation  of  Germany,  in  the 
Upper  Palatinate. 

Narnia  or  Narna,  anciently  Nequinum, 
now  JVami,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Naro,  now  Narenta,  a  river  of  Dalma- 
tia  falling  into  the  Adriatic. 

Narses,  a  king  of  Persia,  A.  D.  294,  de- 
feated by  Maximianus  Galerius,  after  a 
reign  of  seven  years. A  Persian  gene- 
ral. 

Narthecis,  a  small  island  near  Sainos. 

Narycia,  or  um,  or  Naryx,  a  town  of 
Magna  Grsecia,  built  by  a  colony  of  Locri- 
ans  after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Nasamones,  a  savage  people  of  Libya 
near  the  Syrtes,  who  generally  lived  upon 
plunder. 

Nascio  or  Natio,  a  goddess  at  Rome, 
who  presided  over  the  birth  of  children. 

Nasica,  the  surname  of  one  of  the  Sci- 
pios.  Nasica  was  the  first  who  invented 
the  measuring  of  time  by  water,  B.  C. 
159. An  avaricious  fellow  of  Rome. 

Nasidienus,  a  Roman  knight,  of  great 
luxury,  arrogance,  and  ostentation. 

L.  Nasidius,  a  man  sent  by  Pompey  to 
assist  the  people  of  Massilia.  After  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  followed  the  inte- 
rest of  Pompey 's  children,  and  afterwards 
revolted  to  Antony. 

Naso,  one  of  the  murderers  of  J.  Ca;- 
sar. One  of  Ovid's  names. 

Nassus  or  Nasus,  a  town  of  Acarnania, 


NA 


246 


NE 


Sear  the  mouth  of  the  Achelous. Also 

&  part  of  the  town,  of  Syracuse. 

Nas'uAj  a  general  ofthe  Suevi,  when 
Caesar  was  in  Gaul. 

Natalis  Antoxius,  a  Roman  knight 
who  conspired  against  Nero  with  Piso.  He 
was  pardoned  for  discovering  the  conspi- 
racy. 

Natiso,  now  Natisone,  a  river  rising  in 
the  Alps,  and  falling  into  the  Adriatic. 

Natta,  a  man  whose  manner  of  living 
was  so  mean  that  his  name  became  almost 
proverbial  at  Rome. 

Nata;  now  Nape,  a  river  of  Germany, 
falling  into  the  Rhine  at  Bingen,  below 
Mentz. 

Naubolus,  a  charioteer  of  Laius,  king 

of  Thebes. A  Phocean,  father  of  Iphi- 

tus. A  son  of  Lernus,  one  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

Naucles,  a  general  of  the  mercenary 
troops  of  Lacedasmon  against  Thebes. 

Naucratks,  a  Greek  poet,  who  was  em- 
ployed by  Artemisia  to  write  a  panegyric 

upon  Mausolus. Another  poet. An 

orator  who  endeavoured  to  alienate  the 
cities  of  Lycia  from  the  interest  of  Bru- 
tus. 

Naucratis,  a  city  of  Egypt  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Canopic  mouth  of  the  Nile.  It 
tvas  celebrated  for  its  commerce. 

Navius  Actius,  a  famous  augur. 

Naulochus,  a  maritime  town  of  Sicily 

near  Pelorum. A  town  of  Thrace  on 

the  Euxine  sea. A  promontory  of  the 

island  of  Imbros. A  town  of  the  Locri. 

Naupactus  or  Naupactum,  a  city  of 
iEtolia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Evenus,  now 
called  Lepanto. 

Nauplia,  a  maritime  city  of  Peloponne- 
sus, the  naval  station  of  the  Argives.  The 
famous  fountain  Canathos  was  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

Naupli  ades,  a  patronymic  of  Palamedes 
son  of  Nauplius. 

Nauplius,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Amy- 
mone,  king  of  Euboea.  The  death  of  his 
son  Palamedes  highly  irritated  Nauplius, 
and  to  revenge  the  injustice  of  the  Grecian 
princes,  he  attempted  to  debauch  their 
wives  and  ruin  their  character.  When 
the  Greeks  returned  from  the  Trojan  war, 
Nauplius  saw  them  with  pleasure  distress- 
ed in  a  storm  on  the  coasts  of  Eubosa,  and 
was  so  disappointed  when  he  saw  Ulysses 
and  Diomedes  escape  from  the  general  ca- 
lamity, that  he  threw  himself  into  the  sea. 

Nauportus,  a  town  of  Pwnnonia  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  now  called  Ober 
or  Upper  Laybach. 

Naura,  a  country  of  Scythia  in  Asia 
— of  India  within  the  Ganges. 

Nausicaa,  a  daughter  of  Alcinous,  king 
ofthe  Phreaceans.  She  met  Ulysses  ship- 
wrecked on  her  father'3  coasts,  and  it  was 
to  her  humanity  that  he  owed  ,'.he  kind  re- 
ception he  experienced  from  the  king. 


Nausicxes,  an  Athenian  sent  to  assist 
the  Phociaus  with  five  thousand  foot. 

Nausimenes,  an  Athenian  whose  wife 
lost  her  voice  from  alarm. 

Nausithoe,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Nausithous,  a  king  of  the  Phseaceans, 
father  to  Alcinous.  He  was  son  of  Nep- 
tune and  Peribcea. The  pilot  of  the 

vessel  which  carried  Theseus  into  Crete. 

Naustathmus,  a  port  of  Phocasa  in  Io- 
nia.  Also  a  port  of  Cyrenaica,  now 

Bondaria. 

NAUTEs,a  Trojan  soothsayer,  who  com- 
forted ^Eneas  when  his  fleet  had  been 
burnt  in  Sicily.  He  was  the  progenitor 
of  the  Nautii  at  Rome. 

Naxos,  now  called  Naxia,  a  celebrated 
island  in  the  iEgean  sea,  the  largest  and 
most  fertile  of  all  the  Cyclades,  about  one 
hundred  and  five  miles  in  circumference, 
and  thirty  broad.  The  capital  was  also 
called  Naxos;  and  near  it,  on  the  20th 
Sept.  B.  C.  377,  the  Lacedaemonians  were 

defeated  by  Chabrias. An  ancient  town 

on  the  eastern  side  of  Sicily,  founded 
seven  hundred  and  fifty-nine  years  before 

the  Christian  era. A  town  of  Crete, 

noted  for  hones. A  Carian  who  gave 

his  name  to  the  greatest  of  the  Cyclades. 

Nazianzus,  a  town  of  Cappadocia 
where  St.  Gregory  was  born. 

Nea,  or  Nova  insula,  a  small  island  be- 
tween Lemnos  and  the  Hellespont,  which 
rose  out  ofthe  sea  during  an  earthquake. 

Ne^ra,  a  nymph,  mother  of  Phaetusa 

and  Lampetia  by  the  Sun. A  woman 

mentioned  in  Virgil. A  favorite  of  Ho- 
race.  A  daughter  of  Pereus. The 

wife  of  Autolycus. — A  daughter  of  Niobe, 

and  Amphion. The  wife  ofthe  Stry- 

mon. 

Ne.ethus,  now  Neto,  a  river  of  Magna 
Graecia  near  Crotona. 

Nealces,  a  friend  of  Turnus  in  his  war 
against  ^Eneas. 

Nealices,  a  painter,  amongst  whose 
capital  pieces  are  mentioned  a  painting  of 
Venus,  a  sea-fight  between  the  Persians 
and  Egyptians,  and  an  ass  drinking  on 
the  shore,  with  a  crocodile  preparing  to 
attack  it. 

Neapjdros,  (or  ia,)  a  town  of  Troas. 

Neanthes,  an  orator  and  historian  of 
Cyzicum,  who  flourished  257  years  B.  C. 

"Nfafolis,  a  city  of  Campania,  ancient- 
ly called  Parthenope,  and  now  known  by 
the  name  of  Naples,  rising  like  an  am- 
phitheatre   at    the    back    of   a  beautiful 

bay  thirty  miles  in  circumference. A 

town  in  Africa. A  city  of  Thrace. 

A  town  of  Egypt of  Palestine of 

Ionia. Also  a  part  of  Syracuse, 

Nearchus,  an  officer  of  Alexander  in 

his   Indian  expedition. A  beautiful 

youth. An  old  man  mentioned  by  Ci- 
cero. 

Nebo,  a  high  mountain  near  Palestine 


NE 


247 


NE 


beyond  Jordan,  from  the  top  of  which 
Moses  was  permitted  to  view  the  promised 
land. 

Nebrissa,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Le- 
brixa. 

Nebrodes,  a  mountain  of  Sicily,  where 
the  Himera  rises. 

Nebrophonos,  a  son  of  Jason  and  Hyp- 
sipyle. One  of  Action's  dogs. 

Nebula,  a  name  given  to  Nephele  the 
wife  of  Athamas. 

Necessitas,  a  divinity  who  presided 
over  the  destinies  of  mankind,  and  who 
was  regarded  as  the  mother  of  the  Par- 
es. 

Nechos,  a  king  of  Egypt  who  attempted 
to  make  a  communication  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Red  seas,  B.  C.  610. 
No  less  than  twelve  thousand  men  perish- 
ed in  the  attempt. 

Necropolis,  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Al- 
exandria. 

Nectanebus  and  Nectanabis,  a  king 
of  Egypt,  who  defended  his  country 
against  the  Persians,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Tachos,  B.  C.  363. 

Necysia,  a  solemnity  observed  by  the 
Greeks  in  memory  of  the  dead. 

Neis,  the  wife  of  Endymion. 

Neleus,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Tyro. 
He  was  brother  to  Pelias,  with  whom  he 
was  exposed  by  his  mother,  who  wished 
to  conceal  her  infirmities  from  her  father. 
They  were  preserved  and  brought  to  Ty- 
ro, who  had  then  married  Cretheus  king 
of  Iolchos.  Neleus  married  Chloris  the 
daughter  of  Amphion,  by  whom  he  had  a 
daughter  and  twelve  sons,  who  were  all, 
except  Nestor,  killed  by  Hercules,  togeth- 
er with  their  father. A  river  of  Eu- 

boea. 

Nelo,  one  of  the  Danaides. 

Nem-ea,  a  town  of  Argolis  between 
Cleoure  and  Phlius  with  a  wood,  where 
Hercules,  in  the  sixteenth  year  of  his  age, 
killed  the  celebrated  Nemsan  lion.  It 
was  the  first  labor  of  Hercules  to  destroy 
it ;  and  the  hero,  when  he  found  that  his 
arrows  and  his  club  were  useless  against 
an  animal  whose  skin  was  hard  and  im- 
penetrable, seized  him  in  his  arms  and 
squeezed  him  to  death.  The  Nemsean 
games  were  originally  instituted  by  the 
Argives  in  honor  of  Archemorus,  who 
died  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent,  and  Hercules 
sometime  after  renewed  them.  They 
were  one  of  the  four  great  and  solemn 
games,  which  were  observed  in  Greece. 
The  conqueror  was  rewarded  with  a 
crown  of  olive,  afterwards  of  green  par- 
sley, in  memory  of  the  adventure  of  Ar- 
chemorus, whom  his  nurse  laid  down  on 
a  sprig  of  that  plant.  They  were  celebra- 
?ed  every  third,  or,  according  to  others, 
very  fifth  year,  or  more  properly  on  the 
first  and  third  vear  of  every  Olympiad,  on 
the  twelfth  day  of  the  Corinthian  month 


Panemos,  which  corresponds  to  our  Au- 
gust.  A  river  of  Peleponnesus  falling 

into  the  bay  of  Corinth. 

Nemausus,  a  town  of  Gaul,  in  Langue- 
doc. 

Nemesia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Nemesis. 

M.  Aurel.  Olymp.  Nemesianus,  a  La- 
tin poet,  born  at  Carthage,  of  no  very  bril- 
liant talents,  in  the  third  century,  who 
wrote  poems  on  hunting  and  bird  catch- 
ing. 

Nemesis,  one  of  the  infernal  deities, 
daughter  of  Nox.  She  was  the  goddess  of 
vengeance  always  prepared  to  punish  im- 
piety, and  at  the  same  time  liberally  to 
reward  the  good  and  virtuous.  She  is 
made  one  of  the  Parcrc  by  some  mytholo- 
gists,  and  is  represented  with  a  helm  and 
a  wheel.  The  people  of  Smyrna  were 
the  first  who  made  her  statues  with  wings, 
to  show  with  what  celerity  she  is  prepared 
to  punish  the  crimes  of  the  wicked  both  by 
sea  and  land,  as  the  helm  and  the  wheel 

in  her  hands  intimate. A  mistress  of 

Tibullus. 

Nemesius,  a  Greek  writer. 

Nemetacum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now 
Arras. 

Nemetes,  a  nation  of  Germany,  now 
forming  the  inhabitants  of  Spire,  which 
was  afterwards  called  Novionwgus. 

Nemoralia,  festivals  observed  in  the 
woods  of  Aricia,  in  honor  of  Diana,  who 
presided  over  the  country  and  the  forests, 
on  which  account  that  part  of  Italy  was 
sometimes  denominated  Nemorensis  ager. 

Nemossus,  (or  uwt,)  the  capital  of  the 
Arverni  in  Gaul,  now  Clermont. 

Neobule,  a  daughter  of  Lycambes,  be- 
trothed to  the  poet  Archilochus. A 

beautiful  woman  to  whom  Horace  address- 
ed an  ode. 

Neocesaria,  a  town  of  Pontus. 

Neochabis,  a  king  of  Egypt. 

Neocles,  an  Athenian  philosopher, 
father,  or  according  to  Cicero,  brother  to 

the  philosopher  Epicurus. The  father 

of  Themistocles. 

Neogenes,  a  man  who  made  himself 
absolute. 

Neomoris,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Neon,  a  town  ofPhocis. There  was 

also  another  of  the  same  name  in  the  same 
country  on  the  top  of  Parnassus.      It  was 

afterwards  called  Tithorea. One  of  the 

commanders  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks 
who  assisted  Cyrus  against  Artaxerxes. 

Neontichos,  a  town  of^Etolia  near  the 
Hermus. 

Neoptolemus,  a  king  of  Epirus,  son  of 
Achilles  and  Deidamia,  called  Pyrrhus, 
from  the  yellow  color  of  his  hair.  He  was 
carefully  educated  under  the  eye  of  his 
mother,  and  gave  early  proofs  of  his 
valor.  He  accompanied  Ulysses  to  Lem- 
nos,  to  engage  Philoctetes  to  come  to  the 
Trojan  war.     He  greatly  signalized  him- 


NE 


248 


NE 


self  during  the  remaining  time  of  the 
siege,  and  he  was  the  first  who  entered 
the  wooden  horse.  He  was  inferior  to 
none  of  the  Grecian  warriors  in  valor, 
and  Ulysses  and  Nestor  alone  could  claim 
a  superiority  over  him  in  eloquence,  wis- 
dom, and  address.  His  cruelty  however 
was  as  great  as  that  of  his  father.  When 
Troy  was  taken,  the  captives  were  divid- 
ed among  the  conquerors,  and  Pyrrhus 
had  for  his  share  Andromache  the  widow 
of  Hector,  and  Helenus  the  son  of  Priam. 
Neoptolemus  lived  with  Andromache  af- 
ter his  arrival  in  Greece,  but  it  is  un- 
known whether  he  treated  her  as  a  law- 
ful wife,  or  a  concubine.  He  had  a  son 
by  this  unfortunate  princess  called  Molos- 
sus,  and  two  others,  if  we  rely  on  the  au- 
thority of  Pausanias.  Besides  Andro- 
mache he  married  Herrnione  the  daughter 
of  Menelaus,  as  also  Lanassa  the  daughter 
of  Cleodsus,  one  of  the  descendants  of 
Hercules.  The  cause  of  his  death  is  va- 
riously related.  In  the  absence  of  Neop- 
tolemus at  Delphi,  Hermione  attempted 
to  murder  Andromache,  but  she  was  pre- 
vented by  the  interference  of  Peleus,  or 
according  to  others,  of  the  populace. 
When  she  saw  her  schemes  defeated, 
she  determined  to  lay  violent  hands  upon 
herself  to  avoid  the  resentment  of  Neop- 
tolemus. The  sudden  arrival  of  Orestes 
changed  her  resolutions,  and  she  consent- 
ed to  elope  with  her  lover  to  Sparta. 
Orestes  at  the  same  time,  to  revenge  and 
to  punish  his  rival,  caused  him  to  be  as- 
sassinated in  the  temple  of  Delphi,  and 
he  was  murdered  at  the  foot  of  the  altar 
by  Machareus  the  priest,  or  by  the  hand 
of  Orestes  himself. — A  king  of  the  Molos- 
si,  father  of  Olympias  the  mother  of  Alex- 
ander.  Another,  king  of  Epirus. 

An  uncle  of  the  celebrated   Pyrrhus  who 

assisted  the  Tarentines. A  tragic  poet 

of  Athens  greatly  favored  by  Philip  king 
of  Macedonia. A  relation  of  Alexan- 
der.  One  of  the  officers  of  Mithridates 

the  Great. A  tragic  writer. 

Neoris,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  near 
Gedrosia,  almost  destitute  of  waters. 

Nepe,  a  constellation  of  the  heavens, 

the  same  as  Scorpio. An  inland  town 

of  Etruria,  called  also  Nepete. 

Nephalia,  festivals  in  Greece,  in  honor 
of  Mnemosyne  the  mother  of  the  Muses 
and  Aurora,  Venus,  &c. 

Nephele,  the  first  wife  of  Athamas 
king  of  Thebes,  and  mother  of  Phryxus 
and  Helle.  She  was  repudiated  on  pre- 
tence of  being  subject  to  fits  of  insanity, 
and  Athamas  married  Ino  the  daughter  of 
Cadmus,  by  whom  he  had  several  child- 
ren. Ino  became  jealous  of  Nephele,  be- 
cause her  children  would  succeed  to  their 
father's  throne  before  her's,  by  right  of 
seniority,  and  she  resolved  to  destroy 
them.    "Nephele  was  apprized  of  her  wick- 


ed intentions,  and  she  removed  her  chil- 
dren from  the  reach  of  Ino,  by  giving 
them  a  celebrated  ram  sprung  from  the 
union  of  Neptune  and  Theophane,  on 
whose  back  they  escaped  to  Colchis.  Ne- 
phele was  afterwards  changed  into  a 
cloud,  whence  her  name  is  given  by  the 

Greeks  to  the  clouds. A  mountain  of 

Thessaly,  once  the  residence  of  the  Cen- 
taurs. 

Nephelis,  a  cape  of  Cilicia. 

Nepheiiites,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  as- 
sisted the  Spartans  against  Persia,  when 
Agesilaus  was  in  Asia. 

Nefhus,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Nepia,  a  daughter  of  Jasus,  who  mar- 
ried Olympus  king  of  Mysia. 

Corn.  Nepos,  a  celebrated  historian  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus.  He  was  born  at 
Hostilia,  and  like  the  rest  of  his  learned 
contemporaries,  he  shared  the  favors  and 
enjoyed  the  patronage  of  the  emperor.  He 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Cicero  and  of 
Atticus,  and  recommended  himself  to  the 
notice  of  the  great  and  opulent  by  delicacy 
of  sentiment  and  a  lively  disposition.  Of 
all  his  valuable  compositions,  nothing  re- 
mains but  his  lives  of  the  illustrious  Greek 
and  Roman  generals. Julius,  an  empe- 
ror of  the  west,  &c. 

Nepotianus  Flavius  Popilius,  a  son  of 
Eutropia,  the  sister  of  the  emperor  Con- 
stantine.  He  proclaimed  himself  empe- 
ror after  the  death  of  his  cousin  Constans, 
and  rendered  himself  odious  by  his  cru- 
elty and  oppression.  He  was  murdered 
by  Anicetus,  after  one  month's  reign. 

Nepthys,  wife  of  Typhon. 

Neptuni    fanum,   a    place    near   Cen- 

chreee. Another  in  the  island  of  Calau- 

ria. Another  near  Mantinea. 

NEPTUNiA,atown  and  colony  of  Magna 
Gnecia. 

Neptunium,  a  promontory  of  Arabia. 

Neptunius,  an  epithet  applied  to  Sext. 
Pompey,  because  he  believed  himself  to 
be  god  of  the  sea,  or  descended  from  him, 
on  account  of  his  superiority  in  ships. 

Neptunus,  a  god,  son  of  Saturn  and 
Ops,  and  brother  to  Jupiter,  Pluto,  and 
Juno.  Neptune  shared  with  his  brothers 
the  empire  of  Saturn,  and  received  as  his 
portion  the  kingdom  of  the  sea.  This, 
however,  did  not  seem  equivalent  to  the 
empire  of  heaven  and  earth,  which  Jupi- 
ter had  claimed,  therefore  he  conspired  to 
dethrone  him  with  the  rest  of  the  gods. 
The  conspiracy  was  discovered,  and  Jupi- 
ter condemned  Neptune  to  build  the  walls 
of  Troy.  A  reconciliation  was  soon  after 
made,  and  Neptune  was  reinstated  to  all 
his  rights  and  privileges.  Neptune  dis- 
puted with  Minerva  the  right  of  giving  a 
name  to  the  capital  of  Cecropia,  but  he 
was  defeated,  and  the  olive  which  the 
goddess  suddenly  raised  from  the  earth 
was  deemed  more  serviceable  for  the  good 


NE 


249 


NE 


of  mankind  than  the  horse  which  Neptune 
had  produced  by  striking  the  ground  with 
his  trident,  as  that  animal  is  the  emblem 
of  war  and  slaughter.  Neptune,  as  being 
god  of  the  sea,  was  entitled  to  more  power 
than  any  of  the  other  gods,  except  Jupiter. 
Not  only  the  ocean,  rivers,  and  fountains, 
were  subjected  to  him,  but  he  also  could 
cause  earthquakes  at  his  pleasure,  and 
raise  islands  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea 
with  a  blow  of  his  trident.  The  worship 
of  Neptune  was  established  in  almost  ev- 
ery part  of  the  earth,  and  the  Libyans  in 
particular  venerated  him  above  all  other 
nations,  and  looked  upon  him  as  the  first 
and  greatest  of  the  gods.  He  was  gene- 
rally represented  sitting  in  a  chariot  made 
of  a  shell,  and  drawn  by  sea  horses  and 
dolphins.  Sometimes  lie  is  drawn  by 
winged  horses,  and  holds  his  trident  in 
his  hand,  and  stands  up  as  his  chariot  flies 
over  the  surface  of  the  sea.  Homer  re- 
presents him  as  issuing  from  the  sea,  and 
in  three  steps  crossing  the  whole  horizon. 
The  ancients  generally  sacrificed  a  bull 
and  a  horse  on  his  altars,  and  the  Roman 
soothsayers  always  offered  to  him  the  gall 
of  the  victims,  which  in  taste  resembles 
the  bitterness  of  the  sea  water. 

Nereides,  nymphs  of  the  sea,  daugh- 
ters of  Nereus  and  Doris.  They  were 
fifty,  according  to  the  greater  number  of 
the  mythologists.  The  Nereides  were  im- 
plored as  the  rest  of  the  deities  ;  they  had 
altars  chiefly  on  the  coasts  of  the  sea, 
where  the  piety  of  mankind  made  offer- 
ings of  milk,  oil,  and  honey,  and  often  of 
the  flesh  of  goats.  When  they  were  on 
the  sea  shore  they  generally  resided  in 
grottos  and  caves  which  were  adorned 
with  shells,  and  shaded^by  the  branches 
of  vines.  Their  duty  was  to  attend  upon 
the  more  powerful  deities  of  the  sea,  and 
to  be  subservient  to  the  will  of  Neptune. 
They  are  represented  as  young  and  hand- 
some virgins,  sitting  on  dolphins,  and 
holding  Neptune's  trident  in  their  hand, 
or  sometimes  garlands  of  flowers. 

Nereius,  a  name  given  to  Achilles,  as 
son  of  Thetis,  who  was  one  of  the  Nere- 
ides. 

Nereus,  a  deity  of  the  sea,  son  of  Ocean- 
us  and  Terra.  He  married  Doris,  by  whom 
he  had  fifty  daughters,  called  the  Nere- 
ides. Nereus  was  generally  represented 
as  an  old  man  with  a  long  flowing  beard, 
and  hair  of  an  azure  color.  The  chief 
place  of  his  residence  was  in  the  /Egean 
sea,  where  he  was  surrounded  by  his 
daughters,  who  often  danced  in  choruses 
round  him.  He  had  the  gift  of  prophecy, 
and  informed  those  that  consulted  him 
with  the  different  fates  that  attended 
them.  He  often  evaded  the  importunities 
of  inquirers  by  assuming  different  shapes. 

Nerio,  or  Neriene,  the  wife  of 
Mara. 


Neriphus,  a  desert  island  near  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonesus. 

Neritos,  a  mountain  in  the  island  of 
Ithaca,  as  also  a  small  island  in  the  Ionian 
sea,  according  to  Mela. 

Neritum,  a  town  of  Calabria,  now  call- 
ed Nardo. 

Nerius,  a  silversmith  in  the  age  of  Ho- 
race.  An  usurer  in  Nero's  age,  who 

was  so  eager  to  get  money,  that  he  mar- 
ried as  often  as  he  could,  and  as  soon  de- 
stroyed his  wives  by  poison,  to  possess 
himself  of  their  estates. 

Nero,  Claudius  Domitius  CgRsar,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  emperor,  son  of  Caius  Do- 
mitius Ahenobarbus  and  Agrippina  the 
daughter  of  Germanicus.  He  was  adopt- 
ed by  the  emperor  Claudius,  A.  D.  50,  and 
four  years  after  he  succeeded  to  him  on 
the  throne.  The  beginning  of  his  reign 
was  marked  by  acts  of  the  greatest  kind- 
ness and  condescension,  by  affability, 
complaisance,  and  popularity.  He  was 
an  enemy  to  flattery,  and  when  the  senate 
had  liberally  commended  the  wisdom  of 
his  government,  Nero  desired  them  to  keep 
their  praises  till  he  deserved  them.  These 
promising  virtues  were  soon  discovered  to 
be  artificial,  and  Nero  displayed  the  pro- 
pensities of  his  nature.  He  delivered  him- 
self from  the  sway  of  his  mother,  and  at 
last  ordered  her  to  be  assassinated.  He 
sacrificed  to  his  wantonness  his  wife  Oc- 
tavia  Popprea,  and  the  celebrated  writers, 
Seneca,  Lucan,  Petronius,  &c.  The 
Christians  also  did  not  escape  his  barbari- 
ty. He  had  heard  of  the  burning  of  Troy, 
and  as  he  wished  to  renew  that  dismal 
scene,  he  caused  Rome  to  be  set  on  fire 
in  different  places.  The  conflagration  be- 
came soon  universal,  and  during  nine  suc- 
cessive days  the  fire  was  unextinguished. 
All  was  desolation,  nothing  was  heard  but 
the  lamentations  of  mothers  whose  chil- 
dren had  perished  in  the  flames,  the  groans 
of  the  dying,  and  the  continual  fall  of 
palaces  and  buildings.  Nero  was  the  only 
one  who  enjoyed  the  general  consterna- 
tion. He  placed  himself  on  the  top  of  a 
high  tower,  and  he  sang  on  his  lyre  the 
destruction  of  Troy,  a  dreadful  scene 
which  his  barbarity  had  realized  before  his 
eyes.  He  attempted  to  avert  the  public  odi- 
um from  his  head,  by  a  feigned  commisera- 
tion of  the  miseries  of  his  subjects.  He 
began  to  repair  the  streets  and  the  public 
buildings  at  his  own  expense.  He  built 
himself  a  celebrated  palace,  which  he  call- 
ed his  golden  house.  It  was  profusely 
adorned  with  gold,  with  precious  stones, 
and  with  whatever  was  rare  and  exqui- 
site. It  contained  spacious  fields,  artifi- 
cial lakes,  woods,  gardens,  orchards,  and 
whatever  could  exhibit  beauty  and  grand- 
eur. His  profusion  was  not  less  remark- 
able in  all  his  other  actions.  When  he 
went  a  fishing  his  nets  were  made  with 
L* 


NE 


250 


NE 


gold  and  silk.  He  never  appeared  twice 
in  the  same  garment,  and  when  he  under- 
took a  voyage,  there  were  thousands  of 
servants  to  take  care  of  hjs  wardrobe. 
This  continuation  of  debauchery  and  ex- 
travagance, at  last,  roused  the  resentment 
of  the  people.  Many  conspiracies  were 
formed  against  the  emperor,  but  they  were 
generally  discovered,  and  such  as  were 
accessary  suffered  the  greatest  punish- 
ments. The  most  dangerous  conspiracy 
against  Nero's  life  was  that  of  Piso,  from 
which  he  was  delivered  by  the  confes- 
sion of  a  slave.  The  conspiracy  of  Galba 
proved  more  successful ;  and  the  conspi- 
rator, when  be  was  informed  that  his  plot 
was  known  to  Nero,  declared  himself 
emperor.  The  unpopularity  of  Nero  fa- 
vored bis  cause,  he  was  acknowledged  by 
all  tiie  Roman  empire,  and  the  senate  con- 
demned the  tyrant  that  sat  on  the  throne 
to  be  dragged  naked  through  the  streets 
of  Rome,  and  whipped  to  death,  and  af- 
terwards to  be  thrown  down  from  the 
Tarpeian  rock  like  the  meanest  malefac- 
tor. This,  however,  was  not  done,  and 
Nero,  by  a  voluntary  death,  prevented  the 
execution  of  the  sentence.  He  killed 
himself,  A.  D.  63,  in  the  thirty-second 
year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  thirteen 

years  and  eight  months. Claudius,  a 

Roman  general  sent  into  Spain  to  succeed 
the  two  Scipios.  He  suffered  himself  to 
be  imposed  upon  by  Asdrubal,  and  was 
soon  after  succeeded  by  young  Scipio. 
He  was  afterwards  made  consul,  and  in- 
tercepted Asdrubal,  who  was  passing  from 
Spain  into  Italy  with  a  large  reinforce- 
ment for  his  brother  Annibal. An- 
other, who  opposed  Cicero  when  he  wish- 
ed to  punish  with  death  such  as  wTere  ac- 
cessary to  Catiline's  conspiracy. A  son 

of  Germanicus. Domitian  was  called 

Nero,  because  his  cruelties  surpassed  those 

of  his  predecessors. The  Neros  were 

of  the  Claudian  family,  which,  during  the 
republican  times  of  Rome,  was  honored 
with  twenty  eight  consulships,  five  dicta- 
torships, six  triumphs,  seven  censorships, 
and  two  ovations. 

Neronia,  a  name  given  to  Artaxata  by 
Tiridates,  who  had  been  restored  to  his 
kingdom  by  Nero. 

Neronianjs  Therm.?:,  baths  at  Rome, 
made  by  the  emperor  Nero. 

Nertobrigia,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the 
Bilbilis. 

Nerva  Cocceitjs,  a  Roman  emperor 
after  the  death  of  Domitian,  A.  D.  96. 
He  rendered  himself  popular  by  his  mild- 
ness, his  generosity,  and  the  active  part 
he  took  in  the  management  of  affairs.  He 
suffered  no  statues  to  be  raised  to  his 
honor,  and  he  applied  to  the  use  of  the 
government  all  the  gold  and  silver  statues 
which  flattery  had  erected  to  his  prede- 
cessor.   In  his  civil  character  he  was  the 


pattern  of  good  manners,  of  sobriety  and 
temperance.  He  died  on  the  27th  of  July, 
A.  D.  98,  in  his  seventy  second  year,  and 
his  successor  showed  his  respect  for  his 
merit  and  his  character  by  raising  him  al 
tars  and  temples  in  Rome,  and  in  the  pro- 
vinces, and  by  ranking  him  in  the  num- 
ber of  the  gods.  Nerva  was  the  first  Ro- 
man emperor  who  was  of  foreign  extrac- 
tion.  M.  Cocceius,  a  consul  in  the  reign 

of  Tiberius.  He  starved  himself,  because 
he  would  not  be  concerned  in  the  extra- 
vagance of  the  emperor. A  celebrated 

lawyer,  consul  with  the  emperor  Vespa- 
sian. He  was  father  to  the  emperor  of 
that  name. 

Nervh,  a  warlike  people  of  Belgic  Gaul, 
who  continually  upbraided  the  neighbor- 
ing nations  for  submitting  to  the  power 
of  the  Romans.  They  attacked  J.  Cffisa'r, 
and  were  totally  defeated.  Their  coun- 
try forms  the  modern  province  of  Hai- 
nault. 

Nerulum,  an  inland  town  of  Lucania, 
now  Lagonegro. 

Nerium,  or  Artabrum,  a  promontory 
of  Spain,  now  cape  Finisterre. 

Nesactum,  a  town  of  Istria,  at  the 
mouth   of  the  Arsia,  now  Caslel  JVuovo. 

Nes.ea,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Nesimachus,  the  father  of  Hippome- 
don,  a  native  of  Argos,  who  was  one  of 
the  seven  chiefs  who  made  war  against 
Thebes. 

Nesis,  now  JYisita,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  famous  for  asparagus. 
Lucan  and  Stativis  speak  of  its  air  as  un- 
wholesome and  dangerous. 

Nessus,  a  celebrated  centaur,  son  of 
Ixion  and  the  Cloud.  He  offered  violence 
to  Dejanira,  whom  Hercules  had  intrusted 
to  his  care,  with  orders  to  carry  her  across 
the  river  Evenus. 

Nestocees,  a  famous  statuary  of  Greece, 
rival  to  Phidias. 

Nestor,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chloris, 
and  king  of  Pylos.  He  had  eleven  bro- 
thers, who  were  all  killed,  with  his  father, 
by  Hercules.  As  king  of  Pylos  and  Mes- 
senia  he  led  his  subjects  to  the  Trojan 
war,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
among  the  rest  of  the  Grecian  chiefs,  by 
eloquence,  address,  wisdom,  justice,  and 
an  uncommon  prudence  of  mind.  Homer 
displays  his  character  as  the  most  perfect 
of  all  his  heroes;  and  Agamemnon  ex- 
claims, that,  if  he  had  ten  generals  like 
Nestor,  he  should  soon  see  the  walls  of 
Troy  reduced  to  ashes.  After  the  Trojan 
war,  Nestor  retired  to  Greece,  where  he 
enjoyed,  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  the 
peace  and  tranquillity  which  were  due  to 
his  wisdom  and  to  his  old  age.  The  man- 
ner and  the  time  of  his  death  are  un- 
known ;  the  ancients  are  all  agreed  that  he 

lived  three  generations  of  men. A  poet 

of  Lycaonia  in  the  age  of  the  emperor 


NI 


251 


NI 


Severus. One  of  the  body  guards  of 

Alexander. 

Nestorius,  a  bishop  of  Constantinople, 
who  flourished  A.  D.  431. 

Nestus,  or  Nessus,  now  Nesto,  a  small 
river  of  Thrace. 

Netum,  a  town  of  Sicily  now  called 
Noto,  on  the  eastern  coast. 

Neuri,  a  people  of  Sannatia. 

Nicjsa,  a  widow  of  Alexander,   who 

married  Demetrius. A   daughter  of 

Antipater,  who  married  Penliccas. A 

city  of  India,  built  by  Alexander  on  the 
very  spot  where  he  had  obtained  a  victo- 
ry over  king  Porus. A  town  of  Achaia. 

A  towji  of  Illyrieum. Another  in 

Corsica. Another  in  Thrace — in  Bceo- 

tia. A  town  of  Bithynia. A  town  of 

Liguria. 

Nicagoras,  a  sophist  of  Athens  in  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Philip. 

Nicandkr,  a  king  of  Sparta,  son  of  Cha- 
rillns,  of  the  family  of  the  Pioclidse.  He 
reigned  thirty-nine  years,  and  died  B.  C. 

770. A  writer  of  Chalcedon. A 

Greek  grammarian,  poet,  and  physician, 
of  Colophon,  137  B.  C. 

Nicaxor,  a  man  who  conspired  against 

the  life  of  Alexander. A  son  of  Parme- 

nio,  who  died  in  Hyrcania. A  surname 

of  Demetrius. A  governor  of  Media, 

conquered  by  Seleucus. A  general  of 

the  emperor  Titus. A  man  of  Stagira, 

by  whom  Alexander  the  Great  sent  a  let- 
ter to  recall  the  Grecian  exiles. A  gov- 
ernor of  Munychia,  who  seized  the  Pirfeus, 
and  was  at  last  put  to  death  by  Cassan- 

der. A  brother  of  Cassander,  destroyed 

by  Olympias. A  general  of  Antiochus, 

king  of  Syria. 

Nicarchus,  a  Corinthian  philosopher  in 

the  age  of  Periander. An  Arcadian 

chief,  who  deserted  to  the  Persians  at  the 
return  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks. 

Nicarthides,  a  man  set  over  Persepolis 
by  Alexander. 

Nicator,  a  surname  of  Seleucus,  king 
of  Syria,  from  his  having  been  uncon- 
quered. 

Nice,  a  daughter  of  Thestius. 

Nicephorium,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia, 
on  the  Euphrates,  where  Venus  had  a 
temple. 

Nicephorius,  now  Khabour,  a  river 
which  flowed  by  the  walls  of  Tigrano- 
certa. 

Nicephorus  Cesar,  a  Byzantine  histo- 
rian.  Gregoras,  another. A  Greek 

ecclesiastical  historian. 

Nicer,  now  the  Necker,  a  river  of  Ger- 
many. 

Niceratus,  a  poet  who  wrote  a  poem 

in  praise  of  Lysander. The  father  of 

Nicias. 

Nicetas,  one  of  the  Byzantine  histo- 
rians. 

Niceteria,  a  festival  at  Athens,  in  me- 


mory of  the  victory  which  Minerva  ob- 
tained over  Neptune,  in  their  dispute 
about  giving  a  name  to  the  capital  of  the 
country. 

Nici  a,  a  city. A  river  falling  into  the 

Po  at  Brixellum.     It  is  now  called  Lenza. 

Nicias,  an  Athenian  general,  celebrated 
for  his  valor  and  for  his  misfortunes.  He 
early  conciliated  the  good  will  of  the  peo- 
ple by  his  liberality,  and  he  established 
his  military  character  by  taking  the  island 
of  Cythera  from  the  power  of  Lacedsmon. 
When  Athens  determined  to  make  war 
against  Sicily,  Nicias  was  appointed,  with 
Alcibiades  and  Lamachus,  to  conduct  the 
expedition,  which  he  reprobated  as  impo- 
litic, and  as  the  future  cause  of  calami- 
ties to  the  Athenian  power.  This  expe- 
dition was  unfortunate.  Demosthenes  was 
sent  with  a  fleet  to  assist  him,  but  their 
combined  forces  were  defeated,  and  the 
two  generals  put  to  death.  The  Atheni- 
ans lamented  in  Nicias  a  great  and  valiant 
but  unfortunate  general. A  gramma- 
rian of  Rome,  intimate  with  Cicero. A 

man  of  Nica,  who  wrote  an  history  of  phi- 
losophers.  A  physician  of  Pyrrhus, 

king  of  Epirus,  who  made  an  offer  to  the 
Romans  of  poisoning  his  master  for  a  sum 
of  money.  The  Roman  general  disdained 
his  offers,  and  acquainted  Pyrrhus  with 

his  treachery. A  painter  of  Athens,  in 

the  age  of  Alexander.  He  was  chiefly 
happy  in  his  pictures  of  women. 

Nicippe,   a  daughter  of   Pelops,   who 

married    Sthenelus. A  daughter  of 

Thespius. 

Nicippus,  a  tyrant  of  Cos,  one  of  whose 
sheep  brought  forth  a  lion,  which  was  con- 
sidered as  portending  his  future  greatness, 
and  his  elevation  to  the  sovereignty. 

Nico,  one  of  the  Tarentine  chiefs  who 

conspired  against  the  life  of  Annibal. 

A  celebrated  architect  and  geometrician. 

One  of  the  slaves  of  Craterus. The 

name  of  an  elephant  remarkable  for  his 
fidelity  to  king  Pyrrhus. 

Nicochares,  a  Greek  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Aristophanes. 

Nicocles,  a  familiar  friend  of  Phocion, 

condemned  to  death. A  king  of  Sala- 

mis,  celebrated  for  his  contest  with  a  king 
of  Phoenicia,  to  prove  which  of  the  two 

was  most  effeminate A  king  of  Paphos 

who  reigned  under  the  protection  of 
Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt.  He  killed  him- 
self three  hundred  and  ten  years  before 

the  Christian  era. An  ancient  Greek 

poet. A  king  of  Cyprus,  who  succeed- 
ed his  father  Evagoras  on  the  throne,  three 
hundred   and    seventy-four  years   before 

Christ. A  tyrant  of  Sicyon,  deposed  by 

means  of  Aratus,  the  Achajan. 

Nicocrates,  a  tyrant  of  Cyrene. An 

author  at  Athens. A  king  of  Salamis 

in  Cyprus,  who  made  himself  known  by 
his  valuable  collection  of  books. 


NI 


252 


NI 


Nicocreon,  a  tyrant  of  Salamis,  in  the 
age  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  ordered 
the  philosopher  Anaxarchus  to  be  pound- 
ed to  pieces  in  a  mortar. 

Njcodemus,  an  Athenian  appointed  by 
Conon  over  the  fleet  which  was  going  to 

the  assistance  of  Artaxerxes. A  tyrant 

of  Italy. 

Nicodorus,  a  wrestler  of  Mantinea, 
who  studied  philosophy  in  his  old  age. 
An  Athenian  archon. 

Nicodromus,  a  son   of   Hercules  and 

Nice. An    Athenian    who    invaded 

yEgina. 

Nicolatts,  a  philosopher. A  cele- 
brated Syracusan,  who  endeavored,  in  a 
pathetic  speech,  to  dissuade  his  country- 
men from  offering  violence  to  the  Athe- 
nian prisoners  who  had  been  taken  with 
Nicias  their  general.  His  eloquence  was 
unavailing. 

Nicomacha,  a  daughter  of  Themisto- 
cles. 

Nicomachus,  the  father  of  Aristotle, 

whose  son  also  bore  the  same  name. 

One  of  Alexander's  friends,  who  discover- 
ed the  conspiracy  of  Dymus. An  ex- 
cellent painter. A  Pythagorean  philo- 
sopher.  A  Lacedaemonian  general. 

Nicomedes  1st,  a  king  of  Bithynia, 
about  two  hundred  and  seventy-eight 
years  before  the  Christian  era.  It  was  by 
his  exertions  that  this  part  of  Asia  became 

a  monarchy. The  2d,  was  ironically 

surnamed  Philopater,  because  he  drove  his 
father  Prusias  from  the  kingdom  of  Bithy- 
nia, and  caused  him  to  be  assassinated, 
B.  C.  149.  He  reigned  fifty-nine  years. 
The  3d,  son  and  successor  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  dethroned  by  his  brother  So- 
crates, and  afterwards  by  the  ambitious 

Mithridates. The  4th  of  that  name, 

was  son  and  successor  of  Nicomedes  3d. 
He  passed  his  life  in  an  easy  and  tranquil 
manner,  and  enjoyed  the  peace  which  his 
alliance  with  the  Romans  had  procured 
him.  He  died  B.  C.  75,  without  issue, 
and  left  his  kingdom,  with  all  his  posses- 
sions, to  the  Roman  people. A  cele- 
brated geometrician  in  the  age  of  the  phi- 
losopher Eratosthenes.    He  made  himself 

known  by  his  useful  machines. An 

engineer  in  the  army  of  Mithridates. 

One  of  the  preceptors  of  the  emperor  M. 
Antoninus. 

Nicomedia,  (now  Is-vikmid,)  a  town  of 
Bithynia,  founded  by  Nicomedes  1st.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  country,  and  it  has 
been  compared,  for  its  beauty  and  great- 
ness, to  Rome,  Antioch,  or  Alexandria. 

Nicon,  a  pirate  of  Pluere,  in  Peloponne- 
sus.  An  athlete  of  Thasos,  fourteen 

times  victorious  at  the  Olympic  games. 
A  native  of  Tarentum. 

Niconia,  a  town  of  Pontus. 

Nicofhanes,  a  famous  painter  of 
Grpece. 


Nicophron,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens 
some  time  after  the  age  of  Aristophanes. 

Nicopolis,  a  city  of  Lower  Egypt.' 

A  town  of  Armenia. A  town  of  Epirus, 

built  by  Augustus  after  the  battle  of  Acti 

urn. Another,  near  Jerusalem,  founded 

by  the  emperor  Vespasian. Another, 

in  Moesia. Another  in  Thrace. 

Nicostrata,  a  courtezan  who  left  all 
her  possessions  to  Sylla. 

Nicostratus,  a  man  of  Argos  of  great 
strength.  He  was  fond  of  imitating  Her- 
cules by  clothing  himself  in  a  lion's  skin. 
One  of  Alexander's  soldiers.  He  con- 
spired against  the  king's  life,  with  Her- 

molaus. A  painter  who  expressed  great 

admiration  at  the  sight  of  Helen's  picture 

by  Zeuxis. — A  dramatic  actor  of  Ionia. 

A  comic  poet  of  Argos. An  orator  of 

Macedonia,  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  M. 

Antoninus. A  son  of  Menelaus  and 

Helen. A  general  of  the  Achaeans,  who 

defeated  the  Macedonians. 

Nicotelea,  a  celebrated  woman  of 
Messenia. 

Nicoteles,  a  Corinthian  drunkard 

Niger,  a  friend  of  M.  Antony,  serjt  to 

him  by  Octavia. A  surname  of  Clitus, 

whom  Alexander  killed  in  a  fit  of  drunk- 
enness.  C.  Pescennius  Justus,  a  cele- 
brated governor  in  Syria,  well  known  by 
his  valor  in  the  Roman  armies,  while  yet 
a  private  man.  At  the  death  of  Pertinax 
he  was  declared  emperor  of  Rome,  and 
his  claims  to  that  elevated  situation  were 
supported  by  a  sound  understanding,  pru- 
dence of  mind,  moderation,  courage,  and 
virtue.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  fond- 
ness for  ancient  discipline,  and  never 
suffered  his  soldiers  to  drink  wine,  but 
obliged  them  to  quench  their  thirst  with 
water  and  vinegar.  Severus,  who  had 
also  been  invested  with  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, marched  against  him  ;  some  battles 
were  fought,  and  Niger  was,  at  last,  de- 
feated, A.  D.  194.  His  head  was  cut  off 
and  fixed  to  a  long  spear,  and  carried  in 
triumph  through  the  streets  of  Rome.  He 
reigned  about  one  year. 

Niger,  or  Nigris,  a  river  of  Africa, 
which  rises  in  ^Ethiopia,  and  falls  by 
three  mouths  into  the  Atlantic. 

P.  Nigidius  Figulus,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  astrologer  at  Rome,  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  of  his  age.  In  the 
civil  wars  he  followed  the  interest  of  Pom- 
pey,  for  which  he  was  banished  by  the 
conqueror.  He  died  in  the  place  of  his 
banishment,  47  years  B.  C. 

Nigrit.k,  a  people  of  Africa,  who  dwell 
on  the  banks  of  the  Niger. 

Nileus,  a  son  of  Codrus,  who  conduct- 
ed a  colony  of  Ionians  to  Asia,  where  he 
built  Ephesus,  Miletus,  Priene,  Colophon, 

Myus,  Teos,  Lebedos,  Clazomenae. 

A  philosopher  who  had  in  his  possession 
all  the  writings  of  Aristotle. 


NI 


253 


NO 


Nilus,  a  king  of  Thebes,  who  gave  his 
naine  to  the  river  which  flows  through 
ihe  middle  of  Egypt  and  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  sea."  The  Nile,  anciently 
called  JEryptas,  is  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated rivers  in  the  world.  Its  sources 
were  unknown  to  the  ancients,  and  the 
moderns  are  equally  ignorant  of  their 
situation,  whence  an  impossibility  is  gen- 
erally meant  by  the  proverb  of  Nili  caput 

qu-vrere. One  of  the  Greek  fathers  who 

flourished  A.  D.  440. 

Ni.n-.vius,  a  tribune  who  opposed  Clodi- 
us  the  enemy  of  Cicero. 

Ni.nus,  a  son  of  Belus  who  built  a  city 
to  which  he  gave  his  own  name,  and 
founded  the  Assyrian  monarchy  of  which 
he  was  the  first  sovereign,  B.  C.  2059.  He 
was  very  warlike,  and  extended  his  con- 
quests from  Egypt  to  the  extremities  of 
India  and  Bactriana.  He  became  enam- 
ored of  Semiramis  the  wife  of  one  of  his 
officers,  and  he  married  her  after  her  hus- 
band had  destroyed  himself  through  fear 
of  his  powerful  rival.  Ninus  reigned  fifty- 
two  years,  and  at  his  death  he  left  his 
kingdom  to  the  care  of  his  wife  Semira- 
mis, by  whom  he  had  a  son.  Ninus  after 
death  received  divine  honors,  and  became 
the  Jupiter  of  the  Assyrians  and  the  Her- 
cules of  the  Chaldeans. A  celebrated 

city,  now  Nino,  the  capital  of  Assyria, 
built  on  the  banks  of  the  Tigris  by  Ninus, 
find  called  Nineveh  in  Scripture. 

Nin fas,  a  son  of  Ninus  and  Semiramis, 
king  of  Assyria,  who  succeeded  his  mo- 
ther who  had  voluntarily  abdicated  the 
crown.  The  reign  of  Ninyas  is  remarka- 
ble for  its  luxury  and  extravagance. 

Niobe,  a  daughter  of  Tantalus,  king  of 
Lydia  by  Euryanassa  or  Dione.  She  mar- 
ried Amphion  the  son  of  Jasus,  by  whom 
she  had  ten  sons  and  ten  daughters.  The 
number  of  her  children  increased  her 
pride,  and  she  had  the  imprudence  not 
only  to  prefer  herself  to  Latona  who  had 
only  two  children,  but  she  even  insulted 
her,  and  ridiculed  the  worship  which  was 
paid  to  her.  This  insolence  provoked 
Latona.  She  entreated  her  children  to 
punish  the  arrogant  Niobe.  Her  prayers 
were  heard,  and  immediately  all  the  sons 
of  Niobe  expired  by  the  darts  of  Apollo, 
and  all  the  daughters,  except  Chloris,  who 
had  married  Neleus  king  of  Pylos,  were 
equally  destroyed  by  Diana  ;  and  Niobe, 
struck  at  the  suddenness  of  her  misfor- 
tunes, was  changed  into  a  stone. A 

daughter  of  Phoroneus,  king  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, by  Laodice.  She  was  beloved  by 
Jupiter,  by  whom  she  had  a  son  called 
Argus. 

Nimbus,  a  man  killed  by  horses. 

Niphates,  a  mountain  of  Asia,  which 
divides  Armenia  from  Assyria,  and  from 

which  the  Tigris  takes  its  rise. A  river 

of  Armenia,  falling  into  the  Tigris. 
22 


Niphe,  one  of  Diana's  companions. 

Nirects,  a  king  of  Naxos,  son  of  Cha- 
rops  and  Aglaia,  celebrated  for  his  beauty. 
He  was  one  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  during 
the  Trojan  war. 

Nisa,  a  town  of  Greece. A  country 

woman. A  place. A  celebrated 

plain  of  Media  near  the  Caspian  sea,  fa- 
mous for  its  horses. 

Nisjea,  a  naval  station  on  the  coasts  of 

Megaris. A  town  of  Parthia,  called 

also  Nisa, 

Nis.ee,  a  sea  nymph. 

Niseia.     Vid.  Nisus. 

Nisibis,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia  built 
by  a  colony  of  Macedonians  on  the  Tigris. 

Nisus,  a  son  of  Hyrtacus,  born  on  mount 
Ida  near  Troy.  He  came  to  Italy  with 
iEneas,  and  signalized  himself  by  his 
valor  against  the  Rutulians.  He  was  unit- 
ed in  the  closest  friendship  with  Eurya- 
lus,  a  young  Trojan,  and  with  him  he  en- 
tered, in  the  dead  of  night,  the  enemy's 
camp.  As  they  were  returning  victo- 
rious, after  much  bloodshed,  they  were 
perceived  by  the  Rutulians,  who  attacked 
Euryalus.  Nisus  in  endeavoring  to  res- 
cue his  friend  from   the  enemy's  darts, 

perished  himself  with  him. A  king  of 

Dulichium,  remarkable  for  his  probity  and 

virtue. A  king  of  Megara,  son  of  Marss 

or  more  probably  of  Pandion.  He  inherit- 
ed his  father's  kingdom  with  his  broth- 
ers, and  received  as  his  portion  the  coun- 
try of  Megaris.     Vid.  Scylla. 

Nisyros,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean  sea, 
at  the  west  of  Rhodes,  with  a  town  of 
the  same  name. 

Nitetis,  a  daughter  of  Apries,  king  of 
Egypt,  married  by  his  successor  Amasis 
to  Cyrus.  , 

Nitiobriges,  a  people  of  Gaul,  suppos- 
ed to  be  Agenois,  in  Guienne. 

Nitocris,  a  celebrated  queen  of  Baby- 
lon. She  ordered  herself  to  be  buried 
over  one  of  the  gates  of  the  city,  and 
placed  an  inscription  on  her  tomb,  which 
signified  that  her  successors  would  find 
great  treasures  within,  if  ever  they  were 
in  need  of  money,  but  that  their  labors 
would  be  but  ill  repaid  if  ever  they  ven- 
tured to  open  it  without  necessity.  Cy- 
rus opened  it  through  curiosity,  and  was 
struck  to  find  within  these  words,  If  Viy 
avarice  had  not  been  insatiable  thou  never 
wouldst  have  violated  the  monuments  of  the 

dead. A  queen  of  Egypt  who  built  a 

third  pyramid. 

Nitria,  a  country  of  Egypt  with  two 
towns  of  the  same  name,  above  Memphis. 

Nivaria,  an  island  at  the  west  of  Afri- 
ca supposed  to  be  the  Teneriff,  one  of  the 
Canaries. 

Noas,  a  river  of  Thrace  falling  into  the 
Ister. 

Nocmon,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 

Noctiluca,  a  surname  of  Diana. 


NO 


254 


NU 


Nola,  an  ancient  town  of  Campania, 
which  became  a  Roman  colony  before  the 
first  Punic  war.  Augustus  died  there  on 
his  return  from  Neapolis  to  Rome.  Bells 
were  first  invented  there  in  the  beginning 
of  the  fifth  century,  from  which  reason 
they  have  been  called  Nolm  or  Campancc, 
in  Latin. 

Nomades,  a  name  given  to  all  those  un- 
civilized people  who  had  no  fixed  habita- 
tion. 

Nom-e,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Nomentanus,  an  epithet  applied  to  L. 
Cassius  as  a  native  of  Nomentum.  He  is 
mentioned  by  Horace  as  a  mixture  of  lux- 
ury and  dissipation. 

Nomentum,  a  town  of  the  Sabines  in 
Italy,  famous  for  wine,  and  now  called 
Lamentana. 

Nomii,  mountains  of  Arcadia. 

Nomius,  a  surname  given  to  Apollo, 
because  he  fed  the  flocks  of  king  Adme- 
tus  in  Thessaly. 

Nonacris,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  which 
received  its  name  from  a  wife  of  Lycaon. 
There  was  a  mountain  of  the  same  name 
in  the  neighborhood. 

Nonius,  a  Roman  soldier  imprisoned  for 

paying  respect  to  Galba's  statues. A 

Roman  who  exhorted  his  countrymen 
after  the  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia,  and  the 
flight  of  Pompey,  by  observing  that  eight 
standards  (aquilce)  still  remained  in  the 
camp,  to  which  Cicero  answered,  recte, 
si  nobis  cum  graculis  bellum  esset. 

Nonnius  Makcellus,  a  grammarian. 

Nonnus,  a  Greek  writer  of  the  fifth 
century. 

Nonus,  a  Greek  physician. 

Nopia  or  Cnopia,  a  town  of  Bceotia. 

Nora,  now  Nour,  a  place  of  Phrygia. 
A  town. 

Norax,  a  son  of  Mercury  and  Eury- 
thsea. 

Norba,  a  town  of  the  Volsci. Cae- 

sarea  a  town  of  Spain  on  the  Tagus. 

C.  Norbanus,  a  young  and  ambitious 
Roman  who  opposed  Sylla,  and  joined  his 
interest  to  that  of  young  Marius.  In  his 
consulship  he  marched  against  Sylla,  by 

whom  he  was  defeated. A  friend  and 

general  of  Augustus. 

Noricum,  a  country  of  ancient  Illyri- 
cum,  which  now  forms  a  part  of  modern 
Bavaria  and  Austria.  The  iron  that  was 
drawn  from  Noricum  was  esteemed  ex- 
cellent. 

Northippus,  a  Greek  tragic  poet. 

Nortia,  a  name  given  to  the  goddess  of 
Fortune  among  the  Etrurians. 

Nothus,  a  son  of  Deucalion. A  sur- 
name of  Darius  king  of  Persia. 

Notium,  a  town  of  ^Eolia  near  the  Cay- 
ster.  It  was  peopled  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Colophon. 

Notus?  the  south  wind,  called  also  Au- 
Bter. 


Nov.*;,  (labernw)  the  new  shops  built  in 
the  forum  at  Rome,  and  adorned  with  the 
shields  of  the  Cimbri. 

Novaria,  a  town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
now  Novara  in  Milan. 

Novatus,  a  man  who  severely  attacked 
the  character  of  Augustus,  under  a  ficti- 
tious name. 

Novesium,  a  town  of  the  Ubii,  on  the 
west  of  the  Rhine. 

Noviodunum,  a  town  of  the  iEdui  in 
Gaul,  taken  by  J.  Caesar. 

Noviomagus  or  Neomagus,  a  town  of 

Gaul,   now  Nizeux  in    Normandy. 

Another  called  also  Nemetes,  now  Spire. 
Another  in  Batavia. 

Novium,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Noya.. 

Novius  Priscus,  a  man  banished  from 
Rome  by  Nero,  on  suspicion  that  he  was 

accessary  to  Piso's  conspiracy. A  man 

who  attempted  to  assassinate  the  emperor 
Claudius. 

Novum  Comum,  a  town  of  Insubria  on 
the  lake  Larinus. 

Nox,  one  of  the  most  ancient  deities 
among  the  heathens,  daughter  of  Chaos. 
From  her  union  with  her  brother  Erebus, 
she  gave  birth  to  the  Day  and  the  Light. 
She  was  also  the  mother  of  the  Parens, 
Hesperides,  Dreams,  of  Discord,  Death, 
Momus,  Fraud,  &c.  She  had  a  famous 
statue  in  Diana's  temple  at  Ephesus.  She 
is  represented  as  mounted  on  a  chariot 
and  covered  with  a  veil  bespangled  with 
stars.  The  constellations  generally  went 
before  her  as  her  constant  messengers. 

Nuceria,  a  town  of  Campania  taken  by 
Annibal.  It  now  bears  the  name  of  No- 
cera,  and  contains  about  30,000  inhabi- 
tants.  A  town  of  Umbria  at  the  foot 

of  the  Appenines. 

Nuithones,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Numa  Marcius,  a  man  made  governor 
of  Rome  by  Tullus  Hostilius. 

Numa  Pompilius,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Cures,  a  village  of  the  Sa- 
bines, on  the  day  that  Romulus  laid  the 
foundation  of  Rome.  He  married  Tatia 
the  daughter  of  Tatius  the  king  of  the  Sa- 
bines, and  at  her  death  he  retired  into  the 
country  to  devote  himself  more  freely  to 
literary  pursuits.  At  the  death  of  Romu- 
lus, the  Romans  fixed  upon  him  to  be  their 
new  king.  The  beginning  of  his  reign 
was  popular,  and  he  dismissed  the  three 
hundred  body  guards  which  his  predeces- 
sor had  kept  around  his  person,  observing 
that  he  did  not  distrust  a  people  who  had 
compelled  him  to  reign  over  them.  He 
established  different  orders  of  priests,  and 
taught  the  Romans  not  to  worship  the 
deity  by  images.  He  encouraged  the  re- 
port which  was  spread  of  his  paying  regu- 
lar visits  to  the  nymph  Egeria,  and  made 
use  of  her  name  to  give  sanction  to  the 
laws  and  institutions  which  he  had  intro- 
duced*    He  established  the  college  of  the 


NU 


255 


NY 


vestals,  and  told  the  Romans  that  the 
safety  of  the  empire  depended  upon  the 
preservation  of  the  sacred  ancyle  ox  shield 
which,  as  was  generally  believed,  had 
dropped  down  from  heaven.  He  dedicat- 
ed a.  temple  to  Janus,  which,  during  his 
whole  reign,  remained  shut,  as  a  mark  of 
peace  and  tranquillity  at  Rome.  Numa 
died  after  a  reign  of  forty-three  years,  in 
which  he  had  given  every  possible  en- 
couragement to  the  useful  arts,  and  in 
which  he  had  cultivated  peace,  B.  C.  672. 

One  of  the  Rutulian  chiefs   killed   in 

the  night  by  JYisus  and  Euryalus. 

Numa.na,  a  town  of  Picenum  in  Italy. 

Numantia,  a  town  of  Spain  near  the 
sources  of  the  river  Durius,  celebrated  for 
the  war  of  fourteen  years  which,  though 
unprotected  by  walls  or  towers,  it  bravely 
maintained  against  the  Romans. 

NiiMANTirfA,  a  woman  accused  under 
Tiberius  of  making  her  husband  insane 
by  enchantments. 

jVumanus  Remulus,  a  Rutulian  who 
accused  the  Trojans  of  effeminacy. 

Numenes,  a  follower  of  the  doctrines 
of  Plato  and  Pythagoras,  born  at  Apamea 
in  Syria. 

Numenia,  or  Neomenia,  a  festival  ob- 
served by  the  Greeks  at  the  beginning  of 
every  lunar  month,  in  honor  of  all  the 
gods,  but  especially  of  Apollo,  or  the  Sun, 
who  is  justly  deemed  the  author  of  light, 
and  of  whatever  distinction  is  made  in 
the  months,  seasons,  days,  and  nights. 

Numenius,  a  philosopher  who  supposed 
that  chaos  from  which  the  world  was 
created  was  animated  by  an  evil  and  mal- 
eficent soul.  He  lived  in  the  second  cen- 
tury. 

Numentana  via,  a  road  at  Rome  which 
led  to  mount  Sacer  through  the  gate  Vimi- 
nalis. 

Numeria,  a  goddess  at  Rome  who  pre- 
sided over  numbers. 

Numerianus,  M.  Aurelius,  a  son  of  the 
emperor  Carus.  He  accompanied  his  fa- 
ther into  the  east  with  the  title  of  Cssar, 
and  at  his  death  he  succeeded  him  with 
his  brother  Carinus ;  A.  D.  282.  His 
reign  was  short.  Eight  months  after  his 
father's  death,  he  was  murdered  in  his 
litter  by  his  father-in-law  Arrius  Aper, 
who  accompanied  him  in  an  expedition. 
A  friend  of  the  emperor  Severus. 

Numeriu-s,  a  man  who  favored  the  es- 
cape of  Marius  to  Africa. A  friend  of 

Pompey  taken  by  J.  Caesar's  adherents. 

Numicia  via,  one  of  the  great  Roman 
roads  which  led  from  the  capital  to  the 
town  of  Brundusium. 

Numicus,  a  small  river  of  Latium  near 
Lavinium. A  friend  of  Horace. 

Numida,  a  surname  given  by  Horace  to 
one  of  the  generals  of  Augustus,  from  his 
conquests  in  Numidia. 

Numidia,  an  inland  country  of  Africa, 


which  now  forms  the  kingdom  of  Mglers 
and  Bildulgerid.  The  Numidians  were 
excellent  warriors,  and  in  their  expedi- 
tions they  always  endeavored  to  engage 
with  the  enemy  in  the  night  time.  They 
rode  without  saddles  or  bridles,  whence 
they  have  been  called  infrcani. 

Numidius  Quadratus,  a  governor  of 
Syria  under  Claudius. 

Numistro,  a  town  of  the  Brutii  in  Italy. 

Numitor,  a  son  of  Procas,  king  of  Alba. 
— — A  son  of  Phorcus  who   fought  with 

Turnus  against  iEneas. A  rich  and 

dissolute  Roman  in  the  age  of  Juvenal. 

Numitorius,  a  Roman  who  defended 
Virginia,  to  whom  Appius  wished  to  offer 

violence. Q,.  Pullus,  a  general  of  Fre- 

gellae. 

Nuncoreus,  a  son  of  Sesostris  king  of 
Egypt,  who  made  an  obelisk,  some  ages 
after  brought  to  Rome,  and  placed  in  the 
Vatican. 

Nundina,  a  goddess  whom  the  Romans 
invoked,  when  they  named  their  chil- 
dren. 

Nursje,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Nurscia,  a  goddess  who  patronised  the 
Etrurians. 

Nursia,  now  Nona,  a  town  of  Picenum 
whose  inhabitants  are  called  Nursini.  Its 
situation  was  exposed,  and  the  air  consid- 
ered as  unwholesome. 

Nutria,  a  town  of  Illyricum. 

Nycteis,  a  daughter  of  Nycteus,  who 
was  mother  of  Labdacus. A  patrony- 
mic of  Antiope  the  daughter  of  Nycteus. 

N  ycteli  a  ,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
observed  on  mount  Citharon. 

Nyctelius,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  be- 
cause his  orgies  were  celebrated  in  the 
night. 

Nycteus,  a  son  of  Hyrieus  and  Clonia. 
A  son  of  Chthonius. A  son  of  Nep- 
tune by  Celene,  daughter  of  Atlas,  king 
of  Lesbos,  or  of  Thebes  according  to  the 
more  received  opinion.  He  married  a 
nymph  of  Crete  called  Polyxo  or  Amal- 
thasa,  by  whom  he  had  two  daughters, 
Nyctimene  and  Antiope. 

Nyctimene,  a  daughter  of  Nycteus. 

Nyctimus,  a  son  of  Lycaon,  king  of  Ar- 
cadia. He  died  without  issue  and  left  his 
kingdom  to  his  nephew  Areas,  the  son  of 
Callisto. 

Nymbjeum,  a  lake  of  Peloponnesus  in 
Laconia. 

Nymphje,  certain  female  deities  among 
the  ancients.  They  were  generally  divid- 
ed into  two  classes,  nymphs  of  the  land 
and  nymphs  of  the  sea.  Of  the  nymphs 
of  the  earth,  some  presided  over  woods, 
and  were  called  Dryades  and  Hamadnjades, 
others  presided  over  mountains,  and  were 
called  Orcades,  some  presided  over  hills 
and  dales,  and  were  called  Napcece,  &c. 
Of  the  sea  nymphs,  some  were  called 
Oceanides,  Nereides,  Naiades,  Potamides, 


NY 


256 


NY 


Lhnnades,  L.c.  These  presided  not  only 
over  the  sea,  but  also  over  rivers,  foun- 
tains, streams  and  lakes.  They  were  ge- 
nerally represented  as  young  and  beauti- 
ful virgins,  veiled  up  to  the  middle,  and 
sometimes  they  held  a  vase,  from  which 
they  seemed  to  pour  water.  Sometimes 
they  had  grass,  leaves,  and  shells  instead 
of  vases. 

Nymph.eum,  a  port  of  Macedonia. A 

promontory  of  Epirus  on  the  Ionian  sea. 

A  place  near  the  walls  of  Apollonia, 

sacred  to  the  nymphs,  where  Apollo  had 
also  an  oracle.  The  place  was  also  cele- 
brated for  the  continual  flames  of  fire 
which  seemed  to  rise  at  a  distance  from 

the  plains. A  city  of  Taurica  Chersone- 

sus. The  building  at  Rome  where  the 

nymphs  were  worshipped  bore  also  this 
name. 

Nymphjjus,  a  man  who  went  into  Caria 
at  the  head  of  a  colony  of  Meliaus. 

JNymphidius,  a  favorite  of  Nero,  who 
said  that  he  was  descended  from  Caligu- 
la,    lie  was  slain  by  the  soldiers. 

Nythphis,  a  native  of  Heraclea,  who 
wrote  xin  history  of  Alexander's  life  and 
actions. 

Nymphodorus,  a  writer  of  Amphipolis. 

A  Syracusan  who  wrote  an  history  of 

Sicily. 


KiMPHOLEPIEJj  Of  NYMPHOMASE5,J)Oj- 

s&ised  by  the  nympks.  This  name  was 
given  to  the  inhabitants  of  mount  Cithse- 
roh,  who  believed  that  they  were  inspired 
by  the  nymphs. 

Nymphon,  a  native  of  Colophon. 

Nypsius,  a  general  of  Dionysius  the  ty- 
rant who  took  Syracuse,  and  put  all  the 
inhabitants  to  the  sword. 

Nysa  or  Nyssa,  a  town  of  ^Ethiopia,  at 
the  south  of  Egypt,  or  according  to  others, 
of  Arabia.  This  city,  with  another  of  the 
same  name  in  India,  was  sacred  to  the 
god  Bacchus. According  to  some  geo- 
graphers there  were    no    less    than  "ten 

places  of  the  name  of  Nysa. A  city  of 

Thrace. Another  seated  on  the  top  of 

mount  Parnassus,  and  sacred  to  Bacchus. 

Nysjeus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  because 

he  was  worshipped  at  Nysa. 'A  son  of 

Dionysius  of  Syracuse. 

Nysas,  a  river  of  Africa,  rising  in  ^Ethi- 
opia. 

Nysi.se  poktje,  a  small  island  in  Africa. 

Nysiades,  a  name  given  to  the  nymphs 
of  Nysa. 

NysiRos,an  island. 

Nysius,  a  surname  of  Bacchus  as  the 
protecting  god  of  Nysa. 

Nyssa,  a  sister  of  Mithridates  the  Great. 


oc 


oc 


O  ARSES,  the  original  name  of  Artax- 
erxes  Memnon. 

Oarus,  a  river  of  Sarmatia,  falling  into 
the  Palus  Moeotis. 

Oasis,  a  town  about  the  middle  of  Libya, 
at  the  distance  of  seven  days'  journey  from 
Thebes  in  Egypt.  There  were  two"  other 
cities  of  that  name  very  little  known. 

Oaxes,  a  river  of  Crete. 

Oaxus,  a  town  of  Crete. A  son  of 

Apollo  and  the  nymph  Anchiale. 

Obringa,  now  JLkr,  a  river  of  Germany. 

Obultronius,  aqucestor  put  to  death  by 
Galba's  orders. 

Ocalea  or  Ocalia,  a  town  of  Boeotia. 
A  daughter  of  MantineUs,  who  mar- 
ried Abas,  son  of  Lynceus  and  Hyperm- 
nestra,  by  whom  she  had  Acrisius  and 
Proetus. 

Oceia,  a  woman  who  presided  over  the 
sacred  rites  of  Vesta  for  fifty-seven  years 
with  the  greatest  sanctity. 

Oceanides  and  Ojeanitides,  sea 
nymphs,  daughters  of  Oceanus,  from 
whom  they  received  their  name,  and  of  the 
goddess  Tethys.  The  Oceanides,  as  the 
rest  of  the  inferior  deities,  were  honored 
with  libations  and  sacrifices.  Prayers 
were  offered  to  them,  and  they  were  en- 


treated to  protect  sailors  from  storms  and 
dangerous  tempests.  When  the  sea  was 
calm  the  sailors  generally  offered  a  lamb 
or  a  young  pig,  but  if  it  was  agitated  by 
the  winds,  and  rough,  a  black  bull  was 
deemed  the  most  acceptable  victim. 

Oceanus,  a  powerful  deity  of  the  sea, 
son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra.  He  married 
Tethys,  by  whom  he  had  the  most  princi- 
pal rivers  with  a  number  of  daughters  who 
are  called  from  him  Oceanides.  Accord- 
ing to  Homer,  Oceanus  was  the  father  of 
all  the  gods,  and  on  that  account  he  re- 
ceived frequent  visits  from  the  rest  of  the 
deities.  He  is  generally  represented  as  an 
old  man  with  a  long  flowing  beard,  and 
sitting  upon  the  waves  of  the  sea. 

Oceelus,  an  ancient  philosopher  of  Lu- 
cania. 

Ocelum,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Ocha,  a  mountain  of  Eubcc-a,  and  the 

name   of  Eubce-a  itself. A   sister  of 

Ochus  buried  alive  by  his  orders. 

Ochesius,  a  general  of  iEtolia  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Ochus,  a  surname  given  to  Artaxerxes 

the  third  king  of  Persia. A  man  of  Cy- 

zicus  who  was  killed  by  the  Argonauts. 
— A  prince  of  Persia,  who  refused  to 


o 


:oi 


OD 


visit  his  native  country  for  fear  of  giving 

all  the  women  each  a  piece  of  gold. A 

river  of  India,  or  of  Bactriana. A  king 

of  Persia. 

Oc-nus,  a  son  of  the  Tiber  and  of  Manto, 
who  assisted  JEneas  against  Turnus.  He 
built  a  town  which  he  called  Mantua  after 

his  mother's  name. A  man  remarkable 

for  his  industry.  He  had  a  wife  as  re- 
markable for  her  profusion  ;  she  always 
consumed  and  lavished  away  whatever 
the  labors  of  her  husband  had  earned. 
He  is  represented  as  twisting  a  cord, 
which  an  ass  standing  by  eats  up  as  soon 
as  he  makes  it. 

Ocriculum,  now  Oiricoli,  a  town  of  Um- 
bria  near  Some. 

Ocridion,  a  king  of  Rhodes  who  was 
reckoned  in  the  number  of  the  gods  after 
death. 

Ocrisia,  a  woman  of  Corniculum,  who 
was  one  of  the  attendants  of  Tanaquil  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  mother  of 
Servius  Tullius. 

Octacillius,  a  slave  who  was  manu- 
mitted, and  who  afterwards  taught  rheto- 
ric at  Rome. 

Octavia,  a  Roman  lady  sister  to  the 
emperor  Augustus  and  celebrated  for  her 
beauty  and  virtues.  She  married  Claudi- 
us Marcellus,  and  after  his  death  M.  Anto- 
ny. Her  marriage  with  Antony  was  a  po- 
litical step  to  reconcile  her  brother  and  her 
husband.  Antony  proved  for  some  time 
attentive  to  her,  but  he  soon  after  despised 
her  for  Cleopatra,  and  when  she  attempt- 
ed to  withdraw  him  from  this  unlawful 
amour  by  going  to  meet  him  at  Athens, 
she  was  secretly  rebuked  and  totally  ban- 
ished from  his  presence.  This  affront  was 
highly  resented  by  Augustus.  Octavia 
had  two  daughters  by  Antony,  Antonia 

Major  and  Antonia  Minor A  daughter 

of  the  emperor  Claudius  by  Messalina. 
She  was  bethrothed  to  Silanus,  but  by  the 
intrigues  of  Agrippina,  she  was  married  to 
the  emperor  Nero  in  the  sixteenth  year  of 
her  age".  She  was  soon  after  divorced  and 
the  emperor  married  Poppsea,  who  exer- 
cised her  enmity  upon  Octavia  by  causing 
her  to  be  banished  into  Campania.  She 
was  afterwards  slain  by  order  of  Poppaea. 

Octavianus,  or  Octavius  Cesar,  the 
nephew  of  Caesar  the  dictator. 

Octavius,  a  Roman  officer  who  brought 
Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia,  a  prisoner  to 
the  consul.  He  was  assassinated  by  Ly- 
sias,  who   was   before   regent  of  Egypt. 

The  murderer  was  sent  to  Rome. A 

man  who  opposed  Metellus  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Crete  by  means  of  Pompey. A 

lieutenant  of  Crassus  in  Parthia. A 

governor  of  Cilicia. A  tribune  of  the 

people  at  Rome,  whom  Tib.  Gracchus  his 

colleague  deposed. A  commander  of 

the  forces  of  Antony  against  Augustus. 
An  officer  who  killed  himself. A 


tribune  of  the  people,  who  debauched  a 
woman  of  Pontus  from  her  husband.  She 
proved  unfaithful  to  him,  upon  which  he 
murdered  her.  He  was  condemned  under 
IMero. A  poet  in  the  Augustan  age  inti- 
mate with  Horace. 

Octodurus,  a  village  in  the  modern 
country  of  Switzerland,  now  called  Mar- 
tigny. 

Octogesa,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Octolophum,  a  place  of  Greece. 

Ocyalus,  one  of  the  Phsacians  with  Al- 
cinous. 

Ocvpete,  one  of  the  Harpies  who  in- 
fected whatever  she  touched.     The  name 

signifies  swift  flying. A  daughter  of 

Thaumas. A  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Ocyroe,  a  daughter  of  Chiron  by  Cha- 

riclo,  who  had  the  gift  of  prophecy. A 

woman  daughter  of  Chesias,  carried  away 
by  Apollo. 

Odenatus,  a  celebrated  prince  of  Pal- 
myra. He  early  inured  himself  to  bear  fa- 
tigues, and  by  hunting  leopards  and  wild 
beasts,  he  accustomed  himself  to  the  labors 
of  a  military  life.  He  was  faithful  to  the 
Romans  j  and  Gallienus,  the  then  reign- 
ing emperor,  named  Odenatus  as  his  col- 
league on  the  throne,  and  gave  the  title 
of  Augustus  to  his  children,  and  to  his 
wife  the  celebrated  Zenobia.  He  died  at 
Emessa,  about  the  two  hundred  and  six- 
ty-seventh year  of  the  Christian  era. 
Zenobia  succeeded  to  all  his  titles  and 
honors. 

Odessus,  a  sea  port  town  at  the  west  of 
the  Euxine  sea  in  Lower  Moesia,  below 
the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Odeum,  a  musical  theatre  at  Athens. 

Odinus,  a  celebrated  hero  of  antiquity, 
who  flourished  about  seventy  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  in  the  northern  parts  of 
ancient  Germany,  or  the  modern  kingdom 
of  Denmark.  He  was  at  once  a  priest,  a 
soldier,  a  poet,  a  monarch,  and  a  conquer- 
or. When  he  had  extended  his  power, 
and  increased  his  fame  by  conquest,  and 
by  persuasion,  he  resolved  to  die  in  a  dif- 
ferent manner  from  other  men.  He  as- 
sembled his  friends,  and  with  the  sharp 
point  of  a  lance  he  made  on  his  body  nine 
different  wounds  in  the  form  of  a  circle, 
and  as  he  expired  he  declared  he  was  go- 
ing into  Scythia,  where  he  should  become 
one  of  the  immortal  gods. 

Odites,  a  son  of  Ixion. A  prince 

killed  at  the  nuptials  of  Andromeda. 

Odoacer,  a  king  of  the  Heruli,  who 
destroyed  the  western  empire  of  Rome, 
and  called  himself  king  of  Italy,  A.  D. 
478. 

Odomanti,  a  people  of  Thrace,  on  the 
eastern  banks  of  the  Strymon. 

Odones,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Odrys  j.:,  an  ancient  people  of  Thrace, 
between  Abdera  and  the  river  Ister. 

Odfssea,  one  of  Homer's  epic  poems, 


(ED 


258 


(EN 


in  which  he  describes  in  twenty-four 
books  the  adventures  of  Ulysses  on  his 
return  from  the  Trojan  war,  with  other 
material  circumstances. 

Odysseum,  a  promontory  of  Sicily,  at  j 
the  west  of  Pachynus. 

CEa,  a  city  of  Africa,  now  Tripoli. ■ 

Also  a  place  in  iEgina. 

CEagrus  or  CEager,  the  father  of  Or-  | 
pheus  by  Calliope.  He  was  king  of  ! 
Thrace. 

CEanthe,  and  CEanthia,  a  town  of  : 
Phocis,  where  Venus  had  a  temple. 

CEax,  a  son  of  Nauplius  and  Clymeiie. 
He  was  brother  to  Palamedes. 

CEbalia,  the  ancient  name  of  Laconia, 

which  it  received  from  king  CEbalus. 

The  same  name  is  given  to  Tarentum. 

CEbalus,  a  son  of  Argalus  or  Cynortas, 
who  was  king  of  Laconia.  He  married 
Gorgophone  the  daughter  of  Perseus,  by 
whom  he  had  Hippocoon,  Tyndarus,  &c. 

A  son  of  Telon  and  the  nymph  Sebe- 

this,  who  reigned  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Neapolis  in  Italy. 

CEbares,  a  satrap  of  Gyrus,  against  the 

Medes. A  groom  of  Darius  son  of  Hys- 

taspes. 

CEchalia,  a  country  of  Peloponnesus 
in  Laconia,  with  a  small  town  of  the  same 
name.  This  town  was  destroyed  by  Her- 
cules.  A  small  town  of  Euboea. 

CEclides,  a  patronymic  of  Amphiaraus 
son  of  CEcleus. 

CEcumenius,  wrote  In  the  middle  of  the 
tenth  century  a  paraphrase  of  some  of  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek. 

CEdipodia,  a  fountain  of  Thebes  in 
Bceotia. 

CEdipus,  a  son  of  Laius,  king  of  Thebes 
and  Jocasta.  Laius  was  informed  on 
consulting  the  oracle,  as  soon  as  he  mar- 
ried Jocasta,  that  he  must  perish  by  the 
hands  of  his  son.  The  queen  became 
pregnant,  and  Laius  ordered  his  wife  to 
destroy  her  child  as  soon  as  it  came  into 
the  world.  The  mother  had  not  the  cour- 
age to  obey,  yet  she  gave  the  child  as  soon 
as  born  to  one  of  her  domestics,  with  or- 
ders to  expose  him  on  the  mountains, 
where  he  was  soon  found  by  one  of  the 
shepherds  of  Polybus,  king  of  Corinth. 
The  shepherd  carried  him  home  ;  and  the 
accomplishments  of  the  infant,  who  was 
named  CEdipus,  soon  became  the  admira- 
tion of  the  age.  His  companions  envied 
his  strength  and  his  address  ;  and  one  of 
them,  to  mortify  his  rising  ambition,  told 
him  he  was  an  illegitimate  child.  This 
raised  his  doubts  ;  and  he  went  to  consult 
the  oracle  of  Delphi,  and  was  there  told 
not  to  return  home,  for  if  he  did,  he  must 
necessarily  be  the  murderer  of  his  father, 
and  the  husband  of  his  mother.  He 
therefore  resolved  not  to  return  to  Corinth, 
hut  travelled  towards  Phocis,  and  in  his 
journey,  met  in  a  narrow  road  Laius  on 


a  chariot  with  his  arm-bearer.  Laiua 
haughtily  ordered  CEdipus  to  make  way 
for  him.  CEdipus  refused,  and  a  contest 
ensued,  in  which  Laius  and  his  arm-bear- 
er were  both  killed.  CEdipus  continued 
his  journey,  and  was  attracted  to  Thebes 
by  the  fame  of  the  Sphynx.  This  terrible 
monster,  whom  Juno  had  sent  to  lay 
waste  the  country,  resorted  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Thebes,  and  devoured  all 
those  who  attempted  to  explain,  without 
success,  the  enigmas  which  he  proposed. 
The  calamity,  was  now  become  an  object 
of  public  concern,  and  as  the  successful 
explanation  of  an  enigma  would  end  in 
the  death  of  the  sphynx,  Creon,  who  at 
the  death  of  Laius,  had  ascended  the 
throne  of  Thebes,  promised  his  crown  and 
Jocasta  to  him,  who  succeeded  in  the  at- 
tempt. CEdipus  explained  the  enigma 
and  the  monster  dashed  his  head  against 
a  rock  and  perished.  CEdipus  ascended 
the  throne  of  Thebes,  and  married  Jocasta, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons  Polynices  and 
Eteocles,  and  two  daughters,  Ismene  and 
Antigone.  Some  years  after,  the  Theban 
territories  were  visited  with  a  plague ; 
and  the  oracle  declared  that  it  should 
cease  only  when  the  murderer  of  king 
Laius  was  banished  from  Bceotia.  As  the 
death  of  Laius  had  never  been  examined, 
and  the  circumstances  that  attended  it 
never  known,  this  answer  of  the  oracle 
was  of  the  greatest  concern  to  the  The- 
bans  ;  but  CEdipus,  the  friend  of  his  peo- 
ple, resolved  to  overcome  every  difficulty 
by  the  most  exact  inquiries.  His  research- 
es were  successful,  and  he  was  soon 
proved  to  be  the  murderer  of  his  father. 
In  the  excess  of  his  grief  he  put  out  his 
eyes,  and  banished  himself  from  Thebes. 
He  retired  towards  Attica,  led  by  his 
daughter  Antigone,  and  came  near  Colo- 
nos,  where  there  was  a  grove  sacred  to 
the  Furies.  On  this  spot  the  earth  opened 
and  CEdipus  disappeared.  His  tomb  was 
near  the  Areopagus,  in  the  age  of  Pausa- 
nias.  Some  of  the  ancient  poets  repre- 
sent him  in  hell,  as  suffering  the  punish- 
ment which  crimes  like  his  seemed  to  de- 
serve. 

CEme,  a  daughter  of  Danaus,  by  Crino. 

CEnanthe3,  a  favorite  of  young  Ptole- 
my king  of  Egypt. 

CEne,  a  small  town  of  Argolis. 

CEnea,  a  river  of  Assyria. 

CEneus,  a  king  of  Calydon  in  ^Etolia, 
son  of  Parthaon  or  Portheus,  and  Euryte. 
He  married  Althaea  the  daughter  of  Thes- 
tius,  by  whom  he  had  Clymenus,  Melea- 
ger,  Gorge,  and  Dejanira.  He  exiled  him- 
self from  Calydon,  and  left  his  crown  to 
his  son-in-law  Andremon.  He  died  as  he 
was  going  to  Argolis.  His  body  was  bu- 
ried by  the  care  of  Diomedes,  in  a  town 
of  Argolis  which  from  him  received  the 
name  of  (Enoe. 


CEO 


259 


OL 


CExiad-e,  a  town  of  Acarnania. 

CEnides,  a  patronymic  of  Meleager. 

CEnoe,  a  nymph  who  married  Sicinus, 

the  son  of  Thoas  king  of  Lemnos. 

Two  villages  of  Attica  were   also  called 

CEnoe. A  city  of  Argolis. A  town 

of  Elis  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

CEnomaus,  a  king  of  Pisa,  who  broke 
his  neck  in  a  chariot-race  with  Pelops, 
through  the  perfidy  of  his  servant  Myrti- 
lus. 

CEnon,  a  part  of  Locris  on  the  bay  of 
Corinth. 

CE.yona,  an  ancient  name  of  the  island 

yEgina. Two  villages  of  Attica. A 

town  of  Troas. 

CEnone,  a  nymph  of  mount  Ida,  daugh- 
ter of  the  river  Cebrenus  in  Phrygia.  As 
she  had  received  the  gift  of  prophecy,  she 
foretold  to  Paris,  whom  she  married  be- 
fore he  was  discovered  to  be  the  son  of 
Priam,  that  his  voyage  into  Greece  would 
be  attended  with  the  most  serious  conse- 
quences, and  the  total  ruin  of  his  country. 
Paris,  when  he  had  received  the  fatal 
wound,  ordered  his  body  to  be  carried  to 
CEnone,  in  hopes  of  being  cured  by  her 
assistance.  He  expired  as  he  came  into 
her  presence ;  and  CEnone  was  so  struck 
at  the  sight  of  his  dead  body,  that  she 
bathed  it  with  her  tears,  and  stabbed  her- 
self to  the  heart. 

CEnopia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of 
the  island  ./Egina. 

CEnopides,  a  mathematician  of  Chios. 

CEnopion,  a  son  of  Ariadne  by  The- 
seus, or,  according  to  others,  by  Bacchus. 
He  married  Helice,  by  whom  he  had  a 
daughter  called  Hero,  or  Merope,  of  whom 
the  giant  Orion  became  enamored.  The 
father,  unwilling  to  give. his  daughter  to 
such  a  lover,  and  afraid  of  provoking  him 
by  an  open  refusal,  evaded  his  applica- 
tions, and  at  last  put  out  his  eyes  when  he 
was  intoxicated. 

CEnotri,  the  inhabitants  of  CEnotria. 

CEnotria,  a  part  of  Italy  which  was  af- 
terwards called  Lucania. 

CEnotrides,  two  small  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Lucania,  where  some  of  the  Ro- 
mans were  banished  by  the  emperors. 
They  were  called  Iscia  and  Pontia. 

CEnotrus,  a  son  of  Lycaon  of  Arcadia. 
He  passed  into  Magna  Gracia  with  a  colo- 
ny, and  gave  the  name  of  CEnotria  to  that 
part  of  the  country  where  he  settled. 

CEwusiE,  small  islands  near  Chios. 

Others  on  the  coast  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
near  Messenia. 

CEonus,  a  son  of  Licymnius,  killed  at 
Sparta,  where  he  accompanied  Hercules  ; 
and  as  the  hero  had  promised  Licymnius 
to  bring  back  his  son,  he  burnt  his  body, 
and  presented  the  ashes  to  the  afflicted 
father.  From  this  circumstance  arose  a 
custom  of  burning  the  dead  among  the 
Greeks. A  small  river  of  Laconia. 


CEroe,  an  island  of  Boeotia,  formed  by 
the  Asopus. 

CEta,  now  Banina,  a  celebrated  moun- 
tain between  Thessaly  and  Macedonia, 
upon  which  Hercules  burnt  himself.  Its 
height  has  given  occasion  to  the  poets  to 
feign  that  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  rose 
behind  it.  The  straits  or  passes  of 
Mount  CEta  are  called  the  straits  of 
Thermopylas  from  the  hot  baths  and  min- 
eral waters  which  are  in  the  neighbor- 
hood.     These  passes  are  not  more  than 

twenty-five  feet  in  breadth. A  small 

town  at  the  foot  of  Mount  CEta  near  Ther- 
mopylae. 

CEtylus  or  CEtylum,  a  town  of  Laco- 
nia. 

Ofellus,  a  man  whom,  though  un- 
polished, Horace  represents  as  a  charac- 
ter exemplary  for  wisdom,  economy,  and 
moderation. 

Ofi,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Ogdolapis,  a  navigable  river  flowing 
from  the  Alps. 

Ogdorus,  a  king  of  Egypt. 

Oqlosa,  an  island  in  the  Tyrrhene  sea, 
east  of  Corsica,  famous  for  wine,  and  now 
called  Monte  Christo. 

Ogmius,  a  name  of  Hercules  among  the 
Gauls. 

Ogoa,  a  deity  of  Mylassa  in  Caria,  un- 
der whose  temple,  as  was  supposed,  the 
sea  passed. 

Ogulnia  lex,  by  Q,.  and  Cn.  Ogulnius; 
tribunes  of  the  people,  A.  U.  C.  453.  It 
increased  the  number  of  pontifices  and 

augurs  from  four  to  nine. A  Roman 

lady  as  poor  as  she  was  lascivious. 

Ogyges,  a  celebrated  monarch,  the  most 
ancient  of  those  that  reigned  in  Greece. 
He  was  son  of  Terra,  or,  as  some  suppose, 
of  Neptune,  and  married  Thebe  the  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter.  He  reigned  in  Boeotia, 
which,  from  him,  is  sometimes  called 
Ogygia,  and  his  power  was  also  extended 
over  Attica. 

Ogygia,  a  name  of  one  of  the  gates  of 
Thebes  in  Boeotia. One  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  Niobe  and  Amphion,  changed  into 

stones. An  ancient  name  of  Boeotia. 

— — The  island  of  Calypso. 

Ogyris,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean. 

Oicleus,  a  son  of  Antiphates  and  Zeux- 
ippe,  killed  by  Laomedon  when  defend 
ing  the  ships  which  Hercules  had  brought 
to  Asia  when  he  made  war  against  Troy. 

Oileus,  a  king  of  the  Locrians.  He 
married  Eriope  by  whom  he  had  Ajax, 
called  Oileus  from  his  father,  to  discrim- 
inate him  from  Ajax  the  son  of  Telamon. 
Oileus  was  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

Olane,  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Po. 
A  mountain  of  Armenia. 

Olanus,  a  town  of  Lesbos. 

Olastr.e,  a  people  of  India. 

Olba,  or  Olbus,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Olbia,  a  town  of  Sarmatia  at  the  conflu 


OL 


260 


OL 


ence  of  the  Hypanis  and  the  Borysthenes. 

iftown  of  Bithynia. A  town  of 

Gallia  Narbonensis. The  capital  of 

Sardinia. 

Olbius,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Olbus,  one  of  beta's  auxiliaries. 

Olchinium,  or  Olcinium,  now  Dul- 
cigno,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  on  the  Adri- 
atic. 

Oleades,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Olearos,  or  Oliros,  one  of  the  Cy- 
clades,  about  sixteen  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. 

Oleatrum,  a  town  of  Spain,  near  Sa- 
guntum. 

Olen,  a  Greek  poet  of  Lycia,  who  flour- 
ished some  time  before  the  age  of  Or- 
pheus, and  composed  many  hymns,  some 
of  which  were  regularly  sung  at  Delphi  on 
solemn  occasions. 

Olenius,  a  Lemnian,  killed  by  his 
wife. 

Olenus,  a  son  of  Vulcan  who  married 
Letha:a,  a  beautiful  woman,  who  pre- 
ferred herself  to  the  goddesses.  She  and 
her  husband  were  changed  into  stones  by 

the  deities. A  famous  soothsayer  of 

Etruria. 

Olenus,  or  Olenum,  a  town  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus between  Patrte  and  Cyllene. 

Another  in  ^Etolia. 

Oleorus,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  now  Jlnti 
Paro. 

Oi.GAsys,a  mountain  of  Galatia. 

Oligyrtis,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Olinthus,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

OLisiPo,now  Lisbon,  a  town  of  ancient 
Spain  on  the  Tagus,  surnamed  Felicitas 
Julia. 

Olitixgi,  a  town  of  Lusitania. 

Olizon,  a  town  of  Magnesia  in  Thes- 
saly. 

T.  Ollius,  the  father  of  Poppsa,  de- 
stroyed on  account  of  his  intimacy  with 
Sejanus. — A  river  rising  in  the  Alps,  and 
falling  into  the  Po. 

Ollovico,  a  prince  of  Gaul, 

Olmije,  a  promontory  near  Megara. 

Olmius,  a  river  of  Bceotia,  near  Heli- 
con, sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Oloosson,  now  Alessone,  a  town  of 
Magnesia. 

Olophyxus,  a  town  of  Macedonia  on 
mount  Athos. 

Olpjf.,  a  fortified  place  of  Epirus,  now 
Forte  Castri. 

Olus,  a  town  at  the  west  of  Crete. 

Olympeum,  a  place  of  Delos. Anoth- 
er in  Syracuse. 

Olympia,  celebrated  games  which  re- 
ceived their  name  either  from  Olympia 
where  they  were  observed,  or  from  Jupiter 
Olympius,  to  whom  they  were  dedicated. 
The  general  opinion  is,  that  they  were 
first  established  by  Hercules  in  honor  of 
Jupiter  Olympius,  after  a  victory  obtained 
over  Augias,  B.  C.  1222.      But  "they  were 


neglected  after  their  first  institution  by 
Hercules,  and  no  notice  was  taken  of 
them  according  to  many  writers,  till 
Iphitus,  in  the  age  of  the  lawgiver  of 
Sparta,  renewed  them,  and  instituted  the 
celebration  with  greater  solemnity.  This 
reinstitution,  which  happened  B.  C.  884, 
forms  a  celebrated  epoch  in  Grecian  his- 
tory, and  is  the  beginning  of  the  Olympi- 
ads. They,  however,  were  neglected  for 
some  time'afterthe  age  of  Iphitus,  till  Co- 
roebus,  who  obtained  a  victory  B.  C.  776, 
reinstituted  them  to  be  regularly  and 
constantly  celebrated.  The  care  and  su- 
perintendence of  the  games  were  intrust- 
ed to  the  people  of  Elis,  till  they  were  ex- 
cluded by  the  Pisjeans  B.  C.  3G4,  after  the 
destruction  of  Pisa.  The  preparations  for 
these  festivals  were  great.  No  person  was 
permitted  to  enter  the  lists  if  he  had  not 
regularly  exercised  himself  ten  months 
before  the  celebration  at  the  public  gym- 
nasium of  Elis.  No  unfair  dealings  were 
allowed,  and  whoever  attempted  to  bribe 
his  adversary,  was  subjected  to  a  severe 
fine.  The  wrestlers  were  appointed  by 
lot.  Some  little  balls,  superscribed  with 
a  letter,  were  thrown  into  a  silver  urn, 
and  such  as  drew  the  same  letter  were 
obliged  to  contend  one  with  the  other. 
He  who  had  an  odd  letter  remained  the 
last,  and  he  often  had  the  advantage,  as 
he  was  to  encounter  the  last  who  had  ob- 
tained the  superiority  over  his  adversary. 
In  these  games  were  exhibited  running, 
leaping,  wrestling,  boxing,  and  the  throw- 
ing of  the  quoit.  Besides  these,  there 
were  horse  and  chariot  races,  and  also 
contentions  in  poetry,  eloquence,  and  the 
fine  arts.  The  only  reward  that  the  con- 
queror obtained,  was  a  crown  of  olive.  So 
small  and  trifling  a  reward  stimulated 
courage  and  virtue,  and  was  more  the 
source  of  great  honors  than  the  most  tin- 
bounded  treasures.  The  statues  of  the 
conquerors,  called  Olympionicae,  were 
erected  at  Olympia,  in  the  sacred  wood  of 
Jupiter.  Their  return  home  was  that  of  a 
warlike  conqueror  ;  they  were  drawn  in 
a  chariot  by  four  horses,  and  every  where 
received  with  the  greatest  acclamations. 
Their  entrance  into  their  native  city  was 
not  through  the  gates,  but,  to  make  it 
more  grand  and  more  solemn,  a  breach 
was  made  in  the  walls.  Painters  and  po- 
ets were  employed  in  celebrating  their 
names  ;  and  indeed  the  victories  severally 
obtained  at  Olympia  are  the  subjects  of 
the  most  beautiful  odes  of  Pindar.  The 
Olympic  games  were  observed  after  a  re- 
volution of  four  years,  and  in  the  first 
month  of  the  fifth  year,  and  they  contin- 
ued for  five  successive  days.  As  they 
were  the  most  ancient  and  the  most  solemn 
of  all  the  festivals  of  the  Greeks,  it  will 
not  appear  wonderful  that  they  drew  so 
many  people  together, *•  Qt  only  inhabitants 


OL 


26! 


OM 


of  Greece,  but  of  the  neighboring  islands 
and  countries. A  town  of  Elis  in  Pe- 
loponnesus, where  Jupiter  had  a  temple 
with  a  celebrated  statue  fifty  cubits  high, 
reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world.  The  Olympic  games  were  ce- 
lebrated in  the  neighborhood. 

Olympias,  a  certain  space  of  time  which 
elapsed  between  the  celebration  of  the 
Olympic  games.  The  Olympic  games  were 
celebrated  after  the  expiration  of  four  com- 
plete years,  whence  some  have  said  that 
ihey  were  observed  every  fifth  year.  This 
period  of  time  was  called  Olympiad,  and 
became  a  celebrated  era  among  the  Gieeks, 
who  computed  their  time  by  it.  The 
custom  of  reckoning  time  by  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  Olympic  games  was  not  intro- 
duced at  the  first  institution  of  these  fes- 
tivals, but  to  speak  accurately,  only  the 
year  in  which  Coroebiis  obtained  the  prize. 
This  olympiad,  which  has  always  been 
reckoned  the  first,  fell,  according  to  the 
accurate  and  learned  computations  of 
some  of  the  moderns,  exactly  seven  hun- 
dred and  seventy-six  years  before  the 
Christian  era,  in  the  year  of  the  Julian  pe- 
riod 393S,  and  twenty-three  years  before 

the  building  of  Rome. A  celebrated 

woman  who  was  daughter  of  a  king  of 
Epirus,  and  who  married  Philip  king  of 
Macedonia,  by  whom  she  had  Alexander 
the  Great.  Her  haughtiness,  and,  more 
probably,  her  infidelity,  obliged  Philip  to 
repudiate  her,  and  to  marry  Cleopatra,  the 
niece  cf  king  Attalus.  Olympias  was  sen- 
sible of  this  injury,  and  Alexander  show- 
ed his  disapprobation  of  his  father's  mea- 
sures by  retiring  from  the  court  to  his 
mother.  The  murder  of  Philip,  which 
soon  followed  this  disgrace,  and  which 
some  have  attributed  to  the  intrigues  of 
Olympias,  was  productive  of  the  greatest 
extravagances.  The  queen  paid  the  high- 
est honor  to  her  husband's  murderer.  She 
gathered  his  mangled  limbs,  placed  a 
crown  of  gold  on  his  head,  and  laid  his 
ashes  near  those  of  Philip.  When  Alex- 
ander was  dead,  Olympias  seized  the  gov- 
ernment of  Macedonia,  and,  to  establish 
her  usurpation,  she  cruelly  put  to  death 
Aridreus,  with  his  wife  Eurydice,  as  also 
Nicanor,  the  brother  of  Cassander,  with 
one  hundred  leading  men  of  Macedon, 
who  were  inimical  to  her  interest.  Such 
barbarities  did  not  long  remain  unpunish- 
ed ;  Cassander  besieged  her  in  Pydna, 
where  she  had  retired  with  the  remains  of 
her  family,  and  she  was  obliged  to  sur- 
render after  an  obstinate  siege.  The  con- 
queror ordered  her  to  be  accused,  and  to 
be  put  to  death. A  fountain  of  Arca- 
dia, which  flowed  for  one  year  and  the 
next  was  dry. 

Olympiodorus,  a  musician,  who  taught 

Epaminondas    music. A    native    of 

Thebes,  in  Egypt,  whe  flourished  under 


Theodosms  2d,    and    wrote   twenty-two 

books  of  history,  in  Greek. Aq^Athe- 

nian  officer,  present  at  the  battle  of  Pla- 
t?ea. 

Olympius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at 
Olympia,  where  the  god  had  a  celebrated 
temple  and  statue,  which  passed  for  one 
of  the  seven  wonders   of  the  world.      It 

was  the  work  of  Phidias. A  native  of 

Carthage,  called  also  Nemesianus. A 

favorite  at  the  court  of  Honorius. 

Olympus,    a    physician    of    Cleopatra, 

queen  of  Egypt. A  poet  and   musician 

of  Mysia,  son  of  Mason  and  disciple  to 
Marsyas.  He  lived  before  the  Trojan  war, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  amatory 
elegies,  his  hymns,  and  particularly  the 
beautiful  airs  which  he  composed. An- 
other musician  of  Phrygia. A  son  of 

Hercules  and  Eubcea. A  mountain  of 

Macedonia  and  Thessaly,  now  Lacha. 
The  ancients  supposed  that  it  touched  the 
heavens  with  its  top  ;  and,  from  that  cir- 
cumstance, they  have  placed  the  residence 
of  the  gods  there,  and  have  made  it  the 
court  of  Jupiter,  [t  is  about  one  mile  and 
a  half  in  perpendicular  height,  and  is  cov- 
ered   with   pleasant  woods,   caves,    and 

grottos. A  mountain  of  Mysia. 

Another,  in  Elis. Another,  in  Arcadia. 

And  another,  in  the  island  of  Cyprus, 

now  Santa  Croce. A  town  on  the  coast 

ofLycia. 

Olympusa,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Olynthus,  a  celebrated  town  and  re- 
public of  Macedonia,  on  the  isthmu3  of 
the  peninsula  of  Pallene. 

Olyras,  a  river  near  Thermopylae. 

Olyzon,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Omarius,  a  Lacedaemonian  sent  to  Da- 
rius. 

Ombi  and  Tentyra,  two  neighboring 
cities  of  Egypt,  whose  inhabitants  were 
always  in  discord  one  with  another. 

Omole,   or  Homole,    a    mountain    of 

Thessaly. There  were  some  festivals 

called  Homoleia,  which  were  celebrated 
in  Boeotia  in  honor  of  Jupiter. 

Omophagia,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus. 

Omphale,  a  queen  of  Lydia,  daughter 
of  Jardanus.  She  married  Tmolus,  who, 
at  his  death,  left  her  mistress  of  his  king- 
dom. Omphale  ha.d  been  informed  of  the 
great  exploits  of  Hercules,  and  wished  to 
see  so  illustrious  a  hero.  Her  wish  was 
soon  gratified.  After  the  murder  of  Eury- 
tus,  Hercules  fell  sick,  and  was  ordered  to 
be  sold  as  a  slave,  that  he  might  recover  his 
health,  and  the  right  use  of  his  senses. 
Mercury  was  commissioned  to  sell  him, 
and  Omphale  bought  him,  and  restored 
him  to  liberty.  The  hero  became  enam- 
ored of  his  mistress,  and  the  queen  favor- 
ed his  passion,  and  had  a  son  by  him, 
whom  some  call  Agelaus,  and  others  La- 


OP 


262 


OP 


Omphalos,  a  place  of  Crete,  sacred  to 
Jupiter,  on  the  border  of  the  river  Triton. 

Gmphis,  a  king  of  India,  who  delivered 
himself  up  to  Alexander  the  Great. 

On.eum,  or  Ojkneum,  a  promontory  and 
town  of  Dalmatia. 

Onakus,  a  priest  of  Bacchus,  who  is 
supposed  to  have  married  Ariadne  after 
she  had  been  abandoned  by  Theseus. 

Onasimus,  a  sophist  of  Athens. 

Onatas,  a  famous  statuary  of  ^Egina, 
son  of  Micon. 

Onchemites,  a  wind  which  blows  from 
Onchesmus,  a  harbor  of  Epirus,  towards 
Italy. 

Onchestus,  a  town  of  Boeotia. 

Oneion,  a  place  of  Arcadia. 

Opsesicritus,  a  cynic  philosopher  of 
iEgina,  who  went  with  Alexander  into 
Asia,  and  was  sent  to  the  Indian  Gymno- 
sophists.  He  wrote  an  history  of  the  king's 
life. 

Oxesimus,  a  Macedonian  nobleman, 
treated  with  great  kindness  by  the  Roman 
emperors. 

Onesippus,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Onesius,  a  king  of  Salamis,  who  re- 
volted from  the  Persians. 

Onetorides,  an  Athenian  officer,  who 
attempted  to  murder  the  garrison  which 
Demetrius  had  stationed  at  Athens. 

Onium,  a  place  of  Peloponnesus,  near 
Corinth. 

Onoba,  a  town  near  the  columns  of 
Hercules. 

Onobala,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Onochokus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  falling 
into  the  Peneus. 

Onomacritus,  a  soothsayer  of  Athens. 
It  is  generally  believed  that  the  Greek 
poem,  on  the  Argonautic  expedition,  at- 
tributed to  Orpheus,  was  written  by  Ono- 
macritus.  He  flourished  about  five  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era. A  Locrian,  who  wrote  con- 
cerning laws. 

Onomarchus,  a  Phocian,  son  of  Euthy- 
crates,  and  brother  of  Philomelus,  whom 
he  succeeded,  as  general  of  his  country- 
men, in  the  sacred  war.  After  exploits  of 
valor  and  perseverance,  he  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  Thessaly  by  Philip  of  Mace- 
don.      He  died  353  B.  C. A  man  to 

whose  care  Antigonus  intrusted  the  keep- 
ing of  Eumenes. 

Onomastorides,  a  Lacedaemonian  am- 
bassador sent  to  Darius. 

Onomastus,  a  freedman  of  the  emperor 
Otho. 

Onophas,  one  of  the  seven  Persians 
who  conspired  against  the  usurper  Smer- 

dis. An  officer  in  the  expedition  of 

Xerxes  against  Greece. 

Onosander,  a  Greek  writer. 

Onythes,  a  friend  of  ^Eneas,  killed  by 
Turnus. 

Opalia,  festivals  celebrated  by  the  Ro- 


mans, in  honor  of  Ops,  on  the  14th  of  the 
calends  of  January. 

Ophelas,  a  general  of  Cyrene,  defeated 
by  Agathocles. 

Opheltes,  a  son  of  Lycurgus,  king  of 

Thrace. One  of  the  companions  of 

Accetes,  changed  into  a  dolphin  by  Bac- 
chus. 

Ophensis,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Ophiades,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Arabia,  so  called  from  the  great  number 
of  serpents  found  there. 

Ophias,  a  patronymic  given  to  Combe, 
as  daughter  of  Ophius,  an  unknown  per- 
son. 

Ophioneus,  was  an  ancient  soothsayer 
in  the  age  of  Aristodemus.  He  was  born 
blind. 

Ophis,  a  small  river  of  Arcadia,  which 
falls  into  the  Alpheus. 

Ophiusa,  the  ancient  name  of  Rhodes. 

A  small  island  near  Crete. A  town 

of  Sarmatia. An  island  near  the  Ba- 

leares. 

Ophrynium,  a  town  of  Troas  on  the 
Hellespont. 

Opici,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Cam- 
pania. 

Opilius,  a  grammarian,  who  flourished 
about  ninety-four  years  before  Christ. 

L.  Opimius,  a  Roman  who  made  him- 
self consul  in  opposition  to  the  interest 
and  efforts  of  the  Gracchi.  He  showed 
himself  a  most  inveterate  enemy  to  C 
Gracchus  and  his  adherents,  and  behaved, 
during  his  consulship,  like  a  dictator.    He 

died  of  want  at  Dyrrachium. A  rich 

usurer  at  Rome  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Oris,  a  town  on  the  Tigris,  afterwards 

called  Antiochia. A  nymph  who  was 

among  Diana's  attendants. A  town 

near  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris. One  of 

Cyrene's  attendants. 

Opiter,  a  Roman  consul. 

Opitergini,  a  people  near  Aquileia,  on 
the  Adriatic. 

Opites,  a  native  of  Argos,  killed  by 
Hector  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Oppia,  a  vestal  virgin,  buried  alive  for 
her  incontinence. 

Oppia  lex,  by  C.  Oppius,  the  tribune, 
A.  U.  C.  540.  It  required  that  no  woman 
should  wear  above  half  an  ounce  of  gold, 
have  party-colored  garments,  or  be  carried 
in  any  city  or  town,  or  to  any  place  with- 
in a  mile's  distance,  unless  it  was  to  cele- 
brate some  sacred  festivals  or  solemni- 
ties. 

Oppianus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Cilicia  in  the 
second  century.  His  father's  name  was 
Agesilaus,  and  his  mother's  Zenodota.  He 
wrote  some  poems  celebrated  for  their  ele- 
gance and  sublimity.  The  poet  died  of 
the  plague  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age. 
His  countrymen  raised  statues  to  his  hon- 
or, and  engraved  on  his  tomb,  that  the 
gods  had  hastened  to  call  back  Oppian  in 


OR 


263 


OR 


the  flower  of  youth,  only  because  he  had 
already  excelled  all  mankind. 

Opfidius,  a  rich  old  man  of  Rome. 

C.  Oppius,  a  friend  of  Julius  Caesar,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  life  of  Scipio  Africanus, 

and  of  Pompey  the  Great. An  officer 

sent  by  the  Romans  against  Mithridates. 
He  met  with  ill  success,  and  was  sent  in 
chains  to  the  king. 

Ops,  (opls,)  a  daughter  of  Ccelus  and 
Terra,  the  same  as  the  Rhea  of  the  Greeks, 
who  married  Saturn,  and  became  mother 
of  Jupiter.  She  was  known  among  the 
ancients  by  the  different  names  of  Cybele, 
Bona  Dea,  Magna  Mater,  Thya,  Tellus, 
Proserpina,  and  even  of  Juno,  and  Minerva. 
Tatius  built  her  a  temple  at  Rome. 

Optatus,  one  of  the  fathers. 

Optijius  Maximus,  epithets  given  to  Ju- 
piter to  denote  his  greatness,  omnipotence, 
and  supreme  goodness. 

Opus,  a  city  of  Locris,  on  the  Asopus, 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

Ora,  a  town  of  India,  taken  by  Alexan- 
der.  One  of  Jupiter's  mistresses. 

Oraculum,  an  answer  of  the  gods  to  the 
questions  of  men,  or  the  place  where  those 
answers  were  given.  Nothing  is  more 
famous  than  the  ancient  oracles  of  Egypt, 
Greece,  Rome,  &c.  They  were  supposed 
to  be  the  will  of  the  gods  themselves,  and 
they  were  consulted,  not  only  upon  every 
important  matter,  hut  even  in  the  affairs 
of  private  life.  To  make  peace  or  war,  to 
introduce  a  change  of  government,  to  plant 
a  colony,  to  enact  laws,  to  raise  an  edifice, 
to  marry,  were  sufficient  reasons  to  con- 
sult the  will  of  the  gods.  The  most  cele- 
brated oracles  of  antiquity  were  those  of 
Dodona,  Delphi,  Jupiter  Amnion,  &c.  The 
temple  of  Delphi  seemed  to  claim  a  supe- 
riority over  the  other  temples ;  its  fame 
was  once  more  extended,  and  its  riches 
were  so  great,  that  not  only  private  per- 
sons, but  even  kings  and  numerous  ar- 
mies, made  it  an  object  of  plunder  and  of 
rapine.  Some  have  strongly  believed,  that 
all  the  oracles  of  the  earth  ceased  at  the 
birth  of  Christ,  but  the  supposition  is  false. 
It  was,  indeed,  the  beginning  of  their  de- 
cline, but  they  remained  in  repute,  and 
were  consulted,  though,  perhaps,  not  so 
frequently,  till  the  fourth  century,  when 
Christianity  began  to  triumph  over  pagan- 
ism. The  oracles  often  suffered  them- 
selves to  be  bribed.  Alexander  did  it,  but 
it  is  well  known  that  Lysander  failed  in 
the  attempt.  Demosthenes  is  also  a  wit- 
ness of  the  corruption,  and  he  observed, 
that  the  oracles  of  Greece  were  servilely 
subservient  to  the  will  and  pleasure  of 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia.  The  Egyptians 
showed  themselves  the  most  superstitious 
of  mankind,  by  their  blind  acquiescence 
in  the  imposition  of  the  priests,  who  per- 
suaded them  that  the  safety  and  happi- 
ness of  their  life  depended  upon  the  mere 


motions  of  an  ox,  or  the  tameness  of  a 
crocodile. 

OR.>EA,a  small  country  of  Peloponnesus. 
Certain  solemn  sacrifices  of  fruits  of- 
fered in  the  four  seasons  of  the  year,  to 
obtain  mild  and  temperate  weather. 

Orasus,  a  man  who  killed  Ptolemy,  the 
son  of  Pyrrhus. 

Orates,  a  river  of  European  Scythia. 

Orbelus,  a  mountain  of  Thrace  or  Ma- 
cedonia. 

Orbilius  Pupillus,  a  grammarian  of 
Beneventum,  who  was  the  first  instructor 
of  the  poet  Horace.  He  lived  almost  to  Lis 
one  hundredth  year,  and  lost  his  memory 
sometime  before  his  death. 

Orbitaniun,  a  town  of  the  Samnites. 

Orbona,  a  mischievous  goddess  at 
Rome,  who,  as  it  was  supposed,  made 
children  die. 

Orcades,  islands  on  the  northern  coasts 
of  Britain,  now  called  the  Orkneys.  They 
were  unknown  till  Britain  was  discovered 
to  be  an  island  by  Agricola,  who  presided 
there  as  governor. 

Orchalis,  an  eminence  of  BoBotia  near 
Haliartus. 

Orchamus,  a  king  of  Assyria,  father  of 
Leucothoe  by  Eurynome.  He  buried  his 
daughter  alive  for  her  amours  with  Apol- 
lo. 

Orchia  lex,  by  Orchitis,  the  tribune, 
A.  U.  C.  566.  It  was  enacted  to  limit  the 
number  of  guests  that  were  to  be  admitted 
at  an  entertainment. 

Orchomenus,  or  Orchomenttm,  a  town 
of  Boeotia,  at  the  west  of  the  lake  Copais. 
There  was  at  Orchomenos  a  celebrated  ' 
temple,  built  by  Eteocles  son  of  Cephisus, 
sacred  to  the  Graces,  who  were  from 
thence  called  the  Orchomenian  goddesses. 

A  town  of  Arcadia. A  town  of 

Thessaly,  with  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Orcus,  one  of  the  names  of  the  god  of 
hell,  the  same  as  Pluto,  though  confound- 
ed by  some  with  Charon.  He  had  a  tem- 
ple at  Rome. 

Orcynia,  a  place  of  Cappadocia,  where 
Eumenes  was  defeated  by  Antigonus. 

Ordessus,  a  river  of  Scythia,  which 
falls  into  the  Ister. 

Ordovices,  the  people  of  North  Walea 
in  Britain. 

Oreades,  nymphs  of  the  mountains, 
daughters  of  Phoroneus  and  Hecate.  Some 
call  them  Orestiades,  and  give  them 
Jupiter  for  father.  They  generally  at- 
tended upon  Diana. 

Ore  as,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Chryseis. 

Orestje,  a  people  of  Epirus.  They  re- 
ceived their  name  from  Orestes,  who  fled 

to  Epirus  when  cured  of  his  insanity. 

Of  Macedonia. 

Orestes,  a  son  of  Agamemnon  and  Cly- 
temnestra.  When  his  father  was  cruelly 
murdered  by  Clytemnestra  and  iEgisthus, 
young  Orestes  was  saved  from  his  mo- 


OR 


264 


OR 


ther's  dagger  by  means  of  his  sister  Elec- 
tra,  called  Laodicea  by  Homer,  and  he 
was  privately  conveyed  to  the  house  of 
Strophius,  who  was  king  of  Phocis,  and 
who  had  married  a  sister  of  Agamemnon. 
He  was  tenderly  treated  by  Strophius, 
who  educated  him  with  his  son  Pylades. 
The  two  young  princes  soon  became  ac- 
quainted, and,  from  their  familiarity,  arose 
the  most  inviolable  attachment  and  friend- 
ship. When  Orestes  was  arrived  to  years 
of  manhood,  he  visited  Mycenae,  and 
avenged  his  father's  death  by  assassinat- 
ing his  mother  Clytemnestra,  and  her  adul- 
terer iEgisthus.  Orestes,  after  the  murder 
of  his  mother,  consulted  the  oracle  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi,  where  he  was  informed 
that  nothing  could  deliver  him  from  the 
persecutions  of  the  Furies,  if  he  did  not 
bring  into  Greece  Diana's  statue,  which 
was  in  the  Taurica  Chersonesus,  and 
which,  as  it  is  reported  by  some,  had  fallen 
down  from  heaven.  This  was  an  ardu- 
ous enterprise.  The  king  of  the  Cherso- 
nesus always  sacrificed  on  the  altars  of 
the  goddess  all  such  as  entered  the  bor- 
ders of  his  country.  Orestes  and  his  friend 
were  both  carried  before  Thoas,  the  king 
of  the  place,  and  they  were  doomed  to  be 
sacrificed.  Iphigenia  was  then  priestess 
Df  Diana's  temple,  and  it  was  her  office  to 
immolate  these  strangers.  The  intelli- 
gence that  they  were  Grecians  delayed  the 
preparations,  and  Iphigenia  was  anxious 
to  learn  something  about  a  country  which 
had  given  her  birth.  {Vid.  Iphigenia.) 
She  even  interested  herself  in  their  mis- 
fortunes, and  offered  to  spare  the  life  of 
one  of  them,  provided  he  would  convey 
letters  to  Greece  from  her  hand.  This  was 
a  difficult  trial ;  never  was  friendship 
more  truly  displayed.  At  last  Pylades 
gave  way  to  the  pressing  entreaties  of  his 
friend,  and  consented  to  carry  the  letters 
of  Iphigenia  to  Greece.  These  were  ad- 
dressed to  Orestes  himself,  and,  therefore, 
these  circumstances  soon  led  to  a  total  dis- 
covery of  the  connexions  of  the  priestess 
with  the  man  whom  she  was  going  to  im- 
molate. Iphigenia  was  convinced  that  he 
was  her  brother  Orestes,  and,  when  the 
causes  of  their  journey  had  been  explain- 
ed, she  resolved,  with  the  two  friends,  to 
fly  from  Chersonesus,  and  to  carry  away 
the  statue  of  Diana.  Their  flight  was  dis- 
covered, and  Thoas  prepared  to  pursue 
them  ;  but  Minerva  interfered,  and  told 
him,  that  all  had  been  done  by  the  will 
and  approbation  of  the  gods.  Some  sup- 
pose, that  Orestes  came  to  Cappadocia 
from  Chersonesus,  and  that  there  he  left 
the  statue  of  Diana  at  Comana.  Others 
contradict  this  tradition,  and,  according  to 
Pausanias,  the  statue  of  Diana  Orthia  was 
the  same  as  that  which  had  been  carried 
away  from  the  Chersonesus.  After  these 
celebrated  adventures,  Orestes  ascended 


the  throne  of  Argos,  where  he  reigned  in 
perfect  security,  and  married  Hermione, 
the  daughter  of  Menelaus,  and  gave  his 
sister  to  his  friend  Pylades.  The  mar- 
riage of  Orestes  with  Hermione  is  a  mat- 
ter of  dispute  among  the  ancients.  All 
are  agreed  that  she  had  been  promised  to 
the  son  of  Agamemnon,  but  Menelaus  had 
married  her  to  Neoptolemus,  the  son  of 
Achilles,  who  had  shown  himself  so  truly 
interested  in  his  cause  during  the  Trojan 
war.  The  marriage  of  Hermione  with 
Neoptolemus  displeased  Orestes ;  he  re- 
membered that  she  had  been  early  pro- 
mised to  him,  and  therefore  he  resolved 
to  recover  her  by  force  or  artifice.  This 
he  effected  by  causing  Neoptolemus  to  be 
assassinated,  or  assassinating  him  himself. 
He  then  retired  to  his  kingdom  of  Argos. 
His  old  age  was  crowned  with  peace  and 
security,  and  he  died  in  the  ninetieth  year 
of  his  age,  leaving  his  throne  to  his  son 
Tisamenes,  by  Hermione.  The  friend- 
ship of  Orestes  and  of  Pylades  became 
proverbial,  and  the  two  friends  received 
divine  honors  among  the  Scythians,  and 

were  worshipped  in  temples. A  son 

of  Achelous. A  man  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor, by  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  to  the 

emperor  Theodosius. A  governor  of 

Egypt  under  the  Roman  emperors. A 

robber  of  Athens  who  pretended  madness. 
A  general  of  Alexander. 

Oresteum,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  about 
eighteen  miles  from  Sparta.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Orestheus,  a  son  of  Lycaon. 

Orestid^e,  the  descendants  or  subjects 
of  Orestes,  the  son  of  Agamemnon. 

Aurel.  Orestilla,  a  mistress  of  Cati- 
line. 

Orestis,  or  Orestida,  a  part  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Oretje,  a  people  of  Asiatic  Sarmatia, 
on  the  Euxine  sea. 

Oretani,  a  people  of  Spain,  whose  capi- 
tal was  Oretum,  now  Oreto. 

Oretilia,  a  woman  who  married  Cali- 
gula, by  whom  she  was  soon  after  ban- 
ished. 

Oreum,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of 
Eubcea. 

Org  a,  or  Orgas,  a  river  of  Phrygia,  fall- 
ing into  the  Masander. 

Orgesum,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Orgetorix,  one  of  the  chief  men  of  the 
Helvetii,  while  Caesar  was  in  Gaul.  He 
formed  a  conspiracy  against  the  Romans, 
and  when  accused,  he  destroyed  himself. 

Orgia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bacchus. 

Oribasus,  a  celebrated  physician,  great- 
ly esteemed   by   the   emperor  Julian,  in 

whose  reign  he  flourished. One  of 

Actseon's  dogs. 

Oricum,  or  Oricus,  a  town  of  Epirus, 
on  the  Ionian  sea,  founded  by  a  colony 
from  Colchis,  according  to  Pliny.  It  had 
a  celebrated  harbor,  and  was  greatly  es- 


OR 


265 


OR 


teemed  by  the  Romans  on  account  of  its 
situation,  but  it  was  not  well  defended. 

Orients,  in  ancient  geography,  is  taken 
for  all  the  most  eastern  parts  of  the  world, 
such  as  Parthia,  India,  Assyria,  &c. 

Origen,  a  Greek  writer,  as  much  cele- 
brated for  the  easiness  of  his  manner,  his 
humility,  and  modesty,  as  for  his  learning 
and  the  sublimity  of  his  genius.  He  suf- 
fered martyrdom  in  his  sixty-ninth  year, 
A.  C.  -254.  His  works  were  excellent  and 
numerous,  and  contained  a  number  of 
homilies,  commentaries  on  the  holy  scrip- 
tures, and  different  treatises. 

Origo,  a  courtezan  in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Orinus,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

Oriobates,  a  general  of  Darius  at  the 
battle  of  Arbela. 

Oriox,  a  celebrated  giant,  son  of  Hy- 
rieus,  a  peasant  of  Bceotia.  Orion  soon 
rendered  himself  celebrated,  and  Diana 
took  him  among  her  attendants.  His  gi- 
gantic stature,  however,  displeased  (Eno- 
pion,  king  of  Chios,  whose  daughter  Hero 
or  Merope  he  demanded  in  marriage.  The 
king,  not  to  deny  him  openly,  promised  to 
make  him  his  son-in-law  as  soon  as  he  de- 
livered his  island  from  wild  beasts.  This 
task,  which  CEnopion  deemed  impractica- 
ble, was  soon  performed  by  Orion,  who 
eagerly  demanded  his  reward.  CEnopion, 
on  pretence  of  complying,  intoxicated  his 
illustrious  guest,  and  put  out  his  eyes  on 
1he  sea  shore,  where  he  had  laid  himself 
flown  to  sleep.  Orion,  finding  himself 
Llind  when  he  awoke,  was  conducted  by 
Ihe  sound  to  a  neighboring  forge,  where 
lie  placed  one  of  the  workmen  on  his  back, 
and,  by  his  directions,  went  to  a  place 
where  the  rising  sun  was  seen  with  the 
greatest  advantage.  Here  he  turned  his 
face  towards  the  luminary,  and,  as  it  is 
reported,  he  immediately  recovered  his 
eye  sight,  and  hastened  to  punish  the  per- 
fidious cruelty  of  CEnopion.  It  is  said  that 
Orion  was  an  excellent  workman  in  iron  ; 
and  that  he  fabricated  a  subterraneous  pa- 
lace for  Vulcan.  Accordingto  Ovid,  Orion 
died  of  the  bite  of  a  scorpion,  which  the 
earth  produced,  to  punish  his  vanity  in 
boasting  that  there  was  not  on  earth  any 
animal  which  he  could  not  conquer.  Af- 
ter death,  Orion  was  placed  in  heaven, 
where  one  of  the  constellations  still  bears 
his  name.  Orion  was  buried  in  the  island 
of  Delos,  and  the  monument  which  the 
people  of  Tanagra  in  Bceotia  showed,  as 
containing  the  remains  of  this  celebrated 
hero,  was  nothing  but  a  cenotaph.  The 
daughters  of  Orion  distinguished  them- 
selves as  much  as  their  father,  and,  when 
the  oracle  had  declared  that  Breotia  should 
not  be  delivered  from  a  dreadful  pestilence 
before  two  of  Jupiter's  children  were  im- 
molated on  the  altars,  they  joyfully  ac- 
cepted the  offer,  and  voluntarily  sacrificed 
hemselves  for  the  good  of  their  country. 
•23 


Their  names  were  Menippe  and  Metioche. 
They  had  been  carefully  educated  by  Dia- 
na, and  Venus  and  Minerva  had  made 
them  very  rich  and  valuable  presents. 
The  deities  of  hell  were  struck  at  the  pa- 
triotism of  the  two  females,  and  immedi- 
ately two  stars  were  seen  to  arise  from  the 
earth,  which  still  smoked  with  the  blood, 
and  they  were  placed  in  the  heavens  in 
the  form  of  a  crown. 

Orissus,  a  prince  of  Spain,  who  put 
Hamilcar  to  flight. 

Orisujlla  Li  via,  a  Roman  matron,  ta- 
ken away  from  Piso. 

Orit.e,  a  people  of  India,  who  submit- 
ted to  Alexander. 

Orithyia,   a  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 

king    of  Athens,    by    Praxithea. A 

daughter  of  Cecrops. One  of  the  Am- 
azons.  One  of  the  Nereides. 

Oritias,  one  of  the  hunters  of  the  Ca- 
lydonian  boar. 

Oriundus,  a  river  of  Illyricum. 

Ormenus,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  son  of 
Cercaphus.     He  built  a  town  which  was 

called  Ormenium. A  man  who  settled 

at  Rhodes. A  son  of  Eurypylus,  &c. 

Ornea,  a  town  of  Argolis,  famous  for  a 
battle  fought  there  between  the  Lacedae- 
monians and  Argives. 

Obneates,  a  surname  of  Priapus,  at 
Ornea. 

Orneus,  a  centaur,  son  of  Ixion  and 

the  Cloud. A  son  of  Erechtheus,  king 

of  Athens. 

Ornithic,  a  wind  blowing  from  the 
north  in  the  spring. 

Ornithon,  a  town  of  Phcenicia,  be- 
tween Tyre  and  Sidon. 

Ornitus,  a  friend  of  iEneas,  killed  by 
Camilla  in  the  Rutulian  wars. 

Ornospades,  a  Parthian,  driven  from 
his  country  by  Artabanus.  He  assisted 
Tiberius,  and  was  made  governor  of  Ma- 
cedonia. 

Ornvtion,  a  son  of  Sisyphus,  king  of 
Corinth,  father  of  Phocus. 

Ornytus,  a  man  of  Cyzicus,  killed  by 
the  Argonauts. 

Oroanda,  a  town  of  Pysidia,  now  Ha- 
viran. 

Orobia,  a  town  of  Eubcea. 

Orobii,  a  people  of  Italy,  near  Milan. 

Orodes,  a  prince  of  Parthia,  who  mur- 
dered his  brother  Mithridates,  and  ascend- 
ed his  throne.  It  is  said,  that,  when  Oro- 
des became  old  and  infirm,  his  thirty  chil- 
dren applied  to  him,  and  disputed,  in  his 
presence,  their  right  to  the  succession. 
Phraates,  the  eldest  of  them,  obtained 
the  crown  from  his  father,  and,  to  hasten 
him  out  of  the  world,  he  attempted  to  poi- 
son him.  The  poison  had  no  effect ;  and 
Phraates,  still  determined  on  his  father's 
death,  strangled  him  with  his  own  hands, 
about  thirty- seven  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  Orodes  had  then  reigned  about 
M 


OR 


26Q 


OR 


fifty  years. Another  king  of  Parthia, 

murdered  for  his  cruelty. A  son  of  Ar- 

tabanus,  king  of  Armenia. One  of  the 

friends  of  ./Eneas  in  Italy,  killed  by  Me- 
zentius. 

Oiuetes,  a  Persian  governor  of  Sardis, 
famous  for  his  cruel  murder  of  Polycrates. 
He  died  B.  C.  521. 

Oromedon,  a  lofty  mountain  in  the  is- 
land of  Cos. A  giant. 

Orontas,  a  relation  of  Artaxerxes,  sent 
to  Cyprus,  where  he  made  peace  with 
Evagoras. 

Orontes,  a  satrap  of  Mysia,  B.  C.  385, 
who  rebelled  from  Artaxerxes. A  gov- 
ernor of  Armenia. A  king  of  the  Lyci- 

ans  during  the  Trojan  war. A  river  of 

Syria,  falling  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Orophernes,  a  man  who  seized  the 
kingdom  of  Cappadocia.  He  died  B.  C. 
154. 

Oropus,  a  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Attica,  near  the  Euripus,  which 
received  its  name  from  Oropus,  a  son  of 

Macedon. A  small  town  of  Eubcea. 

Another  in  Macedonia. 

Orosius,  a  Spanish  writer,  A.  D.  416, 
who  published  an  universal  history,  in 
seven  books. 

Orospeda,  a  mountain  of  Spain. 

Orpheus,  a  son  of  GEager,  by  the  muse 
Calliope.  He  received  a  lyre  from  Apollo, 
or  according  to  some,  from  Mercury,  upon 
which  he  played  with  such  a  masteily 
hand,  that  even  the  most  rapid  rivers 
ceased  to  flow,  the  savage  beasts  of  the 
forest  forgot  their  wildness,  and  the  moun- 
tains moved  to  listen  to  his  song.  Eury- 
dice  was  the  only  one  who  made  a  deep 
impression  on  the  melodious  musician, 
and  their  nuptials  were  celebrated.  Their 
happiness,  however,  was  short ;  Aristaeus 
became  enamored  of  Eurydice,  and,  as 
she  fled  from  her  pursuer,  a  serpent,  that 
was  lurking  in  the  grass,  bit  her  foot,  and 
she  died  of  the  poisoned  wound.  Her  loss 
was  severely  felt  by  Orpheus,  and  he  re- 
solved to  recover  her,  or  perish  in  the  at- 
tempt. With  his  lyre  in  his  hand,  he  en- 
tered the  infernal  regions,  and  gained  an 
easy  admission  to  the  palace  of  the  king 
of  hell.  Pluto  and  Proserpine  were  mov- 
ed with  his  sorrow,  and  consented  to  re- 
store him  Eurydice,  provided  he  forebore 
looking  behind  till  he  had  come  to  the  ex- 
tremest  borders  of  hell.  The  conditions 
were  gladly  accepted,  and  Orpheus  was 
already  in  sight  of  the  upper  regions  of 
the  air,  when  he  forgot  his  promises  and 
turned  back  to  look  at  his  long  lost  Eury- 
dice. He  saw  her,  but  she  instantly  van- 
ished from  his  eyes.  He  attempted  to 
follow  her,  but  he  was  refused  admission  ; 
and  the  only  comfort  he  could  find,  was 
to  soothe  his  grief  by  the  sound  of  his  mu- 
sical instrument,  in  grottos,  or  on  the 
mountains.     Orpheus  was  one  of  the  Ar- 


I  gonauts,  of  which  celebrated  expedition 
I  he  wrote  a  poetical  account  still  extant. 
According  to  some  of  the  moderns,  the 
Argonautica,  and  the  other  poems  attribut- 
ed to  Orpheus,  are  the  production  of  the 
pen  of  Onomacritus,  a  poet  who  lived  in 
the  age  of  Pisistratus,  tyrant  of  Athens. 
Orpheus,  as  some  report,  after  death  re- 
ceived divine  honors,  the  muses  gave  an 
honorable  burial  to  his  remains,  and  his 
lyre  became  one  of  the  constellations  in 
the  heavens. 

Orphica,  a  name  by  which  the  orgies 
of  Bacchus  were  called,  because  they  had 
been  introduced  in  Europe  from  Egypt  by 
Orpheus. 

Orphne,  a  nymph  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions. 

Orsedice,  a  daughter  of  Cinyras  and 
Metharme. 

Orseis,  a  nymph  who  married  Hellen. 

Orsillus,  a  Persian  who  fled  to  Alex- 
ander, when  Bessus  murdered  Darius. 

Orsilochus,  a  son  of  Idomeneus,  kill- 
ed by  Ulysses  in  the  Trojan  war. A 

son  of  the  river  Alpheus. A  Trojan 

killed  by  Camilla  in  the  Rutulian  wars. 

Orsines,  one  of  the  officers  of  Darius, 
at  the  battle  of  Arbela. 

Orsippus,  a  man  of  Megara,  who  was 
prevented  from  obtaining  a  prize  at  the 
Olympic  games,  because  his  clothes  were 
entangled  as  he  ran.  This  circumstance 
was  the  cause  that,  for  the  future,  all  the 
combatants  were  obliged  to  appear  naked. 

M.  Ortalcjs,  a  grandson  of  Hortensius, 
who  was  induced"  to  marry  by  a  present 
from  Augustus,  who  wished  that  ancient 
family  not  to  be  extinguished. 

Orthagoras,  a  man  who  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  India. A  musician  in  the  age 

of  Epaminondas. A  tyrant  of  Sicyon. 

Orthia,  a  daughter  of  Hyacinthus. 

Orthe,  a  town  of  Magnesia. 

Orthia,  a  surname  of  Diana  at  Sparta. 
In  her  sacrifices  it  was  usual  for  boys  to 
be  whipped. 

Orthosi  a,  a  town  of  Caria of  Phoe- 
nicia. 

Orthrus,  or  Orthos,  a  dog  which  be- 
longed to  Geryon,  from  whom  and  the 
Chimaera,  sprung  the  sphynx  and  the  Ne- 
msan  lion.  He  had  two  heads,  and  was 
destroyed  by  Hercules. 

Ortygia,  a  grove  near  Ephesus. A 

small  island  of  Sicily,  within  the  bay  of 
Syracuse,  which  formed  once  one  of  the 
four  quarters  of  that  great  city.  It  was 
in  this  island  that  the  celebrated  fountain 
Arethusa  arose.  Ortygia  is  now  the  only 
part  remaining  of  the  once  famed  Syra- 
cuse, about  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  inhabited  by  18,000  souls. An  an- 
cient name  of  the  island  of  Delos. 

Ortygius,  a  Rutulian  killed  by  /Eneas. 

Orus,  or  Horus,  one  of  the  gods  of  the 
Egyptians,  son  of  Osiris  and  of  Isis.     He 


OS 


267 


OS 


assisted  his  mother  in  avenging  his  father, 
who  had  been  murdered  by  Typhon. 
Orus  was  skilled  in  medicine,  he  was  ac- 
quainted with  futurity,  and  he  made  the 
good  and  the  happiness  of  his  subjects 
the  sole  object  of  his  government.  He 
was  the  emblem  of  the  sun  among  the 
Egyptians. The  first  king  of  Troezene. 

Ortander,  a  satrap  of  Persia. 

Oryx,  a  place  of  Arcadia  on  the  Ladon. 

Osaces,  a  Parthian  general,  who  re- 
ceived a  mortal  wound  from  Cassius. 

Osca,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Huesca,  in 
Arragon. 

Oschophoria,  a  festival  observed  by  the 
Athenians.  Its  original  institution  is  thus 
described.  Theseus,  at  his  return  from 
Crete,  forgot  to  hang  out  the  white  sail  by 
which  his  father  was  to  be  apprized  of  his 
success.  This  neglect  was  fatal  to  /Ege- 
us,  who  threw  himself  into  the  sea  and 
perished.  Theseus  no  sooner  reached  the 
land,  than  he  sent  a  herald  to  inform  his 
father  of  his  safe  return,  and  in  the  mean 
time  he  began  to  make  the  sacrifices  which 
he  vowed  when  he  first  set  sail  from  Crete. 
The  herald,  on  his  entrance  into  the  city, 
found  the  people  in  great  agitation.  Some 
lamented  the  king's  death,  while  others, 
elated  at  the  sudden  news  of  the  victory 
of  Theseus,  crowned  the  herald  with  gar- 
lands in  demonstration  of  their  joy.  The 
herald  carried  back  the  garlands  on  his 
stafF  to  the  sea  shore,  and  after  he  had 
waited  till  Theseus  had  finished  his  sacri- 
fice, he  related  the  melancholy  story  of 
the  king's  death.  Upon  this,  the  people 
ran  in  crowds  to  the  city,  showing  their 
grief  by  cries  and  lamentations.  From 
that  circumstance  therefore,  at  the  feast 
of  Oschophoria,  not  the  herald  but  his 
staff  is  crowned  with  garlands. 

Osci,  a  people  between  Campania  and 
the  country  of  the  Volsci,  who  assisted 
Turnus  against  iEneas. 

Oscius,  a  mountain  with  a  river  of  the 
eame  name  in  Thrace. 

Oscus,  a  general  of  the  fleet  of  the  em- 
peror Otho. 

Osi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Osinius,  a  king  of  Clusium,  who  assist- 
ed iEneas  against  Turnus. 

Osiris,  a  great  deity  of  the  Egyptians, 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Niobe.  All  the  an- 
cients greatly  differ  in  their  opinions 
concerning  this  celebrated  god,  but  they 
all  agree  that  as  king  of  Egypt,  he  took 
particular  care  to  civilize  his  subjects,  to 
polish  their  morals,  to  give  them  good  and 
salutary  laws,  and  to  teach  them  agricul- 
ture. After  he  had  accomplished  a  reform 
at  home,  Osiris  resolved  to  go  and  spread 
civilisation  in  the  other  parts  of  the  earth. 
He  left  his  kingdom  to  the  care  of  his 
wife  Isis,  and  of  her  faithful  minister 
Hermes  or  Mercury.  On  his  return  Osiris 
found    the  minds  of  his  subjects  roused 


and  agitated.  His  brother  Typhon  had 
raised  seditions,  and  endeavored  to  make 
himself  popular.  Osiris,  whose  senti- 
ments were  always  of  the  most  pacific 
nature,  endeavored  to  convince  his  broth- 
er of  his  ill  conduct,  but  he  fell  a  sacrifice 
to  the  attempt.  Typhon  murdered  him  in 
a  secret  apartment,  and  cut  his  body  to 
pieces,  which  were  divided  among  the 
associates  of  his  guilt.  Typhon,  accord- 
ing to  Plutarch,  shut  up  his  brother  in  a 
coffer  and  threw  him  into  the  Nile.  This 
cruelty  incensed  Isis  ;  she  revenged  her 
husband's  death,  and  with  her  son  Orus, 
she  defeated  Typhon  and  the  partisans  of 
his  conspiracy.  She  recovered  the  man- 
gled pieces  of  her  husband's  body,  which 
the  murderer  had  thrown  into  the  sea ; 
and  to  render  him  all  the  honor  which  his 
humanity  deserved,  she  made  as  many 
statues  of  wax  as  there  were  mangled 
pieces  of  his  body.  As  Osiris  had  particu- 
larly instructed  his  subjects  in  cultivating 
the  ground,  the  priest  chose  the  ox  to  rep- 
resent him,  and  paid  the  most  supersti- 
tious veneration  to  that  animal.  Osiris, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  some  mythol- 
ogists,  is  the  same  as  the  sun,  and  the 
adoration  which  is  paid  by  different  na- 
tions to  an  Anubis,  a  Bacchus,  a  Dionysi- 
us,  a  Jupiter,  a  Pan,  &c.,is  the  same  as 
that  which  Osiris  received  in  the  Egyp- 
tian temples.  Isis  also  after  death  receiv- 
ed divine  honors  as  well  as  her  husband, 
and  as  the  ox  was  the  symbol  of  the  sun, 
or  Osiris,  so  the  cow  was  the  emblem  of 
the  moon,  or  of  Isis.  Osiris  was  gener- 
ally represented  with  a  cap  on  his  head 
like  a  mitre,  with  two  horns  ;  he  held  a 
stick  in  his  left  hand,  and  in  his  right  a 

whip  with  three  thongs. A  Persian 

general,  who  lived  450  B.  C. A  friend 

of  Turnus,  killed  in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Osismii,  a  people  of  Gaul  in  Britany. 

Osphagus,  a  river  of  Macedonia. 

Osrhoene,  a  country  of  Mesopotamia. 

Ossa,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Thessaly, 
once  the  residence  of  the  Centaurs.  It 
was  formerly  joined  to  mount  Olympus, 
but  Hercules,  as  some  report,  separated 
them,  and  made  between  them  the  cele- 
brated valley  of  Tempe.  Ossa  was  one 
of  those  mountains  which  the  giants,  in 
their  wars  against  the  gods,  heaped  up  one 
on  the  other  to  scale  the  heavens  with 
more  facility. A  town  of  Macedonia. 

Osteodes,  an  island  near  the  Lipari 
isles. 

Ostia,  a  town  built  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Tiber  by  Ancus  Martius,  king  of 
Rome,  about  sixteen  miles  distant  from 
Rome.  It  had  a  celebrated  harbor,  and 
was  so  pleasantly  situated  that  the  Ro- 
mans generally  spent  a  part  of  the  year 
there  as  in  a  country  seat. 

Ostorius  Scapul\,  a  man  made  govern- 
or of  Britain.     He  died  A.  D.  55 —An- 


OT 


268 


OV 


other,  who  put  himself  to  death  when  ac- 
cused before  Nero. 

Ostracine,  a  town  of  Egypt. 

Osymandyas,  a  magnificent  king  of 
Egypt  in  a  remote  period. 

OTACiLius,aRornan  consul  sent  against 
the  Carthaginians. 

Otanes,  a  noble  Persian,  one  of  the 
seven  who  conspired  against  the  usurper 
Smerdis. 

Otho,  M.  Salvius,  a  Roman  emperor 
descended  from  the  ancient  kings  of  Etru- 
ria.  He  was  one  of  Nero's  favorites,  and 
as  such  he  was  raised  to  the  highest  offices 
of  the  state.  After  Nero's  death  Otho 
conciliated  the  favor  of  Galba  the  new 
emperor  ;  but  when  he  did  not  gain  his 
point,  and  when  Galba  had  refused  to 
adopt  him  as  his  successor,  he  resolved  to 
make  himself  absolute  without  any  regard 
to  the  age  or  dignity  of  his  friend.  The 
great  debts  which  he  had  contracted  en- 
couraged his  avarice,  and  he  caused  Galba 
to  be  assassinated,  and  he  made  himself 
emperor.  He  was  acknowledged  by  the 
senate  and  the  Roman  people,  but  the  sud- 
den revolt  of  Vitellius  in  Germany  render- 
ed his  situation  precarious,  and  it  was 
mutually  resolved  that  their  respective 
right  to  the  empire  should  be  decided  by 
arms.  Otho  obtained  three  victories  over 
his  enemies,  but  in  a  general  engagement 
near  Brixellum,  his  forces  were  defeated, 
and  he  stabbed  himself  when  all  hopes  of 
success  were  vanished,  after  a  reign  of 
about  three  months,  on  the  20th  of  April 
A.  D.  69. Roscius,  a  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple, who,  in  Cicero's  consulship,  made  a 
regulation  to  permit  the  Roman  knights  at 
publie  spectacles  to  have  the  fourteen  first 

rows  after  the  seats  of  the  senators. 

The  father  of  the  Roman  emperor  Otho 
was  the  favorite  of  Claudius 

Othryades,  one  of.  the  three  hundred 
Spartans  who  fought  against  three  hun- 
dred Argives,  when  those  two  nations  dis- 
puted their  respective  right  to  Thyrea. 
Two  Argives,  Alcinor  and  Cronius,  and 
Othryades  survived  the  battle.  The  Ar- 
gives went  home  to  carry  the  news  of  their 
victory,  but  Othryades,  who  had  been 
reckoned  among  the  number  of  the  slain, 
on  account  of  his  wounds,  recovered  him- 
self and  carried  some  of  the  spoils  of 
which  he  had  stripped  the  Argives,  into 
the  camp  of  his  countrymen  ;  and  after  he 
had  raised  a  trophy,  and  had  written  with 
his  own  blood  the  word  vici  on  his  shield, 
he  killed  himself,  unwilling  to  survive  the 
death  of  his  countrymen. A  patrony- 
mic given  to  Pantheus,  the  Trojan  priest 
of  Apollo,  from  his  fnther  Othryas. 

Othryoneus,  a  Thracian  who  came  to 
the  Trojan  war  in  hopes  of  marrying  Cas- 
sandra.    He  was  killed  by  Idomeneus. 

Othrys,  a  mountain,  or  rather  a  chain 
of  mountains  in  Thessaly,  the  residence 
of  the  Centaurs. 


Otrels,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  Cis- 
seus,  and  brother  to  Hecuba. 

Otrceda,  a  small  town  on  the  confines 
of  Bithynia. 

Otus  and  Ephialtes,  sons  of  Neptune. 
Otys,  a  prince  of  Paphlagonia,  who  re- 
volted from  the  Persians  to  Agesilaus. 
Ovia,  a  Roman  lady,  wife  of  C.  Lollius. 
P.  Ovidius  Naso,  a  celebrated  Roman 
poet  born  at  Sulmo,  on  the  20th  of  March, 
about  43  B.  C.  As  he  was  intended  for 
the  bar,  his  father  sent  him  early  to  Rome, 
and  removed  him  to  Athens  in  the  six- 
teenth year  of  his  age.  The  progress  of 
Ovid  in  the  study  of  eloquence  was  great, 
but  the  father's  expectations  were  frustrat- 
ed ;  his  son  was  born  a  poet,  and  nothing 
could  deter  him  from  pursuing  his  natural 
inclination,  though  he  was  often  reminded 
that  Homer  lived  and  died  in  the  greatest 
poverty.  A  lively  genius  and  a  fertile 
imagination  soon  gained  him  admirers ; 
the  learned  became  his  friends  ;  Virgil, 
Propertius,  Tibullus,  and  Horace,  honored 
him  with  their  correspondence,  and  Au- 
gustus patronised  him  with  the  most  un- 
bounded liberality.  These  favors,  how- 
ever, were  but  momentary,  and  the  poet 
was  soon  after  banished  to  Tomos  on  the 
Euxine  sea,  by  the  emperor.  The  true 
cause  of  this  sudden  exile  is  unknown. 
In  his  banishment,  Ovid  betrayed  his  pu- 
sillanimity, and  however  afflicted  and  dis- 
tressed his  situation  was,  yet  the  flattery 
and  impatience  which  he  showed  in  his 
writings  are  a  disgrace  to  his  pen,  and 
expose  him  more  to  ridicule  than  pity. 
Though  he  prostituted  his  pen  and  his 
time  to  adulation,  yet  the  emperor  proved 
deaf  to  all  entreaties,  and  refused  to  listen 
to  his  most  ardent  friends  at  Rome,  who 
wished  for  the  return  of  the  poet.  Ovid, 
who  undoubtedly  wished  for  a  Brutus  to 
deliver  Rome  of  her  tyrannical  Augustus, 
continued  his  flattery  even  to  meanness  ; 
and  when  the  emperor  died,  he  was  so 
mercenary  as  to  consecrate  a  temple  to 
the  departed  tyrant,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Euxine,  where  he  regularly  offered  frank- 
incense every  morning.  Tiberius  proved 
as  regardless  as  his  predecessor,  to  the  en- 
treaties which  were  made  for  Ovid,  and 
the  poet  died  in  the  seventh  or  eighth  year 
of  his  banishment,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year 
of  his  age,  A.  D.  17,  and  was  buried  at 
Tomos.  In  the  year  1508  of  the  Christian 
era,  the  following  epitaph  was  found  at 
Stain,  in  the  modern  kingdom  of  Austria 

Hie  situs  est  vates  quern  Divi  Ccesaris  ira 
Augusti  patria  cedere  jussit  humo. 

Saepe  miser  voluit  patriis  occumbere  lerris, 
Sed  frustra !    Hunt  Mi  fata  dederc  locum. 

This  however,  is  an  imposition  to  render 
celebrated  an  obscure  corner  of  the  world, 
which  never  contained  the  bones  of  Ovid. 
The  greatest  part  of  Ovid's  poems  are  re- 


ox 


269 


oz 


mainiug. -A  man  who  accompanied  1j is 

friend  Caesonius  when  banished  from 
Rome  by  Nero. 

Ovinia  lex,  was  enacted  to  permit  the 
censors  to  elect  and  admit  among  the  num- 
ber of  the  senators  the  best  and  the  wor- 
thiest of  the  people. 

Ovinius,  a  freedman  of  Vatinius,  the 

friend  of  Cicero. Cluintus,  a  Roman 

senator,  punished  by  Augustus,  for  dis- 
gracing his  rank  in  the  court  of  Cleopatra. 

Oxathres,  a  brother  of  Darius,  greatly 
honored  by  Alexander,  and  made  one  of 

his  generals. Another  Persian,  who 

favored  the  cause  of  Alexander. 

Oxidates,  a  Persian  whom  Darius  con- 
demned to  death.  Alexander  took  him 
prisoner,  and  some  time  after  made  him 
governor  of  Media.  He  became  oppres- 
sive and  was  removed. 

Oximes,  a  people  of  European  Sar- 
matia. 

Oxionje,  a  nation  of  Germans,  whom 
superstitious  traditions  represented  as 
having  the  countenance  human,  and  the 
rest  of  the  body  like  that  of  beasts. 


Oxus,  a  large  river  of  Bactriana,  now 
Oihon,  falling  into  the  east  of  the  Caspian 
sea. Another  in  Scythia. 

Oxyares,  a  king  of  Bactriana,  who  sur- 
rendered to  Alexander. 

Oxycanus,  an  Indian  prince  in  the  age 
of  Alexander,  &c. 

Oxydracjs,  a  nation  of  India. 

Oxylus,  a  leader  of  the  Heraclidse, 
when  they  recovered  the  Peloponnesus, 
A  son  of  Mars  and  Protogenia. 

Oxynthes,  a  kingof  Athens,  B.  C.  1149. 
He  reigned  twelve  years. 

Oxyporus,  a  son  of  Cinyras  and  Me- 
tharme. 

Oxyrynchus,  a  town  of  Egypt  on  the 
Nile. 

Ozines,  a  Persian  imprisoned  by  Crate- 
rus,  because  he  attempted  to  revolt  from 
Alexander. 

Ozolje  or  Ozoli,  a  people  who  inhab- 
ited the  eastern  parts  of  ^Etolia,  which 
were  called  Oiolea.  This  tract  of  terri- 
tory lay  at  the  north  of  the  bay  of  Corinth, 
and  extended  about  twelve  miles  north- 
ward. 


PA 


PA 


PACATIANUS,  Titus  Julius,  a  gene- 
ral of  the  Roman  armies,  who  pro- 
claimed himself  emperor  in  Gaul,  about 
the  latter  part  of  Philip's  reign.  He  was 
soon  after  defeated,  A.  D.  249,  and  put  to 
death. 

Paccius,  an  insignificant  poet  in  the  age 
of  Domitian. 

Paches,  an  Athenian,  who  took  Mity- 
lene. 

Pachinus,  or  Pachynus,  now  Passaro, 
a  promontory  of  Sicily. 

M.  Paconius,  a  Roman  put  to  death  by 
Tiberius. A  Stoic  philosopher,  banish- 
ed from  Italy  by  Nero. 

Pacorus,  the  eldest  of  the  thirty  sons 
of  Orodes,  king  of  Parthia,  sent  against 
Crassus  whose  army  he  defeated,  and 
whom  he  took  prisoner.     He  was  killed 

in   a  battle  by  Ventidius  Bassus. A 

king  of  Parthia,  who  made  a  treaty  of 

alliance  with  the  Romans. Another, 

intimate  with  king  Decebalus, 

Pactolus,  a  celebrated  river  of  Lydia, 
rising  in  mount  Tmolus,  and  falling  into 
the  Hermus  after  it  has  watered  the  city 
of  Sardes.  It  was  in  this  river  that  Midas 
washed  himself  when  he  turned  into  gold 
whatever  he  touched  ;  and  from  that  cir- 
cumstance it  ever  after  rolled  golden 
sands,  and  received  the  name  of  Chrysorr- 
hoas. 

Pactyas,  a  Lydian  intrusted  with  the 
'23* 


care  of  the  treasures  of  Croesus  at  Sardes. 
The  immense  riches  which  he  could  com- 
mand, corrupted  him,  and  to  make  him- 
self independent,  he  gathered  a  large  ar- 
my. He  laid  siege  to  the  citadel  of  Sar- 
des, but  the  arrival  of  one  of  the  Persian 
generals  soon  put  him  to  flight.  He  re- 
tired to  Cumae  and  afterwards  to  Lesbos, 
where  he  was  delivered  into  the  hands  of 
Cyrus. 

Pactye,  a  town  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus. 

Pactyes,  a  mountain  of  Ionia,  near 
Ephesus. 

Pacuvius,  M.  a  native  of  Brundusium 
son  of  the  sister  of  the  poet  Ennius,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  skill  in  paint- 
ing, and  by  his  poetical  talents.  The  poet 
in  his  old  age  retired  to  Tarentum,  where 
he  died  in  his  ninetieth  year,  about  one 
hundred  and  thirty-one  years  before  Christ. 
Of  all  his  compositions  about  four  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  scattered  lines  are  pre- 
served in  the  collections  of  Latin  poets. 

Padjsi,  an  Indian  nation  who  devour 
their  sick  before  they  die. 

Padinum,  now  Bondeno,  a  town  on  the 
Po,  where  it  begins  to  branch  into  different 
channels. 

Padua,  a  town  called  also  Pataviuvi,  in 
the  country  of  the  Venetians,  the  native 
place  of  the  historian  Livy. 

P^pus,  (now  called  the  Po)  a  river  in 


PA 


270 


PA 


italy,  known  also  by  the  name  of  Erida- 
nus,  which  forms  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  territories  of  Italy.  It  rises  in 
mount  Vesulus,  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  the  Alps,  and  discharges  itself  in 
an  eastern  direction  into  the  Adriatic  sea. 

Padusa,  the  most  southern  mouth  of 
the  Po,  considered  by  some  writers  as  the 
Po  itself. 

P^an,  a  surname  of  Apollo,  derived 
from  the  word  pwan,  an  hymn  which  was 
sung  in  his  honor,  because  he  had  killed 
the  serpent  Python,  which  had  given 
cause  to  the  people  to  exclaim  lo  Pcean! 

Pjedaretus,  a  Spartan  who,  on  not  be- 
ing elected  in  the  number  of  the  three 
hundred  sent  on  an  expedition,  fee,  de- 
clared, that  instead  of  being  mortified,  he 
rejoiced  that  three  hundred  men  better 
than  himself  could  be  found  in  Sparta. 

P.ediu3,  a  lieutenant  of  J.  Caesar  in 
Spain. 

Pjemani,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  sup- 
posed to  dwell  in  the  present  country  at 
the  west  of  Luxemburg. 

Pios,  a  Greek  historian. A  celebrat- 
ed physician  who  cured  the  wounds 
which  the  gods  received  during  the  Tro- 
jan war. 

P.eones,  a  people  of  Macedonia  who  in- 
habited a  small  part  of  the  country  called 
PcBonia. 

Pjeonia,  a  country  of  Macedonia  at  the 

west  of  the  Strymon. A  small  town 

of  Attica. 

Pj2o>-ides,  a  name  given  to  the  daugh- 
ters of  Pierus,  because  their  mother  was  a 
native  of  Paeonia. 

Pjeos,  a  small  town  of  Arcadia. 

Pjesos,  a  town  of  the  Hellespont  called 
also  Apmsos,  situated  at  the  north  of  Lamp- 
sacus. 

P.e9tum,  a  town  of  Lncania,  where  the 
soil  produced  roses  which  blossomed  twice 
a  year.  The  ancient  wails  of  the  town, 
about  three  miles  in  extent,  are  still  stand- 
ing, and  likewise  venerable  remains  of 
temples  and  porticoes. 

P-etovium,  a  town  of  Pannonia. 

Cjkcinna  P-etus,  the  husband  of  Arria. 

A  governor  of  Armenia,  under  Nero. 

A  Roman  who  conspired  with  Cati- 
line  against    his    country. A    man 

drowned  as  he  was  going  to  Egypt  to  col- 
lect money. 

Pagje,  a  town  of  Megan's — of  Locris. 

Paga9.e  or  Pagasa,  a  town  of  Magne- 
sia, in  Macedonia,  with  an  harbor  and  a 
promontory  of  the  same  name.  The  ship 
Argo  was  built  there,  as  some  suppose,  and 
according  to  Propertius,  the  Argonauts  set 
8ail  from  that  harbor. 

Pagasus,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Camilla. 

Pagr.e,  a  town  of  Syria,  on  the  borders 
of  Cilicia. 
Pagus,  a  mountain  of  ^Eolia. 

Palacium  or  Pa^atium,  a  town  of  the 


Thracian  Chersonesus. A  small  vil- 
lage, on  the  Palatine  hill,  where  Rome  wa3 
afterwards  built. 

Pal^:,  a  town  at  the  south  of  Corsica, 
now  St.  Bonifacio. 

Pal^a,  a  town   of   Cyprus of  Ce- 

phallenia. 

Pal.eapolis,  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Spain. 

Pal^emon  or  Palemok,  a  sea  deity,  son 
of  Athamas  and  Ino. A  noted  gram- 
marian at  Rome  in  the  age  of  Tiberius. 

A  son  of  Neptune,  who  was  amongst 

the  Argonauts. 

Pal.epaphos,  the  ancient  town  of  Pa- 
phos  in  Cyprus,  adjoining  to  the  new. 

Pal-epharsalus,  the  ancient  town  of 
Pharsalus  in  Thessaly. 

Pal-ephatus,  an  ancient  Greek  philoso- 
pher, whose  age  is  unknown,  though  it 
can  be  ascertained  that  he  flourished  be- 
tween the  times  of  Aristotle  and  Augus- 
tus.  An   heroic  poet  of  Athens. A 

disciple  of  Aristotle,  born  at  Abydos. 

An  historian  of  Egypt. 

Pal.epoi.is,  a  town  of  Campania,  built 
where  Naples  afterwards  was  erected. 

Paljeste,  a  village  of  Epirus  near  Ori- 
cus,  where  Caesar  first  landed  with  his 
fleet. 

Pal^estina,  a  province  of  Syria. 

Pal-estinus,  an  ancient  name  of  the 
river  Strymon. 

Pal2etyrus,  the  ancient  town  of  Tyre 
on  the  continent. 

Palamedes,  a  Grecian  chief,  sen  of  Nau- 
plius,  king  of  Eubcea  by  Clymene.  Ue 
was  sent  by  the  Greek  princes  who  were 
going  to  the  Trojan  war,  to  bring  Ulysses 
to  the  camp,  who,  to  withdraw  himself 
from  the  expedition,  pretended  insanity  ; 
and  the  better  to  impose  upon  his  friends, 
used  to  harness  different  animals  to  a 
plough,  and  sow  salt  instead  of  barley  into 
the  furrows.  The  deceit  was  soon  dis- 
covered by  Palamedes,  and  Ulysses  was 
obliged  to  attend  the  Greek  princes  to  the 
war.  An  immortal  enmity  arose  in  con- 
sequence, between  the  two  chiefs.  The 
king  of  Ithaca  resolved  to  take  every  op- 
portunity to  distress  him  ;  and  when 
all  his  expectations  were  frustrated,  he 
had  the  meanness  to  bribe  one  of  his 
servants,  and  to  make  him  dig  a  hole  in 
his  master's  tent,  and  there  conceal  a  large 
sum  of  money.  After  this  Ulysses  forged 
a  letter  in  Phrygian  characters,  which  king 
Priam  was  supposed  to  have  sent  to  Pala- 
medes. In  the  letter  the  Trojan  king 
seemed  to  entreat  Palamedes  to  deliver 
into  his  hands  the  Grecian  army,  accord- 
ing to  the  conditions  which  had  been  pre- 
viously agreed  upon,  when  he  received  the 
money.  This  forged  letter  was  carried  by 
means  of  Ulysses  before  the  princes  of  the 
Grecian  army.  Palamedes  was  summon- 
ed, and  he  made  the  most  eolemn  protest- 


PA 


271 


PA 


ations  of  innocence,  but  all  was  in  vain, 
the  money  that  was  discovered  in  his  tent 
served  only  to  corroborate  the  accusation. 
He  was  found  guilty  by  all  the  army  and 
stoned  to  death. 

Palantia,  atown  of  Spain. 

Palatinus  moss,  a  celebrated  hill,  the 
largest  of  the  seven  hills  on  which  Rome 
was  built.  It  was  upon  it  that  Romulus 
laid  the  first  foundation  of  the  capital  of 
Italy,  in  a  quadrangular  form,  and  there 
also"  he  kept  his  court,  as  well  as  Tullus 
Hostilius,  and  Augustus,  and  all  the  suc- 
ceeding emperors,  from  which  circum- 
stance the  word  Palatium  has  ever  since 
been  applied  to  the  residence  of  a  mon- 
arch or  prince. Apollo,  who  was  wor- 
shipped on  the  Palatine  hill,  was  also  call- 
ed Palatinus. 

Palantium,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Paleis,  or  Pal.*:,  a  town  in  the  island 
of  Cephallenia. 

Pales,  the  goddess  of  sheepfolds  and  of 
pastures  among  the  Romans.  She  was 
worshipped  with  great  solemnity. 

Palfurius  Sura,  a  writer  removed  from 
the  senate  by  Domitian. 

Palibothra,  a  city  of  India. 

Palici,  or  Palisci,  two  deities,  sons  of 
Jupiter  by  Thalia,  whom  ^Eschylus  calls 
iEtna,  in  a  tragedy  which  is  now  lost,  ac- 
cording to  the  words  of  Macrobius.  These 
deities  were  worshipped  with  great  cere- 
monies by  the  Sicilians,  and  near  their 
temple  were  two  small  lakes  of  sulphure- 
ous water,  which  were  supposed  to  have 
sprung  out  of  the  earth.  In  a  supersti- 
tious age,  the  altars  of  the  Palici  were 
stained  with  the  blood  of  human  sacrifi- 
ces, but  this  barbarous  custom  was  soon 
abolished,  and  the  deities  were  satisfied 
with  their  usual  offerings. 

Palilia,  a  festival  celebrated  by  the  Ro- 
mans, in  honor  of  the  goddess  Pales.  The 
ceremony  consisted  in  burning  heaps  of 
straw,  and  in  leaping  over  them.  No  sa- 
crifices were  offered,  but  the  purifications 
were  made  with  the  smoke  of  horses' 
blood,  and  with  the  ashes  of  a  calf  that 
had  been  taken  from  the  belly  of  his  mo- 
ther, after  it  had  been  sacrificed,  and  with 
the  ashes  of  beans.  The  purification  of 
the  flocks  was  also  made  with  the  smoke 
of  sulphur,  of  the  olive,  the  pine,  the  lau- 
rel, and  the  rosemary.  This  festival  was 
observed  on  the  twenty-first  of  April,  and 
it  was  during  the  celebration  that  Romu- 
lus first  began  to  build  his  city. 

Palinurus,  a  skilful  pilot  of  the  ship  of 
iEneas.  He  fell  into  the  sea  in  his  sleep, 
and  was  three  days  exposed  to  the  tem- 
pests and  the  waves  of  the  sea,  and  at  last 
came  safe  to  the  sea  shore  near  Velia, 
where  the  cruel  inhabitants  of  the  place 
murdered  him  to  obtain  his  clothes.  His 
body  was  left  unburied  on  the  sea  shore, 
and  as,  according  to  the  religion  of  the 


ancient  Romans,  no  person  was  suffered 
to  cross  the  Stygian  lake  before  one  hun- 
dred years  were  elapsed,  if  his  remains  had 
not  been  decently  buried,  we  find  ^Eneas, 
when  he  visited  the  infernal  regions, 
speaking  to  Palinurus,  and  assuring  him, 
that  though  his  bones  were  deprived  of  a 
funeral,  yet  the  place  where  his  body  was 
exposed  should  soon  be  adorned  with  a 
monument,  and  bear  his  name,  and  ac- 
cordingly a  promontory  was  called  Pali- 
nurus, now  Palinuro. 

Paliscorum,  or  Palicorum  Stagnum,  a 
sulphureous  pool  in  Sicily. 

Paliurus,  now  JVahil,  a  river  of  Africa, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  at  its 
mouth. 

Pallades,  certain  virgins,  of  illustrious 
parents,  who  were  consecrated  to  Jupiter 
by  the  Thebans  of  Egypt. 

Palladium,  a  celebrated  statue  of  Pal- 
las. It  was  about  three  cubits  high,  and 
represented  the  goddess  as  sitting  and 
holding  a  pike  in  her  right  hand,  and  in 
her  left  a  distaff  and  a  spindle.  It  fell 
down  from  heaven  near  the  tent  of  Ilus, 
as  that  prince  was  building  the  citadel  of 
Ilium.  However  discordant  the  opinions 
of  ancient  authors  be  about  this  famous 
statue,  it  is  universally  agreed,  that  on 
its  preservation  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.  This  fatality  was  well  known  to 
the  Greeks  during  the  Trojan  war,  and 
therefore  Ulysses  and  Diomedes  were 
commissioned  to  steal  it  away.  They  ef- 
fected their  purpose,  and  if  we  rely  upon 
the  authority  of  some  authors,  they  were 
directed  how  to  carry  it  away  by  Helenus 
the  son  of  Priam. 

Palladius,  a  Greek  physician. A 

learned  Roman  under  Adrian. 

Pallanteum,  a  town  of  Italy  or  per- 
haps more  properly  a  citadel  built  by  Evan- 
der  on  mount  Palatine. 

Pallantia,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Pa- 
Icncia,  on  the  river  Cea. 

Pallantia s,  a  patronymic  of  Aurora, 
as  being  related  to  the  giant  Pallas. 

Pallantides,  the  fifty  sons  of  Pallas, 
the  son  of  Pandion,  and  the  brother  of. 
iEgeus.  They  were  all  killed  by  Theseus, 
the  son  of  ^Egeus,  whom  they  opposed 
when  he  came  to  take  possession  of  his 
father's  kingdom. 

Pallas,  a  daughter  of  Jupiter,  the  same 
as  Minerva. 

Pallas,  a  son  of  king  Evander,  sent 
with  some  troops  to  assist  iEneas.  He 
was  killed  by  Turnus,  the  king  of  the  Ru- 
tuli. One  of  the  giants,  son  of  Tarta- 
rus and  Terra.  He  was  killed  by  Miner- 
va.  A  son  of  Crius  and  Eurybia,  who 

married  the  nymph  Styx,  by  whom  he  had 

Victory  and   Valor. A  freedman  of 

Claudius,  famous  for  the  power  and  the 
riches  he  obtained. 

Pallene,  a  small  peninsula  of  Macedo- 


PA 


212 


PA 


ma,  formerly  called  Phlegra,  situate  above 
the  bay  of  Therms  on  the^Egean  sea,  and 
containing  five   cities,   the    principal   of 

which  is  called  Pallene. A  village  of 

Attica,  where  Minerva  had  a  temple,  and 
where  the  Pallantides  chiefly  resided. 

Pallenses,  a  people  of  Cephalenia, 
whose  chief  town  was  called  Pala,  or  Pa- 
laea. 

Palma,  a  governor  of  Syria. 

Palmaria,  a  small  island  opposite  Tar- 
racina  in  Latium. 

Palmyra,  the  capital  of  Palmyrene,  a 
country  on  the  eastern  boundaries  of  Sy- 
ria, now  called  Theudemor,  or  Tadmor.  It 
is  now  in  ruins,  and  the  splendor  and 
magnificence  of  its  porticos,  temples,  and 
palaces,  are  now  daily  examined  by  the 
curious  and  the  learned. 

Palphurius,  one  of  the  flatterers  of  Do- 
mitian. 

Palumbinum,  a  town  of  Samnium. 

Pamisos,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  falling  into 

the  Peneus. Another  of  Messenia  in 

Peloponnesus. 

Pammenes,  an  Athenian  general,  sent 
to  assist  Megalopolis,  against  the  Manti- 
neans,  &c. An  astrologer. A  learn- 
ed Grecian  who  was  preceptor  to  Brutus. 

Pammon,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 

Pampa,  a  village  near  Tentyra  in 
Thrace. 

Pamphilus,  a  celebrated  painter  of  Ma- 
cedonia, in  the  age  of  Philip,  distinguish- 
ed above  his  rivals  by  a  superior  know- 
ledge of  literature  and  the  cultivation  of 
those  studies  which  taught  him  to  infuse 
more  successfully  grace  and  dignity  into 

his  pieces. A  son  cf  Neoclides,  among 

the  pupils  of  Plato. 

Pamphos,  a  Greek  poet  supposed  to  have 
lived  before  Hesiod's  age. 

Pamphtla,  a  Greek  woman,  who  wrote 
a  general  history  in  thirty-three  books,  in 
Nero's  reign.  This  history,  so  much  com- 
mended by  the  ancients,  is  lost. 

Pa mp h y li a,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor, 
anciently  called  Mupsopia,  and  bounded 
on  the  south  by  a  part  of  the  Mediterranean, 
called  the  Pamphylian  sea,  west  by  Lycia, 
north  by  Pisidia,  and  east  by  Cilicia.  It 
abounded  with  pastures,  vines,  and  olives, 
and  was  peopled  by  a  Grecian  colony. 

Pan  was  the  god  of  shepherds,  of  hunts- 
men, and  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country.  He  was  the  son  of  Mercury,  by 
Dryope,  according  to  Homer.  Pan  was  a 
monster  in  appearance,  he  had  two  small 
horns  on  his  head,  his  complexion  was 
ruddy,  his  nose  fiat,  and  his  legs,  thighs, 
tail,  and  feet,  were  those  of  a  goat.  The 
education  of  Pan  was  intrusted  to  a  nymph 
of  Arcadia,  called  Sinoe,  but  the  nurse, 
according  to  Homer,  terrified  at  the  sight 
of  such  a  monster,  fled  away  and  left  him. 
He  was  wrapped  up  in  the  skin  of  beasts 
by  his  father,  and  carried  to  heaven  where 


Jupiter  and  the  gods  long  entertained 
themselves  with  the  oddity  of  his  appear- 
ance. Bacchus  was  greatly  pleased  with 
him,  and  gave  him  the  name  of  Pan.  The 
god  of  shepherds  chiefly  resided  in  Arca- 
dia, where  the  woods  and  the  most  rug- 
ged mountains  were  his  habitation.  He 
invented  the  flute  with  seven  reeds,  which 
he  called  Syrinx,  in  honor  of  a  beautiful 
nymph  of  the  same  name.  He  was  con- 
tinually employed  in  deceiving  the  neigh- 
boring nymphs,  and  often  with  success. 
The  worship  of  Pan  was  well  established, 
particularly  in  Arcadia,  where  he  gave 
oracles  on  mount  Lycjeus.  His  festivals, 
called  by  the  Greeks  Lycaia,  were  brought 
to  Italy  by  Evander,  and  they  were  well 
known  at  Rome  by  the  name  of  the  Lu- 
percalia.  He  was  worshipped  with  the 
greatest  solemnity  all  over  Egypt. 

Panacea,  a  goddess,  daughter  of  iEscu- 
lapius,  who  presided  over  health. 

Panjetius,  a  stoic  philosopher  ofRhode3, 
138  B.  C.  He  studied  at  Athens  for  some 
time,  of  which  he  refused  to  become  a 
citizen,  observing,  that  a  good  and  modest 
man  ought  to  be  satisfied  with  one  coun- 
try. He  came  to  Rome,  where  he  reckon- 
ed among  his  pupils  Laelius  and  Scipio  the 
second  Africanus.  Panaetius  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  duties  of  man. A  tyrant  of 

Leontini  in  Sicily,  B.  C.  613. 

Panjetolium,  a  general  assembly  of  the 
iEtolians. 

Panares,  a  general  of  Crete,  defeated 
by  Metellus. 

Panariste,  one  of  the  waiting  women 
of  Berenice,  the  wife  of  king  Antiochus. 

Panathen.ea,  festivals  in  honor  of  Mi- 
nerva the  patroness  of  Athens.  They 
were  first  instituted  by  Erichtheus  or  Or- 
pheus, and  called  Athencca,  but  Theseus 
afterwards  renewed  them,  and  caused 
them  to  be  celebrated  and  observed  by  all 
the  tribes  of  Athens,  which  he  had  united 
into  one,  and  from  which  reason  the  festi- 
vals received  their  name.  Some  suppose 
that  they  are  the  same  as  the  Roman 
Quinquatria,  as  they  are  often  called  by 
that  name  among  the  Latins.  In  the  first 
years  of  the  institution,  they  were  observ- 
ed only  during  one  day,  but  afterwards  the 
time  was  prolonged,  and  the  celebration 
was  attended  with  greater  pomp  and  solem- 
nity. The  festivals  were  two  ;  the  great  Pa- 
natheiura,  which  were  observed  every  fifth 
year,  beginning  on  the  twenty-second  of 
the  month  called  Hecatombwon,  or  seventh 
of  July,  and  the  lesser  Panathencea,  which 
were  kept  every  third  year,  or  rather  an- 
nually, beginning  on  the  twenty-first  or 
twentieth  of  the  month  called  Thargelion, 
corresponding  to  the  fifth  or  sixth  day  of 
the  month  of  May.  In  the  lesser  festivals 
there  were  three  games  conducted  by  ten 
presidents  chosen  from  the  ten  tribes  of 
Athens,  who  continued  four  years  in  of 


PA 


273 


PA 


fice.  The  necessaries  for  this  and  every 
other  festival  were  prepared  in  a  public 
hall  erected  for  that  purpose,  between  the 
Pirasan  gate  and  the  temple  of  Ceres.  It 
was  usual  to  set  all  prisoners  at  liberty, 
and  to  present  golden  crowns  to  such  as 
had  deserved  well  of  their  country.  Some 
persons  were  also  chosen  to  sing  some  of 
Homer's  poems,  a  custom  which  was  first 
introduced  by  Hipparchus  the  son  of  Pi- 
sistratus.  It  was  also  customary  in  this 
festival  and  every  other  quinquennial  fes- 
tival, to  pray  for  the  prosperity  of  the  Pla- 
ta±ans,  whose  services  had  been  so  con- 
spicuous at  the  battle  of  Marathon. 

Panchjea,  Panchea,  or  Papjchaia,  an 
island  of  Arabia  Felix,  where  Jupiter  Tri- 

phylius  had  a  magnificent  temple. A 

part  of  Arabia  Felix,  celebrated  for  the 
myrrh,  frankincense,  and  perfumes  which 
it  "produced. 

Panda,  two  deities  at  Rome,  who  pre- 
sided one  over  the  openings  of  roads,  and 
the  other  over  the  openings  of  towns. 

Pandama,  a  girl  of  India  favored  by 
Hercules. 

Pandaria,  or  Pandataria,  a  small  is- 
land of  the  Tyrrhene  sea. 

Pandarus,  a  son  of  Lycaon,  who  assist- 
ed the  Trojans  in  their  war  against  the 
Greeks.  He  went  to  the  war  without  a 
chariot,  and  therefore  he  generally  fought 
on  foot.  He  broke  the  truce  which  had 
been  agreed  upon  between  the  Greeks  and 
Trojans,  and  wounded  Menelaus  and  Dio- 
medes,  and  showed  himself  brave  and  un- 
usually courageous.    He  was  at  last  killed 

by  Diomedes. A  son  of  Alcanor  killed 

with  his  brother  Bitias  by  Turnus. A 

native  of  Crete  punished  with  death  for 
being  accessary  to  the  theft  of  Tantalus. 
What  this  theft  was  is  unknown.  Pan- 
darus had  two  daughters,  Camiro  and 
Clytia,  who  were  deprived  of  their  mother 
by  a  sudden  death,  and  left  without  friends 
or  protectors.  Venus  had  compassion  upon 
them,  and  she  fed  them  with  milk,  honey, 
and  wine.  The  goddesses  were  all  equal- 
ly interested  in  their  welfare.  Juno  gave 
them  wisdom  and  beauty,  Diana  a  hand- 
some figure  and  regular  features,  and  Mi- 
nerva instructed  them  in  whatever  do- 
mestic accomplishments  can  recommend 
a  wife.  Venus  wished  still  to  make  their 
happiness  more  complete  ;  and  when  they 
were  come  to  nubile  years  the  goddess 
prayed  Jupiter  to  grant  them  kind  and 
tender  husbands.  But  in  her  absence  the 
Harpies  carried  away  the  virgins  and  de- 
livered them  to  the  Eumenides  to  share 
the  punishment  which  their  father  suf- 
fered. 

Pandarus,  or  Pandareus,  a  man  who 
had  a  daughter  called  Philomela.  She 
was  changed  into  a  nightingale,  after  she 
had  killed,  by  mistake,  her  son  Itylus, 
whose  death  she  mourned  in  the  greatest. 
melancholy. 


Pandataria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Lucania,  now  called  Santa  Maria. 

Pandates,  a  friend  of  Datames  at  the 
court  of  Artaxerxes. 

Pandemia,  a  surname  of  Venus,  ex- 
pressive of  her  great  power  over  the  affec- 
tions of  mankind. 

Pandemus,  one  of  the  surnames  of  the 
god  of  love,  among  the  Egyptians  and  the 
Greeks,  who  distinguished  two  Cupids, 
one  of  whom  was  the  vulgar  called  Pan- 
demus, and  another  of  a  purer,  and  more 
celestial  origin. 

Pandi  a,  a  festival  at  Athens  established 
by  Pandion,  from  whom  it  received  its 
name. 

Pandion,  a  king  of  Athens,  son  of 
Erichthon  and  Pasithea,  who  succeeded 
his  father,  B.  C.  1437.  He  became  father 
of  Procne  and  Philomela,  Erechtheus,  and 
Butes.  During  his  reign  there  was  such 
an  abundance  of  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  that 
it  was  publicly  reported  that  Bacchus  and 
Minerva  had  personally  visited  Attica 
The  treatment  which  Philomela  received 
from  her  brother-in-law,  Tereus,  was  the 
source  of  infinite  grief  to  Pandion,  and  he 
died  through  excess  of  sorrow,  after  a 
reign  of  forty  years. There  was  also  an- 
other Pandion,  son  of  Cecrops  2d,  by  Me- 
tiaduca,  who  succeeded  to  his  father,  B. 
C.  130. A  son  of  Phineus  and  Cleopa- 
tra, deprived  of  his  eye-sight  by  his  fa- 
ther.  A  son  of  iEgyptus  and  Hephassti- 

na. A  king  of  the  Indies  in  the  age  of 

Augustus. 

Pandora,  a  celebrated  woman,  made 
with  clay  by  Vulcan,  at  the  request  of 
Jupiter,  who  wished  to  punish  the  impiety 
and  artifice  of  Prometheus,  by  giving  him 
a  wife.  When  this  woman  of  clay  had 
been  made  by  the  artist,  and  received  life, 
all  the  gods  vied  in  making  her  presents. 
Venus  gave  her  beauty  and  the  art  of 
pleasing ;  the  Graces  gave  her  the  power 
of  captivating  ;  and  Minerva  gave  her  the 
most  rich  and  splendid  ornaments.  Jupi- 
ter after  this  gave  her  a  beautiful  box, 
which  she  was  ordered  to  present  to  the 
man  who  married  her ;  and  by  the  com- 
mission of  the  god,  Mercury  conducted  her 
to  Prometheus.  The  artful  mortal  was 
sensible  of  the  deceit,  and  sent  away  Pan- 
dora without  suffering  himself  to  be  cap- 
tivated by  her  charms.  His  brother  Epi- 
metheus  was  not  possessed  of  the  same 
prudence  and  sagacity.  He  married  Pan- 
dora, and  when  he  opened  the  box  which 
she  presented  to  him,  there  issued  from  it 
a  multitude  of  evils  and  distempers,  which 
dispersed  themselves  all  over  the  world, 
and  which,  from  that  fatal  moment,  have 
never  ceased  to  afflict  the  human  race. 
Hope  was  the  only  one  who  remained  at 
the  bottom  of  the  box,  and  it  is  she  alone 
who  has  the  wonderful  power  of  easing 
the  labors  of  man,  and  of  rendering  his 
M* 


PA 


274 


PA 


troubles  and  his  sorrows  less  painful  in 

life. A  daughter  of  Erechtheus  king 

of  Athens.  She  was  sister  to  Protogenia, 
who  sacrificed  herself  for  her  country  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Boeotian  war. 

Pandorus,  a  son  of  Erechtheus,  king 
of  Athens. 

Pandosja,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the 

Brutii,  situate  on  a  mountain. A  town 

of  Epirus. 

Pandrosos,  a  daughter  of  Cecrops,  king 
of  Athens,  sister  to  Aglauros  and  Herse. 
She  was  the  only  one  of  the  sisters,  who 
had  not  the  fatal  curiosity  to  open  a  bas- 
ket which  Minerva  had  intrusted  to  their 
care,  for  which  sincerity  a  temple  was 
raised  to  her,  near  that  of  Minerva,  and  a 
festival  instituted  in  her  honor,  called 
Pandrosia. 

Panenus,  or  Pan.eus,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, who  was  for  some  time  engaged  in 
painting  the  battle  of  Marathon. 

Pang-eus,  a  mountain  of  Thrace,  an- 
ciently called  Mons  Caraminus,  and  joined 
to  mount  Rhodope  near  the  sources  of  the 
river  Nestus.  It  was  inhabited  by  four 
different  nations. 

Paniasis,  a  man  who  wrote  a  poem  upon 
Hercules. 

Panionium,  a  place  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Mycale,  near  the  town  of  Ephesus  in  Asia 
Minor,  sacred  to  Neptune  of  Helice.  It 
was  in  this  place  that  all  the  states  of  Io- 
nia assembled,  either  to  consult  for  their 
own  safety  and  prosperity,  or  to  celebrate 
festivals,  or  to  offer  a  sacrifice  for  the  good 
of  all  the  nation. 

Panius,  a  place  at  Casio-Syria,  where 
Antiochus  defeated  Scopas,  B!  C.  198. 

Pannonia,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Upper  Moesia, 
south  by  Dalmatia,  west  by  Noricum,  and 
north  by  the  Danube.  It  was  divided  by 
the  ancients  into  Lower  and  Upper  Pan- 
nonia.  The  inhabitants  were  of  Celtic 
origin,  and  were  first  invaded  by  J.  Cae- 
sar,  and  conquered  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 

Panolbius,  a  Greek  poet,  mentioned  by 
Suidas. 

Panomph^eus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

Panope, or  Pakopea,  one  of  the  Nere- 
ides, whom  sailors  generally  invoked  in 
storms.     Her  name  signifies,  giving  every 

assistance,  or  seeing  everything. One  of 

the  daughters  of  Thespius. A  town  of 

Phocis,  called  also  Panopeus. 

Panopes,  a  famous  huntsman  among 
the  attendants  of  Acestes,  king  of  Sicily, 
who  was  one  of  those  that  engaged  in  the 
games  exhibited  by  yEneas. 

Panopeus,  a  son  of  Phocus  and  Astero- 
dia,  who  accompanied  Amphitryon  when 
he  made  war  against  the  Teleboans.  He 
was  father  to  Epeus,  who  made  the  cele- 
brated wooden  horse  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

A  town  of  Phocis,  between  Orcbome- 

nos  and  the  Cephisus. 


Panofio.v,  a  Roman  saved  from  death 
by  the  uncommon  fidelity  of  his  servant. 

Panopolis,  the  city  of  Pan,  a  town  of 
Egypt,  called  also  Chemmis. 

Panoptes,  a  name  of  Argus,  from  the 
power  of  his  eyes. 

Panormus,  now  called  Palermo,  a  town 
of  Sicily,  built  by  the  Phoenicians,  on  the 
north-west  part  of  the  island,  with  a  good 

and  capacious  harbor. A  town  of  the 

Thracian  Chersonesus. A  town  of  Io- 
nia, near  Ephesus. Another  in  Crete 

— in  Macedonia — Achaia — Samos. A 

Messenian  who  insulted  the  religion  of 
the  Lacedaemonians. 

Panotii,  a  people  of  Scythia,  said  to 
have  very  large  ears. 

Pansa  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  consul,  who, 
with  A.  Hirtius,  pursued  the  murderers  of 
J.  Caesar,  and  was  killed  in  a  battle  near 
Mutina.  On  his  death-bed  he  advised 
young  Octavius  to  unite  his  interest  with 
that  of  Antony,  if  he  wished  to  revenge 
the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  and  from  his 
friendly  advice  soon  after  rose  the  cele- 
brated second  triumvirate. 

Pantagnostus,  a  brother  of  Polycrates, 
tyrant  of  Samos. 

Pantagyas,  a  small  river  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Sicily. 

Pa  nt  ale  on,  a  king  of  Pisa,  who  pre- 
sided at  the  Olympic  games,  B.  C.  664. > 

An  CEtolian  chief. 

Pantanus  lacus,  the  lake  of  Lesina, 
situated  in  Apulia  at  the  mouth  of  thj 
Frento. 

Pantauchus,  a  man  appointed  over 
/Etolia  by  Demetrius. 

Panteus,  a  friend  of  Cleomenes,  king 
of  Sparta. 

Panthides,  a  man  who  married  Italia, 
the  daughter  of  Themistocles. 

Panthea,  the  wife  of  Abradates,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty  and  conjugal  affec- 
tion. She  was  taken  prisoner  by  Cyrus, 
who  refused  to  visit  her,  not  to  be  ensnar- 
ed by  the  power  of  her  personal  charms. 
She  killed  herself  on  the  body  of  her  hus- 
band, who  had  been  slain  in  a  battle. 

The  mother  of  Eumaeus,  the  faithful  ser- 
vant of  Ulysses. 

Pantheon,  a  celebrated  temple  at  Rome, 
built  by  Agrippa,  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus, and  dedicated  to  all  the  gods.  It  was 
struck  with  lightning  some  time  after, 
and  partly  destroyed.  Adrian  repaired  it, 
and  it  still  remains  at  Rome,  converted 
into  a  Christian  temple,  the  admiration  of 
the  curious. 

Pantheus,  or  Pa.nthos,  a  Trojan,  son 
of  Othryas  the  priest  of  Apollo.  When 
his  country  was  burnt  by  the  Greeks,  he 
followed  the  fortune  of  /Eneas,  and  was 
killed. 

Fanttioides,  a  patronymic  of  Euphor- 
bus,  the  son  of  Pnntlmus.  Pythagoras  is 
sometimes  called  by  that  name,  as  he  as 


PA 


275 


PA 


serted  that  he  was  Euphorbus  during  the 

Trojan  war. A  Spartan  general  killed 

by  Pericles  at  the  battle  of  Tanagra. 

Pantic Ai-JEUM,  now  Kerckt,  a  town  of 
Taurica  Chersonesus,  built  by  the  Mile- 
sians. 

Paxttcapes,  a  river  of  European  Scy- 
Ihia. 

Paxtilius,  a  buffoon,  ridiculed  by  Ho- 
race. 

Panyasis,  an  ancient  Greek,  uncle  to 
the  historian  Herodotus. 

Panyasus,  a  river  of  Illyricum,  falling 
into  the  Adriatic. 

Pap-kus,  a  name  of  Jupiter  among  the 
Scythians. 

I'aphages,  a  king  of  Ambracia,  killed 
by  a  lioness. 

Paphia,  a  surname  of  Venus  because 
the  goddess  was  worshipped  at  Paphos. 
An  ancient  name  of  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus. 

Paphlagoni  a,  now  Penderachia,  a  coun- 
try of  Asia  Minor,  situate  at  the  west  of 
the  river  Halys. 

Paphos,  now  Bafu,  a  famous  city  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  founded,  as  some  sup- 
Vose,  about  one  thousand  one  hundred 
and  eighty-four  years  before  Christ,  by 
Agapenor,  at  the  head  of  a  colony  from 
Arcadia.  The  goddess  of  beauty  was  par- 
ticularly worshipped  there,  and  all  male 
animals  were  offered  on  her  altars,  which, 
though  one  hundred  in  number,  daily 
smoked  with  the  profusion  of  Arabian 
frankincense. 

Paphus,  a  son  of  Pygmalion,  by  a  statue 
which  had  been  changed  into  a  woman 
by  Venus. 

Papia  lex,  de  pr.regrinis,  by  Papius  the 
tribune,  A.  U.  C.  688,  which  required  that 
all  strangers  should  be  driven  away  from 
Home.  Another  called  Papia  Poppma,  be- 
cause it  was  enacted  by  the  tribunes,  M. 
Papius  Mutilus,  and  Q,.  Poppaeus  Secun- 
dus,who  had  received  consular  power  from 

the  consuls  for  six  months. Another  to 

empower  the  high  priest  to  choose  twenty 
virgins  for  the  service  of  the  goddess  Ves- 
ta.  Another  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

It  gave  the  patron  a  certain  right  to  the 
property  of  his  client,  if  he  had  left  a  spe- 
cified sum  of  money,  or  if  he  had  not  three 
children. 

Papianus,  a  man  who  proclaimed  him- 
oelf  emperor  sometime  after  the  Gordians. 
He  was  put  to  death. 

Papias,  an  early  christian  writer  who 
first  propagated  the  doctrine  of  the  Mil- 
lennium. 

Papinianus,  a  writer,  A.  D.  212. 

Pafinius,  a  tribune  who  conspired 
against  Caligula. — A  man  who  destroyed 
himself. 

Papiria,  the  wife  of  Paulus  iEmylius. 
She  was  divorced. 

Papirius,  a  centurion  engaged  to  mur- 


der Piso,  the  proconsul  of  Africa. A 

patrician,  chosen  rex  sacrorum,  after  the 

expulsion  of  the  Tarquins  from  Rome. 

Carbo,  a  Roman  consul  who  undertook 
the  defence  of  Opimius,  who  was  accused 
of  condemning  and  putting  to  death  a 
number  of  citizens  on  mount  Aventinus 
without  the  formalities  of  a  trial.  His  cli- 
ent was  acquitted. Cursor,  a  man  who 

first  erected  a  sun-dial  in  the  temple  of 
(iuirinus  at  Rome,  B.  C.  293. A  dicta- 
tor who  ordered  his  master  of  horse  to  be 
put  to  death,  because  he  had  fought  and 
conquered  the  enemies  of  the  republic 
without  his  consent.  The  people  inter- 
fered, and  the  dictator  pardoned  him. 

One  of  his  family,  surnamed  Prmtextatus, 
from  a  celebrated  action  of  his  whilst  he 
wore    the  prwtezta,    a   certain   gown  for 

young  men. Carbo,  a  friend  of  China 

and  Marius. A  consul  defeated  by  the 

armies  of  the  Cimbri. Crassus,  a  dicta- 
tor who  triumphed  over  the  Samnites. 

A  consul  murdered  by  the  Gauls,  &c. 

A  son  of  Papirius  Cursor  who  defeated 
the  Samnites,  and  dedicated  a  temple  to 

Romulus  duirinus. Maso,  a  consul, 

who  conquered  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  and 
reduced  them  into  the  form  of  a  province. 
At  his  return  to  Rome,  he  was  refused  a 
triumph,  upon  which  he  introduced  a  tri- 
umphal procession,  and  walked  with  his 
victorious  army  to  the  capitol,  wearing  a 
crown  of  myrtle  on  his  head. The  fam- 
ily ofthePapirii  was  patrician,  and  long 
distinguished  for  its  services  to  the  state. 
It  bore  the  different  surnames  of  Crassus, 
Cursor,  Mugillanus,  Maso,  Prmtextatus,  and 
Pmtus,  of  which  the  three  first  branches 
became  the  most  illustrious. 

Papiria  lex,  by  Papirius  Carbo,  A.  U. 
C.  621.  It  required  that,  in  passing  or  re- 
jecting  laws    in    the   comitia,  the   votes 

should  be  given  on  tablets. Another, 

by  the  tribune  Papirius,  which  enacted 
that  no  person  should  consecrate  any  edi- 
fice, place,  or  thing,  without  the  consent 

and  permission  of  the  people. Another, 

A.  U.  C.  563,  to  diminish  the  weight,  and 

increase  the  value  of  the  Roman  as. 

Another,  A.  U.  C.  421,  to  give  the  freedom 
of  the  city  to  the  citizens  of  Acerrae. 

Pappia  lex  was  enacted  to  settle  the 
rights  of  husbands  and  wives,  if  they  had 
no  children. Another,  by  which  a  per- 
son less  than  fifty  years  old  could  not 
marry  another  of  sixty. 

Pappus,  a  philosopher  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Alexandria,  in  the  reign  of  Theo- 
dosius  the  Great. 

Parabyston,  a  tribunal  at  Athens, 
where  causes  of  inferior  consequence 
were  tried  by  eleven  judges. 

Paradisus,  a  town  of  Syria  or  Phoeni- 
cia.  In  the  plains  of  Jericho  there  was 

a  large  palace,  with  a  garden  beautifully 
planted  with  trees,  and  called  Balsami  Pa- 
radisus, 


PA 


276 


PA 


Parjetace,  or  Taceni,  a  people  be- 
tween Media  and  Persia,  where  Antigonus 
was  defeated  by  Eumenes. 

Par-etonium,  a  town  of  Egypt  at  the 
west  of  Alexandria,  where  Isis  was  wor- 
shipped. 

Parali,  a  division  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Attica. 

Paralus,  a  friend  of  Dion,  by  whose  as- 
sistance he  expelled  Dionysius. A  son 

of  Pericles.      His   premature   death  was 
greatly  lamented  by  his  father. 

Parasia,  a  country  at  the  east  of  Me- 
dia. 

Parasius,  a  son  of  Philonomia  by  a 
shepherd.  He  was  exposed  on  Eryman- 
thus  by  his  mother,  with  his  twin  brother 
Lycastus.     Their  lives  were  preserved. 

Parce,  powerful  goddesses,  who  presid- 
ed over  the  birth  and  the  life  of  mankind. 
They  were  three  in  number,  Clotho,  La- 
chesis,  and  Atropos,  daughters  of  Nox 
and  Erebus,  according  to  Hesiod,  or  of  Ju- 
piter and  Themis,  according  to  the  same 
poet  in  another  poem.  Some  make  them 
daughters  of  the  sea.  The  power  of  the  Par- 
es was  great  and  extensive.  According  to 
the  more  received  opinions,  they  were  the 
arbiters  of  the  life  and  death  of  mankind, 
and  whatever  good  or  evil  befalls  us  in 
the  world,  immediately  proceeds  from  the 
Fates  or  Parcae.  Some  make  them  minis- 
ters of  the  king  of  hell,  and  represent 
them  as  sitting  at  the  foot  of  his  throne ; 
others  represent  them  as  placed  on  radiant 
thrones,  amidst  the  celestial  spheres, 
clothed  in  robes  spangled  with  stars,  and 
wearing  crowns  on  their  heads.  The 
Pares  were  generally  represented  as  three 
old  women  with  chaplets  made  with  wool, 
and  interwoven  with  the  flowers  of  the 
Narcissus.  They  were  covered  with  a 
white  robe,  and  fillet  of  the  same  color, 
bound  with  chaplets.  One  of  them  held 
a  distaff,  another  the  spindle,  and  the 
third  was  armed  with  scissors,  with  which 
she  cut  the  thread  which  her  sisters  had 
spun.     Vid.  Clotho,  Lachesis,  Atropos. 

Parentalia,  a  festival  annually  observ- 
ed at  Rome  in  honor  of  the  dead. 

Parentium,  a  port  and  town  of  Istria. 

Paris,  the  son  of  Priam  king  of  Troy, 
by  Hecuba,  also  called  Alexander.  He  was 
destined,  even  before  his  birth,  to  become 
the  ruin'  of  his  country  ;  and  Priam,  to 
prevent  so  great  and  so  alarming  an  evil, 
ordered  his  slave  Archelaus  to  destroy  the 
child  as  soon  as  born.  The  slave,  either 
touched  with  humanity,  or  influenced  by 
Hecuba,  did  not  destroy  him,  but  was 
satisfied  to  expose  him  on  mount  Ida, 
where  the  shepherds  of  the  place  found 
him,  and  educated  him  as  their  own  son. 
Young  Paris,  though  educated  among 
shepherds  and  peasants,  gave  early  proofs 
of  courage  and  intrepidity,  and  from  his 
care  in  protecting  the  flocks  of  mount  Ida 


against  the  rapacity  of  the  wild  beasts,  he 
obtained  the  name  of  Alexander  {helper  or 
defender).  He  gained  the  esteem  of  all  the 
shepherds,  and  his  graceful  countenance 
and  manly  deportment,  recommended  him 
to  the  favor  of  CEnone,  a  nymph  of  Ida, 
whom  he  married,  and  with  whom  he 
lived  with  the  most  perfect  tenderness. 
Their  conjugal  peace  was  soon  disturbed. 
At  the  marriage  of  Peleus  and  Thetis,  the 
goddess  of  discord,  who  had  not  been  in- 
vited to  partake  of  the  entertainment, 
showed  her  displeasure  by  throwing  into 
the  assembly  of  the  gods  who  were  at 
the  celebration  of  the  nuptials,  a  golden 
apple,  on  which  were  written  the  words, 
Detur  pulchriori.  All  the  goddesses  claim- 
ed it  as  their  own,  the  contention  at  first 
became  general,  but  at  last  only  three, 
Juno,  Venus,  and  Minerva,  wished  to  dis- 
pute their  respective  right  to  beauty.  The 
gods,  unwilling  to  become  arbiters  in  an 
affair  of  so  tender  and  so  delicate  a  nature, 
appointed  Paris  to  adjudge  the  prize  of 
beauty.  The  goddesses  appeared  before 
their  judge  without  any  covering  or  orna- 
ment, and  each  tried  by  promises  and  en- 
treaties to  gain  the  attention  of  Paris,  and 
to  influence  his  judgment.  Juno  prom- 
ised him  a  kingdom ;  Minerva,  military 
glory  ;  and  Venus,  the  fairest  woman  in 
the  world  for  his  wife.  After  he  had 
heard  their  several  claims  and  promises, 
Paris  adjudged  the  prize  to  Venus.  This 
decision  of  Paris  drew  upon  the  judge  and 
his  family  the  resentment  of  the  two  other 
goddesses.  Priam  soon  after  discovered 
and  acknowledged  Paris  as  his  son,  for- 
getful of  the  alarming  dream  which  had 
influenced  him  to  meditate  his  death,  and 
all  jealousy  ceased  among  the  brothers. 
Paris  did  not  long  suffer  himself  to  remain 
inactive  ;  he  equipped  a  fleet,  as  if  willing 
to  redeem  Hesione,  his  father's  sister, 
whom  Hercules  had  carried  away,  and 
obliged  to  marry  Telamon  the  son  of  JEa- 
cus.  This  was  the  pretended  motive  of 
his  voyage,  but  the  causes  were  far  dif- 
ferent. Paris  recollected  that  he  was  to 
be  the  husband  of  the  fairest  of  women. 
Helen  was  the  fairest  woman  of  the  age, 
and  Venus  had  promised  her  to  him.  On 
these  grounds,  therefore,  he  visited  Sparta, 
the  residence  of  Helen,  who  had  married 
Menelaus.  He  was  received  with  every 
mark  of  respect,  but  he  abused  the  hospi- 
tality of  Menelaus,  and,  while  the  husband 
was  absent  in  Crete,  persuaded  Helen  to 
elope  with  him,  and  to  fly  to  Asia.  Helen 
consented,  and  Priam  received  her  into 
his  palace  without  difficulty.  This  affair 
was  soon  productive  of  serious  conse- 
quences. When  Menelaus  had  married 
Helen,  all  her  suitors  had  bound  them- 
selves by  a  solemn  oath  to  protect  her  per- 
son, and  to  defend  her  from  every  vio- 
lence, and  therefore  the  injured  husband 


PA 


211 


PA 


reminded  them  of  their  engagements,  and 
called  upon  them  to  recover  Helen.  Upon 
this  all  Greece  took  up  arms  in  the  cause 
of  Menelaus,  Agamemnon  was  chosen 
general  of  all  the  combined  forces,  and  a 
regular  war  was  begun.  Paris,  mean- 
while, who  had  refused  Helen  to  the  pe- 
titions and  embassies  of  the  Greeks,  arm- 
ed himself  with  his  brothers  and  subjects 
to  oppose  the  enemy  ;  but  the  success  of 
the  war  was  neither  hindered  nor  accele- 
rated by  his  means.  In  a  combat  with 
Menelaus,  which  he  undertook  at  the  per- 
suasion of  his  brother  Hector,  Paris  must 
have  perished,  had  not  Venus  interfered, 
and  stolen  him  from  the  resentment  of  his 
adversary.  He  nevertheless  wounded,  in 
another  battle,  Machaon,  Euryphilus,  and 
Diomedes,  and,  according  to  some  opin- 
ions, he  killed  with  one  of  his  arrows 
the  great  Achilles.  The  death  of  Paris  is 
differently  related,  some  suppose  that  he 
was  mortally  wounded  by  one  of  the  ar- 
rows of  Philocletes,  which  had  been  once 
in  the  possession  of  Hercules,  and  that 
when  he  found  himself  languid  on  account 
of  his  wounds,  he  ordered  himself  to  be 
carried  to  the  feet  of  CEnone,  whom  he 
had  basely  abandoned,  and  who,  in  the 
years  of  his  obscurity,  had  foretold  him 
that  he  would  solicit  her  assistance  in  his 

dying  moments. A  celebrated  player 

at  Rome. 

Parisades,  a  king  of  Pontus  in  the  age 

of  Alexander  the  Great. Another,  king 

of  Bosphorus. 

Parish,  a  people  and  a  city  of  Celtic 
Gaul,  now  called  Paris,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  France. 

Parisus,  a  river  of  Pannonia,  falling 
into  the  Danube. 

Parium,  now  Camanar,  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  Propontis. 

Parma,  a  town  of  Italy,  near  Cremona, 
celebrated  for  its  wool,  and  now  for  its 
cheese.  The  poet  Cassius  and  the  critic 
Macrobius,  were  born  there.  It  was  made 
a  Roman  colony,  A.  U.  C.  569. 

Parmenides,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Elis,  who  flourished  about  five  hundred 
and  five  years  before  Christ.  He  was 
son  of  Pyres  of  Elis,  and  the  pupil  of 
Xenophanes,  or  of  Anaximander,  ac- 
cording to  some.  He  maintained  that 
there  were  only  two  elements,  fire  and 
the  earth  ;  and  he  taught  that  the  first 
generation  of  men  was  produced  from  the 
sun.  He  first  discovered  that  the  earth 
was  round,  and  habitable  only  in  the  two 
temperate  zones,  and  that  it  was  suspend- 
ed in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  in  a  fluid 
lighter  than  air,  so  that  all  bodies  left  to 
themselves  fell  on  its  surface. 

Parmenio,  a  celebrated  general  in  the 

armies   of  Alexander,   who  enjoyed   the 

kins's  confidence,  and  was  more  attached 

to  his  person  as  a  man  than  as  a  monarch. 

21 


This  friendship,  so  true  and  inviolable, 
was  sacrificed  to  a  moment  of  resentment 
and  suspicion  ;  and  Alexander,  who  had 
too  eagerly  listened  to  a  light  and  per- 
haps a  false  accusation,  ordered  Parme- 
nio  and  his  son  to  be  put  to  death,  as  if 
guilty  of  treason  against  his  person.  Par- 
menio was  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his 
age,  B.  C.  330.  He  died  in  the  greatest 
popularity,  and  it  has  been  judiciously  ob- 
served, that  Parmenio  obtained  many  vic- 
tories without  Alexander,  but  Alexander 
not  one  without  Parmenio. 

Parnassus,  a  mountain  of  Phocis,  an- 
ciently called  Lar?iassos,  from  the  boat  of 
Deucalion  which  was  carried  there  in  the 
universal  deluge.  The  soil  was  barren, 
but  the  valleys  and  the  green  woods  that 
covered  its  sides,  rendered  it  agreeable, 
and  fit  for  solitude  and  meditation.  Par- 
nassus is  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
Europe,  and  it  is  easily  seen  from  the  cita- 
del of  Corinth,  though  at  the  distance  of 

about  eighty  miles. A  son  of  Neptune, 

who  gave  his  name  to  a  mountain  of  Pho- 
cis. 

Parnes,  a  mountain  of  Africa,  abound 
ing  in  vines. 

Parnessus,  a  mountain  of  Asia  near 
Bactriana. 

Parni,  a  tribe  of  the  Scythians,  whs 
invaded  Parthia. 

Paron  and  Heraclides,  two  youths 
who  killed  a  man  who  had  insulted  their 
father. 

Paropamisus,  a  ridge  of  mountains  at 
the  north  of  India,  called  the  Stony  Girdle, 
or  Indian  Caucasus. 

Paropus,  now  Calisano,  a  town  at  the 
north  of  Sicily,  on  the  shores  of  the  Tyr- 
rhene sea. 

Paroreia,  a  town  of  Thrace,  near 
mount  Hsemus. A  town  of  Peloponne- 
sus.  A  district  of  Phrygia  Magna. 

Paros,  a  celebrated  island  among  the 
Cyclades,  about  seven  miles  and  a  half 
distant  from  Naxos,  and  twenty-eight 
from  Delos.  The  island  of  Paros  was 
rich  and  powerful,  and  well  known  for 
its  famous  marble,  which  was  always 
used  by  the  best  statuaries.  According 
to  Pliny,  the  quarries  were  so  uncommon- 
ly deep,  that,  in  the  clearest  weather,  the 
workmen  were  obliged  to  use  lamps,  from 
which  circumstance  the  Greeks  have  call- 
ed the  marble  Lychnites,  worked  by  the 
li^ht  of  lamps.  Paros  is  also  famous  for 
the  fine  cattle  which  it  produces,  and  for 
its  partridges,  and  wild  pigeons.  The 
capital  city  was  called  Paros. 

Parphorus,  a  native  of  Colophon,  who, 
at  the  head  of  a  colony,  built  a  town  at 
the  foot  of  Ida,  which  was  abandoned  for 
a  situation  nearer  his  native  city. 

Parrhasia,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  founded 
by  Parrhasius,  the  son  of  Jupiter. 

Parrhasius,  a  famous  painter,  son  of 


PA 


278 


PA 


Evenor  of  Ephesus,  in  the  age  of  Zeuxis, 
about  four  hundred  and  fifteen  years  be- 
fore Christ.  He  was  a  great  master  of  his 
profession,  and  particularly  excelled  in 
strongly  expressing  the  violent  passions. 
He  was  blessed  with  a  great  genius,  and 
much  invention,  and  he  was  particularly 
happy  in  his  designs.  Parrhasius  grew  so 
vain  of  his  art,  that  he  clothed  himself  in 
purple,  and  wore  a  crown  of  gold,  calling 

himself  the  king  of  painters. A  son  of 

Jupiter,  or,  according  to  some,  of  Mars, 
by  a  nymph  called  Philonomia. 

Parthamisiris,  a  king  of  Armenia,  in 
the  reign  of  Trajan. 

Parthaon,  a  son  of  Agenor  and  Epi- 
caste  who  married  Euryte,  daughter  of 
Hippodamus,  by  whom  he  had  many  chil- 
dren, among  whom  were  CEneus  and  Ste- 

rope. A  son  of  Peripetus  and  father  of 

Aristas. 

Parthenis  and  Parthenii,  a  certain 
number  of  desperate  citizens  of  Sparta. 
They  joined  with  the  Helots,  and  it  was 
mutually  agreed  to  murder  all  the  citizens 
if  Sparta,  and  to  seize  their  possessions. 
This  massacre  was  to  be  done  at  a  general 
fissembly,  and  the  signal  was  the  throw- 
ing of  a  cap  in  the  air.  The  whole,  how- 
ever, was  discovered  through  the  diffi- 
dence and  apprehensions  of  the  Helots  ; 
and  when  the  people  had  assembled,  the 
Parthenife  discovered  that  all  was  known, 
by  the  voice  of  a  crier,  who  proclaimed 
that  no  man  should  throw  up  his  cap. 
The  PartheniaB,  though  apprehensive  of 
punishment,  were  not  visibly  treated  with 
greater  severity  ;  their  calamitous  condi- 
tion was  attentively  examined,  and  the 
Spartans,  afraid  of  another  conspiracy  and 
awed  by  their  numbers,  permitted  them 
to  sail  for  Italy,  with  Phalantus  their 
ringleader  at  their  head.  They  settled  in 
Magna  Graecia,  and  built  Tarentum,  about 
seven  hundred  and  seven  years  before 
Christ. 

Parthenias,   a  river  of  Peloponnesus, 

flowing  by  Elis. The  ancient  name  of 

Samos. 

Parthenion,  a  mountain  of  Pelopon- 
nesus at  the  north  of  Tegea. 

Parthenius,  a  river  of  Paphlagonia, 
which,  after  separating  Bithynia,  falls  into 

the  Euxine  sea,  near  Sesamum. A 

mountain  of  Arcadia,  which  was  said  to 

abound  in  tortoises. A  favorite  of  the 

emperor  Domitian. A  river  of  Europe- 
an Sarmatia. A  friend  of  ^Eneas  killed 

in  Italy. A  Greek  writer. 

Parthenon,  a  temple  of  Athens,  sacred 
to  Minerva.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Per- 
sians, and  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Pericles, 
in  a  more  magnificent  manner.  All  the 
circumstances  which  related  to  the  birth 
of  Minerva  were  beautifully  and  minutely 
represented  in  bass  relief,  on  the  front  of 
the  entrance.     The  statue  of  the  goddess, 


twenty-six  cubits  high,  and  made  of  gold 
and  ivory,  passed  for  one  of  the  master 
pieces  of  Phidias. 

Parthenop-eus,  a  son  of  Meleager  and 
Atalanta,  or,  according  to  some,  of  Mila- 
nion  and  another  Atalanta.  He  was  one 
of  the  seven  chiefs  who  accompanied 
Adrastus  the  king  of  Argos  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  Thebes.    He  was  killed  by 

Amphidicus. A  son  of  Talaus. 

Parthenope,  one  of  the  Sirens. A 

daughter  of  Stymphalus. A  city  of 

Campania,  afterwards  called  Neapolis,  or 
the  new  city,  when  it  had  been  beautified 
and  enlarged  by  a  colony  from  Eubcea.  It 
is  now  called  Naples. 

Parthia,  a  celebrated  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Media,  south  by 
Carmania,  north  by  Hyrcania,  and  east  by 
Aria,  &x.,  containing,  according  to  Ptole- 
my, twenty-five  large  cities,  the  most  cap- 
ital of  which  was  called  Hecatompylos, 
from  its  hundred  gates.  Some  suppose  that 
the  present  capital  of  the  country  is  built 
on  the  ruins  of  Hecatompylos.  Parthia 
remained  a  kingdom  till  the  reign  of  Ar- 
tabanus,  who  was  killed  about  the  year 
229  of  the  Christian  era,  and  from  that 
time  it  became  a  province  of  the  newly 
re-established  kingdom  of  Persia,  under 
Artaxerxes.  The  Parthians  were  natu- 
rally strong  and  warlike,  and  were  es- 
teemed the  most  expert  horsemen  and 
archers  in  the  world.  The  peculiar  cus- 
tom of  discharging  their  arrows  while  they 
were  retiring  full  speed,  has  been  greatly 
celebrated  by  the  ancients,  particularly  by 
the  poets,  who  all  observe  that  their  flight 
was  more  formidable  than  their  attacks. 
Parthini,  a  people  of  Illyricum. 
Parthyene,  a  province  of  Parthia. 
Parysades,  a  king  of  Pontus,  B.  C.  310. 

A  king  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosphorus, 

who  flourished,  284,  B.  C. 

Parysatis,  a  Persian  princess,  wife  of 
Darius  Ochus,  by  whom  she  had  Artax- 
erxes Memnon,  and  Cyrus  the  younger. 
She  was  so  extremely  partial  to  her  young- 
er son,  that  she  committed  the  greatest 
cruelties  to  encourage  his  ambition,  and 
she  supported  him  with  all  her  interest  in 
his  rebellion  against  his  brother  Memnon. 
The  death  of  Cyrus  at  the  battle  of  Cu- 
naxa,  was  revenged  with  the  grossest 
barbarity,  and  Parysatis  sacrificed  to  her 
resentment  all  such  as  she  found  concern- 
ed in  his  fall.  These  cruelties  offended 
Artaxerxes,  and  he  ordered  his  mother  to 
be  confined  in  Babylon  ;  but  they  were 
soon  after  reconciled,  and  Parysatis  re- 
gained all  her  power  and  influence  till  the 
time  of  her  death. 

Pasargada,  a  town  of  Persia,  near 
Carmania,  founded  by  Cyrus,  on  the  very 
spot  where  he  had  conquered  Astyages, 
The  kings  of  Persia  were  always  crowned 
there. 


PA 


279 


PA 


Paseas,  a  tyrant  of  Sieyon  in  Pelopon- 
nesus, father  to  Abantidas. 

Pasicles,  a  grammarian. 

Pasicrates,  a  king  of  part  of  the  island 
of  Cyprus. 

Pasiphae,  a  daughter  of  the  sun  and  of 
Perseis,  who  married  Minos  king  of  Crete. 
Minos  had  four  sons  by  Pasiphae,  Cas- 
treus,  Deucalion,  Glaucus,  and  Androgeus, 
and  three  daughters,  Hecate,  Ariadne,  and 
Phredra. 

Pasithea,  one  of  the  Graces,  also  call- 
ed Aglaia. One  of  the  Nereides. A 

daughter  of  Atlas. 

Pasitigris,  a  name  given  to  the  river 
Tigris. 

Passaron,  a  town  of  Epirus,  where, 
after  sacrificing  to  Jupiter,  the  kings  swore 
to  govern  according  to  law,  and  the  people 
to  obey  and  to  defend  the  country. 

Passienus,  a  Roman  who  reduced  Nu- 
midia. Paulas,  a  Roman  knight,  neph- 
ew to  the  poet  Propertius,  whose  elegiac 

compositions  he  imitated. Crispus,  a 

man  distinguished  as  an  orator,  but  more 
as  the  husband  of  Domitia,  and  after- 
wards of  A grippina,  Nero's  mother. 

Pasus,  a  Thessalian  in  Alexander's 
army. 

Patala,  a  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Indus,  in  an  island  called  Patale.  The 
river  here  begins  to  form  a  Delta  like  the 
Nile. 

Patvra,  now  Patera,  a  town  of  Lycia, 
situate  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Xanthus,  with  a  capacious 
harbor,  a  temple,  and  an  oracle  of  Apollo, 
surnamed  Patareus,  where  was  preserved 
and  shown  in  the  age  of  Pausanias,  a 
brazen  cap  which  had  been  made  by  the 
hands  of  Vulcan,  and  presented  by  the 
god  to  Telephus. 

Pat  avium,  a  city  of  Italy,  at  the  north 
of  the  Po,  on  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic, 
now  called  Padua,  and  once  said  to  be  ca- 
pable of  sending  20,000  men  into  the  field. 
It  is  the  birth  place  of  Livy. 

Paterculus,  a  Roman  whose  daughter, 
Sulpicia,  was  pronoimced  the  chastest 
matron  at  Rome. Velieius,  an  historian. 

Patizithes,  one  of  the  Persian  Magi, 
who  raised  his  brother  to  the  throne  be- 
cause he  resembled  Smerdis,  the  brother 
of  Cambyses,  &c. 

Patmob,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  with  a 
small  town  of  the  same  name,  situate  at 
the  south  of  Icaria.  It  has  a  large  harbor, 
near  which  are  some  broken  columns,  the 
most  ancient  in  that  part  of  Greece. 

Patr.e,  an  ancient  town  at  the  north- 
west of  Peloponnesus,  anciently  called 
Aroe. 

Patro,  a  daughter  of  Thestius. An 

epicurean  philosopher  intimate  with  Ci- 
cero. 

Patrocles,  an  officer  of  the  fleet  of 
Seleucus  and  Antiuchirs. 


Patrocli,  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Attica. 

Patroclus,  one  of  the  Grecian  chiefs 
during  the  Trojan  war,  son  of  Mencetius, 
by  Sthenele,  whom  some  call  Philomela, 
or  Polymela.  He  was  the  constant  com- 
panion of  Achilles,  he  lodged  in  the  same 
tent ;  and  when  his  friend  refused  to  ap- 
pear in  the  field  of  battle,  because  he  had 
been  offended  by  Agamemnon,  Patroclus 
imitated  his  example,  and  by  his  absence 
was  the  cause  of  the  overthrow  of  the 
Greeks.  But  at  last  Nestor  prevailed  on 
him  to  return  to  the  war,  and  Achilles 
permitted  him  to  appear  in  his  armor. 
The  valor  of  Patroclus,  together  with  the 
terror  which  the  sight  of  the  arms  of 
Achilles  inspired,  soon  routed  the  victo- 
rious armies  of  the  Trojans,  and  obliged 
them  to  fly  within  their  walls  for  safety. 
lie  would  have  broken  down  the  walls  of 
the  city  ;  but  Apollo,  who  interested  him- 
self for  the  Trojans,  placed  himself  to  op- 
pose him,  and  Hector,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  god,  dismounted  from  his  chariot  to 
attack  him,  as  he  attempted  to  strip  one 
of  the  Trojans  whom  he  had  slain.  The 
engagement  was  obstinate,  but  at  last  Pa- 
troclus was  overpowered  by  the  valor  of 
Hector,  and  the  interposition  of  Apollo. 
His  body  was  recovered  and  carried  to  the 
Grecian  camp,  where  his  funeral  was  ob- 
served with  the  greatest  solemnity. An 

officer  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

Patron,  an  Arcadian  at  the  games  ex- 
hibited by  ^Eneas  in  Sicily. 

Patrous,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  among 
the  Greeks,  represented  by  his  statues  as 
having  three  eyes. 

Patulcius,  a  surname  of  Janus,  which 
he  received  a  pateo,  because  the  doors  of 
his  temple  were  always  open  in  the  time 
of  war. 

Paventia,  a  goddess  who  presided  over 
terror  at  Rome,  and  who  was  invoked  to 
protect  her  votaries  from  its  effects. 

Paula,  the  first  wife  of  the  emperor 
Heliogabalus.  The  emperor  divorced  her, 
and  Paula  retired  to  solitude  and  obscurity 
with  composure. 

Paulina,  a  Roman  lady  who  married 
Saturninus,  a  governor  of  Syria,  in  the 

reign  of  the  emperor  Tiberius. The 

wife  of  the  philosopher  Seneca,  who  at- 
tempted to  kill  herself  when  Nero  had 
ordered  her  husband  to  die.  The  empe- 
ror however  prevented  her,  and  she  lived 
some  few  years  after  in  the  greatest  mel- 
ancholy.  A  sister  of  the  emperor  Adri- 
an.  The  wife  of  the  emperor  Maximi- 

nus. 

Paulinus  Pompeius,  an  officer  in  Ne- 
ro's reign. A  Roman  general,  the  first 

who  crossed  mount  Atlas  with  an  army. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  this  expedition  in 

Africa,  which  is  lost. Valerius,  a  friend 

of  Vespasian. Julius,  a  Batavian  noble- 


PA 


280 


PE 


man,  put  to  death  by  Fonteius  Capito,  on 
pretence  of  rebellion. 

Paulus  ^Emylius,  a  Roman,  son  of  the 
^Emylius  who  fell  at  Cannae,  was  celebrat- 
ed for  his  victories,  and  received  the  sur- 
name of  Macedonians  from  his  conquest 
of  Macedonia.  In  his  first  consulship  his 
arms  were  directed  against  the  Ligurians 
whom  lie  totally  subjected.  His  applica- 
tions for  a  second  consulship  proved  abor- 
tive ;  but  when  Perseus  the  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia had  declared  war  against  Rome, 
the  abilities  of  Paulus  were  remembered, 
and  he  was  honored  with  the  consulship 
about  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age.  After 
this  appointment  he  behaved  with  un- 
common vigor,  and  soon  a  general  en- 
gagement was  fought  near  Pydna.  The 
Romans  obtained  the  victory,  and  Perseus 
saw  himself  deserted  by  all  his  subjects. 
In  two  days  the  conqueror  made  himself 
master  of  all  Macedonia,  and  soon  after 
the  fugitive  monarch  was  brought  into  his 
presence.  The  riches  which  the  Romans 
derived  from  this  conquest  were  immense, 
and  the  people  were  freed  from  all  taxes 
till  the  consulship  of  Hirtius  and  Pansa  ; 
but  the  conqueror  himself  was  poor,  and 
appropriated  for  his  own  use  nothing  of 
the  Macedonian  treasures  except  the  libra- 
ry of  Perseus.  In  the  office  of  censor,  to 
which  he  was  afterwards  elected,  Paulus 
behaved  with  the  greatest  moderation, 
and  at  his  death  which  happened  about 
one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  not  only  the  Romans, 
but  their  very  enemies  confessed,  by  their 
lamentations,   the  loss   which    they  had 

sustained. Samosatenus,  an  author  in 

the  reign   of  Gallienus. iEgineta,  a 

Greek  physician. L.  iEmylius,  a  con- 
sul, who,  when  opposed  to  Annibal  in 
Italy,  checked  the  rashness  of  his  col- 
league Varro,  and  recommended  an  imi- 
tation of  the  conduct  of  the  great  Fabius, 
by  harassing  and  not  facing  the  enemy  in 
the  field.  His  advice  was  rejected,  and 
the  battle  of  Cannse,  so  glorious  to  Anni- 
bal, and  so  fatal  to  Rome,  soon  followed. 
Paulus  was  wounded,  but  when  he  might 
have  escaped  from  the  slaughter,  by  ac- 
cepting a  horse  generously  offered  by  one 
of  his  officers,  he   disdained  to  fly,  and 

perished  by  the  darts  of  the  enemy. 

Julius,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of  Adrian 
and  Antoninus. 

Pavor,  an  emotion  of  the  mind  which 
received  divine  honors  among  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  considered  of  a  most  tre- 
mendous power,  as  the  ancients  swore  by 
her  name  in  the  most  solemn  manner. 

Pausanias,  a  Spartan  general,  who 
greatly  signalised  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Platrea,  against  the  Persians.  He  was  af- 
terwards set  at  the  head  of  the  Spartan 
armies,  and  extended  his  conquests  in 
Asia  ;  but  the  haughtiness  of  his  behav- 


ior created  him  many  enemies,  and  the 
Athenians  soon  obtained  a  superiority  in 
the  affairs  of  Greece.  Pausanias  was  dis- 
satisfied with  his  countrymen,  and  he  of- 
fered to  betray  Greece  to  the  Persians,  if 
he  received  in  marriage,  as  the  reward  of 
his  perfidy,  the  daughter  of  their  monarch. 
His  intrigues  were  discovered  by  means 
of  a  youth,  who  was  intrusted  with  his 
letters  to  Persia,  and  who  refused  to  go, 
on  the  recollection  that  such  as  had  been 
employed  in  that  office  before  had  never 
returned.  The  letters  were  given  to  the 
Ephori  of  Sparta,  and  the  perfidy  of  Pau- 
sanias laid  open.  He  fled  for  safety  to  a 
temple  of  Minerva,  where  he  was  starv- 
ed to  death  about  four  hundred  and  se- 
venty-one years  before  the  Christian  era. 
A  favorite  of  Philip  king  of  Macedo- 
nia. He  accompanied  the  prince  in  an 
expedition  against  the  Illyrians,  in  which 

he  was  killed. Another,  at  the  court 

of  king  Philip,  very  intimate  with  the  pre- 
ceding.  A  king  of  Macedonia,  deposed 

by  Amyntas,  after  a  year's  reign. An- 
other who  attempted  to  seize  upon  the 
kingdom  of  Macedonia,  from  which  he 
was  prevented  by  Iphicrates  the  Atheni- 
an.  A  friend  of  Alexander  the  Great, 

made  governor  of  Sardis. A  physician 

in  the  age  of  Alexander. A  celebrated 

orator  and  historian,  who  settled  at  Rome, 
A.  D.  170,  where  he  died  in  a  very  ad- 
vanced age. A  Lacedaemonian  who 

wrote  a  partial  account  of  his  country. 
A  statuary  of  Apollonia,  whose  abili- 
ties were  displayed  in  adorning  Apollo's 

temple  at  Delphi. A  king  of  Sparta, 

of  the  family  of  the  Eurysthenidse,  who 
died  397  B.  C.  after  a  reign  of  fourteen 
years. 

Pausias,  a  painter  of  Sicyon,  the  first 
who  understood  how  to  apply  colors  to 
wood  or  ivory,  by  means  of  fire.  He  lived 
about  three  hundred  and  fifty  years  before 
Christ. 

Pausilypus,  a  mountain  near  Naples, 
which  receives  its  name  from  the  beauty 
of  its  situation.  The  natives  show  there 
the  tomb  of  Virgil,  and  regard  it  with  the 
highest  veneration .  The  mountain  is  now 
famous  for  a  subterraneous  passage  near 
half  a  mile  in  length,  and  twenty-two  feet 
in  breadth. 

Pax,  an  allegorical  divinity  among  the 
ancients.  The  Athenians  raised  her  a 
statue,  which  represented  her  as  holding 
Plutus  the  god  of  wealth  in  her  lap,  to  in- 
timate that  peace  gives  rise  to  prosperity 
and  to  opulence.  She  was  represented 
among  the  Romans  with  the  horn  of  plen- 
ty, and  also  carrying  an  olive  branch  in 
her  hand. 

Paxos,  a  small  island  between  Ithaca 
and  the  Echinades  in  the  Ionian  sea. 

Peas,  a  shepherd,  who,  according  to 
some,  set  on  fire  the  pile  on  which  Hercu 


PE 


!81 


PE 


le3  was  burnt.    The  hero  gave   him  his 
bow  and  arrows. 
PED-Eus,an  illegitimate  son  of  Anterior. 
Pedacia,  a  woman   of  whom   Horace 
speaks  as  of  a  contemptible  character. 

Pedani.     Fid;  Pedum. 

Pedanius,  a  prefect  of  Rome,  killed  by 
one  of  his  slaves  for  having  denied  him 
his  liberty. 

Pedasa,  a  town  of  Cafia,  near  Halicar- 
nassus. 

Pedasus,  a  son  of  Bucolion,  the  son  of 
Laomedon.    His  mother  was  one  of  the 

.Naiads. One  of  the  four  horses  of 

Achilles,  killed  by  Sarpedon. A  town 

near  Pylos  in  the  Peloponnesus 

Pediadis,  a  part  of  Bactriana,  through 
which  the  Oxus  flows. 

Pedias,  the  wife  of  Cranaus. 

Pedius  Bl.esus,  a  Roman  accused  by 
the  people  of  Cyrene,  of  plundering  the 
temple  of  ^Esculapirs.  He  was  condemn- 
ed under  Nero. A  nephew  of  Julius 

Caesar,  who  commanded  one  of  his  legions 

in  GauL Poplicola,  a  lawyer  in  the  age 

of  Horace. 

Pedo,  a  lawyer  patronised  by  Domitian. 

Pedianus  Asconius,  flourished  A.  D. 
76. 

Pedum,  a  town  of  Latium,  about  ten 
miles  from  Rome,  conquered  by  Camillus. 

Peg.e,  a  fountain  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Arganthus  in  Bithynia,  into  which  Hylas 
fell. 

Pegasides,  a  name  given  to  the  muses 
from  the  horse  Pegasus. 

Pegasis,  a  name  given  to  CEnone  by 
Ovid. 

Pegasium  Stagnum,  a  lake  near  Ephe- 
sus,  which  arose  from  the  earth  when  Pe- 
gasus struck  it  with  his  foot. 

Pegasus,  a  winged  horse  sprung  from 
the  blood  of  Medusa,  when  Perseus  had 
cut  off  her  head.  As  soon  as  born  he  left 
the  earth,  and  flew  up  into  heaven,  or 
rather,  according  to  Ovid,  he  fixed  his  re- 
sidence on  mount  Helicon,  where,  by 
striking  the  earth  with  his  foot,  he  in- 
stantly raised  a  fountain,  which  has  been 
called  Hippocrene.  Pegasus  was  placed 
among  the  constellations  by  Jupiter. 

Pelago,  an  eunuch,  one  of  Nero's  favo- 
rites. 

Pelagon,  a  man  killed  by  a  wild  boar. 

A  son  of  Asopus  and  Metope. A 

Phocian,  one  of  whose  men  conducted 
Cadmus,  and  showed  him  where,  accord- 
ing to  the  oracle,  he  was  to  build  a  city. 

Pelagonia,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Ma- 
cedonia at  the  north. 

Pelarge,  a  daughter  of  Potneus,  who 
reestablished  the  worship  of  Ceres  in 
Bceotia. 

Pelasgi,  a  people  of  Greece,  supposed 
to  be  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  the  world. 
They  first  inhabited  Argolis  in  Peloponne- 
sus, which  from  them  received  the  name 
.     24* 


of  Pelasgia,  and  about  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eighty-three  years  before  the 
Christian  era,  they  passed  into  iEmonia, 
and  were  afterwards  dispersed  in  several 
parts  of  Greece.  Some  of  them  fixed  theii 
habitation  in  Epirus,  others  in  Crete, 
others  in  Italy,  and  others  in  Lesbos. 

Pelasgia,  or  Pelasgiotis,  a  country  of 
Greece  whose  inhabitants  are  called  Pe- 
lasgi or  Pelasgiotce.  Every  country  of 
Greece,  and  all  Greece  in  general,  is  in- 
discriminately called  Pelasgia,  though  the 
name  should  be  more  particularly  con- 
fined to  a  part  of  Thessaly,  situate  be- 
tween the  Penous,  the  Aliacmon,  and  the 
Sperchius. 

Pelasgus,  a  son  of  Terra,  or  according 
to  others,  of  Jupiter  and  Niobe,  who  reign- 
ed in  Sicyon,  and  gave  his  name  to  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Peloponnesus. 

Pele thro nii,  an  epithet  given  to  the 
Lapithae,  because  they  inhabited  the  town 
of  Pelethronium,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Pe- 
lion  in  Thessaly. 

Peleus,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  son  of 
^Eacusand  Endeis,  the  daughterof  Chiron. 
He  married  Thetis,  one  of  the  Nereids, 
and  was  the  only  one  among  mortals  who 
married  an  immortal.  He  was  accessary 
to  the  death  of  his  brother  Phocus,  and  on 
that  account  he  was  obliged  to  leave  his 
father's  dominions.  He  retired  to  the 
court  of  Eurytus,  the  son  of  Actor,  who 
reigned  at  Phthia.  He  was  purified  of  his 
murder  by  Eurytus,  with  the  usual  cere- 
monies, and  the  monarch  gave  him  his 
daughter  Antigone  in  marriage.  After  the 
death  of  Antigone,  Peleus  courted  Thetis, 
of  whose  superior  charms  Jupiter  himself 
had  been  enamored.  Peleus  became  more 
animated  from  her  refusal,  he  offered  a 
sacrifice  to  the  gods,  and  Proteus  inform- 
ed him  that  to  obtain  Thetis  he  must  sur- 
prise her  while  she  was  asleep  in  her  grot- 
to, near  the  shores  of  Thessaly.  This  ad- 
vice was  immediately  followed,  and  The- 
tis, unable  to  escape  from  the  grasp  of  Pe- 
leus, at  last  consented  to  marry  him. 
Their  nuptials  were  celebrated  with  the 
greatest  solemnity,  and  all  the  gods  at- 
tended, and  made  them  each  the  most 
valuable  presents.  The  goddess  of  dis- 
eord  was  the  only  one  of  the  deities  who 
was  not  present,  and  she  punished  this 
seeming  neglect  by  throwing  an  apple  into 
the  midst  of  the  assembly  of  the  gods, 
with  the  inscription  of  detur  jndchriori. 
From  the  marriage  of  Peleus  and  Thetis 
was  born  Achilles. 

Peliades,  the  daughters  of  Pelias. 

Pelias,  the  twin  brother  of  Neleus, 
was  son  of  Neptune  by  Tyro,  by  usurpa- 
tion king  of  Iolcos.  (See  Jason.)  Medea, 
who  wished  to  avenge  the  injuries  which 
her  husband  Jason  had  received  from  Pe- 
lias, raised  the  desires  of  the  Peliades,  by 
cutting  an  old  ram  to  pieces,  and  boiling 


PE 


282 


PE 


the  flesh  in  a  cauldron,  and  afterwards 
turning  it  into  a  fine  young  lamb.  After 
they  had  seen  this  successful  experiment, 
the  Peliades  cut  their  father's  body  to 
pieces,  after  they  had  drawn  all  the  blood 
from  his  veins,  on  the  assurance  that  Me- 
dea would  replenish  them  by  her  incanta- 
tions. The  limbs  were  immediately  put 
into  a  cauldron  of  boiling  water,  but  Me- 
dea suffered  the  flesh  to  be  totally  consum- 
ed, and  refused  to  give  the  Peliades  the 
promised  assistance,  and  the  bones  of  Fe- 

lias  did  not  even  receive  a  burial. A 

Trojan  chief  wounded  by  Ulysses  during 
the  Trojan  war. The  ship  Argo  is  call- 
ed Pelias  arbor,  built  of  the  trees  of  mount 
Pelion. The  spear  of  Achilles. 

Pelides,  a  patronymic  of  Achilles,  and 
of  Pyrrhus. 

Peligni,  a  people  of  Italy,  who  dwelt 
near  the  Sabines  and  Marsi,  and  had  Cor- 
finum  and  Sulmo  for  their  chief  towns. 

Pelignus,  a  friend  of  the  emperor  Clau- 
dius, made  governor  of  Cappadocia. 

Pelin2eus,  a  mountain  of  Chios. 

Peunnjeum,  or  Pelinna,  a  town  of 
Macedonia. 

Pelion  and  Pehos,  a  celebrated  moun- 
tain of  Thessaly,  whose  top  is  covered 
with  pine  trees.  Jn  their  wars  against 
the  gods,  the  giants,  as  the  poets  mention, 
placed  mount  Ossa  upon  Pelion,  to  scale 
the  heavens  with  more  facility. 

Pslium,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Pella,  a  celebrated  town  of  Macedonia, 
on  the  Ludias  not  far  from  the  sinus  Ther- 
maicus  which  became  the  capital  of  the 
country  after  the  ruin  of  Edessa. 

Pellane,  a  town  of  Laconia  with  a 
fountain  whose  waters  have  a  subterrane- 
ous communication  with  the  waters  of 
another  fountain. 

Pellene,  a  town  of  Achaia,  in  the  Pe- 
loponnesus, at  the  west  of  Sicyon,  famous 
for  its  wool. 

Pelopea,  or  Pelopia,  a  daughter  of 
Thyestes  the  brother  of  Atreus. 

Pelopeia,  a  festival  observed  by  the 
people  of  Elis  in  honor  of  Pelops. 

Pelopia,  a  daughter  of  Niobe. A 

daughter  of  Pelias. The  mother  of 

Cycnus. 

Pelopidas,  a  celebrated  general  of 
Thebes,  son  of  Hippoclus.  He  was  de- 
scended of  an  illustrious  family,  and  was 
remarkable  for  his  immense  possessions, 
which  he  bestowed  with  great  liberality 
to  the  poor  and  necessitous.  Many  were 
the  objects  of  his  generosity  ;  but  when 
Epaminondas  had  refused  to  accept  his 
presents,  Pelopidas  disregarded  all  his 
wealth,  and  preferred  before  it  the  enjoy- 
ment of  his  friend's  conversation  and  of 
his  poverty.  From  their  friendship  and 
intercourse  the  Thebans  derived  the  most 
considerable  advantages.  No  sooner  had 
the  interest  of  Sparta  prevailed  at  Thebes, 


and  the  friends  cf  liberty  and  national  in- 
dependence been  banished  from  the  city, 
than  Pelopidas,  who  was  in  the  number 
of  the  exiles,  resolved  to  free  his  country 
from  foreign  slavery.  His  plan  was  bold 
and  animated,  and  his  deliberations  were 
slow.  Meanwhile  Epaminondas,  who  had 
been  left  by  the  tyrants  at  Thebes,  as 
being  in  appearance  a  worthless  and  in- 
significant philosopher,  animated  the 
youths  of  the  city,  and  at  last  Pelopidas, 
with  eleven  of  his  associates,  entered 
Thebes,  and  easily  massacred  the  friends 
of  the  tyranny,  and  freed  the  country 
from  foreign  masters.  After  this  success- 
ful enterprise,  Pelopidas  was  unanimously 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  government,  and 
so  confident  were  the  Thebans  of  his  abili- 
ties as  a  general  and  a  magistrate,  that 
they  successively  reelected  him  thirteen 
times  to  fill  the  honorable  office  of  gover- 
nor of  Bceotia.  Epaminondas  shared  with 
him  the  sovereign  power,  and  it  was  to  their 
valor  and  prudence  that  the  Thebans  were 
indebted  for  a  celebrated  victory  at  the 
battle  of  Leuctra.  In  a  war  which  Thebes 
carried  on  against  Alexander,  tyrant  of 
Pliers,  Pelopidas  was  appointed  com- 
mander ;  but  his  imprudence  in  trusting 
himself  unarmed  into  the  enemy's  camp 
nearly  proved  fatal  to  him.  He  was  taken 
prisoner,  but  Epaminondas  restored  him 
to  liberty.  The  perfidy  of  Alexander  irri- 
tated him,  and  he  was  killed  bravely  fight- 
ing in  a  celebrated  battle  in  which  his 
troops  obtained  the  victory,  B.  C.  364 
years. 

Peloponnesiacum  Bellum,  a  celebrat- 
ed war  which  continued  for  twenty-seven 
years  between  the  Athenians  and  the  in- 
habitants of  Peloponnesus  with  their  res- 
pective allies.  It  is  the  most  famous  and 
the  most  interesting  of  all  the  wars  which 
have  happened  between  the  inhabitants 
of  Greece,  and  it  has  been  minutely  des- 
cribed by  Thucydides  and  Zenophon. 

Peloponnesus,  a  celebrated  peninsula 
which  comprehends  the  most  southern 
parts  of  Greece.  It  received  its  name 
from  Pelops.  It  had  been  called  before 
Argia,  Pelasgia,  and  Argolh,  and  in  its 
form,  it  has  been  observed  by  the  mod- 
erns, highly  to  resemble  the  leaf  of  the 
plane  tree.  Its  present  name  is  Morea. 
The  Peloponnesus  scarce  extended  two 
hundred  miles  in  length,  and  one  hundred 
and  forty  in  breadth  and  about  five  hun- 
dred and  sixty-three  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. It  was  separated  from  Greece  by 
the  narrow  isthmus  of  Corinth. 

Pelopea  mcenia,  is  applied  to  the  cities 
of  Greece,  but  more  particularly  to  My- 
cenae and  Argos,  where  the  descendants 
of  Pelops  reigned. 

Pelops,  a  celebrated  prince,  son  of  Tan- 
talus king  of  Phrygia.  He  was  murdered 
by  his  father,  who  wished  to  try  the  di- 


PE 


283 


PE 


vinity  cf  the  gods  who  had  visited  Phry- 
gia,  by  placing  on  their  table  the  limbs  of 
his  son.  The  gods  perceived  his  perfidi- 
ous cruelty,  and  they  refused  to  touch  the 
meat  except  Ceres,  whom  the  recent  loss 
of  her  daughter  had  rendered  melancholy 
and  inattentive.  She  eat  one  of  the 
shoulders  of  Pelops,  and  therefore  when 
Jupiter  had  compassion  on  his  fate,  and 
restored  him  to  life,  he  placed  a  shoulder 
of  ivory  instead  of  that  which  Ceres  had 
devoured.  This  shoulder  had  an  uncom- 
mon power,  and  it  could  heal  by  its  very 
touch,  every  complaint,  and  remove  every 
disorder.  Some  time  after,  the  kingdom 
of  Tantalus  was  invaded  by  Tros,  king  of 
Troy,  on  pretence  that  he  had  carried 
away  his  son  Ganymedes.  This  rape  had 
been  committed  by  Jupiter  himself;  the 
war,  nevertheless,  was  carried  on,  and 
Tantalus,  defeated  and  ruined,  was 
obliged  to  fly  with  his  son  Pelops,  and  to 
seek  a  shelter  in  Greece.  Pelops  came  to 
Pisa,  where  he  became  one  of  the  suitors 
of  Hippodamia,  the  daughter  of  king 
CSnomaus,  and  he  entered  the  lists  against 
the  father,  who  promised  his  daughter 
only  to  him,  who  could  outrun  him  in  a 
chariot  race.  He  previously  bribed  Myrti- 
lus,  the  charioteer  of  CEnomaus,  and 
therefore  he  easily  obtained  the  victory. 
He  married  Hippodamia,  and  threw  head- 
long into  the  sea  Myrtilus,  when  he  claim- 
ed the  reward  of  his  perfidy.  When  he 
bad  established  himself  on  the  throne  of 
Pisa,  Hippodamia's  possession,  he  extend- 
ed his  conquests  over  the  neighboring 
countries,  and  from  him  the  peninsula,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  monarchs,  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Peloponnesus.  Pe- 
lops, after  death,  received  divine  honors, 
and  he  was  as  much  revered  above  all  the 
other  heroes  of  Greece,  as  Jupiter  was 
above  the  rest  of  the  gods.  He  had  a 
temple  at  Olympia,  near  that  of  Jupiter, 
where  Hercules  consecrated  to  him  a 
small  portion  of  land,  and  offered  to  him 
a  sacrifice.  The  children  of  Pelops  by 
Hippodamia  were  Pitheus,  Trazen,  Atre- 
us,  Thyestes,  &c.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown,  though  it  is  universally 
agreed  that  he  survived  for  some  time 
Hippodamia.  Some  suppose  that  the  Pal- 
ladium of  the  Trojans  was  made  with  the 
bones  of  Pelops. 

Peloe,  one  of  the  men  who  sprung  from 
the  teeth  of  the  dragon  killed  by  Cad- 
mus. 

Peloria,  a  festival  observed  by  the 
Thessalians,  in  commemoration  of  the 
news  which  they  received  by  one  Pelo- 
rius,  that  the  mountains  of  Tempe  had 
been  separated  by  an  earthquake,  and  that 
the  waters  of  the  lake  which  lay  there 
stagnated,  had  found  a  passage  into  the 
Alnheus,  and  left  behind  a  vast,  pleasant, 
and  most  delightful  plain. 


Pelohus, 


now  cape    *a.-o,  one  of    tne 


three  great  promontories  of  Siciiy,  on 
whose  top  is  erected  a  tower  to  direct  the 
sailor  on  his  voyage.  It  lies  near  the  coast 
of  Italy,  and  received  its  name  from  Pe- 
lorus,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  which  carried 
away  Annibal  from  Italy.  This  celebrat- 
ed general,  as  it  is  reported,  was  carried 
by  the  tides  into  the  straits  of  Charyb- 
dis,  and  as  he  was  ignorant  of  the  coast, 
he  asked  the  pilot  of  his  ship  the  name  of 
the  promontory,  which  appeared  at  a  dis- 
tance. The  pilot  told  him,  it  was  one  of 
the  capes  of  Sicily,  but  Annibal  gave  no 
credit  to  his  information,  and  murdered 
him  on  the  spot. 

Peltje,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 
Pelusium,  now  Tineh,  a  town  of  Egypt, 
situate  at  the  entrance  of  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Nile,  called  from  it  Pelu- 
sian.  It  was  the  key  of  Egypt  on  the  side 
of  Phoenicia,  as  it  was  impossible  to  enter 
the  Egyptian  territories  without  passing 
by  Pelusium,  and  therefore  on  that  ac- 
count it  was  always  well  fortified  and  gar- 
risoned, as  it  was  of  such  importance  for 
the  security  of  the  country.  It  is  now  in 
ruins. 

Penates,  certain  inferior  deities  among 
the  Romans,  who  presided  over  houses 
and  the  domestic  affairs  of  families.  They 
were  called  Penates,  because  they  were 
generally  placed  in  the  innermost  and 
most  secret  parts  of  the  house.  Accord- 
ing to-  some,  the  gods  Penates  were  divid- 
ed into  four  classes  ;  the  first  comprehend- 
ed all  the  celestial,  the  second  the  sea- 
gods,  the  third  the  gods  of  hell,  and  the 
last  all  such  heroes  as  had  received  divine 
honors  after  death.  The  statues  of  the 
Penates  were  generally  made  with  wax, 
ivory,  silver,  or  earth,  according  to  the 
affluence  of  the  worshipper,  and  the  only 
offerings  they  received  were  wine,  in- 
cense, fruits,  and  sometimes  the  sacrifice 
of  lambs,  sheep,  goats,  &c.  When  offer- 
ings were  made  to  them,  their  statues  were 
crowned  with  garlands,  poppies,  or  gar- 
lic, and  besides  the  monthly  day  that  was 
set  apart  for  their  worship,  their  festivals 
were  celebrated  during  the  Saturnalia, 
Some  have  confounded  the  Lares  and  the 
Penates,  but  they  were  different. 

Pendalium,  a  promontory  of  Cyprus. 
Peneia  or  Peneis,  an  epithet  applied 
to  Daphne,  as  daughter  of  Peneus. 
Penelius,  one  of  the  Greeks   killed  in 

the  Tro.jan  war. A  son  of  Hippalmus, 

among  the  Argonauts. 

Penelope,  a  celebrated  princess  of 
Greece,  daughter  of  Icarius,  and  jwife  of 
Ulysses,  king  of  Ithaca.  Her  marriage 
with  Ulysses  was  celebrated  about  the 
same  time  that  Menelaus  married  Helen, 
and  she  retired  with  her  husband  to  Itha- 
ca, against  the  inclination  of  her  father, 
who  wished  to  detain  her  at  Sparta,  her 
native  country.  She  soon  after  became 
mother  of  Tefemachus,  and  was  obliged 


PE 


284 


PE 


to  part  with  great  reluctance  from  her 
husband,  whom  the  Greeks  obliged  to  go 
to  the  Trojan  war.  {Vid.  Palamedes.) 
The  continuation  of  hostilities  for  ten 
years  made  her  sad  and  melancholy  ;  but 
when  Ulysses  did  not  return  like  the  other 
princes  of  Greece  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
war,  her  fears  and  her  anxieties  were  in- 
creased. As  she  received  no  intelligence 
of  his  situation,  she  was  soon  beset  by  a 
number  of  importuning  suitors.  She  re- 
ceived their  addresses  with  coldness  and 
disdain  ;  but  as  she  was  destitute  of  pow- 
er, and  a  prisoner  as  it  were  in  their 
hands,  she  yet  flattered  them  with  hopes 
and  promises,  and  declared  that  she  would 
make  choice  of  one  of  them,  as  soon  as  she 
had  finished  a  piece  of  tapestry,  on  which 
she  was  employed.  The  work  was  done 
in  a  dilatory  manner,  and  she  baffled  their 
eager  expectations,  by  undoing  in  the  night 
what  she  had  done  in  the  day-time.  This 
artifice  of  Penelope  has  given  rise  to  the 
proverb  of  Penelope's  web,  which  is  applied 
to  whatever  labor  can  never  be  ended. 
The  return  of  Ulysses,  after  an  absence 
of  twenty  years,  however,  delivered  her 
from  fears  and  from  her  dangerous  suitors. 
After  the  return  of  Ulysses,  Penelope  had 
a  daughter,  who  was  called  Ptoliporthe  ; 
but  if  we  believe  the  traditions  that  were 
long  preserved  at  Mantinea,  Ulysses  repu- 
diated his  wife  for  her  incontinence  dur- 
ing his  absence,  and  Penelope  fled  to  Spar- 
ta, and  afterwards  to  Mantinea,  where  she 
died  and  was  buried. 

Pjeneus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  rising  on 
mount  Pindus,  and  falling  into  the  Ther- 
mean  gulf,  after  a  wandering  course  be- 
tween mount  Ossa  and  Olympus,  through 

the  plains  of  Tempe. Also  a  small  river 

of  Elis  in  Peloponnesus,  better  known  un- 
der the  name  of  Araxes. 

Penidas,  one  of  Alexander's  friends, 
who  went  to  examine  Scythia  under  pre- 
tence of  an  embassy. 

Penniivje  alpes,  a  certain  part  of  the 
Alps. 

Pentapolis,   a  town  of  India. A 

part  of  Africa  near  Cyrene. Also  part 

of  Palestine,  containing  the  five  cities  of 
Gaza,  Gath,  Ascalon,  Azotus,  and  Ekron. 

Pentelicus,  a  mountain  of  Attica, 
where  were  found  quarries  of  beautiful 
marble. 

Penthestlea,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
daughter  of  Mars,  by  Otrera,  or  Orithya. 
She  came  to  assist  Priam  in  the  last  years 
of  the  Trojan  war,  and  fought  against 
Achilles,  by  whom  she  was  slain.  The 
hero  was  so  struck  with  the  beauty  of 
Penthesilea,  when  he  stripped  her  of  her 
arms,  that  he  even  shed  tears  for  having 
too  violently  sacrificed  her  to  his  fury. 
Thersites  laughed  at  the  partiality  of  the 
hero,  for  which  ridicule  he  was  instantly 
killed. 


Pentheus,  son  of  Echion  and  Agave, 
was  king  of  Thebes  in  BcBotia.  His  refu- 
sal to  acknowledge  the  divinity  of  Bac- 
chus was  attended  with  the  most  fatal 
consequences.  He  forbade  his  subjects  to 
pay  adoration  to  this  new  god  ;  and  when 
the  Theban  women  had  gone  out  of  the 
city  to  celebrate  the  orgies  of  Bacchus, 
Pentheus  ordered  the  god  himself,  who 
conducted  the  religious  multitude,  to  be 
seized.  His  orders  were  obeyed  with  re- 
luctance, but  when  the  doors  of  the  prison 
in  which  Bacchus  had  been  confined, 
opened  of  their  own  accord,  Pentheus  be- 
came more  irritated,  and  commanded  his 
soldiers  to  destroy  the  whole  band  of  the 
Bacchanals.  This,  however,  was  not  ex- 
ecuted, for  Bacchus  inspired  the  monarch 
with  the  ardent  desire  of  seeing  the  cele- 
bration of  the  orgies.  Accordingly  he  hid 
himself  in  a  wood  on  mount  Cithaeron, 
from  whence  he  could  see  all  the  ceremo- 
nies unperceived.  But  here  his  curiosity 
soon  proved  fatal,  he  was  descried  by  the 
bacchanals,  and  they  all  rushed  upon  him. 
His  mother  was  the  first  who  attacked 
him,  and  her  example  was  instantly  fol- 
lowed by  her  two  sisters,  Ino  and  Auto- 
noe,  and  his  body  was  torn  to  pieces. 

Penthilus,  a  son  of  Orestes  by  Eri- 
gone,  the  daughter  of  yEgysthus,  who 
reigned  conjointly  with  his  brother  Tisa- 
menus  at  Argos. 

Penthylus,  a  prince  of  Paphos,  who 
assisted  Xerxes  with  twelve  ships. 

Peparethos,  a  small  island  of  the  JEge- 
an  sea,  on  the  coast  of  Macedonia,  about 
twenty  miles  in  circumference.  It  abound- 
ed in  olives. 

Pephnos,  a  town  of  Laconia. 

Pephredo,  a  sea  nymph,  daughter  of 
Phorcys  and  Ceto. 

Perjea,  or  Berjea,  a  country  of  Judasa, 

near  Egypt. A  part  of  Caria,  opposite 

to  Rhodes. A  colony  of  the  Mityle- 

neans  in  ^Eolia. 

Perasippus,  an  ambassador  sent  to  Da- 
rius by  the  Lacedremonians. 

Percope,  a  city  which  assisted  Priam 
during  the  Trojan  war. 

Percosius,  a  man  acquainted  with  fu- 
turity. He  attempted  in  vain  to  dissuade 
his  two  sons  to  go  to  the  Trojan  war,  by 
telling  them  that  they  should  perish  there. 

Percote,  a  town  on  the  Hellespont,  be- 
tween Abydos  and  Lampsacus,  near  the 
sea  shore. 

Perdiccas,  the  fourth  king  of  Macedo- 
nia, B.  C.  729,  was  descended  from  Te- 
menus.  He  increased  his  dominions  by 
conquest,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life, 
he  showed  his  son  Argeus  where  he  wish- 
ed to  be  buried,  and  told  him  that  as  long 
as  the  bones  of  his  descendants  and  suc- 
cessors on  the  throne  of  Macedonia  were 
laid  in  the  same  grave,  so  long  would  the 
crown  remain  in  their  family.    These  in- 


PE 


285 


PE 


junctions  were  observed  till  the  time  of 
Alexander,  who  was  buried  out  of  Mace- 
donia.  Another,  king  of  Macedonia, 

son  of  Alexander.  He  behaved  with  great 
courage  on  the  throne,  and  died  B.  C.  413. 

Another,  king  of  Macedonia,  who  was 

supported  on  his  throne  by  Iphicrates  the  . 
Athenian,  against  the  intrusions  of  Pail-  I 

sanias.     He  was  killed  B.  C.  360. One 

of  the  friends  and  favorites  of  Alexander 
the  Great.  At  the  king's  death  he  wished 
to  make  himself  absolute  ;  and  the  ring 
which  he  had  received  from  the  hand  of 
the  dying  Alexander,  seemed  in  some 
measure  to  favor  his  pretensions.  His 
ambitious  views  were  easily  discovered 
by  Antigonus,  and  the  rest  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander.  Antipater,  Craterus,  and 
Ptolemy,  leagued  with  Antigonus  against 
him,  and  after  much  bloodshed  on  both 
sides,  Perdiccas  was  totally  ruined,  and  at 
last  assassinated  in  his  tent  in  Egypt,  by 
his  own  officers,  about  three  hundred  and 
twenty-one  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Perdix,  a  young  Athenian,  son  of  the 
sister  of  Daedalus.  He  invented  the  saw, 
and  seemed  to  promise  to  become  a  greater 
artist  than  had  ever  been  known.  His 
uncle  was  jealous  of  his  rising  fame,  and 
he  threw  him  down  from  the  top  of  a 
tower,  and  put  him  to  death. 

Peren!>hs,  a  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Commodus,  put  to  death  for  aspiring  to  the 
empire. 

Pereus,  a  son  of  Elatus  and  Laodice, 
grandson  of  Areas.  He  left  only  one 
daughter  called  Nesera,  who  was  mother 
of  Auge  and  of  Cepheus  and  Lycurgus. 

Perga,  a  town  of  Pamphylia. 

Pergamus,  Pergama,  (plur.)  the  citadel 
of  the  city  of  Troy.  The  word  is  often 
used  for  Troy.  It  was  situated  in  the 
most  elevated  part  of  the  town,  on  the 
shores  of  the  river  Scamander. 

Pergamus,  now  Bersramo,  a  town  of 
Mysia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Caycus.  It 
was  the  capital  of  a  celebrated  empire 
called  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  which 
was  founded  by  Philaeterus,  an  eunuch, 
whom  Lysimachus,  after  the  battle  of 
Ipsus,  had  intrusted  with  the  treasures 
which  he  had  obtained  in  the  war.  The 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus  was 
famous  for  a  library  of  two  hundred  thou- 
sand volumes,  which  had  been  collected 
by  the  different  monarchs  who  had  reign- 
ed there.  This  noble  collection  was  af- 
terwards transported  to  Egypt  by  Cleopa- 
tra, with  the  permission  of  Antony,  and 
it  adorned  and  enriched  the  Alexandrian  li- 
brary, till  it  was  most  fatally  destroyed  by 
the  Saracens,  A.  D.  642.  Parchment  was 
first  invented  and  made  use  of,  at  Perga- 
mus, to  transcribe  books,  as  Ptolemy  king 
of  Egypt  had  forbidden  the  exportation  of 
papyrus  from  his  kingdom,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent Eumenes  from  making  a  library  as 


valuable  and  as  choice  as  that  of  Alexan- 
dria.  -—A  son  of  Neoptolernus  and  An- 
dromache, who,  as  some  suppose,  founded 
Pergamus  in  Asia. 

Perge,  a  town  of  Pamphylia,  where 
Diana  had  a  magnificent  temple,  whence 
her  surname  of  Pergaea. 

Pergus,  a  lake  of  Sicily  near  Enna, 
where  Proserpine  was  carried  away  by 
Pluto. 

Periander,  a  tyrant  of  Corinth,  son  of 
Cypselus.  The  first  years  of  his  govern- 
ment were  mild  and  popular,  but  he  soon 
learned  to  become  oppressive,  when  he  had 
consulted  the  tyrant  of  Sicily  about  the 
surest  way  of  reigning.  He  received  no 
other  answer  but  whatever  explanation 
he  wished  to  place  on  the  Sicilian  tyrant's 
having,  in  the  presence  of  his  messenger, 
plucked  in  a  field,  all  the  ears  of  corn 
which  seemed  to  tower  above  the  rest. 
Periander  understood  the  meaning  of 
this  answer.  He  immediately  surround- 
ed himself  with  a  numerous  guard,  and 
put  to  death  the  richest  and  most  power- 
ful citizens  of  Corinth.  He  was  not  only 
cruel  to  his  subjects,  but  his  family  also 
were  objects  of  his  vengeance.  Periander 
died  about  five  hundred  and  eighty-five 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  in  his 
eightieth  year,  and  by  the  meanness  of 
his  flatterers,  he  was  reckoned  one  of  the 

seven  wise  men  of  Greece. A  tyrant 

of  Ambracia,  whom  some  rank  with  the 
seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  and  not  the 
tyrant  of  Corinth. A  man  distinguish- 
ed as  a  physician,  but  contemptible  as  a 
poet. 

Periarchus,  a  naval  commander  of 
Sparta  conquered  by  Conon. 

Peribcea,  the  second  wife  of  CEneus, 
king  of  Calydon,  was  daughter  of  Hippo- 
nous.     She  became  mother  of  Tydeus. 

A  daughter  of  Alcathous,  sold  by  her 

father  on  suspicion  that  she  was  courted 
by  Telamon  son  of  .(Eacus,  king  of  iEgina. 
She  was  carried  to  Cyprus,  where  Tela- 
mon the  founder  of  Salamis  married  her, 

and  she  became  mother  of  Ajax. The 

wife  of  Polybus,  king  of  Corinth,  who  ed- 
ucated CEdipus  as  her  own  child. A 

daughter  of  Eurymedon,  who  became  mo- 
ther of  Nausithous  by  Neptune. The 

mother  of  Penelope. 

Peribomius,  a  noted  debauchee. 

Pericles,  an  Athenian  of  a  noble  fami- 
ly, son  of  Xanthippus  and  Agariste.  He 
was  naturally  endowed  with  great  powers, 
which  he  improved  by  attending  the  lec- 
tures of  Damon,  of  Zeno,  and  of  Anaxago- 
ras.  Under  these  celebrated  masters  he 
became  a  commander,  a  statesman,  and 
an  orator,  and  gained  the  affections  of  the 
people  by  his  uncommon  address  and  well 
directed  liberality.  When  he  took  a  share 
in  the  administration  of  public  affairs,  he 
rendered  himself  popular  by  opposing  Ci- 


PE 


286 


PE 


mon,  who  was  the  favorite  of  the  nobility, 
and  to  remove  every  obstacle  which  stood 
in  the  way  of  his  ambition,  he  lessened 
the  dignity  and  the  power  of  the  court  of 
the  Areopagus,  which  the  people  had  been 
taught  for  ages  to  respect  and  to  venerate. 
He  also  attacked  Cimon,  and  caused  him 
to  be  banished  by  the  ostracism.  Thucy- 
dides  also,  who  had  succeeded  Cimon  on 
his  banishment,  shared  the  same  fate,  and 
Pericles  remained  for  fifteen  years  the 
sole  minister,  and  as  it  may  be  said  the 
absolute  sovereign  of  a  republic  which  al- 
ways showed  itself  so  jealous  of  its  liber- 
ties, and  which  distrusted  so  much  the 
honesty  of  her  magistrates.  In  his  minis- 
terial capacity  Pericles  did  not  enrich  him- 
self, but' the  prosperity  of  Athens  was  the 
object  of  his  administration.  He  made 
war  against  the  Lacedaemonians,  and  re- 
stored the  temple  of  Delphi  to  the  care  of 
the  Phocians,  who  had  been  illegally  de- 
prived of  that  honorable  trust.  He  ob- 
tained a  victory  over  the  Sicyonians  near 
Nermea,  and  "waged  a  successful  war 
against  the  inhabitants  of  Samos  at  the 
request  of  his  favorite  mistress  Aspasia. 
The  Peloponnesian  war  was  fomented  by 
his  ambitious  views,  and  when  he  had 
warmly  represented  the  flourishing  state, 
the  opulence,  and  actual  power  of  his 
country,  the  Athenians  did  not  hesitate  a 
moment  to  undertake  a  war  against  the 
most  powerful  republics  of  Greece,  a  war 
which  continued  for  twenty-seven  years, 
and  which  was  concluded  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  empire,  and  the  demolition  of 
their  walls.  The  arms  of  the  Athenians 
were  for  some  time  crowned  with  success  ; 
hut  an  unfortunate  expedition  raised  cla- 
mors against  Pericles,  and  the  enraged 
populace  attributed  all  their  losses  to  him, 
and  to  make  atonement  for  their  ill  suc- 
cess, they  condemned  him  to  pay  fifty 
talents.  This  loss  of  popular  favor  by  re- 
publican caprice,  did  not  so  much  affect 
Pericles  as  the  recent  death  of  all  his  chil- 
dren,.and  when  the  tide  of  unpopularity 
was  passed  by,  he  condescended  to  come 
into  the  public  assembly,  and  to  view  with 
secret  pride  the  contrition  of  his  fellow 
citizens,  who  universally  begged  his  for- 
giveness for  the  violence  which  they  had 
offered  to  his  ministerial  character.  He 
was  again  restored  to  all  his  honors,  and 
if  possible  invested  with  more  power  and 
more  authority  than  before,  but  the  dread- 
ful pestilence  which  had  diminished  the 
number  of  his  family,  proved  fatal  to  him, 
and  about  four  hundred  and  twenty-nine 
years  before  Christ,  in  his  seventieth  year, 
he  fell  a  sacrifice  to  that  terrible  malady, 
which  robbed  Athens  of  so  many  of  her 
citizens. 

Pertcltmenus,  one  of  the  twelve  sons 
of  Neleus,  brother  to  Nestor,  killed  by 
Hercules.     He  was  one  of  the  Argonauts, 


and  had  received  from  Neptune  his  grand- 
father the  power  of  changing  himself  into 
whatever  shape  he  pleased. 

PiiKJorA,  a  Theban  woman,  whose  son 
was  killed  by  Turnus  in  the  Rutulian 
war. 

Periegetes  Dionysius,  a  poet. 

Perieres,  a  son  of  ^Eolus,  or  according 

to  others  of  Cynortas. The  charioteer 

of  Meufficeus. 

Peri  genes,  an  officer  of  Ptolemy,  &c. 

Pericone,  a  woman  who  had  a  sou 
called  Melar.ippus,  by  Theseus.  She  was 
daughter  of  Synnis  the  famous  robber, 
whom  Theseus  killed. 

PERiLAus,an  officer  in  the  army  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. A  tyrant  of  Argos. 

Perileus,  a  son  of  Icarius  and  Peribcea. 

Perilla,  a  daughter  of  Ovid  the  poet. 
She  was  extremely  fond  of  poetry  and 
literature. 

Perillus,  an  ingenious  artist  at  Athens, 
who  made  a  brazen  bull  for  Phalaris,  ty- 
rant of  Agrigentum.  This  machine  was 
fabricated  to  put  criminals  to  death  by 
burning  them  alive,  and  it  was  such  that 
their  cries  were  like  the  roaring  of  a  bull. 
When  Perillus  gave  it  to  Phalaris,  the  ty- 
rant made  the  first  experiment  upon  the 

donor. A  lawyer  and  usurer  in  the  age 

of  Horace. 

Perimede,  a  daughter  of  iEolus,  who 

married  Achelous. The  wife  of  Li- 

cymnius. A  woman  skilled  in  the 

knowledge  of  herbs  and  of  enchant- 
ments. 

Perimela,  a  daughter  of  Hippodamas, 
thrown  into  the  sea  for  receiving  the  ad- 
dresses of  the  Achelous.  She  was  chang- 
ed into  an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea. 

Perinthia,  a  play  of  Menander's. 

Perinthus,  a  town  of  Thrace,  on  the 
Propontis,  anciently  surnamed  Mygdonl- 
ca. 

Peripatetici,  a  sect  of  philosophers  at 
Athens,  disciples  to  Aristotle.  The  Peri- 
patetics acknowledged  the  dignity  of  hu- 
man nature,  and  placed  their  summum  bo- 
num  not  in  the  pleasures  of  passive  sensa- 
tion, but  in  the  due  exercise  of  the  moral 
and  intellectual  faculties. 

Perifhas,  a  man  who  attempted,  with 

Pyrrhus,   Priam's   palace. A  son  of 

^Egyptu.s,  who  married  Actasa. One 

of  the  Lapitha?. One  of  the  first  kings 

of  Attica. 

Periphates,  a  robber  of  Attica,  son  of 
Vulcan,  destroyed  by  Theseus. 

Perifhem'js,  an  ancient  hero  of  Greece. 

Perisades,  a  people  of  Illyricum. 

Peristhenes,  a  son  of  iEgyptus,  who 
married  Electra. 

Feritanus,  an  Arcadian. 

Peritas,  a  favorite  dog  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  in  whose  honor  the  monarch 
built  a  city. 

rEEiTornuM,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the 


PE 


287 


PE 


western  side  of  the  Nile,  esteemed  of  great 
importance,  as  being  one  of  the  keys  of 
the  country. 

Permessus,  a  river  of  Bceotia,  rising 
in  mount  Helicon,  and  flowing  all  round 
it. 

Pero,  or  Perone,  a  daughter  of  Neleus, 
king  of  Pylos,  by  CMoris.  Her  beauty 
drew  many  admirers,  but  sbe  married 
Bias  son  of  Amythaon,  because  he  had  by 
the  assistance  of  bis  brother  Melampus, 
and  according  to  her  father's  desire,  re- 
covered some  oxen  which  Hercules  had 
stolen  away,  and  she  became  mother  of 
Talaus. A  daughter  of  Cimon,  remark- 
able for  her  filial  affection.  When  her 
father  had  been  sent  to  prison,  where  his 
judges  had  condemned  him  to  starve,  she 
supported  his  life  by  giving  him  the  milk 
of  her  breasts,  as  to  her  own  child. 

Peroe,  a  fountain  of  Bceotia. 

Perola,  a  Roman  who  meditated  the 
death  of  Hannibal  in  Italy. 

Perpenna,  M.  a  Roman  who  conquered 
Aristonicus  in  Asia,  and  took  him  prison- 
er.    He  died  B-  C.  130. Another  who 

:oined  the  rebellion  of  Sertorius,  and  op- 
posed Pompey.  He  afterwards  assassinat- 
d  Sertorius.  He  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Pompey,  who  ordered  him  to  be  put  to 
death. A  Greek  who  obtained  the  con- 
sulship at  Rome. 

Perperene,  a  place  of  Phrygia,  where, 
as  some  suppose,  Paris  adjudged  the  prize 
of  beauty  to  Venus. 

Perranthes,  a  hill  of  Epirus,  near  Am- 
bracia. 

Perrh^b[a,  a  part  of  Thessaly  situate 
on  the  borders  of  the  Peneus,  extending 
between  the  town  of  Atrax  and  the  vale 
of  Tempe. 

Persa,  or  Perseis,  one  of  the  Ocean- 
ides. 

Persje,  the  inhabitants  of  Persia. 

Pers-eus,  a  philosopher  intimate  with 
Antigonus,  by  whom  he  was  appointed 
over  the  Acrocorinth.  He  flourished  B.  C. 
274. 

Persee,  a  fountain  near  Mycenae,  in 
Peloponnesus. 

Perseis,  one  of  the  Oceanides. A 

patronymic  of  Hecate  as  daughter  of  Per- 
ses. 

Persephone,  a  daughter  of  Jupiter  and 
Ceres,  called  also  Proserpine. The  mo- 
ther of  Amphion  by  Jasus. 

Persepolis,  a  celebrated  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Persian  empire.  It  was  laid  in 
ruins  by  Alexander  after  the  concpiest  of 
Darius.  The  reason  of  this  is  unknown. 
The  ruins  of  Persepolis,  now  Estakar,  or 
Tehel-Minar,  still  astonish  the  modern 
traveller  by  their  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
cence. 

Perses,  a  son  of  Perseus  and  Andro- 
meda". From  him  the  Persians,  who  were 
originally  called   Cephenes,  received  their 


name. A  king  of  Macedonia.     Fid. 

Perseus. 

Perseus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Danae, 
the  daughter  of  Acrisius.  As  Acrisius 
had  confined  his  daughter  in  a  brazen 
tower  to  prevent  her  becoming  a  mother, 
because  he  was  to  perish,  according  to  the 
words  of  an  oracle,  by  the  hands  of  his 
daughter's  son,  Perseus  was  no  sooner 
born  than  he  was  thrown  into  the  sea 
with  his  mother  Danae.  The  hopes  of 
Acrisius  were  frustrated  ;  the  slender  boat 
which  carried  Danae  and  her  son  was 
driven  by  the  winds  upon  the  coasts  of  the 
island  of  Seriphos,  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
where  they  were  found  by  a  fisherman 
called  Dictys,  and  carried  to  Polydectes 
the  king  of  the  place.  They  were  treat- 
ed with  great  humanity,  and  Perseus  was 
intrusted  to  the  care  of  the  priests  of  Mi- 
nerva's temple.  His  rising  genius  and 
manly  courage,  however,  soon  displeased 
Polydectes,  and  the  monarch,  who  wish- 
ed to  offer  violence  to  Danae,  feared  the 
resentment  of  her  son.  Yet  Polydectes 
resolved  to  remove  every  obstacle.  He 
invited  all  his  friends  to  a  sumptuous  en- 
tertainment, and  it  was  requisite  that  all 
such  as  came,  should  present  the  monarch 
with  a  beautiful  horse.  Perseus  was  in 
the  number  of  the  invited,  and  the  more 
particularly  so,  as  Polydectes  knew  that 
he  could  not.  receive  from  him  the  present 
which  he  expected  from  all  the  rest.  Nev- 
ertheless Perseus,  who  wished  not  to  ap- 
pear inferior  to  the  others  in  magnificence, 
told  the  king  that  as  he  could  not  give  him 
a  horse,  he  would  bring  him  the  head  of 
Medusa,  the  only  one  of  the  Gorgons  who 
was  subject  to  mortality.  The  offer  was 
doubly  agreeable  to  Polydectes,  as  it  would 
remove  Perseus  from  Seriphos,  and  on 
account  of  its  seeming  impossibility,  the 
attempt  might  perhaps  end  in  his  ruin. 
But  the  innocence  of  Perseus  was  patron- 
ised by  the  gods.  Pluto  lent  him  his  hel- 
met, which  had  the  wonderful  power  of 
making  its  bearer  invisible  ;  Minerva  gave 
him  her  buckler,  which  was  as  resplend- 
ent as  glass  ;  and  he  received  from  Mer- 
cury wings  and  the  talaria,  with  a  short 
dagger  made  of  diamonds,  and  called  hcrpe. 
With  these  arms  Perseus  began  his  ex- 
pedition, and  traversed  the  air,  conduct- 
ed by  the  goddess  Minerva.  When  he 
had  received  every  necessary  information, 
Perseus  flew  to  the  habitation  of  the  Gor- 
gons. He  found  these  monsters  asleep, 
and  as  he  knew  that  if  he  fixed  his  eyes 
upon  them,  he  should  be  instantly  chang- 
ed into  a  stone,  he  continually  looked  on 
his  shield,  which  reflected  all  the  objects 
as  clearly  as  the  best  of  glasses.  He  ap- 
proached them,  and  with  a  courage  which 
the  goddess  Minerva  supported,  he  cut 
off  Medusa's  head  with  one  blow.  The 
noise  awoke   the   two  immortal   sisters, 


PE 


288 


PE 


but  Pluto's  helmet  rendered  Perseus  in- 
visible, and  the  attempts  of  the  Gorgons 
to  revenge  Medusa's  death  proved  fruit- 
less, the  conqueror  made  his  way  through 
the  air,  and  from  the  blood  which  drop- 
ped from  Medusa's  head  sprang  all  those 
innumerable  serpents  which  have  ever 
since  infested  the  sandy  deserts  of  Libya. 
Meantime  Perseus  had  continued  his  jour- 
ley  across  the  deserts  of  Libya,  but  the 
approach  of  night  obliged  him  to  alight  in 
the  territories  of  Atlas,  king  of  Maurita- 
nia. He  went  to  the  monarch's  palace, 
where  he  hoped  to  find  a  kind  reception, 
but  he  not  only  refused  Perseus  the  hos- 
pitality he  demanded,  but  even  offered  vi- 
olence to  his  person.  Perseus  finding 
himself  inferior  to  his  powerful  enemy, 
showed  him  Medusa's  head,  and  instant- 
ly Atlas  was  changed  into  a  large  moun- 
tain which  bore  the  same  name  in  the 
deserts  of  Africa.  On  the  morrow  Perseus 
continued  his  flight,  and  as  he  passed 
across  the  territories  of  Libya,  he  discov- 
ered, on  the  coasts  of  ./Ethiopia,  the  naked 
Andromeda,  exposed  to  a  sea-monster. 
He  was  struck  at  the  sight,  and  offered 
her  father  Cepheus  to  deliver  her  from  in- 
stant death  if  he  obtained  her  in  mar- 
riage as  a  reward  of  his  labors.  Cepheus 
consented,  and  immediately  Perseus  rais- 
ing himself  in  the  air,  flew  towards  the 
monster,  which  was  advancing  to  devour 
Andromeda,  and  he  plunged  his  dagger  in 
his  right  shoulder,  and  destroyed  it.  This 
happy  event  was  attended  with  the  great- 
est rejoicings,  and  the  nuptials  were  cele- 
brated. After  other  celebrated  exploits, 
Perseus  expressed  a  wish  to  return  to  his 
native  country,  and  accordingly  he  em- 
barked for  the  Peloponnesus,  with  his 
mother  and  Andromeda.  When  he  reach- 
ed the  Peloponnesian  coasts  he  was  in- 
formed that  Teutamias,  king  of  Larissa, 
was  then  celebrating  funeral  games  in 
honor  of  his  father.  This  intelligence 
drew  him  to  Larissa  to  signalize  himself 
in  throwing  the  quoit,  of  which,  accord- 
ing to  some,  he  was  the  inventor.  But 
here  he  was  attended  by  an  evil  fate,  and 
had  the  misfortune  to  kill  a  man  with  a 
quoit  which  he  had  thrown  in  the  air. 
This  was  no  other  than  his  grandfather 
Acrisius,  who,  on  the  first  intelligence 
that  his  grandson  had  reached  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus, fled  from  his  kingdom  of  Argos 
to  the  court  of  his  friend  and  ally  Teuta- 
mias, to  prevent  the  fulfilling  of  the  ora- 
cle which  had  obliged  him  to  treat  his 
daughter  with  so  much  barbarity.  This 
unfortunate  murder  greatly  depressed  the 
spirits  of  Perseus  ;  by  the  death  of  Acrisi- 
us he  was  entitled  to  the  throne  of  Argos, 
but  he  refused  to  reign  there;  and  to  re- 
move himself  from  a  place  which  remind- 
ed him  of  the  parricide  he  had  unfortu- 
nately committed,  he  exchanged  his  king- 


dom for  that  of  Tirynthus,  and  the  mari- 
time coast  of  Argolis,  where  Megapenthes 
the  son  of  Prcetus  then  reigned.  When 
he  had  finally  settled  in  this  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  he  determined  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  a  new  city,  which  he  made 
the  capital  of  his  dominions,  and  which 
he  called  Mycence,  because  the  pommel  of 
his  sword,  called  by  the  Greeks  myces  had 
fallen  there.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown,  yet  it  is  universally  agreed  that 
he  received  divine  honors  like  the  rest  of 
the  ancient  heroes. A  writer  who  pub- 
lished a  treatise  on  the  republic  of  Spar- 
ta.  A  philosopher,  disciple  to  Zeno. 

Perseus,  or  Perses,  a  son  of  Philip 
king  of  Macedonia.  He  distinguished 
himself  like  his  father,  by  his  enmity 
to  the  Eomans,  and  when  he  had  made 
sufficient  preparations,  he  declared  war 
against  them.  When  Paulus  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  the  Roman  armies 
in  Macedonia,  Perseus  showed  his  inferi 
ority  by  his  imprudent  encampments,  and 
when  he  had  at  last  yielded  to  the  advice 
of  his  officers,  who  recommended  a  gene- 
ral engagement,  and  drawn  up  his  forces 
near  the  walls  of  Pydna,  B.  C.  168,  he 
was  the  first  who  ruined  his  own  cause, 
and  by  flying  as  soon  as  the  battle  was  be- 
gun, he  left  the  enemy  masters  of  the 
field.  He  was  carried  to  Rome  and  drag- 
ged along  the  streets  of  the  city  to  adorn 
the  triumph  of  the  conqueror.  Perseua 
died  in  prison,  or  according  to  some,  he 
was  put  to  a  shameful  death  the  first  year 
of  his  captivity. 

Persia,  a  celebrated  kingdom  of  Asia, 
which  in  its  ancient  state  extended  from 
the  Hellespont  to  the  Indus,  above  2800 
miles,  and  from  Pontus  to  the  shores  of 
Arabia  above  2000  miles.  As  a  province, 
Persia  was  but  small,  and  according  to 
the  description  of  Ptolemy,  it  was  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  Media,  west  by  Susia- 
na,  south  by  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  east 
by  Carmania.  The  empire  of  Persia,  or 
the  Persian  monarchy,  was  first  found- 
ed by  Cyrus  the  Great,  about  five  hun- 
dred and  fifty-nine  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era,  and  under  the  succeeding  mon- 
arch? it  became  one  of  the  most  consider- 
able and  powerful  kingdoms  of  the  earth. 
The  destruction  of  the  Persian  monarchy 
by  the  Macedonians  was  easily  effected, 
and  from  that  time  Persia  became  tributa- 
ry to  the  Greeks.  Seleucus  Nicanor  made 
himself  master  of  the  Persian  provinces, 
till  the  revolt  of  the  Parthians  introduced 
new  revolutions  in  the  east.  Persia  was 
partly  re-conquered  from  the  Greeks,  and 
remained  tributary  to  the  Parthians  for 
near  five  hundred  years.  After  this  the 
sovereignty  was  again  placed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Persians,  by  the  revolt  of 
Artaxerxes,  a  common  soldier,  A.  D.  229, 
who  became  the  founder  of  the  second 


PE 


289 


PE 


Persian  monarchy,  which  proved  so  inimi- 
cal to  the  power  of  the  Roman  emperors. 
In  their  national  character,  the  Persians 
were  warlike,  they  were  early  taught  to 
ride,  and  to  handle  the  bow,  and  by  the 
manly  exercises  of  hunting,  they  were  in- 
ured to  bear  the  toils  and  fatigues  of  a  mil- 
itary life.  Their  national  valor,  however, 
soon  degenerated,  and  their  want  of  em- 
ployment at  home  soon  rendered  them  un- 
fit for  war. 

Persicum  Mare,  or  Persicus  Sinus,  a 
part  of  the  Indian  ocean  on  the  coast  of 
Persia  and  Arabia,  now  called  the  gulf  of 
Balgora. 

Persis,  a  province  of  Persia  bounded 
x>y  Media,  Carmania,  Susiana,  and  the 
Persian  gulf.  It  is  often  taken  for  Per- 
sia itself. 

Aulus  Persius  Flaccus,  a  Latin  poet 
of  Volaterroe.  He  was  of  an  equestrian 
family,  and  he  made  himself  known  by 
his  intimacy  with  the  most  illustrious 
Romans  of  the  age.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  was  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  stu- 
died philosophy  under  Cornutus  the  cele- 
brated stoic.  He  also  received  the  in- 
structions of  Palemon  the  grammarian, 
and  Virginius  the  rhetorician.  Naturally 
of  a  mild  disposition,  his  character  was 
unimpeached,  his  modesty  remarkable, 
and  his  benevolence  universally  admired. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  his  satirical 
humor,  and  made  the  faults  of  the  orators 
and  poets  of  his  age  the  subject  of  his  po- 
ems. He  did  not  even  spare  Nero,  and 
the  more  effectually  to  expose  the  empe- 
ror to  ridicule,  he  introduced  into  his 
satires  some  of  his  verses.  Persius  died 
in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age,  A.  D.  62, 
and  left  all  his  books,  which  consisted  of 
seven  hundred  volumes,  and  a  large  sum 
of  money,  to  his  preceptor,  but  Cornutus 
only  accepted  the  books,  and  returned  the 
money  to  the  sisters  and  friends  of  the 
deceased.  The  satires  of  Persius  are  six 
in  number,  blamed  by  some  for  obscurity 

of  style    and  of   language. — A  man 

whose  quarrel  with  Rupilius,  is  mention- 
ed in  a  ridiculous  manner  by  Horace. 

Pertinax,  Publius  Helvius,  a  Roman 
emperor  after  the  death  of  Commodus. 
He  was  descended  from  an  obscure  and 
poor  family,  but  his  indigence  did  not  pre- 
vent him  from  receiving  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, and  indeed  he  was  for  some  time 
employed  in  teaching  a  number  of  pupils 
the  Greek  and  the  Roman  languages  in 
Etruria.  He  left  this  laborious  profession 
for  a  military  life,  and  by  his  valor  and 
intrepidity  he  gradually  rose  to  offices  of 
the  highest  trust  in  the  army,  and  was 
made  consul  by  M.  Aurelius  for  his  emi- 
nent services.  When  Commodus  was 
murdered,  Pertinax  was  universally  se- 
lected to  succeed  to  the  imperial  throne, 
and  his  refusal,  and  the  plea  of  old  age 
25 


and  increasing  infirmities,  did  not  prevent 
his  being  saluted  emperor,  and  Augustus. 
His  patriotic  administration  gained  him 
the  affection  of  the  worthiest  and  most 
discerning  of  his  subjects,  but  the  extrav- 
agant and  luxurious  raised  their  clamors 
against  him,  and  when  Pertinax  attempt- 
ed to  introduce  among  the  pretorian  guards 
that  discipline  which  was  so  necessary  to 
preserve  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of 
Rome,  the  flames  of  rebellion  were  kin- 
dled, and  the  minds  of  the  soldiers  totally 
alienated.  Pertinax  was  apprized  of  this 
mutiny,  but  he  refused  to  fly  at  the  hour 
of  danger.  He  was  slain  by  the  soldiers,  his 
head  was  cut  off  and  carried  upon  the  point 
of  a  spear  as  in  triumph  to  the  camp.  This 
happened  on  the  28th  of  March  A.  D.  193. 
Pertinax  reigned  only  eighty-seven  days. 

Pertunda,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who 
presided  over  the  consummation  of  mar- 
riage. Her  statue  was  generally  placed 
in  the  bridal  chamber. 

Perusia,  now  Perugia,  an  ancient  town 
of  Etruria  on  the  Tiber,  built  by  Ocnus. 

Pescennius.  Vid.  Niger. A  man  in- 
timate with  Cicero. 

Pessinus,  a  town  of  Phry-gia.  It  is  par- 
ticularly famous  for  a  temple  and  a  statue 
of  the  goddess  Cybele. 

Petalia,  a  town  of  Euboea. 

Petalus,  a  man  killed  by  Perseus  at 
the  court  of  Cepheus. 

Petelia,  or  Petellia,  a  town.  Vid. 
Petilia. 

Petelinus  Lacus,  a  lake  near  one  of 
the  gates  of  Rome. 

Peieon,  a  town  of  Boaotia. 

Peteus,  a  son  of  Orneus,  and  grandson 
of  Erechtheus.  He  reigned  in  Attica,  and 
became  father  of  Menestheus,  who  went 
with  the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Petilia,  now  Strongoli,  a  town  of  Mag- 
na Graecia,  the  capital  of  Lucania. 

Petilia  lex  was  enacted  by  Petilius 
the  tribune,  to  make  an  inquiry  and  to 
know  how  much  money  had  been  obtain- 
ed from  the  conquests  over  king  Antio- 
chus. 

Petilii,  two  tribunes  who  accused  Sci- 
pio  Africanus  of  extortion.  He  was  ac- 
quitted. 

Petilius,  a  praetor  who  persuaded  the 
people  of  Rome  to  burn  the  books  which 
had  been  found  in  Numa's  tomb,  about 
four  hundred  years  after  his  death.  His 
advice  was  followed. A  plebeian  de- 
cemvir, &c. A  governor  of  the  capitol, 

who  stole  away  the  treasures  intrusted  to 
his  care. 

Petosiris,  a  celebrated  mathematician 
of  Egypt. 

Petra,  the  capital  town  of  Arabia  Pe- 

traea. A  town  of  Sicily,  near  Hybla, 

whose  inhabitants  are  calied  Petruil  and 

Pelrenses. A  town  of  Thrace. 

Another  of  Pieria  in  Macedonia. An 

N 


PE 


290 


PH 


elevated   place  near  Dyrrhachium. 

Another  in  El  is. Another  near  Co- 
rinth. 

Petrjea,  one  of  the  Oceanides. A 

part  of  Arabia,  which  has  Syria  at  the  east, 
Egypt  on  the  west,  Palestine  on  the  north, 
and  Arabia  Felix  at  the  south.  This  part 
of  Arabia  was  rocky,  whence  it  has  re- 
ceived its  name. 

Petreius,  a  Roman  soldier  who  killed 
his  tribune  during  the  Cimbrian  wars,  be- 
cause he  hesitated  to  attack  the  enemy. 
He  was  rewarded   for  his  valor  with  a 

crown  of  grass. A  lieutenant  of  C.  An- 

tonius  who  defeated  »he  troops  of  Cati- 
line. Pie  took  the  part  of  Pompey  against 
Julius  Caesar.  When  Caesar  had  been 
victorious  in  every  part  of  the  woild,  Pe- 
treius, who  had  retired  into  Africa,  at- 
tempted to  destroy  himself  by  fighting 
with  his  friend  king  Juba  in  single  com- 
bat. Juba  was  killed  first,  and  Petreius 
obliged   one  of   his    slaves    to   run   him 

through. A  centurion  in  Caesar's  army 

in  Gaul,&c.    Some  read  Petronius. 
Pjetrinum,  a  town  of  Campania. 
Petrocorii,  the  inhabitants  of  the  mo- 
dern town  of  Perigord  in  France. 
Petronia,  the  wife  of  Vitellius. 
Petronius,    a    governor  of  Egypt  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  Callus.     He  behaved 
with    great  humanity  to  the   Jews,  and 
made  war  against  Candace  queen  of  Ethi- 
opia.  A  favorite  of  Nero,  put  to  death 

by  Galba. A  governor  of  Britain. 

A  tribune  killed  in  Parthia  with  Crassus. 

A  man  banished  by  Nero  to  the  Cy- 

clades,  when  Piso's  conspiracy  was  dis- 
covered.  A  governor  of  Britain  in  Ne- 
ro's reign.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Gal- 
ha's  orders. Maximus,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror.  Arbiter,  a  favorite  of  the  emperor 

Nero,  and  one  of  the  ministers  and  asso- 
ciates of  all  his  pleasures  and  his  debauch- 
ery. He  indulged  himself  in  all  the  de- 
lights and  gaieties  of  life,  but  though  he 
was  the  most  voluptuous  of  the  age,  yet 
he  moderated  his  pleasures,  and  wished 
to  appear  curious  and  refined  in  luxury 
and  extravagance.  Tigellinus,  likewise 
one  of  Nero's  favorites,  jealous  of  his 
fame,  accused  him  of  conspiring  against 
the  emperor's  life.  The  accusation  was 
credited,  and  Petronius  immediately  re- 
solved to  withdraw  himself  from  Nero's 
punishment  by  a  voluntary  death.  This 
was  perfomed  in  a  manner  altogether  un- 
precedented, A.  D.  66.  Petronius  ordered 
his  veins  to  be  opened,  but  without  the 
eagerness  of  terminating  his  agonies  he 
had  them  closed  at  intervals.  Sometime  af- 
ter they  were  opened,  and  as  if  he  wished 
to  die  in  the  same  careless  and  unconcern- 
ed manner  as  he  had  lived,  he  passed  his 
time  in  discoursing  with  his  friends  upon 
t  rifles,  and  listened  with  the  greatest  avid- 
ity  to  love    versus,   amusing  stories,  or 


laughable  epigrams.  Sometimes  he  man- 
umitted his  slaves  or  punished  them  with 
stripes.  In  this  ludicrous  manner  he  spent 
his  last  moments,  till  nature  was  exhaust- 
ed. 

Pettius,  a  friend  of  Horace,  to  whom 
the  poet  addressed  his  eleventh  epode. 
Petus,  an  architect. 
Peuce,  a  small  island  at  the  mouth  ot 
the  Danube. 

Peucestes,    a    Macedonian    set    over 

Egypt  by  Alexander. An  island  which 

was  visited  by  the  Argonauts  at  their  re- 
turn from  the  conquest  of  the  golden 
fleece. 

Peucetia,  a  part  of  Magna  Graecia,  it 
Italy,  at  the  north  of  the  bay  of  Tarentum. 
Peucini,  a  nation  of  Germany,  called 
also  Basternm. 

Peucolaus,  an  officer  who  conspired 
with   Dymnus   against  Alexander's  life. 

Another,  set  over  Sogdiana. 

Pexodorus,  a  governor  of  Caria,  who 
offered  to  give  his  daughter  in  marriage 
to  Aridaeus  the  illegitimate  son  of  Philip. 
Phacium,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 
Phacusa,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  east 
em  mouth  of  the  Nile. 

Phjea,  a  celebrated  sow  which  infested 
the  neighborhood  of  Crcmyon.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Theseus  as  he  was  travelling 
from  Trcezene  to  Athens  to  make  himself 
known  to  his  father. 

Phjeacia,  an  island  of  the  Ionian  sea, 
near  the  coast  of  Epirus,  anciently  called 
Scheria,  and  afterwards  Ccrcyra.  The  in- 
habitants, called  Phcoaces,  were  a  luxuri- 
ous and  dissolute  people,  from  which  rea- 
son a  glutton  was  generally  stigmatized  by 
the  epithet  of  Phmax. 

Phjeax,  an  inhabitant  of  the  island  of 
Phaeacia. A  man  who  sailed  with  The- 
seus to  Crete.-' An  Athenian  who  op- 
posed Alcibiades  in  his  administration. 

Ph.*:casia,  one  of  the  Sporades  in  the 
iEgean. 

Phjedimus,  one  of  Niobe's  children. 

A  Macedonian  general  who  betrayed  Eu- 
menes  to  Antigonus. A  celebrated  cou- 
rier of  Greece. 

Ph-edon,  an  Athenian  put  to  death  by 
the  thirty  tyrants.  —A  disciple  of  Socra- 
tes. He  had  been  seized  by  pirates  in 
his  younger  days,  and  the  philosopher, 
who  seemed  to  discover  something  uncom- 
mon and  promising  in  his  countenance, 
bought  his  liberty  for  a  sum  of  money,  and 
ever  after  esteemed  hiin.  Phaedon,  after 
the  death  of  Socrates,  returned  to  Elis  his 
native  country,  where  be  founded  a  sect 

of  philosophers  called  Elean. An  archon 

at  Athens,  when  the  Athenians  were  di- 
rected by  the  oracle  to  remove  the  bones 
of  Theseus  to  Attica. 

Phjedra,  a  daughter  of  Minos  and  Pasi- 
phae,  who  married  Theseus,  by  whom 
she  became  mother  of  Acamas  and  Demo- 


PH 


291 


PH 


phoon.  Phaedra  was  buried  at  Troezene, 
where  her  tomb  was  still  seen  in  the  age 
of  the  geographer  Pausanias,  near  the  tem- 
ple of  Venus,  which  she  had  built  to  ren- 
der the  goddess  favorable  to  her  incestu- 
ous passion  for  Hippolyttis.  There  was 
near  her  tomb  a  myrtle,  whose  leaves  were 
all  full  of  small  holes,  and  it  was  reported, 
that  Phaedra  had  done  this  with  a  hair  pin, 
when  the  vehemence  of  her  passion  had 
rendered  her  melancholy  and  almost  des- 
perate. She  was  represented  in  a  paint- 
ing in  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi,  as  sus- 
pended by  a  cord,  and  balancing  herself 
in  the  air,  while  her  sister  Ariadne  stood 
near  to  her,  and  fixed  her  eyes  upon  her  ; 
a  delicate  idea,  by  which  the  genius,  of 
the  artist  intimated  her  melancholy  end. 

Ph.edria,  a  village  of  Arcadia. 

Pii^drus,  one  of  the  disciples  of  Socra- 
tes.  An  Epicurean  philosopher. A 

Thracian  who  became  one  of  the  freed- 
men  of  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  trans- 
lated into  iambic  verses,  the  fables  of 
yEsop,  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Tibe- 
rius. They  are  divided  into  five  books, 
valuable  for  their  precision,  purity,  ele- 
gance, and  simplicity.  They  remained 
long  buried  in  oblivion,  till  they  were  dis- 
covered in  the  library  of  St.  Remi,  at 
Rheims,  and  published  by  Peter  Pithou,  a 
Frenchman,  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

Ph-edtma,  a  daughter  of  Otanes,  who 
first  discovered  that  Smerdis,  who  had  as- 
cended the  throne  of  Persia  at  the  death 
of  Cambyses,  was  an  impostor. 

Ph.emoitoe,  a  priestess  of  Apollo. 

Ph.enarete,  the  mother  of  the  philoso- 
pher Socrates. 

Phje;via3,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  dis- 
ciple of  Aristotle.  He  wrote  an  history  of 
tyrants. 

Ph-ef^a,  one  of  the  two  Graces  wor- 
shipped at  Sparta,  together  with  her  sister 
Clita. 

Ph.ennis,  a  famous  prophetess  in  the 
age  of  Antiochus. 

Ph.esa.na,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Ph-estum,  a  town  of  Crete. Another 

of  Macedonia. 

PiiAETON,  a  son  of  the  sun,  or  Phoebus, 
and  Clymene,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 
Phaetoq  was  naturally  of  a  lively  disposi 
tion,  and  a  handsome  figure.  Venus  be- 
came enamored  of  him,  and  intrusted  him 
with  the  care  of  one  of  her  temples.  This 
distinguishing  favor  of  the  goddess  ren- 
dered him  vain  and  aspiring;  and  when 
Epaphus,  the  son  of  lo,  had  told  him,  to 
check  his  pride,  that  he  was  not  the  son 
of  Phoebus,  Phaeton  resolved  to  know  his 
true  origin,  and,  at  the  instigation  of  his 
mother,  he  visited  the  palace  of  the  sun. 
He  begged  Phoebus,  that  if  he  really  were 
bis  father,  he  would  give  him  incontesti- 
lle  proofs  of  his  paternal  tenderness,  and 


convince  the  world  of  his  legitimacjr. 
Phoebus  swore  by  the  Styx,  than  he  would 
grant  him  whatever  he  required,  and  no 
sooner  was  the  oath  uttered,  than  Phaeton 
demanded  of  him  to  drive  his  chariot  for 
one  day.  Phoebus  represented  the  impro- 
priety of  such  a  request,  and  the  dangers 
to  which  it  would  expose  him  ;  but  in 
vain  ;  and,  as  the  oath  was  inviolable,  and 
Phaeton  unmoved,  the  father  instructed 
his  son  how  he  was  to  proceed  in  his  way 
through  the  regions  of  the  air.  Ilis  ex- 
plicit directions  were  forgotten,  or  little 
attended  to  ;  and  no  sooner  had  Phaeton 
received  the  reins  from  his  father,  than 
he  betrayed  his  ignorance  and  incapacity 
to  guide  the  chariot.  The  Hying  horses 
became  sensible  of  the  confusion  of  their 
driver,  and  immediately  departed  from 
the  usual  track.  Phaeton  repented  too 
late  of  his  rashness,  and  already  heaven 
and  earth  were  threatened  with  an  univer- 
sal conflagration,  when  Jupiter,  who  had 
perceived  the  disorder  of  the  horses  of  the 
sun,  struck  the  rider  with  one  of  his  thun- 
derbolts, and  hurled  him  headlong  from 
heaven  into  the  river  Po.  His  body,  con- 
sumed with  fire,  was  found  by  the 
nymphs  of  the  place,  and  honored  with  a 
decent  burial.  His  sisters  mourned  his 
unhappy  end,  and  were  changed  into  pop- 
lars by  Jupiter. 

Phaetontiades,  or  Phaetontides,  the 
sisters  of  Phaeton,  who  were  changed 
into  poplars  by  Jupiter. 

Phaetusa,  "one  of  the  Heliades  changed 
into  poplars,  after  the  death  cf  their  broth- 
er Phaeton. 

Ph.eus,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Phagesia,  a  festival  among  the  Greeks, 
observed  during  the  celebration  of  the 
Dionysia. 

Phalacrine,  a  village  of  the  Sabines, 
where  Vespasian  was  born. 

Phal^b,  wooden  towers  at  Rome,  erect- 
ed in  the  circus. 

Phal^ecus,  a  general  of  Phocis  against 
the  Boeotians,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Che- 
ronaea. 

Phaljesia,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Phalanna,  a  town  of  Perrhaebia. 

Phalanthus,  a  Lacedaemonian,  who 
founded  Tarentum  in  Italy,  at  the  head 
of  the  Partheniae.     His  father's  name  was 

Aracas. A  town  and  mountain  of  the 

same  name  in  Arcadia. 

Phalaris,  a  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  who 
made  use  of  the  most  excruciating  tor- 
ments to  punish  his  subjects  on  the 
smallest  suspicion.  Perillus  made  him 
a  brazen  bull,  and  when  he  had  present- 
ed it  to  Phalaris,  the  tyrant  ordered  the  in- 
ventor to  be  seized,  and  the  first  experi- 
ment to  be  made  on  his  body.  These 
cruelties  did  not  long  remain  unrevenged  ; 
the  people  of  Agrigentum  revolted  in  the 
tenth  year  of  his  reign,  and  put  him  t « 


PH 


292 


PH 


death  in  the  same  manner  as  he  had  tor- 
tured Perillus  and  many  of  his  subjects  af- 
ter him,  B.  C.  552. 

Phalarium,  a  citadel  of  Syracuse, 
where  Phalaris's  bull  was  placed. 

Phalarus,  a  river  of  Bceotia  falling  into 
the  Cephisus. 
Phalcidon,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 
Phaleas,  a  philosopher  and  legislator. 
Phaleria,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 
Phaleris,  a  Corinthian  who  led  a  colo- 
ny to  Epidamnus  from  Corcyra. 

Phaleron,  or  Phalerum,  or  Phalera, 
(orum,)  or  Phalereusportus,  an  ancient  har- 
bor of  Athens,  about  twenty-five  stadia 
from  the  city,  which,  for  its  situation  and 
smallness,  was  not  very  fit  for  the  recep- 
tion of  many  ships. A  place  of  Thes- 
saly. 

Phalerus,  a  son  of  Alcon,  one  of  the 
Argonauts. 

Phalias,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Helico- 
nis,  daughter  of  Thestius. 

Phallica,  festivals  observed  by  the 
Egyptians  in  honor  of  Osiris. 

Phalysius,  a  citizen  of  Naupactum, 
who  recovered  his  sight  by  reading  a  letter 
sent  him  by  /Esculapius. 

Phan.'eus,  a  promontory  of  the  island  of 
Chios,  famous  for  its  wines. 
Phanar^a,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 
Phanas,  a  famous  Messenian,  &c.  who 
died  B.  C.  682. 

Phanes,  a  man  of  Halicarnassus  who 
fled  from  Amasis,  king  of  Egypt,  to  the 
court  of  Cambyses,  king  of  Persia,  whom 
he  advised,  when  he  invaded  Egypt,  to 
pass  through  Arabia. 
Phaneta,  a  town  of  Epirus. 
Phanocles,  an  elegiac  poet  of  Greece. 
Phanodemus,  an  historian  who  wrote 
en  the  antiquities  of  Attica. 

Phantasia,  a  daughter  of  Nicarchus  of 
Memphis,  in  Egypt. 

Phanus,  a  son  of  Bacchus,  who  was 
among  the  Argonauts. 

Phaon,  a  boatman  of  Mitylene  in  Les- 
bos. He  received  a  small  box  of  ointment 
from  Venus,  who  had  presented  herself  to 
him  in  the  form  of  an  old  woman,  to  be 
carried  over  into  Asia,  and  as  soon  as  he 
had  rubbed  himself  with  what  the  box 
contained,  he  became  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  men  of  his  age.  Many  were 
captivated  with  the  charms  of  Phaon,  and 
among  others,  Sappho,  the  celebrated  po- 
etess. Phaon  gave  himself  up  to  the 
pleasures  of  Sappho's  company,  but,  how- 
ever, he  soon  conceived  a  disdain  for  her, 
and  Sappho,  mortified  at  his  coldness, 
threw  herself  into  the  sea. 

Phara,  a  town  of  Africa,  burnt  by  Sci- 
pio's  soldiers. 

Pharacipes,  a  general  of  the  Lacedae- 
monian fleet,  who  assisted  Dionysius  the 
tyrant  of  Sicily  against  the  Carthagini- 
ans. 


Pkar.e,  or  Pher^:,  a  town  of  Crete. 

Another  in  Messenia. 

Pharasmanes,  a  king  of  Iberia,  in  the 
reign  of  Antoninus. 

Phara x,  a  Lacedaemonian  officer,  who 
attempted  to  make  himself  absolute  in  Si- 
cily.  A  Thessalian,  whose  son,  called 

Cyanippus,  married  a  beautiful  woman, 
called  Leucone,  who  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
his  dogs. 

Pharis,  a  town  of  Laconia,  whose  in- 
habitants are  called  Pharitm. A  son  of 

Mercury  and  Philodamea,  who  built  Pha- 
ra? in  Messenia. 

Pharmecusa,  an  island  of  the  iEgean 
sea,  where  Julius   Csesar  was  seized  by 

some  pirates. Another,  where  was 

shown  Circe's  tomb. 

Pharnabazus,  a  satrap  of  Persia,  son  of 
a  person  of  the  same  name,  B.  C.  409.  He 
assisted  the  Lacedaemonians  against  the 
Athenians,  and  gained  their  esteem  by 
his  friendly  behavior  and  support.  His 
conduct,  however,  towards  Alcibiades, 
was  of  the  most  perfidious  nature,  and  he 
did  not  scruple  to  betray  to  his  mortal  en- 
emies the  man  he  had  long  honored  with 

his  friendship. An  officer  under  Eu- 

menes. A  king  of  Iberia. 

Pharnace,  a  town  of  Pontus. The 

mother  of  Cinyras,  king  of  Pontus. 

Pharxaces,  a  son  of  Mithridates,  king 
of  Pontus,  who  favored  the  Romans 
against  his  father.  He  revolted  against 
Mithridates,  and  even  caused  him  to  be 
put  to  death,  according  to  some  accounts. 
It  was  to  express  the  celerity  of  his  opera- 
tions in  conquering  Pharnaces,  thatCa?sar 
made  use  of  these  words,  Veni,  xidi,  vici. 

; A  king  of  Pontus  who  made  war  with 

Eumenes,  B.  C.  181. A  king  of  Cappa- 
docia.  A  librarian  of  Atticus. 

Pharnafates,  a  general  of  Orodes,  king 
of  Parthia,  killed  in  a  battle  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Pharnaspes,  the  father  of  Cassandra, 
the  mother  of  Cambyses. 

Pharnus,  a  king  of  Media,  conquered 
by  Ninus  king  of  Assyria. 

Pharos,  a  small  island  in  the  bay  of  Al- 
exandria, about  seven  furlongs  distant 
from  the  continent.  It  was  joined  to  the 
Egyptian  shore  with  a  causeway,  by  Dex- 
iphanes,  B.  C.  284,  and  upon  it  was  built 
a  celebrated  tower,  in  the  reign  of  Ptole- 
my Soter,  and  Philadelphus,by  Sostratus, 
the  son  of  Dexiphanes.  This  tower, 
which  was  called  the  tower  of  Pharos,  and 
which  passed  for  one  of  the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world,  was  built  with  white 
marble,  and  could  be  seen  at  the  distance 

of  one  hundred  miles. A  watch-tower 

near  Caprea?. ■-, — — An  island  on  the  coast 

of  Illyricum,  now  called  Lesina. The 

emperor  Claudius  ordered  a  tower  to  be 
built  at  the  entrance  of  the  port  of  Ostia, 
for  the  benefit  of  sailors,  and  it  likewise 


PH 


293 


PH 


bore  the  name  of  Pharos,  an  appellation 
afterwards  given  to  every  other  edifice 
which  was  raised  to  direct  the  course  of 
sailors,  either  with  lights,  or  by  signals. 

Pharsalus,  now  Farsa,  a  town  of  Thes- 
saly, in  whose  neighborhood  is  a  large 
plain  called  Pharsalia,  famous  for  a  battle 
which  was  fought  there  between  Julius 
Cffisar  and  Pompey,  in  which  the  former 

obtained  the  victory. That  poem  of  Lu- 

can  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the 
civil  wars  of  Caesar  and  Pompey,  bears  the 
name  of  Pharsalia. 
Pharte,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 
Pharus,  a  Rutulian  killed  by  ^Eneas. 
Pharusii,   or  Phaurusii,  a  people  of 
Africa,  beyond  Mauritania. 

Pharybus,  a  river  of  Macedonia,  falling 
into  the  iEgean  sea. 

Pharycadon,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on 
the  Peneus. 

Pharyge,  a  town  of  Locris. 
Phaselis,  a  town  of  Pamphylia,  at  the 
foot  of  mount  Taurus. 

Phasiana,  a  country  of  Asia,  near  the 
river  Phasis.  The  inhabitants,  called  Pha- 
siani,  are  of  Egyptian  origin. 

Phasias,  a  patronymic  given  to  Medea, 
as  being  born  near  the  Phasis. 
Phasis,  a  son  of  Phoebus  and  Ocyroe. 

A  river  of  Colchis,   rising  in  the 

mountains  of  Armenia,  now  called  Faoz, 
and  falling  into  the  east  of  the  Euxine. 
The  Phasis  was  reckoned  by  the  ancients 
ftie  of  the  largest  rivers  of  Asia. 
Phassus,  a  son  of  Lycaon. 
Phauda,  a  town  of  Pontus. 
Phavorinds,  a  writer  of  a  Greek  Lexi- 
con. 

Phayllus,  a  tyrant  of  Ambracia. 

The  brother  to  Onomarchus  of  Phocis. 
Phea,  or  Pheia,  a  town  of  Elis. 
Phecadum,  an  inland  town  of  Macedo- 
nia. 
Phegeus,  or  Phlegeus,  a  companion  of 

.-Eneas,  killed  by  Turntis. Another, 

likewise  killed  by  Turnus. A  priest 

of  Bacchus,  the  father  of  Alphesiboea,  who 
purified  Alcmaeon  of  his  mother's  murder, 
and  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage. 
He  was  afterwards  put  to  death  by  the 
children  of  Alcmaeon  by  Callirhoe,  because 
he  had  ordered  Alcmoeon  to  be  killed 
when  he  had  attempted  to  recover  a  collar 
which  he  had  given  to  his  daughter. 
Phellia,  a  river  of  Laconia. 
Phelloe,  a  town  of  Achaianear  iEgira, 
where  Bacchus  and  Diana  each  had  a 
temple. 

Phellus,  a  place  of  Attica. A  town 

of  Elis,  near  Olympia. 

Phemius,  a  man  introduced  by  Homer 
as  a  musician  among  Penelope's  suitors. 

A  man,  who,  according  to  some, 

wrote  an    account  of   the  return  of  the 
Greeks  from  the  Trojan  war. 
Phemonoe,  a  priestess  of  Apollo,  who 


Is  supposed  to  have  invented  heroic 
verses. 

Pheneum,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  whose 
inhabitants,  called  PheneaUe,  worship  Mer- 
cury. 

Pheneus,  a  town  with  a  lake  of  the 
same  name  in  Arcadia,  whose  waters  are 
unwholesome  in  the  night,  and  wholesome 

in  the  daytime. A  son  of  Melas,  killed 

by  Tydeus. 

Pher.b,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  where  the 
tyrant  Alexander  reigned,  whence  he  was 

called  Pherceus. A  town  of  Attica 

Another  of  Laconia  in  Peloponnesus. 

Pher-»eu9,  a  surname  of  Jason,  as  being 
a  native  of  Pherae. 

Pheraules,  a  Persian  whom  Cyrus  rais- 
ed from  poverty  to  affluence.  He  after- 
wards gave  up  all  his  possessions  to  enjoy 
tranquillity  and  retirement. 

Phereclus,  one  of  the  Greeks  during 

the  Trojan  war. A  pilot  of  the  ship 

Theseus  when  he  went  to  Crete. 

Pherecrates,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens, 
in  the  age  of  Plato  and  Aristophanes.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  written  twenty-one 
comedies,  of  which  only  a  few  verses  re- 
main.  Another  descended  from  Deu- 
calion. 

Pherecydes,  a  philosopher  of  Scyros, 
disciple  to  Pittacus,  one  of  the  first  who 
delivered  his  thoughts  in  prose.  He  was 
acquainted  with  the  periods  of  the  moon, 
and  foretold  eclipses  with  the  greatest  ac- 
curacy. The  doctrine  of  the  immortality 
of  the  soul  was  first  supported  by  him, 
as  also  that  of  the  metempsychosis.  Pytha- 
goras was  one  of  his  disciples,  remarka- 
ble for  his  esteem  and  his  attachment  to 
his  learned  master.  He  died  B.  C.  515,  in 
the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age. An  his- 
torian of  Leros,  surnamed  the  Athenian. 
A  tragic  poet. 

Pherendates,  a  Persian  set  over  Egypt 
by  Artaxerxes. 

Pherephate,  a  surname  of  Proserpine, 
from  the  production  of  corn. 

Pheres,  a  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro, 
who  built  Pherae  in  Thessaly,  where  he 
reigned.     He  married  Clymene,  by  whom 

he  had  Admetus  and  Lycurgus. A  son 

of  Medea,  stoned  to  death  by  the  Corinth- 
ians on  account  of  his  poisonous  clothes 
which  he  had  given  to  Glauce,  Creon's 

daughter. A  friend  of  ^Eneas  killed  by 

Halesus. 

Pheretias,  a  patronymic  of  Admetus, 
son  of  Pheres. 

Pheretima,  the  wife  of  Battus,  king  of 
Cyrene,  and  mother  of  Arcesilaus.  Aftf 
her  son's  death,  she  recovered  the  kin^ 
dom  by  means  of  Amasis  king  of  Egypt% 
and  to  avenge  the  murder  of  Arcesilaus, 
she  caused  all  his  assassins  to  be  crucified 
round  the  walls  of  Cyrene,  and  she  cut  off 
the  breasts  of  their  wives,  and  hung  them 
up  near  the  bodies'of  their  husbands. 


PH 


294 


PH 


Pherirtjm,  a  town  of  Thessa'y. 

Pheron,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  succeed- 
ed Sesostris. 

Pherusa,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Phiale,  one  of  Diana's  nymphs. A 

celebrated  courtezan. 

Phialia,  or  Phicalia,  a  town  of  Arca- 
dia. 

Phialtjs,  a  king  of  Arcadia. 

Phicores,  a  people  near  the  Palus  Mse- 
otis. 

Pkidias,  a  celebrated  statuary  of  Athens, 
who  died  B.  C.  432.  He  made  a  statue  of 
Minerva,  at  the  request  of  Pericles,  which 
was  placed  in  the  Pantheon.  It  was 
made  with  ivory  and  gold,  and  measured 
thirty-nine  feet  in  height.  His  presump- 
tion raised  him  many  enemies,  and  he 
was  banished  from  Athens  by  the  clamor- 
ous populace.  He.  retired  to  Elis,  where 
he  determined  to  revenge  the  ill-treatment 
he  had  received  from  his  countrymen,  by 
making  a  statue,  which  should  eclipse  the 
fame  of  that  of  Minerva.  He  was  success- 
ful in  the  attempt ;  and  the  statue  he 
made  of  Jupiter  Olympius  was  always 
reckoned  the  best  of  all  his  pieces,  and 
has  passed  for  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world. 

Phidile,  a  woman.     Vid.  Phidyle. 

Phidippides,  a  celebrated  courier,  who 
ran  from  Athens  toLacedsRmon,  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty-two  English  miles,  in 
two  days,  to  ask  of  the  Lacedaemonians 
assistance  against  the  Persians.  The 
Athenians  raised  a  temple  to  his  mem- 
ory. 

Phiditia,  a  public  entertainment  at 
Sparta,  where  much  frugality  was  observ- 
ed. Fersons  of  all  ages  were  admitted  ; 
the  younger  frequented  it  as  a  school  of 
temperance  and  sobriety,  where  they  were 
trained  to  good  manners  and  useful  know- 
ledge, by  the  example  and  discourse  of  the 
elders. 

Phi  don,  a  man  who  enjoyed  the  sove- 
reign power  at  Argos,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  invented  scales  and  measures,  and 
coined  silver  at  iEgina.  He  died  B.  C. 
854. An  ancient  legislator  at  Corinth. 

Phidyle,  a  female  servant  of  Horace. 

Phigalei,  a  people  of  Peloponnesus, 
near  Messenia. 

PmLA,the  eldest  daughter  of  Antipater, 
who  married  Craterus.  She  afterwards 
married  Demetrius,  and  when  her  hus- 
band had  lost  the  kingdom  of  Macedonia, 
she  poisoned  herself. A  town  of  Mace- 
donia.  An  island  called  also  Phla. 

Philadelphia,  now  Alah-sher,  a  town 

of  Lydia. Another  in  Cilicia Arabia 

— Syria. 

Philadelphia,  a  king  of  Paphlagonia, 
who  followed  the  interest  of  M.  Antony. 

The  surname  of  one  of  the  Ptolemies, 

king  of  Egypt. 

Phil.e,  a  town   and  island   of  Egypt. 


]  Isis  was  worshipped  there. One  of  ths 

Sporades. 

Philjeni,  two  brothers  of  Carthage. 
When  a  contest  arose  between  the  Cyre- 
neaiis  and  Carthaginians, about  the  extent 
of  their  territories,  it  was  mutually  agreed, 
that,  at  a  stated  hour,  two  men  should 
depart  from  each  city,  and  that  where- 
ever  they  met,  there  they  should  fix  the 
boundaries  of  their  country.  The  Philami 
accordingly  departed  from  Carthage,  and 
met  the  Cyreneans,  when  they  had  ad- 
vanced far'  into  their  territories.  This 
produced  a  quarrel,  and  the  Cyreneans 
supported,  that  the  Philaeni  had  left  Car- 
thage before  the  appointment,  and  that 
therefore  they  must  retire,  or  be  buried  in 
the  sand.  The  Philieni  refused,  upon 
which  they  were  overpowered  by  the  Cy- 
reneans, and  accordingly  buried  in  the 
sand. 

Phil.enis,  or  Phileris,  a  courtezan. 

Phil.eus,  a  son  of  Ajax  by  Lyside,  the 
daughter  of  Coronus,  one  of  the  LapithcC. 
Miltiades,  as  some  suppose,  was  descended 

from  him. A  son  of  Augeas,  placed 

upon  his  father's  throne  by  Hercules. 

Philammon,  a  celebrated  musician,  son 

of  Apollo  and  Chione. A  man  who 

murdered  Arsinoe,  and  who  was  slain  by 
her  female  attendants. 

Philais-thus,  a  son  of  Prolaus  of  Elis, 
killed  at  the  Olympic  games. 

PHiLARcnus,a  hero  who  gave  assistance 
to  the  Fhocians  when  the  Persians  invaded 
Greece. 

Philemon,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  contem- 
porary with  Menander.  Plautus  imitated 
some  of  his  comedies.  He  lived  to  his 
ninety-seventh  year,  and  died,  as  it  is  re- 
ported, of  laughing  on  seeing  an  ass  eat 

figs,  B.  C.  274. His  son,  who  bore  the 

same  name,  wrote  fifty-four  comedies,  of 

which  some  few  fragments  remain. A 

poor  man  of  Phrygia. An  illegitimate 

son  of  Priam. 

Philene,  a  town  of  Attica,  between 
Athens  and  Tanagra. 

Phileris,  an  immodest  woman,  whom, 
Philocrates  the  poet  lampooned. 

Phileros,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Philesius,  a  leader  of  the  ten  thousand 
Greeks  after  the  battle  of  Cunaxa. 

Philet.erus,  an  eunuch  made  governor 
of  Pergamus  by  Lysimachus.  He  quar- 
relled with  Lysimachus,  and  made  him- 
self master  of  Pergamus,  where  he  laid 
the  foundations  of  a  kingdom  called  the 

kingdom  of  Pergamus,  B.  C.  283. A 

Cretan  general  who  revolted  from  Seleu- 
cus,  and  was  conquered. 

Philetas,  a  grammarian  and  poet  of 
Cos,  in  the  reign  of  king  Philip,  and  of 
his  son  Alexander  the  Great.  He  was 
made  preceptor  to  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 
The  elegies  and  epigrams  which  he  wrote 
have  been  greatly  commended  by  the  an- 


FH 


riJO 


PH 


cients,  and  some  fragments  of  them  are 
still  preserved  in  AtiiaaseUs. Aa  histo- 
rian. 

Philetius,  a  faithful  steward  of  Ulys- 
ses. 

Philidas,  a  friend  of  Pelopidas,  who 
favored  the  conspiracy  formed  to  expel 
the  Spartans  from  Thebes. 

Phtlides,  a  dealer  in  horses  in  the  age 
of  Themistocles. 

Philinna,  mother  of  Arideeus,  by  Phil- 
ip the  father  of  Alexander. 

Phi linus,  a  native  of  Agrigentum,  who 
fought  with  Annibal  against  the  Romans. 
He  wrote  a  partial  history  of  the  Punic 
wars. 

Pkilippei,  or  Philtpit,  certain  pieces 
of  money  coined  in  the  reign  of  Philip  of 
Macedonia,  and  with  his  image. 

Philippi,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  an- 
ciently called  Dates,  and  situ?tte  at  the  east 
of  the  Strymon,  became  celebrated  for 
two  battles  which  were  fought  there  in 
October,  B.  C.  4-2,  at  the  interval  of  about 
twenty  days,  between  Augustus  and  An- 
tony, and  the  republican  forces  of  Brutus 
and  Cassias. 

Philippides,  a  comic  poet  in  Alexan- 
der's age. A  courier,  called  also  Phi- 

dippides. 

Philippofolis,  a  town  of  Thrace,  near 
the  Hebrus of  Thessaly  called  Phil- 
ippi. 

Philippus  first,  son  of  Argeus,  succeed- 
ed his  father  on  the  throne  of  Macedonia, 
and  reigned  thirty-eight  years,  B.  C.  40. 

The  second  of  that  name  was  the 

fourth  son  of  Amyntas,  king  of  Macedo- 
nia. He  was  sent  to  Thebes  as  an  host- 
age by  his  father,  where  he  learned  the  art 
of  war  under  Epaminondas,  and  studied 
with  the  greatest  care  the  manners  and 
the  pursuits  of  the  Greeks.  He  was  re- 
called to  Macedonia,  and  at  the  death  of 
his  brother  Perdiccas,  he  ascended  the 
throne  as  guardian  and  protector  of  the 
youthful  years  of  his  nephew.  His  am- 
bition, however,  soon  discovered  itself, 
and  he  made  himself  independent.  The 
neighboring  nations,  ridiculing  the  youth 
and  inexperience  of  the  new  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, appeared  in  arms,  but  Philip  soon 
convinced  them  of  their  error.  Unable  to 
meet  them  as  yet  in  the  field  of  battle,  he 
suspended  their  fury  by  presents,  and  soon 
turned  his  arms  against  Amphipolis,  a 
colony  tributary  to  the  Athenians.  Am- 
phipolis was  conquered,  and  added  to  the 
kingdom  of  Macedonia,  and  Philip  medi- 
tated no  less  than  the  destruction  of  a  re- 
public which  had  rendered  itself  so  for- 
midable to  the  rest  of  Greece,  and  had 
even  claimed  submission  from  the  princes 
of  Macedonia.  His  designs,  however, 
were  as  yet  immature,  and  before  he 
could  make  Athens  an  object  of  conquest, 
the  Thracians  and  the  Illvrians  demanded 


his  attention.  He  made  himself  master 
of  a  Thracian  colony,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Philippi,  and  from  which  he 
received  the  greatest  advantages  on  ac- 
count of  the  golden  mines  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. In  the  midst  of  his  political 
prosperity,  Philip  did  not  neglect  the  hon- 
or of  his  family.  He  married  Olympias 
the  daughter  of  Neoptolemus,  king  of  the 
Molossi.  Every  thing  seemed  now  to  con- 
spire to  his  aggrandizement,  and  he  de- 
clared his  inimical  sentiments  against  the 
power  of  Athens  and  the  independence  of 
Greece,  by  laying  siege  to  Olynthus,  a 
place,  which,  on  account  of  its  situation 
and  consequence,  would  prove  most  inju- 
rious to  the  interests  of  the  Athenians,  and 
most  advantageous  to  the  intrigues  and 
military  operations  of  every  Macedonian 
prince.  The  Athenians,  roused  by  the 
eloquence  of  Demosthenes,  sent  seven- 
teen vessels  and  two  thousand  men  to  the 
assistance  of  Olynthus,  but  the  money  of 
Philip  prevailed  over  all  their  efforts.  The 
greatest  part  of  the  citizens  suffered  them- 
selves to  be  bribed  by  the  Macedonian 
gold,  and  Olynthus  surrendered  to  the 
enemy,  and  was  instantly  reduced  to  ruins. 
His  successes  were  as  great  in  every  part 
of  Greece,  he  was  declared  head  of  the 
Amphictyonic  council,  and  was  intrusted 
with  the  care  of  the  sacred  temple  of  Apol- 
lo at  Delphi.  If  he  was  recalled  to  Mace- 
donia, it  was  only  to  add  fresh  laurels  to 
his  crown,  by  victories  over  his  enemies 
in  Illyricum  and  Thessaly.  In  his  at- 
tempts to  make  himself  master  of  Eubcea, 
Philip  was  unsuccessful  ;  and  Phocion, 
who  despised  his  gold  as  well  as  his  mean- 
ness, obliged  him  to  evacuate  an  island 
whose  inhabitants  were  as  insensible  to 
the  charms  of  money,  as  they  were  un- 
moved at  the  horrors  of  war.  From  eu- 
bcea he  turned  his  arms  against  the  Scythi- 
ans, but  the  advantages  he  obtained  over 
this  indigent  nation  were  inconsiderable, 
and  he  again  made  Greece  an  object  of 
plunder  and  rapine.  He  advanced  far 
into  Boeotia,  and  a  general  engagement 
was  fought  at  Chajronea.  The  fight  was 
long  and  bloody,  but  Philip ■obtained  the 
victory.  At  this  battle  the  independence 
of  Greece  was  extinguished  ;  and  Philip, 
unable  to  find  new  enemies  in  Europe, 
formed  new  enterprises,  and  meditated 
new  conquests.  -He  was  nominated  gene- 
ral of  the  Greeks  against  the  Persians,  and 
was  called  upon  as  well  from  inclination 
as  duty  to  revenge  those  injuries  which 
Greece  had  suffered  from  the  invasions  of 
Darius,  and  of  Xerxes.  But  he  was  stop- 
ped in  the  midst  of  his  warlike  prepara- 
tions ;  he  was  stabbed  by  Pausanias  as  he 
entered  the  theatre  at  the  celebration  of 
the  nuptials  of  his  daughter  Cleopatra. 
The  character  of  Philip  is  that  of  a  saga- 
cious, artful,  prudent,  and  intriguing  mon- 


PH 


2% 


PH 


arch  j  he  was  brave  in  the  field  of  battle, 
eloquent  and  dissimulating  at  home,  and 
he  possessed  the  wonderful  art  of  chang- 
ing his  conduct  according  to  the  disposi- 
tion and  caprice  of  mankind,  without  ever 
altering  his  purpose,  or  losing  sight  of  his 
ambitious  aims. The  last  king  of  Mace- 
donia, of  that  name,  was  son  of  Deme- 
trius. His  infancy,  at  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  protected  by  Antigonus,  one  of 
his  friends,  who  ascended  the  throne,  and 
reigned  twelve  years,  with  the  title  of  in- 
dependent monarch.  When  Antigonus 
died,  Philip  recovered  his  father's  throne, 
though  only  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  he 
early  distinguished  himself  by  his  bold- 
ness and  his  ambitious  views.  His  cruel- 
ty, however,  to  Aratus,  soon  displayed  his 
character  in  its  true  light,  and  to  the  grati- 
fication of  every  vice,  and  every  extrava- 
gant propensity,  he  had  the  meanness  to 
sacrifice  this  faithful  and  virtuous  Athe- 
nian. Not  satisfied  with  the  kingdom  of 
Macedonia,  Philip  aspired  to  become  the 
friend  of  Annibal,  and  wished  to  share 
tvith  him  the  spoils  which  the  distresses 
and  continual  loss  of  the  Romans  seemed 
soon  to  promise.  But  his  expectations 
were  frustrated,  the  Romans  discovered 
his  intrigues,  and  though  weakened  by 
the  valor  and  artifice  of  the  Carthaginian, 
yet  they  were  soon  enabled  to  conquer 
him  in  the  field  of  battle.  Philip  died  in 
he  forty-second  year  of  his  reign,  one 
hundred   and  seventy-nine  years   before 

the  Christian  era. M.  Julius,  a  Roman 

emperor,  of  an  obscure  family  in  Arabia, 
from  whence  he  was  surnamed  Arabian. 
From  the  lowest  rank  in  the  army  he  gradu- 
ally rose  to  the  highest  offices,  and  when  he 
was  made  general  of  the  pretorian  guards 
he  assassinated  Gordian  to  make  himself 
emperor.  His  usurpation,  however,  was 
short,  Philip  was  defeated  by  Decius,  who 
had  proclaimed  himself  emperor  in  Pan- 
nonia,  and  he  was  assassinated  by  his 
own  soldiers  near  Verona,  in  the  forty- 
fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fifth  of  his 
reign,  A.  D.  249.  His  son  who  bore  the 
same  name,  and  who  had  shared  with  him 
the  imperial  dignity,  was  also  massacred 

in  the  arms  of  his  mother. A  native  of 

Acarnania,   physician    to  Alexander  the 

Great A  son  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

A  governor  of  Sparta. A  Phrygian, 

made  governor  of  Jerusalem  by  Antiochus. 

A  brother  of  Alexander  the  Great, 

called  also  Aridaeus. A  freedman  of 

Pompey  the  Great.  He  found  his  master's 
body  deserted  on  the  sea  shore,  in  Egypt, 
and  gave  it  a  decent  burial. The  fa- 
ther-in-law of  the  emperor  Augustus. 

An  officer  made  master  of  Parthia. A 

son  of  Antipater  in  the  army  of  Alexan- 
der.  A  brother  of  Lysimachus. An 

historian  of  Amphipolis. A  Carthagi- 
nian.  A  man  who  wrote  an  history  of 


Caria. A  native  of  Megara.— — A  na- 
tive of  Pamphylia,  who  wrote  a  diffuse 
history  from  the  creation  down  to  his  own 
time. 

Philiscus,  a  famous  sculptor,  whose 
statues  of  Latona,  Venus,  Diana,  the 
Muses,  and  a  naked  Apollo,  were  preserv- 
ed in  the  portico  belonging  to  Octavia. 

A  Greek  comic  poet. An  Athenian  who 

received  Cicero  when  he  fled  to  Macedo 
nia. An  officer  of  Artaxerxes,  appoint- 
ed to  make  peace  with  the  Greeks. 
Philistion,  a  comic  poet  of  Nictea  in 

the  age  of  Socrates. A  physician  of 

Locris. 

Philistus,  a  musician  of  Miletus. 

A  Syracusan,  who  during  his  banishment 
from  his  native  country  wrote  an  history 
of  Sicily  in  twelve  books.  Pie  was  after- 
wards sent  against  the  Syracusans  by 
Dionysius  the  younger,  and  he  killed  him- 
self when  overcome  by  the  enemy,  355 
B.C. 

Phillo,  an  Arcadian  maid,  by  whom 
Hercules  had  a  son. 

Philo,  a  Jewish  writer  of  Alexandria, 
A.  D.  40,  sent  as  ambassador  from  his  na- 
tion to  Caligula.  He  was  unsuccessful  in 
his  embassy,  of  which  he  wrote  an  enter- 
taining account ;  and  the  emperor,  who 
wished  to  be  worshipped  as  a  god,  express- 
ed his  dissatisfaction  with  the  Jews,  be- 
cause they  refused  to  place  his  statues  in 

their  temples. A  man  who  fell  in  love 

with  his  daughter  called   Proserpine,  as 

she  was  bathing. A  man  who  wrote  an 

account  of  a  journey  to  Arabia. A  phi- 
losopher who  followed  the  doctrines  of 
Carneades,  B.  C.  100. Another  philos- 
opher of  Athens,  tutor  to  Cicero. A 

grammarian  in  the  first  century. An 

architect  of  Byzantium.  He  built  a  dock 
at  Athens,  where   ships  were  drawn  in 

safety,  and  protected  from  storms. A 

Greek  Christian  writer. A  dialectic 

philosopher,  260  B.  C. 
Philoeq;otus,  a  mountain  of  Bcpotia. 
Philochorus,  a  man  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  Athens  in  seventeen  books,  a  cata- 
logue of  the  archons,  two  books  of  olym- 
piads, &.c.    He  died  B.  C.  222. 

Philocles,  one  of  the  admirals  of  the 
Athenian  fleet,  during  the  Peloponnesian 
war.  He  recommended  to  his  country- 
men to  cut  off"  the  right  hand  of  such  of 
the  enemies  as  were  taken,  that  they 
might  be  rendered  unfit  for  service.  His 
plan  was  adopted  by  all  the  ten  admirals 
except  one,  but  their  expectations  were 
frustrated,  and  instead  of  being  conquer- 
ors, they  were  totally  defeated  at  ^Egos- 
potamos  by  Lysander,  and  Philocles,  with 
three  thousand  of  his  countrymen,  was 
put  to  death,  and  denied  the  honors  of  a 

burial. A  general  of  Ptolemy,  king  of 

Egypt. A  comic  poet. Another,  who 

wrote  tragedies  at  Athens. 


PH 


297 


PH 


Philocrates,  an  Athenian,  famous  for 

his  treachery. A  writer  who  published 

an  history  of  Thessaly. A  servant  of 

C.  Grachus. A  Greek  orator. 

Philoctetes,  son  of  Pcean  and  Demo- 
nassa,  was  one  of  the  Argonauts  accord- 
ing to  Flaccus  and  Hyginus,  and  the  arm- 
bearer  and  particular  friend  of  Hercules. 
He  was  called  upon  by  Menelaus  to  ac- 
company the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war. 
He  immediately  set  sail  from  Meliboea  with 
seven  ships,  and  repaired  to  Aulis,  the  ge- 
neral rendezvous  of  the  combined  fleet. 
He  was  here  prevented  from  joining  his 
countrymen,  and  a  wound  in  his  foot, 
obliged  the  Greeks,  at  the  instigation  of 
Ulysses,  to  remove  him  from  the  camp, 
and  he  was  accordingly  carried  to  the 
island  of  Lemnos,  or  as  others  say  to 
Chryse.  In  this  solitary  retreat  he  was 
suffered  to  remain  for  some  time,  till  the 
Greeks,  on  the  tenth  year  of  the  Trojan 
war,  were  informed  by  the  oracle  that 
Troy  could  not  be  taken  without  the  ar- 
rows of  Hercules,  which  were  then  in 
the  possession  of  Philoctetes.  Upon  this 
Ulysses,  accompanied  by  Diomedes,  was 
commissioned  by  the  rest  of  the  Grecian 
army  to  go  to  Lemnos,  and  to  prevail  upon 
Philoctetes  to  come  and  finish  the  tedious 
siege.  Philoctetes  recollected  the  ill  treat- 
ment he  had  received  from  the  Greeks,  and 
particularly  from  Ulysses,  and  therefore  he 
not  only  refused  to  go  to  Troy,  but  he  even 
determined  to  go  to  Meliboea.  As  he  em- 
barke  1,  the  manes  of  Hercules  forbade  him 
to  proceed,  but  immediately  to  repair  to 
the  Grecian  camp,  where  he  should  be 
cured  of  bis  wounds,  and  put  an  end  to 
the  war.  Philoctetes  obeyed,  and  after  he 
had  been  restored  to  his  former  health 
by  iEsculapius,  he  destroyed  an  immense 
number  of  the  Trojan  enemy,  among 
whom  was  Paris,  the  son  of  Priam,  with 
the  arrows  of  Hercules.  When  by  his 
valor  Troy  had  been  ruined,  he  set  sail 
from  Asia,  but  as  he  was  unwilling  to  visit 
his  native  country,  he  came  to  Italy, 
where,  by  the  assistance  of  his  Thessal'an 
followers,  he  was  enabled  to  build  a  town 
in  Calabria,  which  be  called  Petilia. 

Philoctprus,  a  prince  of  Cyprus  in  the 
age  of  Solon. 

Philodamea,  one  of  the  Danaides,  mo- 
ther of  Phares  by  Mercury. 

Philodemus,  a  poet  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 
A  comic  poet  ridiculed  by  Aristo- 
phanes. 

Philodice,  a  daughter  of  Inachus,  who 
married  Leucippus. 

Philolaus,  a  son  of  Minos,  by  the 
nymph  Paria.  Hercules  put  him  to  death, 
because  he  had  killed  two  of  his  compan- 
ions.  A  Pythagorean  philosopher  of 

Crotona,  B.  C.  374  ,who  first  supported  the 
diurnal  motion  of  the  earth  round  its  axis, 
and  its  annual  motion  round  the  sun. 


A  lawgiver  of  Thebes.     He  was  a  native 
of  Corinth,  and  of  the  family  of  the  Bac- 

chiades. A  mechanic  of  Tarentum. 

A  surname  of  ^Esculapius,  who  had 

a  temple  in  Laconia,  near  the  Asopus. 

Philologus,  a  freedman  of  Cicero.  He 
betrayed  his  master  to  Antony,  for  which 
he  was  tortured  by  Pomponia,  the  wife  of 
Cicero's  brother,  and  obliged  to  cut  off  his 
own  flesh  by  piecemeal,  and  to  boil  and 
eat  it  up. 

Philomache,  the  wife  of  Pelias,  king 
of  Iolchos.  According  to  some  writers, 
she  was  daughter  to  Amphion,  king  of 
Thebes,  though  she  is  more  generally  call- 
ed Anaxibia,  daughter  of  Bias. 

Philombrotus,  an  archon  at  Athens,  in 
whose  age  the  state  was  intrusted  to  So- 
lon, when  torn  by  factions. 

Philomedus,  a  man  who  made  himself 
absolute  in  Phocsea,  by  promising  to  assist 
the  inhabitants. 

Philomela,  a  daughter  of  Pandion,  kin 
of  Athens,  and  sister  to  Procne,  who  had 
married  Tereus  king  of  Thrace.  Procne 
separated  from  Philomela,  to  whom  she 
was  particularly  attached,  spent  her  time 
in  great  melancholy  till  she  prevailed  upon 
her  husband  to  go  to  Athens,  and  bring 
her  sister  to  Thrace.  Tereus  obeyed  his 
wife's  injunctions,  but  he  had  no  sooner 
obtained  Pandion's  permission  to  conduct 
Philomela  to  Thrace,  than  he  became 
enamored  of  her,  and  resolved  to  gratify 
his  passion.  He  dismissed  the  guards, 
whom  the  suspicions  of  Pandion  had  ap- 
pointed to  watch  his  conduct,  and  he  of- 
fered violence  to  Philomela,  and  after 
wards  cut  off  her  tongue,  that  she  might 
not  be  able  to  discover  his  barbarity,  and 
the  indignities  which  she  had  suffered. 
He  confined  her  also  in  a  lonely  castle, 
and  after  he  had  taken  every  precaution 
to  prevent  a  discovery,  he  returned  to 
Thrace,  and  he  told  Procne  that  Philomela 
had  died  by  the  way,  and  that  he  had  paid 
the  last  offices  to  her  remains.  Procne,  at 
this  sad  intelligence,  put  on  mourning  for 
the  loss  of  Philomela  ;  but  a  year  had 
scarcely  elapsed  before  she  was  secretly 
informed,  that  her  sister  was  not  dead. 
Philomela,  during  her  captivity,  described 
on  a  piece  of  tapestry  her  misfortunes  and 
the  brutality  of  Tereus,  and  privately  con- 
veyed it  to  Procne.  She  was  then  going 
to  celebrate  the  orgies  of  Bacchus  when 
she  received  it ;  she  disguised  her  resent- 
ment, and  as  during-  the  festivals  of  the 
god  of  wine,  she  was  permitted  to.  rove 
about  the  country,  she  hastened  to  deliver 
her  sister  Philomela  from  her  confine- 
ment, and  she  concerted  with  her  on  the 
best  measures  of  punishing  the  cruelty  of 
Tereus.  She  murdered  her  son  Itylus, 
who  was  in  the  sixth  year  of  his  age,  and 
served  him  up  as  food  before  her  husband 
during  the  festival.  Tereus  in  the  midst 
N* 


PH 


298 


PH 


of  his  repast,  called  for  Itylus,  but  Procne 
immediately  informed  him,  that  he  was 
then  feasting  on  his  flesh,  and  that  instant 
Philomela,  by  throwing  on  the  table  the 
head  of  Itylus,  convinced  the  monarch  of 
the  cruelty  of  the  scene.  He  drew  his 
sword  to  punish  Procne  and  Philomela, 
but  as  he  was  going  to  stab  them  to  the 
heart,  he  was  changed  into  a  hoopoe, 
Philomela  into  a  nightingale,  Procne  into 
a  swallow,  and  Itylus  into  a  pheasant. 
A  daughter  of  Actor,  king  of  the  Myr- 
midons. 

Philomelum,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Philomelus,  a  general  of  Phocis,  who 
plundered  the  temple  of  Delphi,  and  died 
B.  C.  354. A  rich  musician. 

Philon,  a  general  of  some  Greeks,  who 
settled  in  Asia. 

Philonides,  a  courier  of  Alexander, 
who  ran  from  Sicyori  to  Elis,  one  hundred 
and  sixty  miles,  in  nine  hours,  and  re- 
turned the  same  journey  in  fifteen  hours. 

Philoxis,  a  name  of  Chione,  daughter 
of  UaedalioB,  made  immortal  by  Diana. 

Philonoe,  a  daughter  of  Tyndarus, 
king  of  Sparta,  by  Leda  daughter  of  Thes- 

tius. A  daughter  of  Iobates,  king  of 

Lycia,  who  married  Beilerophon. 

Philosome,  a  daughter  of  Nyctimus, 
king  of  Arcadia,  who  threw  into  the  Ery- 
manthUs  two  children  whom  she  had  by 
Mars.  The  children  were  preserved,  and 
afterwards  ascended  their  grandfather's 

throne. The  second  wife  of  Cycnus, 

the  son  of  Neptune. 

Philono.vjs,  a  son  of  Electryon,  king 
of  Mycenae  by  Anaxo. 

Philonus,  a  village  of  Egypt. 

Philopator,  a  surname  of  one  of  the 
Ptolemies,  king  of  Egypt. 

Philophron,  a  general,  who  with  five 
thousand  soldiers  defended  Pelusium 
against  the  Greeks  who  invaded  Egypt. 

Philopcemen,  a  celebrated  general  of 
the  Achaean  league,  born  at  Megalopolis. 
His  father's  name  was  Grangis.  His  edu- 
cation was  begun  and  finished  under  Cas- 
sander,  Ecdemus,  and  Demophanes,  and 
he  early  distinguished  himself  in  the  field 
of  battle,  and  appeared  fond  of  agriculture 
and  a  country  life.  He  proposed  himself 
Epaminondas  for  a  model,  and  he  was 
not  unsuccessful  in  imitating  the  prudence 
and  the  simplicity,  the  disinterestedness 
and  activity  of  this  famous  Theban.  Rais- 
ed to  the  rank  of  chief  commander,  he 
showed  his  ability  to  discharge  that  impor- 
tant trust,  by  killing  with  his  own  hand 
Mechanidas,  the  tyrant  of  Sparta ;  and  if 
he  was  defeated  in  a  naval  battle  by  Na- 
bis,  he  soon  after  repaired  his  losses  by 
taking  the  capital  of  Laconia,  B.  C.  188, 
and  by  abolishing  the  laws  of  Lycurgus. 
The  death  of  Philopcemen,  which  happened 
about  one  hundred  and  eighty -three  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  in  his  seventieth 


year,  was  universally  lamented. A  na- 
tive of  Pergamus,  who  died  B.  C.  138. 

Philostratus,  a  famous  sophist,  born 
at  Lemnos,  or  according  to  some  at  Ath- 
ens.  His  nephew,  who  lived  in  the 

reign  of  Heliogabalus,  wrote  an  account 

of  sophists. A  philosopher  in  the  reign 

of  Nero. Another  in  the  age  of  Au- 
gustus. 

Philotas,  a  son  of  Parmenio,  distin- 
guished in  the  battles  of  Alexander,  and 
at  last  accused  of  conspiring  against  his 
life.  He  was  tortured,  and  stoned  to 
death,  or,  according  to  some,  stuck  through 

with  darts  by  the  soldiers,  B.  C.  330. 

An  officer  in  the  army  of  Alexander. 

Another,  who  was  made  master  of  Cili- 
cia,  after  Alexander's  death. A  physi- 
cian in  the  age  of  Antony.  He  ridiculed 
the  expenses  and  the  extravagance  of  this 
celebrated  Roman. 

Philotera,  the  mother  of  Mylo. 

Philotimus,  a  freedman  of  Cicero. 

Philotis,  a  servant  maid  at  Rome,  who 
saved  her  countrymen  from  destruction. 

Philoxenus,  an  officer  of  Alexander, 
who  received  Cilicia,  at  the  general  di- 
vision  of  the  provinces. A  son  of 

Ptolemy,  who  was  given  to  Pelopidas  as 

an  hostage. A  dithyrambic  Doet  of  Cy- 

thera,  who  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Diony- 
sius,  tyrant  of  Sicily,  for  some  time,  till 
he  offended  him  by  seducing  one  of  his 
female  singers.  For  this  he  was  con- 
demned to  the  quarries,  from  which  he 
was  reprieved  to  listen  to  the  tyrant's 
verses.  Philoxenus  died  at  Ephesus,  about 
three  hundred  and   eighty  years    before 

Christ. A  celebrated  musician  of  Ionia. 

A  painter  of  Eretria.     He  was  pupil 

to  Nicomachus. A  philosopher,  who 

wished  to  have  the  neck  of  a  crane,  that 
he  might  enjoy  the  taste  of  his  aliments 
longer,  and  with  more  pleasure. 

Philyllius,  a  comic  poet. 

Philyra,  one  of  the  Oceanides.  She 
was  metamorphosed  into  the  linden  tree, 
called  by  her  name  among  the  Greeks. 
The  wife  of  Nauplius. 

Philyres,  a  people  near  Pontus. 

Philyrides,  a  patronymic  of  Chiron, 
the  son  of  Philyra. 

Phineus,  a  son  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoe- 
nicia, or  according  to  some  of  Neptune, 
who  became  king  of  Thrace.  He  married 
Cleopatra  the  daughter  of  Boreas,  by 
whom  he  had  Plexippus  and  Pandion. 
After  the  death  of  Cleopatra,  he  married 
Idaea,  the  daughter  of  Dardanus.  Idaea, 
jealous  of  Cleopatra's  children,  accused 
them  of  attempts  upon  their  father's  life 
and  crown,  and  they  were  immediately 
condemned  by  Phineus  to  be  deprived  of 
their  eyes.  This  cruelty  was  soon  after 
punished  by  the  gods,  Phineus  suddenly 
became  blind,  and  the  Harpies  were  sent 
by  Jupiter  to  keep  him  under  continual 


PII 


299 


PH 


alarm,  and  to  spoil  the  meats  which  were 
placed  on  his  table.  He  was  sometime  af- 
ter delivered  from  these  dangerous  mon- 
sters by  his  brothers-in-law,  Zetes  and 
Calais,  who  pursued  them  as  far  as  the 
Strophades.  Phineus  was  killed  by  Her- 
cules.  The  brother  of  Cepheus,  king 

of  ^Ethiopia.  He  was  going  to  marry  his 
niece  Andromeda,  when  her  father  Ce- 
pheus was  obliged  to  give  her  up  to  be 
devoured  by  a  sea-monster,  to  appease  the 
resentment  of  Neptune.  She  was,  how- 
ever, delivered  by  Perseus,  who  turned 
into  stone  Phineus,  and  his  companions, 

by  showing  them  the  Gorgon's  head. 

A  son  of  Melas. A  son  of  Lycaon,  king 

of  Arcadia. A  son  of  Belus  and  An- 

chinoe. 

Phinta,  a  king  of  Messenia. 

Phinthias,  a  fountain  where  it  is  said 
aothing  could  sink. 

Phintia,  a  town  of  Sicily,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Himera. 

Phin-tias,  called  also  Pithias,  Pinthias, 
and  Phytias,  a  man  famous  for  his  un- 
paralleled friendship  for  Damon. A  ty- 
rant of  Agrigentum,  B.  C.  282. 

Phinto,  a  small  island  between  Sar- 
dinia and  Corsica,  now  Figo. 

Phla,  a  small  island  in  the  lake  Tri- 
ton is. 

Phlegelas,  an  Indian  king  beyond  the 
Hydaspes,  who  surrendered  to  Alexander. 

Phlegethon,  a  river  of  hell. 

Pheegias,  a  man  of  Cyzicus,  when  the 
Argonauts  visited  it,  <fcc. 

Phlegok,  a  native  of  Tralles  in  Lydia, 
one  of  the  emperor  Adrian's  freedmen. 
He  wrote  different  treatises  on  the  long 
lived,  on  wonderful  things,  besides  an 
historical  account  of  Sicily,  sixteen  books 
on  the  olympiads,  an  account  of  the  prin- 
cipal places  in  Rome,  three  books  of  fasti, 
&c.      Of  these  some  fragments  remain. 

One  of  the  horses  of  the  sun.     The 

word  signifies  burning. 

Phlerea,  or  Phlegr^us  campus,  a 
place  of  Macedonia,  afterwards  called  Pal- 
lene,  where  the  giants  attacked  the  gods 
and  were  defeated  by  Hercules. 

Fhlegyje,  a  people  of  Thessaly.  Some 
authors  place  them  in  Brent ia. 

Phlegyas,  a  son  of  Mars  by  Chryse, 
daughter  of  Halmus,  was  king  of  the  La- 
pitba?  in  Thessaly.  He  was  father  of 
Ixion  and  Coronis,  to  whom  Apollo  offer- 
ed violence.  When  the  father  heard  that 
his  daughter  had  been  so  wantonly  abus- 
ed, he  marched  an  army  against  Delphi, 
and  reduced  the  temple  of  the  god  to 
ashes.  This  was  higiily  resented,  Apol- 
lo killed  Phlesryas  and  placed  him  in  hell, 
where  a  huge  stone  hangs  over  his  head, 
and  keeps  him  in  continual  alarms,  by  its 
appearance  of  falling  every  moment. 

Phlias,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  son  of 
Bacchus  and  Ariadne. 


Pkliasia,  a  country  of  Peloponnesus, 
near  Sicyon,  of  which  Phlius  was  the  cap- 
ital. 

Phlius,  a  town  in  Peloponnesus,  now 

Staphlica,  in  the  territory  of  Sicyon. 

Another  in  Elis. Another  in  Argolis, 

now  Drepano. 

Phlceus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  ex- 
pressive of  his  youth  and  vigo:\ 

Phobetoh,  one  of  the  sons  of  Somnus, 
and  his  principal  minister.  His  office  was 
to  assume  the  shape  of  serpents  and  wild 
beasts,  to  inspire  terror  in  the  minds  of 
men. 

Phobos,  son  of  Mars,  and  god  of  terror 
among  the  ancients,  was  represented  with 
a  lion's  head,  and  sacrifices  were  offered 
to  him  to  deprecate  his  appearance  in  ar- 
mies. 

Phocea,  now  Fuchla,  a  maritime  town 
of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor,  with  two  har- 
bors, between  Curate  and  Smyrna,  found- 
ed by  an  Athenian  colony.  The  town  of 
Marseilles  is  often  distinguished  by  the 
epithet  of  Phocaica,  and  its  inhabitants 
called  Phoccsenses. 

Phocenses  and  Phocici,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Phocis  in  Greece. 

Phocilides,  a  Greek  poet  and  philoso- 
pher of  Miletus,  about  five  hundred  and 
forty  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Phocion,  an  Athenian  celebrated  for 
his  virtues,  private  as  well  as  public.  He 
was  educated  in  the  school  of  Plato,  and 
of  Xenocrates,  and  as  soon  as  he  appeared 
among  the  statesmen  of  Athens,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  prudence  and 
moderation,  his  zeal  for  the  public  good, 
and  his  military  abilities.  During  the  time 
of  his  administration  he  was  always  in- 
clined to  peace,  though  he  never  suffered 
his  countrymen  to  become  indolent,  and 
to  forget  the  jealousy  and  rivalship  of  their 
neighbors.  He  was  forty  five  times  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Athens,  and  no  greater 
encomium  can  be  passed  upon  his  talents 
as  a  minister  and  statesman,  than  that  he 
never  solicited  that  high,  though  danger- 
ous office.  In  his  rural  retreat,  or  at  the 
head  of  the  Athenian  armies,  he  always 
appeared  barefooted,  and  without  a  cloak, 
whence  one  of  his  soldiers  had  occasion 
to  observe  when  he  saw  him  dressed  more 
warmly  than  usual  during  a  severe  win- 
ter, that  siuce  Phocion  wore  his  cloak  it 
was  a  sign  of  the  most  inclement  wea- 
ther. If  he  was  the  friend  of  temperance 
and  discipline,  he  was  not  a  less  brilliant 
example  of  true  heroism.  Philip,  as  well 
as  his  son  Alexander,  attempted  to  bribe 
him,  but.  to  no  purpose ;  and  Phocion 
boasted  in  being  one  of  the  poorest  of  the 
Athenians,  and  in  deserving  the  appella- 
tion of  the  Good.  But  virtues  like  these 
could  not  long  stand  against  the  insolence 
and  fickleness  of  an  Athenian  assembly. 
When  the  Pirseas  was  taken,  Phocion  was 


PH 


300 


PH 


accused  of  treason,  and  therefore,  to  avoid 
the  public  indignation,  he  fled  for  safety 
to  Polyperchon.  Polyperchon  sent  him 
back  to  Athens,  where  he  was  immedi- 
ately condemned  to  drink  the  fatal  poison. 
He  received  the  indignities  of  the  people 
with  uncommon  composure  ;  and  when 
one  of  his  friends  lamented  his  fate,  Pho- 
cion  exclaimed,  This  is  no  more  than  what 
I  expected ;  this  treatment  the  most  illustrious 
citizens  of  Athens  have  received  before  me. 
He  died  about  three  hundred  and  eighteen 
years  before  the  Christian  era.  His  body 
was  deprived  of  a  funeral  "by  order  of  the 
ungrateful  Athenians,  and  if  it  was  at  last 
interred,  it  was  by  stealth,  under  a  hearth, 
by  the  hand  of  a  woman  who  placed  this 
inscription  over  his  bones  :  Keep  inviolate, 
O  sacred  hearth,  the  precious  remains  of  a 
good  man,  till  a  better  day  restores  them  to 
the  monuments  of  their  forefathers,  when 
Athens  shall  be  delivered  of  her  phrenzy, 
and  shall  be  more  wise. 

Phocis,  a  country  of  Greece,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Bceotia,  and  by  Locris  on 
the  west.  It  originally  extended  from  the 
bay  of  Corinth  to  the  sea  of  Eubaea,  and 
reached  on  the  north  as  far  as  Thermopy- 
lae, but  its  boundaries  were  afterwards 
more  contracted.  Parnassus  was  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  mountains  of  Phocis,  and 
Delphi  was  the  greatest  of  its  towns. 
Phocis  is  rendered  famous  for  a  war  which 
it  maintained  against  some  of  the  Grecian 
republics,  and  which  has  received  the 
name  of  the  Phocian  war. 

Phocus,  son  of  Phocion,  was  dissolute 
in  his  manners,  and  unworthy  of  the  vir- 
tues of  his  great  father.  He  was  sent  to 
Lacedaemon  to  imbibe  there  the  princi- 
ples of  sobriety,  of  temperance,  and  fru- 
gality. He  cruelly  revenged  the  death  of 
his  father,  whom  the  Athenians  had  put 

to  death. A  son  of  ^Eacus  by  Psamathe, 

killed  by  Telamon. A  son  of  Ornytion, 

who  led  a  colony  of  Corinthians  into  Pho- 
cis. 

Phcebas,  a  name  applied  to  the  priestess 
of  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi. 

Phoebe,  a  name  given  to  Diana,  or  the 
moon,  on  account  of  the  brightness  of  that 

luminary. A  daughter  of  Leucippus 

and  Philodice,  carried  away  with  her  sis- 
ter Hilaira,  by  Castor  and  Pollux,  as  she 
was  going  to  marry  one  of  the  sons  of 
Aphareus. 

Phozbeum,  a  place  near  Sparta. 

Phcebidas,  a  Lacedaemonian  general, 
sent  by  the  Ephori  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Macedonians  against  the  Thracians.  He 
died  B.  C.  377. 

Phcebigena,  a  surname  of  ^Esculapius, 
&c.  as  being  descended  from  Phcebus. 

Phcebus,  a  name  given  to  Apollo  or  the 
sun.  This  word  expresses  the  brightness 
and  splendor  of  that  luminary. 

Phcemos,  a  lake  of  Arcadia. 


Phcenice,  or  Phoenicia,  a  country  of 
Asia,  at  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean, 
whose  boundaries  have  been  different  in 
different  ages.  Sidon  and  Tyre  were  the 
most  capital  towns  of  the  country.  The 
inhabitants  were  naturally  industrious, 
the  invention  of  letters  is  attributed  to 
them,  and  commerce  and  navigation  were 
among  them  in  the  most  flourishing  state. 

Phcenice,  a  town  of  Epirus. 

Phcenicia.    Vid.  Phcenice. 

Phcenicus,  a  mountain  of  Baeotia. 

Another  in  Lycia,  called  also   Olympus, 

with  a  town  of  the  same  name. A  port 

of  Erythrae. 

Phoenicusa,  now  Felicudi,  one  of  the 
iEolian  islands. 

Phcenissa,  a  patronymic  given  to  Dido 
as  a  native  of  Phcenicia. 

Phcenix,  son  of  Amyntor  kingof  Argos, 
by  Cleobule,  or  Hippodamia,  was  precept- 
or to  young  Achilles.  According  to  some, 
Amyntor  himself  put  out  the  eyes  of  his 
son,  which  so  cruelly  provoked  him,  that 
he  meditated  the  death  of  his  father. 
Reason  and  piety,  however,  prevailed 
over  passion,  and  Phcenix,  not  to  become 
a  parricide,  fled  from  Argos  to  the  court 
of  Peleus,  king  of  Phthia.  Here  he  was 
treated  with  tenderness,  Peleus  carried 
him  to  Chiron,  who  restored  him  to  his 
eye-sight,  and  soon  after  he  was  made 
preceptor  to  Achilles,  his  benefactor's  son. 
He  was  also  presented  with  the  govern- 
ment of  many  cities,  and  made  king  of 
the  Dolopes.  He  accompanied  his  pupil 
to  the  Trojan  war,  and  Achilles  was  ever 
grateful  for  the  instructions  and  precepts 
which  he  had  received  from  Phcenix.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  Achilles,  Phoenix,  with 
others,  was  commissioned  by  the  Greeks 
to  return  into  Greece,  to  bring  to  the  war 
young  Pyrrhus.  This  commission  he  per- 
formed with  success,  and  after  the  fall  of 
Troy,  he  returned  with  Pyrrhus,  and  died 
in  Thrace.  He  was  buried  at  JEon,  or, 
according  to  Strabo,  near  Trachinia, 
where  a  small  river  in  the  neighborhood 

received  the  name  of  Phoenix. A  son 

of  Agenor,  by  a  nymph  who  was  called 
Telephassa.  He  was,  like  his  brothers, 
Cadmus  and  Cilix,  sent  by  his  father  in 
pursuit  of  his  sister  Europa,  whom  Jupi- 
ter had  carried  away  under  the  form  of  a 
bull,  and  when  his  inquiries  proved  un- 
successful, he  settled  in  a  country  which, 
according  to  some,  was  from  him  called 
Phoenicia.     From   him,  as  some  suppose, 

the  Carthaginians  were  called  Pceni. 

The  father  of  Adonis,  according  to  He- 
siod. ATheban,  delivered  to  Alexan- 
der, &c. A  native  of  Tenedos,  who 

was  an  officer  in  the  service  of  Eumenes. 
Pholoe,  one  of  the  horses  of  Adinetus. 

A  mountain  of  Arcadia,  near  Pisa. 

A  female  servant,  of  Cretan  origin,  given 
with  her  two  sons  to  Sergestus  by  /Ene- 


PH 


301 


PH 


as. A  courtezan  in  the  age  of  Ho- 
race. 

Pholus,  one  of  the  Centaurs,  son  of 
Silenus  and  Melia,  or, according  toothers, 
of  Ixion  and  the  cloud.  He  kindly  en- 
tertained Hercules  « lien  he  was  going 
against  the  boar  of  Erymanthus,  but  he 
refused  to  give  him  wine,  as  that  which 
he  had  belonged  to  the  rest  of  the  Cen- 
tatirs.  Hercules,  upon  this,  without  cere- 
mony, broke  the  cask  and  drank  the  wine. 
The  smell  of  the  liquor  drew  the  Cen- 
taurs from  the  neighborhood  to  the  house 
of  Pholus,  but  Hercules  stopped  them 
when  they  forcibly  entered  the  habitation 
of  his  friend,  and  killed  the  greatest  part 
of  them.  Pholus  gave  the  dead  a  decent 
funeral,  but  he  mortally  wounded  himself 
with  one  of  the  arrows  which  were  poi- 
soned with  the  venom  of  the  hydra,  and 
which  he  attempted  to  extract  from  the 
body  of  one  of  the  Centaurs.  Hercules, 
unable  to  cure  him,  buried  him  when 
dead,  and  called  the  mountain  where  his 
remains  were  deposited  by  the  name  of 

Pholoe. One  of  the  friends  of  iEneas 

killed  by  Turnus. 

PnoRBis,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Epithesia, 
killed  during  the  Trojan  war,  by  Mene- 
laiis.  The  god  Somnus  borrowed  his  fea- 
tures when  he  deceived  Palinurus,  and 
threw  him  into  the  sea  near  the  coast  of 

Italy. A  son  of  Lapithus,  who  married 

Hyrmine,    the    daughter    of    Epeus,    by 

whom  he  had  Actor. A  shepherd  of 

Polybus  king  of  Corinth. -A  man  who 

profaned  Apollo's  temple. A  King  of 

Argos. A  native  of  Syrene,  son  of 

Methion,  killed  by  Perseus. 

Phorcus,  or  Phorcys,  a  sea  deity,  son 
of  Pontus  and  Terra. One  of  the  aux- 
iliaries of  Priam,  killed  by  Ajax,  during 

the  Trojan  war. A  man  whose  seven 

sons  assisted  Turnus  against  ^Eneas. 

Phormio,  an  Athenian  general,  whose 
father's  name  was  Asopicus.  He  impov- 
erished himself  to  maintain  and  support 

the  dignity  of  his  army. A  general  of 

Crotona. A  Peripatetic  philosopher  of 

Ephesus. An  Athenian  archon. A 

disciple  of  Plato. 

Phormis,  an  Arcadian  who  acquired 
great  riches  at  the  court  of  Gelon  and  Hie- 
ro  in  Sicily. 

Phoroneus,  the  god  of  a  river  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus of  the  same  name,  and  second 
king  of  Argos.  Phoroneus  taught  his  sub- 
jects the  utility  of  laws,  and  the  advan- 
tages of  a  social  life,  and  of  friendly  inter- 
course, whence  the  inhabitants  of  Argolis 
are  often  called  Phoronmi.  Phoroneus 
was  the  first  who  raised  a  temple  to  Juno. 
He  received  divine  honors  after  death. 

Phoronis,  a  patronymic  of  Io,  as  sister 
of  Phoroneus. 

Phoronium,  a  town  of  Argolis. 

Photinus,  an  eunuch  who  was  prime 


minister  to  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypf, 
When  Ca?sar  triumphed  over  Egypt  and 
Alexandria,  the  pictures  of  Photinus,  and 
of  some  of  the  Egyptians,  were  carried  in 
the  procession  at  Rome. 

Photius,  a  son  of  Antonina,  who  be- 
trayed to  Belisarius  his  wife's  debauche- 
ries.^— A  patrician  in  Justinian's  reign. 
Phoxus,   a   general   of   the  Phocaeans,, 

who  burnt  Lampsacus. A  tyrant  of 

Chalcis,  banished  by  his  subjects. 

Phraates  1st,  a  king  of  Parthia,  who* 
succeeded  Arsaces  the  3d,  called  also 
Phriapatius.  He  left  many  children  be- 
hind him,  but  as  they  were  all  too  young, 
and  unable  to  succeed  to  the  throne,  he 
appointed  his  brother  Mithridates  king,  of 
whose   abilities,   and   military  prudence, 

he  had  often,  been  a  spectator. The  2d,, 

succeeded  his  father  Mithridates  as  king 
of  Parthia.  He  was  murdered  by  some 
Greek  mercenaries,  who  had  been  once 
his  captives,  and  who  had  enlisted  in  his 

army,  B.  C.  129. The  3d,  succeeded 

his  father  Pacorus  on  the  throne  of  Par- 
thia, and  gave  one  of  his  daughters  in 
marriage  to  Tigranes,  the  son  of  Tigranes 
king  of  Armenia.  Soon  after  he  invaded 
the  kingdom  of  Armenia,  to  make  his  son- 
in-law  sit  on  the  throne  of  his  father.  At 
his  return  in  Parthia,  he  was  assassinated: 

by  his  sons  Orodes  and  Mithridates. 

The  4th,  was  nominated  king  of  Parthia 
by  his  father  Orodes,  whom  he  soon  after 
murdered,  as  also  his  own  brothers.  He 
made  war  against  M.  Antony  with  great 
success,  and  obliged  him  to  retire  with 
much  loss.  He  was  murdered  by  one  of 
his  concubines,  who  placed  her  son  called 

Phraatices  on  the  throne. A  prince  of 

Parthia  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. A 

satrap  of  Parthia. 

Phraatices,  a  son  of  Phraates  4th.  He,, 
with  his  mother,  murdered  his  father,  and 
took  possession  of  the  vacant  throne.  His 
reign  was  short. 

Phradates,  an  officer  in  the  army  of 
Darius  at  the  battle  of  Arbela. 

Phragand^e,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Phrahates,  the  same  as  Phraates. 

Phranicates,  a  general  of  the  Parthian 
armies. 

Phraortes  succeeded  his  father  Deio- 
ces  on  the  throne  of  Media.  He  was  de- 
feated and  killed  in  a  battle  by  the  Assy- 
rians, after  a  reign  of  twenty-two  years, 

B.  C.  625. A  king  of  India  remarkable 

for  his  frugality. 

Phrasicles,  a  nephew  of  Themistocles, 
whose  daughter  Nicomacha  he  married. 

Phrasimus,  the  father  of  Praxithea. 

Phrasius,  a  Cyprian  soothsayer,  sacri- 
ficed on  an  altar  by  Busiris  king  of  Egypt. 

Phrataphernes,  a  general  of  the  Mas- 
sagetae,  who  surrendered  to  Alexander. 
A  satrap  who,  after  the  death  of  Da- 
rius, fled  to  Hyrcania. 


PH 


302 


PH 


Phriapatius,  a  king  of  Parthia,  who 
flourished,  B.  C.  195. 

Phricium,  a  town  near  Thermopylae 

Phrixus,  a  river  of  Argolis.  There  is 
also  a  small  town  of  that  name  in  Elis, 
built  by  the  Minyae. 

Phronima,  a  daughter  of  Etearchus, 
king  of  Crete.  She  was  delivered  to  a 
servant  to  be  thrown  into  the  sea,  by  order 
of  her  father,  at  the  instigation  of  his 
second  wife.  The  servant  was  unwilling 
to  murder  the  child,  but  as  he  was  bound 
by  an  oath  to  throw  her  into  the  sea,  he 
accordingly  let  her  down  into  the  water 
by  a  rope,  and  took  her  out  again  unhurt. 

Phrontis,  son  of  Onetor,  pilot  of  the 
ship  of  Menelaus,  after  the  Trojan  war 
One  of  the  Argonauts. 

Phruri,  a  Scythian  nation. 

Phryges,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor. 

Phrygia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  gen- 
erally divided  into  Phrygia  Major  and 
Minor.  The  Phrygians,  like  all  other  na- 
tions, were  called  barbarians  by  the 
Greeks  ;  their  music  was  of  a  grave  and 
solemn  nature,  when  opposed  to  the  brisk- 
er and  more  cheerful  Lydian  airs. A 

city  of  Thrace. 

Phryne,  a  courtezan  who  flourished  at 
Athens  about  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

There  was  also  another  of  the  same  name 
who  was  accused  of  impiety.  When  she 
saw  that  she  was  going  to  be  condemned, 
she  unveiled  her  bosom,  which  so  influ- 
enced her  judges,  that  she  was  immedi- 
ately acquitted. 

Phrynicus,  a  general  of  Samos,  who 
endeavored  to  betray  his  country  to  the 

Athenians. A  flatterer  at  Athens. 

A  tragic  poet  of  Athens,  disciple  to  Thes- 
pis.     He  was  the  first  who  introduced  a 

female  character  on  the  stage. A  comic 

poet. 

Phrynis,  a  musician  of  Mitylene,  the 
first  who  obtained  a  musical  prize  at  the 
Panathenaea  at  Athens.  He  added  two 
strings  to  the  lyre,  which  had  always  been 
used  with  seven  by  all  his  predecessors, 

B.  C.  438. A  writer  in  the  reign  of 

Commodus. 

Phryno,  a  celebrated  general  of  Athens, 
who  died  B.  C.  590. 

Phryxus,  a  son  of  Athamas,  king  of 
Thebes,  by  Nephele.  After  the  repudia- 
tion of  his  mother,  he  was  persecuted 
with  the  most  inveterate  fury  by  his  step- 
mother Ino.  He  was  apprized  of  Ino's 
intentions  upon  his  life,  by  his  mother 
Nephele,  and  the  better  to  make  his  es- 
cape, he  secured  part  of  his  father's  treas- 
ures, and  privately  left  Bceotia  with  his 
sister  Helle.  They  embarked  on  board  a 
ship,  or,  according  to  the  fabulous  account 
of  the  poets  and  mythologists,  they  mount- 
ed on  the  back  of  a  ram  whose  fleece  was 
of  gold,  and  proceeded  on  their  journey 


through  the  air.  The  height  to  which 
they  were  carried  made  Helle  giddy,  and 
she  fell  into  the  sea.  Phryxus  gave  her  a 
decent  burial  on  the  sea  shore,  and  after 
he  had  called  the  place  Hellespont  from 
her  name,  he  continued  his  flight,  and  ar- 
rived safe  in  the  kingdom  of  iEetes,  where 
lie  offered  the  ram  on  the  altars  of  Mars. 
The  king  received  him  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  gave  him  his  daughter  Chal- 
ciope  in  marriage.  Some  time  after 
he  was  murdered  by  his  father-in-law 
Phryxus  was  placed  among  the  constella- 
tions of  heaven  after  death. A  small 

river  of  Argolis. 

Phthia,  a  town  of  Phthiotis,  at  the 
east  of  mount  Othrys  in  Thessaly,  where 

Achilles    was    born. A    nymph    of 

Achaia,  beloved  by  Jupiter. A  daugh- 
ter of  Amphiori  and  Niobe,  killed  by  Diana. 

Phthiotis,  a  small  province  of  Thes- 
saly, also  called  Achaia. 

Phya,  a  tall  and  beautiful  woman  of 
Attica,  whom  Pisistratus,  when  he  wish- 
ed to  re-establish  himself  a  third  time  in 
his  tyranny,  dressed  like  the  goddess  Mi- 
nerva, and  led  to  the  city  on  a  chariot, 
making  the  populace  believe  that  the  god- 
dess herself  came  to  restore  him  to  pow- 
er.    The  artifice  succeeded. 

Phycus,  a  promontory,  near  Cyrene, 
now  called  Ras-al-sem. 

Phylace,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  built  by 

Phylacus. A  town  of  Arcadia. A 

town  of  Epirus. 

Phylacus,  a  son  of  Deion,  king  of  Pho- 
cis. 

Phylarchus,  a  Greek  biographer,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  221. 

Phylas,  a  king  of  Ephyre,  son  of  Anti- 
ochus,  and  grandson  of  Hercules. 

Phyle,  a  well  fortified  village  of  Attica. 

Phyleis,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Phyleus,   one  of  the   Greek   captains 

during  the  Trojan  war. A  son  of  Au- 

geas,  placed  on  his  father's  throne  by  Her- 
cules. 

Phylla,  the  wife  of  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes,  and  mother  of  Stratonice,  the  wife 
of  Seleucus. 

Phyllalia,  a  part  of  Arcadia. A 

place  in  Thessaly. 

Phylleius,  a  mountain,  country,  and 
town  of  Macedonia. 

Phyllis,  a  daughter  of  Sithon,  or,  ac- 
cording to  others,  of  Lycurgus,  king  of 
Thrace,  who  hospitably  received  Demo- 
phoon  the  son  of  Theseus,  who,  at  his  re- 
turn from  the  Trojan  war,  had  stopped 
on  her  coasts.  She  became  enamored  of 
him,  and  did  not  find  him  insensible  to  her 
passion.  After  some  months  of  mutual 
tenderness  and  affection,  Demophoon  set 
sail  for  Athens,  where  his  domestic  affairs 
recalled  him.  He  promised  faithfully  to 
return  as  soon  as  a  month  was  expired  ; 
but  either  his  dislike  for  Phvllis,  or  the 


ri 


303 


PI 


irreparable  situation  of  his  afTiirs,  obii^ud 
him  to  violate  his  engagement,  and  t!ie 
queen  threw  herself  down  a  precipice  iiuo 
the  sea,  and  perished.  Her  f;iends  raised 
a  tomb  over  her  body,  where  there  grew 
up  certain  trees,  whose  leaves,  at  a  par- 
ticular season  of  the  year,  suddenly  be- 
came wet,   as   if  shedding  tears  for  the 

death  of  Phyllis. A  country  woman 

introduced  in  Virgil's  eclogues. The 

nurse  of  the  emperor  Domitian. A 

country  of  Thrace  near  mount  Pangfeus. 

Phyllius,  a  young  Bceotian,  uncom- 
monly fond  of  Cygnus,  the  son  of  Hyria, 
a  woman  of  Boeotia.  Cygnus  slighted  his 
passion,  and  told  him  that,  to  obtain  a 
return  of  affection,  he  must  previously  de- 
stroy an  enormous  lion,  take  alive  two 
large  vultures,  and  sacrifice  on  Jupiter's 
altar's  a  wild  bull  that  infested  the  coun- 
try. This  he  easily  effected  by  means  of 
artifice,  and  by  the  advice  of  Hercules  he 
forgot  his  partiality  for  the  son  of  Hyria. 

A  Spartan  remarkable  for  the  courage 

with  which  he  fought  against  Pyrrhus, 
king  of  Epirus. 

Phyllodoce,  one  of  Cyrene's  attend- 
ant nymphs. 

Phyllos,  a  country  of  (Arcadia. — A 

town  of  Thessaly  near'  Lanssa,  where 
Apollo  had  a  temple. 

Phyllus,  a  general  of  Phocis  during 
the  Phocian  or  sacred  war  against  the 
Thebans.  He  had  assumed  the  command 
after  the  death  of  his  brothers  Philomelus 
and  Onomarchus. 

Physcella,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Physcion,  a  famous  rock  of  Bosotia, 
which  was  the  residence  of  the  Sphynx. 

Pkyscoa,  a  woman  of  Elis,  mother  of 
Jiareceus,  by  Bacchus. 

Physcot*,  a  surname  of  one  of  the  Pto- 
femies,  kings  of  Egypt. 

Physcos,  a  town  of  Caria,  opposite 
Rhodes. 

Physcus,  a  river  of  Asia  falling  into  the 
Tigris. 

Phytalides,  the  descendant  of  Phyta- 
lus,  a  man  who  hospitably  received  and 
entertained  Ceres,  when  she  visited  Atti- 
ca. 

Phyton,  a  general  of  the  people  of 
Rhegium  against  Dionysius  the  tyrant  of 
Sicily.  He  was  taken  by  the  enemy  and 
tortured,  B.  C.  387. 

Phyxium,  a  town  of  Elis. 

Pia,  or  Pialia,  festivals  instituted  in 
honor  of  Adrian,  by  the  emperor  Antoni- 
nus. 

Piasus,  a  general  of  the  Pelasgi. 

Piceni,  the  inhabitants  of  Picenum, 
called  also  Picentes. 

Picentia,  the  capital  of  the  Picentini. 

Picentini,  a  people  of  Ita'y,  between 
Lucania  and  Campania  on  the  Tusc  :n 
sea. 

Picskum,  or  Picenus  ager,  a  country 


of  Italy  near  the  Umbrians  and  Sabines, 
on  the  borders  of  the  Adriatic. 

Picra,  a  lake  of  Africa. 

Pictjej  or  Picti,  a  people  of  Scythia, 
called  also  A^atinjr.^v.  They  received 
this  name  from  their  painting  their  bodies 
with  different  colors,  to  appear  more  ter- 
rible in  the  eyes  of  their  enemies. 

Pictavi,  or  Pictones,  a  people  of  Gaul, 
in  the  modern  country  of  Poictou. 

Pictavium,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Fabius  Pictor,  a  consul  under  whom 
silver  was  first  coined  at  Rome,  A.  U.  C. 
485. 

Picomnus,  and  Pilumnus,  two  deities 
at  Rome,  who  presided  over  the  auspices, 
that  were  required  before  the  celebration 
of  nuptials. 

Picus,  a  king  of  Lalium,  son  of  Saturn, 
who  married  Venilia,  who  is  also  called 
Canens,  by  whom  he  had  Paunus.  As  he 
was  one  day  hunting  in  the  woods,  he 
was  met  by  Circe,  who  became  deeply 
enamored  of  him,  and  who  changed  him 
into  a  woodpecker,  called  by  the  name  of 
picas  among  the  Latins. 

Pidorus,  a  town  near  mount  Athos. 

Pidytes,  a  man  killed  by  Ulysses  dur- 
ing the  Trojan  war. 

Pizlus,  a  son  of  Neoptclemus,  king  of 
Epirus,  after  his  father. 

Pi  era,  a  fountain  of  Peloponnesus,  be- 
tween Elis  and  Olympia. 

Pieria,  a  small  tract  of  country  in  Thes- 
saly or  Macedonia. A  place  between 

Cilicia  and  Syria. One  of  the  wives 

of  Danaus. The  wife  of  Oxylus,  the 

son  of  Hremon,  and  mother  of  yEtolus  and 
Laias. The  daughter  of  Pythas,  a  Mi- 
lesian, &c. 

Pi  brides,  a  name  given  to  the  Muses, 
either  because  they  were  born  in  Pieria, 
in  Thessaly,  or  because  they  were  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  daughters  of  Pie- 
rus,  a  king  of  Macedonia,  who  settled  in 

Bceotia. Also  the  daughters  of  Pierus, 

who  challenged  the  Muses  to  a  trial  in 
music,  in  which  they  were  conquered  and 
changed  into  magpies. 

Pieris,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia. 

Pierus,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly,  sacred 

to  the  Muses. A  rich  man  of  Thessaly, 

whose  nine   daughters,   called    Pierides, 

challenged  the   Muses. A  river   of 

Achaia,  in  Peloponnesus. A  town  of 

Thessaly. A  mountain  with  a  lake  of 

the  same  name  in  Macedonia. 

Pietas,  a  virtue  which  denotes  venera- 
tion for  the  deity,  and  love  and  tenderness 
to  our  friends.  It  received  divine  honors 
among  the  Romans,  and  was  made  one  of 
their  gods. 

Pigres  and  Mattyas,  two  brothers. ■ 

The  name  of  three  rivers. 

Pigrum  mare,  a  name  applied  to  the 
Northern  sea,  from  its  being  frozen. 

Pilumnus,  the  £od  of  bakers  at  Rome. 


PI 


304 


PI 


Pimpla,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia  with 
a  fountain  of  the  same  name,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Thessaly,  near  Olympus,  sacred  to 
the  Muses. 
Pimprana,  a  town  on  the  Indus. 
Pinare,  an  island  of  the  ^Egean  sea. 

A  town  of  Syria,  at  the  south  of  mount 

A  man  us of  Lycia. 

Pinarius  and  Potitius,  two  old  men 
•of  Arcadia,  who  came  with  Evander  to 
Italy.  They  were  instructed  by  Hercu- 
les, who  visited  the  court  of  Evander, 
how  they  were  to  offer  sacrifices  to  his 
divinity,  in  the  morning,  and  in  the  eve- 
ning, immediately  at  sunset.  The  morn- 
ing sacrifice  they  punctually  performed, 
but  on  the  evening  Potitius  was  obliged  to 
offer  the  sacrifice  alone,  as  Pinarius  neg- 
lected to  come  till  after  the  appointed  time. 
This  negligence  offended  Hercules,  and 
he  ordered,  that  for  the  future,  Pinarius 
and  his  descendants  should  preside  over 
the  sacrifices,  but  that  Potitius,  with  his 
posterity  should  wait  upon  the  priests  as 
servants,  when  the  sacrifices  were  annu- 
ally offered  \o  him  on  mount  Aventine. 

M.  Pinarius  Rusca,  a  pretor,  who  con- 
quered Sardinia,  and  defeated  the  Corsi- 
cans. 

Pinarus,  or  Pind-ds,  now  Delifou,  a 
river  falling  into  the  sea  near  Issus. 
Pincum,  a  town  of  Mcesia  Superior. 
Pindarus,  a  celebrated  lyric  poet,  of 
Thebes.  He  was  carefully  trained  from 
his  earliest  years  to  the  study  of  music  and 
poetry,  and  he  was  taught  how  to  com- 
pose verses  with  elegance  and  simplicity, 
by  Myrtis  and  Corinna.  When  he  was 
young,  it  is  said  that  a  swarm  of  bees  set- 
tled chs  his  lips,  and  there  left  some  honey- 
combs as  he  reposed  on  the  grass.  This 
was  universally  explained  as  a  prognostic 
of  his  future  greatness  and  celebrity,  and 
indeed  he  seemed  entitled  to  notice  when 
he  had  conquered  Myrtis  in  a  musical 
contest.  He  was  not  however  so  success- 
ful against  Corinna,  who  obtained  five 
times,  while  he  was  competitor,  a  poet- 
ical prize,  which  according  to  some,  was 
adjudged  rather  to  the  chaims  of  her  per- 
son, than  to  the  brilliancy  of  her  genius, 
or  the  superiority  of  her  composition.  In 
the  public  assemblies  of  Greece,  where 
females  were  not  permitted  to  contend, 
Pindar  was  rewarded  with  the  prize,  in 
preference  to  every  other  competitor;  and 
as  the  conquerors  at  Olympia  were  the 
subject  of  his  compositions  the  poet  was 
courted  by  statesmen  and  princes.  His 
hymns  and  pseans  were  repeated  before 
the  most  crowded  assemblies  in  the  tem- 
ples of  Greece  ;  and  the  priestess  of  Del- 
phi declared  that  it  was  the  will  of  Apol- 
lo, that  Pindar  should  receive  the  half  of 
all  the  first  fruit  offerings  that  were  an- 
nually heaped  on  his  altars.  This  was 
not  the  only  public  honor  which  he  receiv- 


ed ;  after  his  death,  he  was  honored  with 
every  mark  of  respect,  even  to  adoration. 
His  statue  was  erected  at  Thebes  in  the 
public  place  where  the  games  were  ex- 
hibited, and  six  centuries  after  it  was 
viewed  with  pleasure  and  admiration,  by 
the  geographer  Pausanias.  It  is  said  that 
Pindar  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty- 
six,  B.  C.  435.  The  greatest  part  of  his 
works  have  perished.  He  had  written 
some  hymns  to  the  gods,  poems  in  honor 
of  Apollo,  dithyrambics  to  Bacchus,  and 
odes  on  several  victories  obtained  at  the 
four  greatest  festivals  of  the  Greeks,  the 
Olympic,  Isthmian,  Pythian  and  Nemean 
games.  Of  all  these,  the  odes  are  the  only 
compositions  extant,  admired  for  sublimi- 
ty of  sentiments,  grandeur  of  expression, 
energy  and  magnificence  of  style,  bold 
ness  of  metaphors,  harmony  of  numbers, 

and  elegance  of  diction. A  tyrant  of 

Ephesus. A  Theban,  who  wrote  a 

Latin  poem  on  the  Trojan  war. 
Pindasus,  a  mountain  of  Troas. 
Pindenissus,  a  town  of  Cilicia,  on  the 
borders  of  Syria. 

Pindus,  a  mountain,  or  rather  a  chain 
of  mountains,  between  Thessaly,  Macedo- 
nia, and  Epirus.  It  was  greatly  celebrat- 
ed as  being  sacred  to  the  Muses  and  to 

Apollo. A  town  of  Doris  in  Greece, 

called  also  Cyphas. 

Pingus,  a  river  of  Mysia,  falling  into  the 
Danube. 

Pinna,  a  town  of  Italy,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Matrinus,  south  of  Picenum. 

Pintia,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  supposed 
to  be  Valladolid. 

Pi  on,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Hercu- 
les who  built  Pionia,  near  the  Caycus  in 
Mysia. 
Pione,  one  of  the  Nereides. 
Pionia,  a  town  of  Mysia,  near  the  Cay- 
cus. 

Pirjeus,  or  Piraeus,  a  celebrated  har- 
bor at  Athens,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cephi- 
sus,  about  three  miles  distant  from  the 
city.  It  was  joined  to  the  town  by  two 
walls,  in  circumference  seven  miles  and 
a  half,  and  sixty  feet  high,  which  The- 
mistocles  wished  to  raise  in  a  double  pro- 
portion. One  of  these  was  built  by  Peri- 
cles, and  the  other  by  Themistocles.  The 
towers  which  were  raised  on  the  walls  to 
serve  as  a  defence,  were  turned  into 
dwelling-houses,  as  the  population  of 
Athens  gradually  increased.  It  was  the 
most  capacious  of  all  the  harbors  of  the 
Athenians. 

Piranthus,  a  son  of  Argus  and  Evad- 
ne,  brother  to  Jasus,  Epidaurus,  and  Pe- 
rasus. 

Pirene,  a  daughter  o£  Danaus. A 

dauahter  of  OZbalus,  or  according  to  oth- 
ers, "of  the  Achelous.  Pirene  was  so  dis- 
consolate at  the  death  of  her  son  Cen- 
chrius,  who  had   been  killed  by  Diana, 


PI    s. 


805 


PI 


t.iat  she  pined  away,  and  was  dissolved 
I  /  her  continual  weeping  into  a  fountain 
of  the  same  name,  which  was  still  seen  at 
Corinth  in  the  age  of  Pausanias.  The 
fountain  Pirene  was  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
and  according  to  some,  the  horse  Pegasus 
was  then  drinking  some  of  its  waters, 
when  Bellerophon  took  it  to  go  and  con- 
quer the  Chimcera. 

Pirithous,  a  son  of  Ixion  and  the  cloud, 
or  according  to  others,  of  Dia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Deioneus.  He  formed  an  intimate 
attachment  to  the  celebrated  Theseus,  and 
sometime  after  married  Hippodamia,  and 
invited  not  only  the  heroes  of  his  age,  but 
also  the  gods  themselves,  and  his  neigh- 
bors the  Centaurs,  to  celebrate  his  nup- 
tials. Mars  was  the  only  one  of  the  gods 
who  was  not  invited,  and  to  punish  this 
neglect,  the  god  of  war  was  determined 
to  raise  a  quarrel  among  the  guests,  and 
to  disturb  the  festivity  of  the  entertain- 
ment. Eurythion,  captivated  with  the 
beauty  of  Hippodamia,  and  intoxicated 
with  wine,  attempted  to  offer  violence  to 
the  bride,  but  he  was  prevented  by  The- 
seus, and  immediately  killed.  This  irri- 
tated the  rest  of  the  Centaurs,  the  contest 
became  general,  but  the  valor  of  Theseus, 
Pirithous,  Hercules,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Lapithas,  triumphed  over  their  enemies. 
Many  of  the  Centaurs  were  slain,  and  the 
rest  saved  their  lives  by  flight.  The  death 
of  Hippodamia  left  Pirithous  very  discon- 
solate, and  he  resolved,  with  his  friend 
Theseus,  who  had  likewise  lost  his  wife, 
never  to  marry  again,  except  to  a  goddess, 
or  one  of  the  daughters  of  the  gods.  This 
determination  occasioned  the  rape  of 
Helen  by  the  two  friends,  the  lot  was 
drawn,  and  it  fell  to  the  share  of  Theseus 
lo  have  the  beautiful  prize.  Pirithous 
upon  this  undertook  with  his  friend  to 
carry  away  Proserpine  and  to  marry  her. 
They  descended  into  the  infernal  regions, 
but  Pluto,  who  was  apprized  of  their  ma- 
chinations to  disturb  his  conjugal  peace, 
stopped  the  two  fr.ends  and  confined  them 
there.  Pirithous  was  tied  to  his  father's 
wheel,  or  according  to  Hyginus,  he  was 
delivered  to  the  furies  to  be  continually 
tormented.  His  punishment,  however, 
was  short,  and  when  Hercules  visited  the 
kingdom  of  Pluto,  he  obtained  from  Pro- 
serpine, the  pardon  of  Pirithous,  and 
brought  him  back  to  his  kingdom  safe  and 
unhurt.  Some  suppose  that  he  was  torn 
to  pieces  by  the  dog  Cerberus. 

Pmus,  a  captain  of  the  Thracians  dur- 
ing the  Trojan  war,  killed  by  Thoas,  king 
of  iEtolia. 

Pirust^e,  a  people  of  Illyricum. 

Pisa,  a  town  of  Elis  on  the  Alpheus,  at 
the  west  of  the  Peloponnesus,  founded  by 
Pisus  the  son  of  Perieres,  and  grandson 
of  iEolus.  Its  inhabitants  accompanied 
Nestor  to  the  Trojan  war,  and  they  en- 
23* 


joyed  long  the  privilege  of  presiding  at 
the  Olympic  games  which  were  celebrated 
near  their  city. 

Pis*.,  a  town  of  Etruria,  built  by  a  colo- 
ny from  Pisa  in  the  Peloponnesus.  The 
inhabitants  were  called  Pisani.  Pisse  was 
once  a  very  powerful  and  flourishing  city, 
which  conquered  the  Baleares,  together 
with  Sardinia  and  Corsica. 

Pis-eus,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at  Pisa. 

Pisander,  a  son  of  Bellerophon  killed 

by  the  Solymi. A  Trojan  chief  killed 

by  Menelaus. One  of  Penelope's  suit- 
ors, son  of  Polyctor. A  son  of  Antima- 

chus,  killed  by  Agamemnon   during  the 

Trojan  war. An  admiral  of  the  Spartan 

fleet  during  the  Peloponnesian  war.  He 
was  killed  in  a  naval  battle  by  Conon  the 
Athenian  general  near  Cnidus,  B.  C.  391. 
A  poet  of  Rhodes. 

Pi3ates,  or  PisiEi,  the  inhabitants  of 
Pisa  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

Pisaurus,  now  Fog-lia,  a  river  of  Pice- 
num,  with  a  town  called  Pisaurum,  now 
Pesaro,  which  became  a  Roman  colony 
in  the  consulship  of  Claudius  Pulcher. 
The  town  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

Pisenor,  a  son  of  Ixion  and  the  cloud. 

One  of  the  ancestors  of  the  nurse  of 

Ulysses. 

Pise  us,  a  king  of  Etruria,  about  two 
hundred  and  sixty  years  before  the  found- 
ation of  Rome. 

Pi  si  as,  a  general  of  the  Argives  in  the 

age  of  Epaminondas. A  statuary  at 

Athens  celebrated  for  his  pieces. 

Pisidia,  an  inland  country  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, between  Phrygia,  Pamphylia,  Gala- 
tia,  and  Isauria.    It  was  rich  and  fertile. 

Pisidice,   a  daughter  of  ^Eolus,  who 

married  Myrmidon. A  daughter  of 

Nestor. A  daughter  of  Pelias. The 

daughter  of  a  king  of  Methymna  in  Les- 
bos. She  became  enamored  of  Achilles 
when  he  invaded  her  father's  kingdom, 
and  she  promised  to  deliver  the  city  into 
his  hands  if  he  would  marry  her.  Achil- 
les agreed  to  the  proposal,  but  when  he 
became  master  of  Methymna,  he  ordered 
Pisidice  to  be  stoned  to  death  for  her  per- 
fidy. 

Pisis,  a  native  of  Thespis,  who  gained 
uncommon  influence  among  the  Thebans, 
and  behaved  with  great  courage  in  the 
defence  of  their  liberties.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Demetrius,  who  made  him 
governor  of  Thespiae. 

PisisTRATiDiE,the  descendants  of  Pisis- 
tratus,  tyrant  of  Athens. 

Pisistratides,  a  man  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  the  satraps  of  the  king  of  Persia  by 
the  Spartans. 

Pisistratus,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Hip 
pocrates,  who  early  distinguished  himself 
by  his  valor  in  the  field,  and  by  his  ad- 
dress and  eloquence  at  home.     After  lie 


PI 


306 


PI 


had  rendered  himself  the  favorite  of  the 
populace  by  his  liberality  and  by  the  in- 
trepidity with  which  he  had  fought  their 
battles,  particularly  near  Salamis,  he  re- 
solved to  make  himself  master  of  his 
country.  Every  thing  seemed  favorable 
to  his  views,  but  Solon  alone,  who  was 
then  at  the  head  of  affairs,  and  who  had 
lately  instituted  his  celebrated  laws,  op- 
posed him  and  discovered  his  duplicity 
and  artful  behavior  before  the  public  as- 
sembly. Pisistratus  was  not  disheartened 
by  the  measures  of  his  relation  Solon,  but 
he  had  recourse  to  artifice.  In  returning 
from  his  country  house,  he  cut  himself  in 
various  places,  and  after  he  had  exposed 
his  mangled  body  to  the  eyes  of  the  popu- 
lace, deplored  his  misfortunes,  and  accus- 
ed his  enemies  of  attempts  upon  his  life, 
because  he  was  the  friend  of  the  people, 
the  guardian  of  the  poor,  and  the  reliever 
of  the  oppressed,  he  claimed  a  chosen  body 
of  fifty  men  from  the  populace  to  defend 
his  person  in  future  from  the  malevolence 
and  the  cruelty  of  his  enemies.  The  un- 
suspecting people  unanimously  granted  his 
request,  though  Solon  opposed  it  with  all 
his  influence  ;  and  Pisistratus  had  no  soon- 
er received  an  armed  band  on  whose  fidel- 
ity and  attachment  he  could  rely,  than  he 
seized  the  citadel  of  Athens,  and  made 
himself  absolute.  The  people  too  late  per- 
ceived their  credulity  ;  yet,  though  the 
tyrant  was  popular,  two  of  the  citizens, 
Megacles  and  Lycurgus,  conspired  together 
against  him,  and  by  their  means  he  was 
forcibly  ejected  from  the  city.  His  house 
and  all  his  effects  were  exposed  to  sale, 
hut  there  was  found  in  Athens  only  one 
man  who  would  buy  them.  The  private 
dissensions  of  the  friends  of  liberty  proved 
favorable  to  the  expelled  tyrant,  and  Me- 
gacles, who  was  jealous  of  Lycurgus,  se- 
cretly promised  to  restore  Pisistratus  to  all 
his  rights  and  privileges  in  Athens,  if  he 
would  marry  his  daughter.  Pisistratus 
consented,  and  by  the  assistance  of  his 
father-in-law,  he  was  soon  enabled  to  ex- 
pel Lycurgus,  and  to  reestablish  himself. 
By  means  of  a  woman  called  Phya,  whose 
shape  was  tall,  and  whose  features  were 
noble  and  commanding,  he  imposed  upon 
the  people,  and  created  himself  adherents 
even  among  his  enemies.  Phya  was  con- 
ducted through  the  streets  of  the  city,  and 
showing  herself  subservient  to  the  artifice 
of  Pisistratus,  she  was  announced  as  Mi- 
nerva, the  goddess  of  wisdom,  and  the 
patroness  of  Athens,  who  was  come  down 
from  heaven  to  reestablish  her  favorite 
Pisistratus,  in  a  power  which  was  sanc- 
tioned by  the  will  of  heaven,  and  favored 
by  the  affection  of  the  people.  In  the 
midst  of  his  triumph,  however,  Pisistratus 
found  himself  unsupported,  and  sometime 
after,  when  he  repudiated  the  daughter  of 
Megaeles,  he  found  that  not  only  the  citi- 


zens, but  even  his  very  troops  were  alien- 
ated from  him  by  the  influence,  the  in- 
trigues, and  the  bribery  of  his  father-in- 
law.  He  fled  from  Athens  where  he 
could  no  longer  maintain  his  power,  and 
retired  to  Euboea.  Eleven  years  after,  he 
was  drawn  from  his  obscure  retreat,  by 
means  of  his  son  Hippias,  and  he  was  a 
third  time  received  by  the  people  of  Ath- 
ens as  their  master  and  sovereign.  Upon 
this  he  sacrificed  to  his  resentment  the 
friends  of  Megacles,  but  he  did  not  lose 
sight  of  the  public  good  ;  and  while  he 
sought  the  aggrandizement  of  his  family, 
he  did  not  neglect  the  dignity  and  the 
honor  of  the  Athenian  name.  "  He  died 
about  five  hundred  and  twenty  seven 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  after  he 
had  enjoyed  the  sovereign  power  at  Ath- 
ens for  thirty-three  years,  including  the 
years  of  his  banishment,  and  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Hipparchus. A  king 

of  Orchomenos,  who  rendered  himself 
odious  by  his  cruelty  towards  the  nobles. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  them,  and  they 
carried  away  his  body  from  the  public  as- 
sembly, by  hiding  each  a  piece  of  his  flesh 
under  their  garments,  to  prevent  a  dis- 
covery from  the  people,  of  which  he  was 

a  great  favorite. A  Theban  attached 

to  the  Roman  interest,  while  the  consul 
Flaminius  was  in  Greece.  He  assassin- 
ated the  pretor  of  Bosotia,  fot  which  he 
was  put  to  death. 

Pi  so,  a  celebrated  family  at  Rome, 
which  was  a  branch  of  the  Calpurnians, 
descended  from  Calpus  the  son  of  Numa. 
Before  the  death  of  Augustus,  eleven  of 
this  family  had  obtained  the  consulship, 
and  many  had  been  honored  with  tri- 
umphs, on  account  of  their  victories,  in 
the  different,  provinces  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire. Of  this  family  the  most  famous 
were — Lucius  Calpurnius,  who  was  tri- 
bune of  the  people,  about  one  hundred 
and  forty-nine  years  before  Christ,  and  af- 
terwards consul.  His  frugality  procured 
him  the  surname  of  Frugi,  and  he  gained 
the  greatest  honors  as  an  orator,  a  lawyer, 
a  statesman,  and  an  historian.  He  com- 
posed some  annals  and  harangues,  which 
were  lost  in  the  age  of  Cicero.     His  style 

was  obscure  and  inelegant. Cains,  a 

Roman  consul,  A.  U.  C.  687,  who  support- 
ed the  consular  dignity  against  the  tu- 
mults of  the  tribunes,  and  the  clamors  of 

the  people. Cneius,  another  consul 

under  Augustus.  He  was  one  of  the  fa- 
vorites of  Tiberius,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Syria,  where  he  ren- 
dered himself  odious  by  his  cruelty.  He 
was  accused  of  having  poisoned  Germani- 
cus,  and  when  he  saw  that  he  was  shun- 
ned and  despised  by  his  friends,  he  de- 
stroyed himself,  A.  D.  20. Lucius,  a 

governor  of  Spain,  who  was  assassinated 
by  a  peasant,  as  he  was  travelling  through 


PI 


307 


PI 


the  country. Lucius,  a  private  man, 

accused  of  having  uttered  seditious  words 

against  the  emperor  Tiberius. Lucius, 

a  governor  of  Rome  for  twenty  years,  an 
office  which  he  discharged  with  the  great- 
est justice  and  credit.  He  was  greatly 
honored  by  the  friendship  of  Augustus,  as 
well  as  of  his  successor,  a  distinction  he 
deserved,  both  as  a  faithful  citizen  and  a 
man  of  learning.  Horace  dedicated  his 
pGem  de  arte  Poeiicd,  to  his  two  sons, 
whose  partiality  for  literature  had  distin- 
guished them  among  the  rest  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  who  were  fond  of  cultivating 

poetry  in  their  leisure  hours. Cneius, 

a  factious  and  turbulent  youth,  who  con- 
spired against  his  country  with  Catiline. 
He  was  among  the  friends  of  Julius  Cre- 

sar. Caius,  a  Roman  who  was  at  the 

head  of  a  celebrated  conspiracy  against 
the  emperor  Nero.  He  had  rendered  him- 
self a  favorite  of  the  people  by  his  private, 
as  well  as  public  virtues,  by  the  generosi- 
ty of  his  behavior,  his  fondness  of  pleasure 
with  the  voluptuous,  and  his  austerity 
with  the  grave  and  the  reserved.  He  had 
been  marked  by  some  as  a  proper  person 
to  succeed  the  emperor  ;  but  the  discovery 
of  the  plot  by  a  freedman,  who  was  among 
the  conspirators,  soon  cut  him  off,  with 
all  his  partisans.  He  refused  to  court  the 
affections  of  the  people,  and  of  the  army, 
when  the  whole  had  been  made  public,  and 
instead  of  taking  proper  measures  for  his 
preservation,  either  by  proclaiming  him- 
self emperor,  as  his  friends  advised,  or  by 
seeking  a  retreat  in  the  distant  provinces 
of  the  empire,  he  retired  to  his  own  house, 
where  he   opened   the  veins  of  both  his 

arms,  and  bled  to  death. Lucius,  a 

senator  who  followed  the  emperor  Vale- 
rian into  Persia.  He  proclaimed  himself 
emperor  after  the  death  of  Valerian,  but 
he  was  defeated  and  put  to  death  a  few 

weeks  after,  A.  D.  261,  by  Valens. Lu- 

cinianus,  a  senator  adopted  by  the  empe- 
ror Galba.   He  was  put  to  death  by  Otho's 

orders. A  son-in-law  of  Cicero. A 

patrician,  whose  daughter  married  Julius 
Csesar. One  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ap- 
pointed over  Athens  by  Lysander. 

Pisonis  villa,  a  place  near  Baias  in 
Campania,  which  the  emperor  Nero  often 
frequented. 

Pissirus,  a  town  of  Thrace,  near  the 
river  Nestus. 

Pistoe,  a  surname  given  to  Jupiter  by 
the  Romans,  signifying  baker,  because 
when  their  city  was  taken  by  the  Gauls, 
the  god  persuaded  them  to  throw  down 
loaves  from  the  Tarpeian  hill  where  they 
were  besieged,  that  the  enemy  might  from 
thence  suppose,  that  they  Were  noUn  want 
of  provisions,  though  in  reality  they  were 
near  surrendering  through  famine.  This 
deceived  the  Gauls,  and  they  soon  after 
raised  the  siege. 


Pistoria,  now  Pisioja,  a  town  of  Etru 
ria,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  near  Flo- 
rence. 

Pisus,  a  son  of  Aphareus,  or  according 
to  others  of  Perieres. 

Pisuthnes,  a  Persian  satrap  of  Lydia, 
who  revolted  from  Darius  Nothus.  His 
father's  name  was  Hystaspes. 

Pitane,  a  town  of  iEolia  in  Asia  Minor. 
The  inhabitants  made  bricks  which  swam 

on  the  surface  of  the  water. A  town  of 

Laconia. 

PiTARATUs,an  Athenian  archon,  during 
whose  magistracy  Epicurus  died. 

Pithecusa,  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Etruria,  anciently  called  JEnaria,  and 
Enarina,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  top  of  a  mountain.  The  frequent 
earthquakes  to  which  it  was  subject, 
obliged  the  inhabitants  to  leave  it. 

Pitho,  called  also  Suada,  the  goddess 
of  persuasion  among  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, supposed  to  be  the  daughter  of  Mer- 
cury and  Venus.  She  was  represented 
with  a  diadem  on  her  head,  to  intimate 
her  influence  over  the  hearts  of  men. 
One  of  her  arms  appears  raised  as  in  the 
attitude  of  an  orator,  haranguing  in  a  pub- 
lic assembly,  and  with  the  other  she  holds 
a  thunderbolt  and  fetters,  made  with  flow- 
ers, to  signify  the  powers  of  reasoning, 

and  the  attractions  of  eloquence. A 

Roman  courtezan. 

Pitholaus  and  Lycophros,  seized 
upon  the  sovereign  power  of  Pherae,  by 
killing  Alexander.  They  were  ejected  by 
Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Pitholeon,  an  insignificant  poet  of 
Rhodes,  who  mingled  Greek  and  Latin  in 
his  compositions. 

Pithon,  one  of  the  body  guards  of  Al- 
exander, put  to  death  by  Antiochus. 

Pithvs,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Pan.  Bo- 
reas was  also  fond  of  her,  but  she  slighted 
his  addresses,  upon  which  he  dashed  her 
against  a  rock,  and  she  was  changed  into 
a  pine  tree. 

Pittacus,  a  native  of  Mitylene  in  Les- 
bos, was  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece.  His  father's  name  was  Cyrradi- 
us.  With  the  assistance  of  the  sons  of 
Alcasus,  he  delivered  his  country  from  the 
oppression  of  the  tyrant  Melanchrus,  and 
in  the  war  which  the  Athenians  waged 
against  Lesbos  he  appeared  at  the  head 
of  his  countrymen,  and  challenged  to  sin- 
gle combat  Phrynon  the  enemy's  general. 
As  the  event  of  the  war  seemed  to  de- 
pend upon  this  combat,  Pittacus  had  re- 
course to  artifice,  and  when  he  engaged, 
he  entangled  his  adversary  in  a  net,  which 
he  had  concealed  under  his  shield,  and 
easily  despatched  him.  He  was  amply 
rewarded  for  his  victory,  and  his  country- 
men, sensible  of  his  merit,  unanimously 
appointed  him  governor  of  their  city  with 
unlimited    authority.       In  this    capacity 


PL 


808 


PL 


Pittacus  behaved  with  great  moderation 
and  prudence,  and  after  lie  had  governed 
his  fellow  citizens  with  the  strictest  jus- 
tice, and  after  he  had  established  and  en- 
forced the  most  salutary  laws,  he  volunta- 
rily resigned  the  sovereign  power  after  he 
had  enjoyed  it  for  ten  years,  observing 
that  the  virtues  and  innocence  of  private 
life  were  incompatible  with  the  power  and 
influence  of  a  sovereign.  His  disinterest- 
edness gained  him  many  admirers,  and 
when  the  Mityleneans  wished  to  reward 
his  public  services  by  presenting  him  with 
an  immense  tract  of  territory,  he  refused 
to  accept  more  land  than  what  should  be 
contained  within  the  distance  to  which  he 
could  throw  a  javelin.  He  died  in  the 
eighty-second  year  of  his  age,  about  five 
hundred  and  seventy  years  before  Christ, 
after  he  had  spent  the  last  ten  years  of  his 
life  in  literary  ease,  and  peaceful  retire- 
ment.  A  grandson  of  Porus  king  of  In- 
dia. 
Pitthea,  a  town  near  Trcezene. 
Pittheus,  a  king  of  Trcezene  in  Argo- 
lis,  son  of  Pelops  and  Hippodamia.  He 
was  universally  admired  for  his  learning, 
wisdom,  and  application. 

Pituanius,  a  mathematician  in  the  age 
of  Tiberius,  thrown  down  from  the  Tar- 
peian  rock. 

Pi  tula  ni,  a  people  cf  Umbria.     Their 
chief  town  was  called  Pilulum. 
Pityjea,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor. 
Pityassus,  a  town  of  Pisidia. 
Pityonesus,  a  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Peloponnesus,  near  Epidaurus. 

Pityus,  now  Pitckinda,  a  town  of  Col- 
chis. 

Pityusa,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 

Argolis. A  name  of  Chios. Two 

small  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  coast  of  Spain,  of  which  the  larger 
was  called  Ebusiis,  and  the  smaller  Ophi- 
usa. 

Pius,  a  surname  given  to  the  emperor 
Antoninus,  on  account  of  his  piety  and  vir- 
tue.  A  surname  given  to  a  son  of  Me- 

tellus,  because  he  interested  himself  so 
warmly  to  have  his  father  recalled  from 
banishment. 

Placentia,  now  called  Placenza,  an  an- 
cient town  and  colony  of  Italy,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  tbe  Trebia  and  Po. Another, 

near  Lusitania,  in  Spain. 

Placideianus,  a  gladiator  in  Horace's 
age. 

Placidia,  a  daughter  of  Theodosius 
the  Great,  sister  to  Honoriusand  Arcadius. 
She  married  Adolphns,  king  of  the  Goths, 
and  afterwards  Constantius,  by  whom  she 
had  Valentinian  the  3d.  She  died  A.  D. 
449. 

Placidius,  Julius,  a  tribune  of  a  cohort, 
who  imprisoned  the  emperor  Vitellius. 

Planasia,  a  small  island  of  the  Tyr- 
rhene sea. Another,  on  the  coast  of 


Gaul,  where  Tiberius  ordered  Agrippa,  the 
grandson  of  Augustus,  to  be  put  to  death. 

A  town  on  the  Rhone. 

Plancina,  a  woman  celebrated  for  her 
intrigues  and  her  crimes,  who  married 
Piso,  and  was  accused  with  him  of  having 
murdered  Germanicus,  in  the  reign  of  Ti- 
berius. She  was  acquitted  either  by  means 
of  the  empress  Livia,  or  on  account  of  the 
partiality  of  the  emperor  for  her  person. 
After  the  death  of  Agrippina,  Plancina  was 
accused  of  the  most  atrocious  villanies, 
and,  as  she  knew  she  could  not  elude  jus- 
tice, she  put  herself  to  death,  A.  D.  33. 

L.  Plancus  Munatius,  a  Roman,  who 
rendered  himself  ridiculous  by  his  follies 
and  his  extravagance.  He  had  been  consul, 
and  had  presided  over  a  province  in  the 
capacity  of  governor,  but  he  forgot  aii  his 
dignity,  and  became  one  of  the  most  ser- 
vile flatterers  of  Cleopatra  and  Antony. 
At  the  court  of  the  Egyptian  queen  in  Al- 
exandria, he  appeared  in  the  character  of 
the  meanest  stage  dancer.  This  exposed 
him  to  the  public  derision,  and  when  An- 
tony had  joined  the  rest  of  his  friends  in 
censuring  him  for  his  unbecoming  beha- 
vior, he  deserted  to  Octavius,  who  received 
him  with  great  marks  of  friendship  and 
attention.  Horace  has  dedicated  an  ode 
to  him ;  and  he  certainly  deserved  the 
honor,  from  the  elegance  of  his  letteis, 
which  are  still  extant,  written  to  Cicero. 
He  founded  a  town  in  Gaul,  wftSr'h  he 
called  Lugdunum. A  patrician,  pro- 
scribed by  the  second  triumvirate. 

Plangon,  a  courtezan  of  Miletus,  in 
Ionia. 

Plat-ea,  a  daughter  of  Asopus,  king  of 
Bceotia. An  island  on  the  coast  of  Af- 
rica, in  the  Mediterranean. It  belonged 

to  the  Cyreneans. 

Plat.ea,  a  town  of  Bceotia,  near  mount 
Cithaeron,  oii  the  confines  of  Meg;uis  and 
Attica,  celebrated  for  a  battle  fought  there, 
between  Mardonius  the  commander  of 
Xerxes  king  of  Persia,  and  Pausanias  the 
Lacedamionian,  and  the  Athenians.  Fla- 
tf£a  was  taken  by  the  Thebans,  after  a 
famous  siege,  in  the  beginning  of  the  Ft- 
loponnesian  war,  and  destroyed  by  the 
Spartans,  B.  C.  427.  Alexander  rebuilt  ii , 
and  paid  great  encomiums  to  the  inhab- 
itants, on  account  of  their  ancestors,  who 
had  so  bravely  fought  against  the  Persians 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon  and  under  Pau- 
sanias. 

Platanius,  a  river  of  Bceotia. 
Plato,  a  celebrated  philosopher  at 
Athens,  a  son  of  Ariston  and  Parectonia. 
As  one  of  the  descendants  of  Codrus,  and 
as  the  offspring  of  a  noble,  illustrious,  and 
opulent  family,  Plato  was  educated  with 
care,  his  body  was  formed  and  invigorated 
with  gymnastic  exercises,  and  his  mind 
was  cultivated  and  enlightened  by  the 
study  of  poetry  and   of  geometry,  from 


PL 


309 


PL 


which  he  derived  that  acuteness  of  judg- 
ment, and  warmth  of  imagination,  which 
have  stamped  his  character  as  the  most 
subtle  and  liowery  writer  of  antiquity. 
He  first  began  his  literary  career  by  writ- 
ing poems  and  tragedies ;  but  he  was 
soon  disgusted  with  his  own  productions, 
when,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  he  was  intro- 
duced into  the  presence  of  Socrates,  and 
when  he  was  enabled  to  compare  and  ex- 
amine, with  critical  accuracy,  the  merit 
of  his  compositions  with  those  of  his  po- 
etical predecessors.  During  eight  years 
he  continued  to  be  one  of  the  pupils  of 
Socrates ;  and,  if  he  was  prevented  by  a 
momentary  indisposition  from  attending 
the  philosopher's  last  moments,  yet  lie 
collected,  from  the  conversation  of  those 
that  were  present,  and  from  his  own  ac- 
curate observations,  the  minutest  and 
most  circumstantial  accounts,  which  can 
exhibit  in  their  truest  colors,  the  concern 
and  sensibility  of  the  pupil,  and  the  firm- 
ness, virtues,  and  moral  sentiments,  of 
the  dying  philosopher.  After  the  death 
of  Socrates,  Plato  retired  from  Athens, 
and,  to  acquire  that  information  which 
the  accurate  observer  can  derive  in  foreign 
countries,  he  began  to  travel  over  Greece. 
He  visited  Megara,  Thebes,  and  Elis, 
where  he  met  with  the  kindest,  reception 
from  his  fellow  disciples,  whom  the  vio- 
lent death  of  their  master  had  likewise  re- 
moved from  Attica.  He  afterwards  vis- 
ited Magna  Grfecia,  attracted  by  the  fame 
of  the  Pythagorean  philosophy,  and  by  the 
learning,  abilities,  and  reputation,  of  its 
professors,  Philolaus,  Archytas,  and  Eury- 
tus.  He  afterwards  passed  into  Sicily, 
and  examined  the  eruptions  and  fires  of 
the  volcano  of  that  island.  He  also  visit- 
ed Egypt,  where  then  the  mathematician 
Theodorus  flourished,  and  where  he  knew 
that  the  tenets  of  the  Pythagorean  philoso- 
phy and  metempsychosis  had  been  foster- 
ed and  cherished.  When  he  had  finish- 
ed his  travels,  Plato  retired  to  the  groves 
of  Academus,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Athens,  where  his  lectures  were  soon  at- 
tended by  a  crowd  of  learned,  noble,  and 
illustrious  pupils  ;  and  the  philosopher,  by 
refusing  to  have  a  share  in  the  administra- 
tion of  afFairs,  rendered  his  name  more 
famous,  and  his  school  more  frequented. 
During  forty  years  he  presided  at  the 
head  of  the  academy,  and  there  he  de- 
voted his  time  to  the  instruction  of  his  pu- 
pils, and  composed  those  dialogues  which 
have  been  the  admiration  of  every  age  and 
country.  His  studies  however,  were  in- 
terrupted for  a  while,  whilst  he  obeyed 
the  pressing  calls  and  invitations  of  Dio- 
nysius,  and  whilst  he  persuaded  the  ty- 
rant to  become  a  man,  the  father  of  his 
people,  and  the  friend  of  liberty.  In  his 
dress  the  philosopher  was  not  ostenta- 
tious, his  manners  were  elegant,  but  mod- 


est, simple,  without  affectation,  and  the 
great  honors  which  his  learning  deserved 
were  not  paid  to  his  appearance.  When 
he  came  to  the  Olympian  games,  Plato  re- 
sided, during  the  celebration,  in  a  family 
who  were  totally  strangers  to  him.  He 
eat  and  drank  with  them,  he  partook  of 
their  innocent  pleasures  and  amusements; 
but,  though  he  told  them  his  name  was 
Plato,  yet  he  never  spoke  of  the  employ- 
ment he  pursued  at  Athens,  and  never  in- 
troduced the  name  of  that  philosopher 
whose  doctrines  lie  followed,  and  whose 
death  and  virtues  were  favorite  topics  of 
conversation  in  every  part  of  Greece. 
When  he  returned  home,  he  was  attend- 
ed by  the  family  which  had  so  kindly  en- 
tertained him  ;  and,  as  being  a  native  of 
Athens,  he  was  desired  to  show  them  the 
great  philosopher  whose  name  he  bore : 
their  surprise  was  great  when  he  told 
them  that  he  himself  was  the  Plato  whom 
they  wished  to  behold.  In  his  diet  he 
was  moderate,  and  indeed,  to  sobriety  and 
temperance  in  the  use  of  food,  and  to  the 
want  of  those  pleasures  which  enfeeble 
the  body  and  enervate  the  mind,  some 
have  attributed  his  preservation  during 
the  tremendous  pestilence  which  raged 
at  Athens  with  so  much  fury  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  PeloponnesianWar.  Plato 
was  never  subject  to  any  long  or  lingering 
indisposition,  and  though  change  of  cli- 
mate had  enfeebled  a  constitution  natur- 
ally strong  and  healthy,  the  philosopher 
lived  to  an  advanced  age  and  was  often 
heard  to  say,  when  his  physicians  advised 
him  to  leave  his  residence  at  Athens, 
where  the  air  was  impregnated  by  the 
pestilence,  that. he  would  not  advance  one 
single  step  to  gain  the  top  of  mount  Athos, 
were  he  assured  to  attain  the  great  lon- 
gevity which  the  inhabitants  of  that 
mountain  were  said  to  enjoy  above  the 
rest  of  mankind.  Plato  died  on  his  birth 
day,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  his  age, 
about  348  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
His  last  moments  were  easy  and  without! 
pain,  and,  according  to  some,  he  expired 
in  the  midst  of  an  entertainment,  or,  ac- 
cording to  Cicero,  as  he  was  writing. 
The  works  of  Plato  are  numerous  ;  they 
are  all  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue, 
except  twelve  letters.  His  writings  were 
so  celebrated,  and  his  opinion  so  respect- 
ed, that  he  was  called  divine  ;  and  for  the 
elegance,  melody,  and  sweetness  of  his 
expressions,  he  was  distinguished  by  the 
appellation  of  the  Athenian  bee.  Cicero 
had  such  an  esteem  for  him,  that  in  the 
warmth  of  panegyric,  he  exclaimed  errare 
mehercule  malo  cum  Platove,  gudm  cum  istis 
vera  sentire ;  and  Quintilian  said,  that 
when  he  read  Plato,  he  seemed  to  hear 

not  a  man,  but  a  divinity,  speaking. 

A  son  of  Lycaon,  king  of  Arcadia. A 

Greek  poet,  called  the  prince  of  the  mid- 


PL 


310 


PL 


die  Comedy,  who  flourished  B.  C.  445. 
Some  fragments  remain  of  his  pieces. 

Plator,  a  man  of  Dyrrhachiimi,  put  to 
death  by  Piso. 

Flavis,  a  river  of  Venetia,  in  Italy. 

Plautia  lex,  was  enacted  by  M.  Plau- 
tius,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  664.  It  requir- 
ed every  tribe  annually  to  choose  fifteen 
persons  of  their  body,  to  serve  as  judges, 
making  the  honor  common  to  all  the  three 
orders,  according  to  the  majority  of  votes 

in  every  tribe. Another,  called  also 

Plotla,  A.  U.  C.  075.  It  punished  with  the 
iuterdictio  ignis  ct  aqua,  all  persons  who 
were  found  guilty  of  attempts  upon  the 
state. 

Plautianus,  Fulvius,  an  African  of 
mean  birth,  who  was  banished  for  his  se- 
ditious behavior  i:i  the  years  of  his  obscur- 
ity. In  his  banishment,  Plautianus  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  Severus,  who 
some  years  after  ascended  the  imperial 
throne.  This  was  the  beginning  of  his 
prosperity.  Plautianus  shared  the  favors 
of  Severus  in  obscurity  as  well  as  on  the 
throne.  He  was  invested  with  as  much 
power  as  his  patron  at  Rome,  and  in  the 
provinces,  and,  indeed,  he  wanted  but  the 
name  of  emperor  to  be  his  equal.  To  com- 
plete his  triumph,  and  to  make  himself 
still  greater,  Plautianus  married  his  favor- 
ite daughter  Plautiila  to  Caracalla,  the  son 
of  the  emperor  j  and  so  eager  was  the  em- 
peror to  indulge  his  inclinations  in  this, 
and  in  every  other  respect,  that  he  de- 
clared he  loved  Plautianus  so  much,  that 
he  would  even  wish  to  die  before  him. 
The  marriage  of  Caracalla  with  Plautiila 
was  attended  with  serious  consequences. 
The  son  of  Severus  had  complied  with 
great  reluctance,  and,  though  Plautiila  was 
amiable  in  her  manners,  commanding  in 
aspect,  and  of  a  beautiful  countenance,  yet 
the  young  prince  often  threatened  to  pun- 
ish her  haughty  and  imperious  behavior 
as  soon  as  "he  succeeded  to  the.  throne. 
Plautiila  reported  the  whole  to  her  father, 
and  to  save  his  daughter  from  the  ven- 
geance of  Caracalla,  Plautianus  conspired 
against  the  emperor  and  his  son.  The 
conspiracy  was  discovered,  and  Severus 
forgot  his  attachment  to  Plautianus,  and 
the  favors  he  had  heaped  upon  him,  when 
he  heard  of  his  perfidy.  The  wicked  min- 
ister was  immediately  put  to  death,  and 
Plautiila  banished  to  the  island  of  Lipari, 
with  her  brother  Plautius,  where  seven 
years  after,  she  was  put  to  death  by  order 
of  Caracalla,  A.  D.  211. 

Plautilla,   a  daughter  of  Plautianus, 

the  favorite  minister  of  Severus. The 

another  of  the  emperor  Nerva  descended 
of  a  noble  family. 

Plautius,  a  Roman,  who  became  so 
disconsolate  at  the  death  of  his  wife,  that 
he  threw  himself  upon  her  burning  pile. 
— -Cains,  a  consul  ssnt  against  the  Pri 


veruates. Aulus,  a  governor  of  Britain, 

who  obtained  an  ovation  for  the  conquests 
he  had  gained  there  over  the  barbarians. 

One  of  Otho's  friends.     He  dissuaded 

him  from  killing  himself. M.  Sylva- 

nus,  a  tribune,  who  made  a  law  to  pre- 
vent seditions  in  the  public  assemblies. 

Rubellius,  a  man  accused  before  Nero, 

and  sent  to  Asia,  where  he  was  assassin- 
ated. 

Plautus,  M.  Accius,  a  comic  poet,  born 
at  Sarsina,  in  Umbria.  Fortune  proved 
unkind  to  him,  and,  from  competence,  he 
was  reduced  to  the  meanest  poverty,  by 
engaging  in  a  commercial  line.  To  main- 
tain himself,  he  entered  into  the  family 
of  a  baker  as  a  common  servant,  and, 
while  he  was  employed  in  grinding  corn, 
he  sometimes  dedicated  a  few  moments  to 
the  comic  muse.  He  wrote  twenty-five 
comedies,  of  which  only  twenty  are  ex- 
tant. He  died  about  one  hundred  and 
eighty-four  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
The  plays  of  Plautus  were  universally 
esteemed  at  Rome,  and  the  purity,  the  en- 
ergy, and  the  elegance  of  his  language, 
were,  by  other  writers,  considered  as  ob- 
jects of  imitation. ^Elianus,  a  high 

priest,  who  consecrated  the  capitol  in  the 
reign  of  Vespasian. 

Pleiades,  or  Vergili^:,  a  name  given 
to  seven  of  the  daughters  of  Atlas  by  Plei- 
one  or  ^thra,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 
They  were  placed  in  the  heavens  after 
death,  where  they  formed  a  constellation 
called  Pleiades,  near  the  back  of  the  bull 
in  the  Zodiac.  Their  names  were  Alcy- 
one, Merope,  Maia,  Electra,  Taygeta,  Ste- 
rope,  and  Celeno.  They  all,  except  Me- 
rorje,  who  married  Sisyphus,  king  of  Co- 
rinth, had  some  of  the  immortal  gods  for 
their  suitors.  On  that  account,  therefore, 
Merope's  star  is  dim  and  obscure  among 

the  rest  of  her  sisters. Seven  poets, 

who,  from  their  number,  have  received 
the  name  of  Pleiades,  near  the  age  of  Phi- 
ladelphia Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt.  Their 
names  were  Lycophron,  Theocritus,  Ara- 
tus,  Nicander,  Apollonius,  Philicus,  and 
Homerus  the  younger. 

Pleione,  one  of  the  Oceanides,  who 
married  Atlas,  king  of  Mauritania,  by 
whom  she  had  twelve  daughters,  and  a 
son  called  Hyas.  Seven  of  the  daughters 
were  changed  into  a  constellation  called 
Pleiades,  and  the  rest  into  another  called 
Hyades. 

Plemmyrium,  now  Massa  Oliveri,  a 
promontory  with  a  small  castle  of  that 
name,  in  the  bay  of  Syracuse. 

Plemneus,  a  king  of  Sicyon,  son  of  Pe- 
ratus.  His  children  always  died  as  soon 
as  born,  till  Ceres,  pitying  his  misfortune, 
offered  herself  as  a  nurse  to  his  wife,  as 
she  was  going  to  be  brought  to  bed.  The 
child  lived  by  the  care  and  protection  oi 
the  goddess,  and  Premneus  was  no  sooner 


PL 


311 


PL 


acquainted  with  the  dignity  of  his  nurse, 
than  he  raised  her  a  temple. 

Pleumosu,  a  people  of  Belgium,  the  in- 
habitants of  modern  Tournay. 

Pleuratus,  a  king  of  liiyricum. 

Pleuron,  a  son  of  /Etolus  who  married 
Xantippe,  the  daughter  of  Dorus,  by  whom 
he  had  Agenor.  He  founded  a  city  in 
yEtolia  on  the  Evenus,  which  bore  his 
name. 

I'lesache,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

lYExippus,a  son  of  Thesiius,  brother  to 
Althaea,  the  wife  of  CEneus.  He  was 
killed  by  his  nephew  Meleager,  in  hunt- 
ing the  Cah  donian   boar.      His    brother 

Toxeus  shared  his  fate. A  son  of  Phi- 

nens  and  Cleopatra,  brother  to  Pandion, 
king  of  Athens. 

C.  Plinius  SEcuNDUs,surnamed  the  El- 
der, was  born  at  Verona,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily. He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
field,  and,  after  he  had  been  made  one  of 
the  augurs  at  Rome,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Spain.  In  his  public  charac- 
ter he  did  not  neglect  the  pleasures  of  lit- 
erature, the  day  was  employed  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  affairs  of  his  province, 
and  the  night  was  dedicated  to  study. 
Every  moment  of  time  was  precious  to 
him  ;  at  hi3  meals  one  of  his  servants  read 
to  him  books  valuable  for  their  informa- 
tion, and  from  them  he  immediately  made 
copious  extracts,  in  a  memorandum  book. 
To  a  mind  so  earnestly  devoted  to  learn- 
ing, nothing  appeared  too  laborious,  no 
undertaking  too  troublesome.  He  deemed 
every  moment  lost  which  was  not  dedicat- 
ed to  study,  and,  from  these  reasons,  he 
never  appeared  at  Rome  but  in  a  chariot, 
and,  wherever  he  went,  he  was  always 
accompanied  by  his  amanuensis.  But  if 
his  literary  pursuits  made  him  forget  the 
public  affairs,  his  prudence,  his  abilities, 
and  the  purity  and  innocence  of  his  cha- 
racter, made  him  known  and  respected. 
He  was  courted  and  admired  by  the  em- 
perors Titus  and  Vespasian,  and  he  re- 
ceived from  them  all  the  favors  which  a 
virtuous  prince  could  offer,  and  an  honest 
subject  receive.  As  he  was  at  Misenum, 
where  he  commanded  the  fleet,  which 
was  then  stationed  there,  Pliny  was  sur- 
prised at  the  sudden  appearance  of  a  cloud 
of  dust  and  ashes.  He  was  then  ignorant 
of  the  cause  which  produced  it,  and  he 
immediately  set  sail  in  a  small  vessel  for 
mount  Vesuvius,  which  he  at  last  discov- 
ed  to  hav'e  made  a  dreadful  eruption.  The 
place  was  deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  but 
Pliny  remained  there  during  the  night,  the 
better  to  observe  the  mountain,  which,  du- 
ring the  obscurity,  appeared  to  be  one  con- 
tinual blaze.  He  was  soon  disturbed  by 
a  dreadful  earthquake,  and  the  contrary 
wind  on  the  morrow  prevented  him  from 
returning  to  Misenum.  The  eruption  of 
the  volcano  increased,  and,  at  last,  the  fire 


approached  the  place  where  the  philoso- 
pher made  his  observations.  Pliny  endea- 
voured to  fly  before  it,  but  though  he  was 
supported  by  two  of  his  servants,  he  was 
unable  to  escape.  He  soon  fell  down,  suf- 
focated by  the  thick  vapors  that  surround- 
ed him.  His  body  was  found  three  days 
after  and  decently  buried  by  his  nephew, 
who  was  then  at  Misenum  with  the  fleet. 
This  memorable  event  happened  in  the 
seventy -ninth  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
and  the  philosopher  who  perished  by  the 
eruptions  of  the  volcano,  has  been  called 
by  some  the  martyr  of  nature.  He  was 
then  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  Of 
the  works  which  he  composed  none  are  ex- 
tant but  his  natural  history  in  thirty-seven 
books.  It  is  a  work,  as  Pliny  the  younger 
says,  full  of  erudition,  and  as  varied  as 
nature  itself.  It  treats  of  the  stars,  the 
heavens,  wind,  rain,  hail,  minerals,  trees, 
flowers,  and  plants,  besides  an  account  of 
all  living  animals,  birds,  fishes,  and  beasts; 
a  geographical  description  of  every  place 
on  the  globe,  and  an  history  of  every  art 
and  science,  of  commerce  and  navigation, 
with  their  rise,  progress,  and  several  im- 
provements.  C.  Csecilius   Secundus, 

surnamed  the  younger,  was  son  of  L.  Cse- 
cilius  by  the  sister  of  Pliny  the  elder.  He 
was  adopted  by  his  uncle  whose  name  he 
assumed,  and  whose  estates  and  effects  he 
inherited.  He  received  the  greatest  part 
of  his  education  under  Quintilian,  and  at 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  appeared  at  the  bar, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  so  much 
by  his  eloquence,  that  he  and  Tacitus 
were  reckoned  the  two  greatest  orators  of 
their  age.  When  Trajan  was  invested 
with  the  imperial  purple,  Pliny  was  cre- 
ated consul  by  the  emperor.  This  honor 
the  consul  acknowledged  in  a  celebrated 
panegyric  which  at  the  request  of  the  Ro- 
man senate,  and  in  the  name  of  the  whole 
empire,  he  pronounced  on  Trajan.  Some 
time  after  he  presided  over  Pontus  and 
Bithynia,  in  the  office,  and  with  the  power, 
of  proconsul,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  humanity  towards  his  subjects,  and  his 
favor  towards  the  Christians.  If  he  ren- 
dered himself  popular  in  his  province,  he 
was  not  less  respected  at  Rome.  He  was 
there  the  friend  of  the  poor,  the  patron  of 
learning,  great  without  arrogance,  affable 
in  his  behavior,  and  an  example  of  good 
breeding,  sobriety,  temperance,  and  mo- 
desty. As  a  father  and  a  husband  his 
character  was  amiable ;  as  a  subject  he 
was  faithful  to  his  prince  ;  and  as  a  ma- 
gistrate, he  was  candid,  open,  and  com- 
passionate. His  native  country  shared 
among  the  rest,  his  unbounded  benevo- 
lence ;  and  Comum,  a  small  town  of  In- 
subria  which  gave  him  birth,  boasted  of 
his  liberality  in  the  valuable  and  choice 
library  of  books  which  he  collected  there. 
He  died  in  the  fifty -second  year  of  his  age, 


PL 


312 


PL 


A.  D.  113.  He  had  written  an  history  of 
his  own  times,  which  is  lost.  He  also 
wrote  poetiy,  but  his  verses  have  all  per- 
ished, and  nothing  of  his  learned  works 
remains,  but  his  panegyric  on  the  emperor 
Trajan,  and  ten  books  of  letters,  which  he 
himself  collected  and  prepared  for  the  pub- 
lic, from  a  numerous  and  respectable  cor- 
respondence. 

Peinthine,  a  town  of  Egypt  on  the  Me- 
diterranean. 

Plistarchus,  son  of  Leonidas  of  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Eurysthenidse,  succeeded  on 
the  Spartan  throne  at  the  death  of  Cleom- 
brotus. A  brother  of  Cassander. 

Plisthanus,  a  philosopher  of  Elis  who 
succeeded  in  the  school  of  PliEedon. 

Plisthenes,  a  son  of  Atreus  king  of 
Argos,  father  of  Menelaus  and  Agammem- 
non  according  to  Hesiod  and  others. 

Peistinus,  a  brother  of  Faustulus  the 
shepherd,  who  saved  the  life  of  Romulus 
and  Remus.  He  was  killed  in  a  scuffle 
which  happened  between  the  two  broth- 
ers. 

Plistoanax  and  Plistonax,  son  of 
Pausanias,  was  general  of  the  Lacedaemo- 
nian armies  in  the  Peloponnesian  war. 
He  reigned  fifty-eight  years.  He  had  suc- 
ceeded Plistarchus. 

Plistus,  a  river  of  Phocis  falling  into 
the  bay  of  Corinth. 

Plot-e,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
./Etolia,  called  also  Strophades. 

Plotina  Pomfeia,  a  Roman  lady  who 
married  Trajan  while  he  was  yet  a  private 
man.  She  entered  Rome  in  the  proces- 
sion with  her  husband  when  he  was  salut- 
ed emperor,  and  distinguished  herself  by 
the  affability  of  her  behavior,  her  humani- 
ty, and  liberal  offices  to  the  poor  and 
friendless.  She  accompanied  Trajan  in 
the  east,  and  at  his  death  she  brought  back 
his  ashes  to  Rome,  and  still  enjoyed  all 
the  honors  and  titles  of  a  Roman  empress 
under  Adrian,  who,  by  her  means,  had 
succeeded  to  the  vacant  throne.  At  her 
death,  A.  D.  122,  she  was  ranked  among 
the  gods,  and  received  divine  honors. 

Plotinopolis,  a  town  of  Thrace  built 
by  the  emperor  Trajan,  and  called  after 

Plotina,  the  founder's  wife. Another  in 

Dacia. 

Plotinus,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  Ly- 
copolis  in  Egypt.  He  was  for  eleven  years 
a  pupil  of  Ammonius  the  philosopher,  and 
after  he  had  profited  by  all  the  instruc- 
tions of  his  learned  preceptor,  he  deter- 
mined to  improve  his  knowledge  and  to 
visit  the  territories  of  India  and  Persia  to 
receive  information.  He  accompanied 
Gordian  in  his  expedition  into  the  east, 
but  the  day  which  proved  fatal  to  the  em- 
peror, nearly  terminated  the  life  of  the 
philosopher.  He  saved  himself  by  flight, 
and  the  following  year  he  retired  to  Rome, 
where  he  publicly  taught  philosophy.    He 


was  the  favorite  of  all  the  Romans  ;  and 
while  he  charmed  the  populace  by  the 
force  of  his  eloquence,  and  the  senate  by 
his  doctrines,  the  emperor  Gallienus  court- 
ed him,  and  admired  the  extent  of  his 
learning.  The  philosopher,  at  last,  be- 
come helpless  and  infirm,  returned  to 
Campania,  where  the  liberality  of  his 
friends  for  a  while  maintained  him.  He 
died  A.  D.  270,  in  the  sixty-sixth  year  of 
his  age. 

Plotius  Crispinus,  a  stoic  philosopher 
and  poet,  whose  verses  were  very  inele- 
gant, and  whose  disposition  was  morose. 

Gallus,  a  native  of  Lugdunum,  who 

taught  grammar  at  Rome,  and  had  Cicero 

among  his  pupils. Griphus,amanmade 

senator  by  Vespasian. A  centurion  in 

Caesar's  army. Tucca,  a  friead  of  Hor- 
ace and  of  Virgil,  who  made  him  his  heir. 

Lucius,  a  poet  in  the  age  of  the  great 

Marius,  whose  exploits  lie  celebrated  in 
his  verses. 

Plusios,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at  Sparta, 
expressive  of  his  power  to  grant  riches. 

Plutarchus,  a  native  of  Chseronea,  de- 
scended of  a  respectable  family.  His  fa- 
ther, whose  name  is  unknown,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  learning  and  virtues, 
and  his  grandfather,  called  Lamprias,  was 
also  as  conspicuous  for  his  eloquence  and 
the  fecundity  of  his  genius.  Under  Am- 
monius, a  reputable  teacher  at  Delphi, 
Plutarch  was  made  acquainted  with  phi- 
losophy and  mathematics,  and  so  well  es- 
tablished was  his  character,  that  he  was 
appointed  by  his  countrymen,  while  yet 
very  young,  to  go  to  the  Roman  pro-con- 
sul, in  their  name,  upon  an  affair  of  the 
most  important  nature.  This  commission 
he  executed  with  honor  to  himself,  and 
with  success  for  his  country.  He  after- 
wards travelled  in  quest  of  knowledge, 
and  after  he  had  visited,  like  a  philosopher 
and  an  historian,  the  territories  of  Egypt 
and  Greece,  he  retired  to  Rome,  where  he 
opened  a  school.  His  reputatation  made 
his  school  frequented.  The  emperor  Tra- 
jan admired  his  abilities,  and  honored  him 
with  the  office  of  consul,  and  appointed 
him  governor  of  Illyricum.  After  the 
death  of  his  imperial  benefactor,  Plutarch 
removed  from  Rome  to  Chaeronea,  where 
he  lived  in  the  greatest  tranquillity,  res- 
pected by  his  fellow-citizens,  and  raised 
to  all  the  honors  which  his  native  town 
could  bestow.  In  this  peaceful  and  soli- 
tary retreat,  Plutarch  closely  applied  him- 
self to  study,  and  wrote  the  greatest  part 
of  his  works,  and  particularly  his  lives. 
He  died  in  an  advanced  age  at  Chseronea, 
about  the  one  hundred  and  fortieth  year 
of  the  Christain  era.  The  most  esteemed 
of  his  works  are  his  lives  of  illustrious 
men,  of  whom  he  examines  and  deline- 
ates the  different  characters  with  wonder- 
ful skill  and  impartiality.     He  writes  with 


PL 


313 


PO 


precision  and  with  fidelity,  and  though 
his  diction  is  neither  pure  nor  elegant,  yet 
there  is  energy  and  animation,  and  in 
many  descriptions  he  is  inferior  to  no  his- 
torian.  A  native  of  Eretria,  during  the 

Peloponnesian  war.  He  was  defeated  by 
the  Macedonians. 

Plutia,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Pluto,  a  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  inhe- 
rited his  father's  kingdom  with  his  broth- 
ers Jupiter  and  Neptune.  He  received  as 
his  lot  the  kingdom  of  hell,  and  whatever 
lies  under  the  earth,  and  as  such  he  be- 
came the  god  of  the  infernal  regions,  of 
death  and  funerals.  From  his  functions, 
and  the  place  he  inhabited,  he  received 
different  names.  He  was  called  Dis,  Ha- 
des, or  Ades,  Clytopolon,  Agelastus,  Orcus, 
&c.  As  the  place  of  his  residence  was 
obscure  and  gloomy,  all  the  goddesses  re- 
fused to  marry  him  ;  but  he  determined  to 
obtain  by  force  what  was  denied  to  his 
solicitations.  As  he  once  visited  the  is- 
land of  Sicily,  after  a  violent  earthquake, 
he  saw  Proserpine,  the  daughter  of  Ceres, 
gathering  flowers  in  the  plains  of  Enna, 
with  a  crowd  of  female  attendants.  He 
became  enamored  of  her,  and  immediate- 
ly carried  her  away  upon  his  chariot  drawn 
by  four  horses.  To  make  this  retreat  more 
unknown  he  opened  himself  a  passage 
through  the  earth,  by  striking  it  with  his 
trident  in  the  lake  of  Cyane  in  Sicily,  or, 
according  to  others,  on  the  borders  of  the 
Cephisus  in  Attica.  Proserpine  called 
upon  her  attendants  for  help,  but  in  vain, 
and  she  became  the  wife  of  her  ravisher, 
and  the  queen  of  hell.  Pluto  is  generally 
represented  as  holding  a  trident  with  two 
teeth,  he  has  also  keys  in  his  hand,  to  inti- 
mate that  whoever  enters  his  kingdom 
can  never  return.  He  is  looked  upon  as  a 
hard-hearted  and  inexorable  god,  with  a 
grim  and  dismal  countenance,  and  for  that 
reason  no  temples  were  raised  to  his  ho- 
nor as  to  the  rest  of  the  superior  gods. 
Black  victims,  and  particularly  a  hull, 
were  the  only  sacrifices  which  were  offer- 
ed to  him. 

Plutonium,  a  temple  of  Pluto  in  Lydia. 

Plutus,  son  of  Jasion  or  Jasius,  by 
Ceres,  the  goddess  of  corn,  has  been  con- 
founded by  many  of  the  mythologists  with 
Pluto,  though  plainly  distinguished  from 
him  as  being  the  god  of  riches.  He  was 
brought  up  by  the  goddess  of  peace,  and 
on  that  account,  Pax  was  represented  at 
Athens,  as  holding  the  god  of  wealth  in 
her  lap. 

.Pluvius,  a  surname  of  Jupiter  as  god 
of  rain.  He  was  invoked  by  that  name 
among  the  Romans,  whenever  the  earth 
was  parched  up  by  continual  heat,  and 
was  in  want  of  refreshening  showers. 

Plynteri  a,  a  festival  among  the  Creeks, 
in  honor  of  Aglauros,  or  rather  of  Minerva, 
who  received  from  the  daughter  of  Ce- 
27 


crops  the  name  of  Aglauros.  The  day  on 
which  it  was  observed  was  universally 
looked  upon  as  unfortunate  and  inauspi- 
cious. 

Pnigeus,  a  village  of  Egypt,  near  Phoe- 
nicia. 

Pnyx,  a  place  of  Athens,  set  apart  by 
Solon  for  holding  assemblies. 

Pobucius,  a  lieutenant  of  Pompey  in 
Spain. 

Podalirius,  a  son  of  iEsculapius  and 
Epione.  He  was  one  of  the  pupils  of  the 
Centaur  Chiron,  and  he  made  himself  un- 
der him  such  a  master  of  medicine,  that 
during  the  Trojan  war,  the  Greeks  invited 
him  to  their  camp,  to  stop  a  pestilence 
which  had  baffled  the  skill  of  all  their 
physicians.  At  his  return  from  the  Tro- 
jan war,  Podalirius  was  shipwrecked  on 
the  coast  of  Caria,  where  he  cured  of  the 
falling  sickness  and  married  a  daughter  of 
Damoetas  the  king  of  the  place.  He  fixed 
his  habitation  there  and  built  two  towns, 
one  of  which  he  called  Syrna,  by  the  name 
of  his  wife.  The  Carians,  after  his  death, 
built  him  a  temple,  and  paid  him  divine 

honors. A  Rutulian  engaged  in  the 

wars  of  iEneas  and  Turnus. 

Podarce,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Podarces,  a  son  of  Iphiclus  of  Thessaty, 

who  went  to  the  Trojan  war. The  first 

name  of  Priam.  When  Troy  was  taken 
by  Hercules,  he  was  redeemed  from  slave- 
ry by  his  sister  Hesione,  and  from  thence 
received  the  name  of  Priam. 

Podares,  a  general  of  xVIantinea,  in  the 
age  of  Epaminondas. 

Podarge,  one  of  the  Harpies,  mother  of 
two  of  the  horses  of  Achilles,  by  the  Ze- 
phyrs. The  word  intimates  the  swiftness 
of  her  feet. 

Podargus,  a  charioteer  of  Hector. 

Pceas,  son  of  Thaumacus,  was  among 

the  Argonauts. The  father  of  Philocte- 

tes. 

Pcecile,  a  celebrated  portico  at  Athens. 
It  was  there  that  Zeno  kept  his  school, 
and  the  stoics  also  received  their  lessons 
there.  The  Pcecile  was  adorned  with  pic- 
tures of  gods  and  benefactors,  and  among 
many  others  was  that  of  the  siege  and 
sacking  of  Troy,  the  battle  of  Theseus 
against  the  Amazons,  the  fight  between 
the  Lacedaemonians  and  Athenians  at 
CEnoe  in  Argolis,  and  at  Atticus  the  great 
friend  of  Athens. 

Pceni,  a  name  given  to  the  Carthagini- 
ans. 

Pffioi*.     (Fid.  Paeon.) 

Pceonia,  a  part  of  Macedonia.  (Fid. 
Preonia.) 

Pffius,  a  part  of  mount  Pindus. 

Pogox,  a  harbor  of  the  Troezenians  on 
the  coast  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Pola,  a  city  of  Istria,  founded  by  the 
Colchians,  and  afterwards  made  a  Roman 
colony,  and  called  Pieiog  Julia. 
O 


PO 


314 


PO 


Polemarchus,  the  assassin  of  Polydo- 
rus  king  of  Sparta. 

Polemocratia,  a  queen  of  Thrace,  who 
fled  to  Brutus  after  the  murder  of  Ceesar. 

Polemojt,  a  youth  of  Athens,  son  of 
Philostratus.  He  was  much  given  to  de- 
bauchery and  extravagance,  and  spent  the 
greatest  part  of  his  life  in  riot  and  drunk- 
enness. He  once,  when  intoxicated,  en- 
tered the  school  of  Xenocrates,  while  the 
philosopher  was  giving  his  pupils  a  lecture 
upon  the  effects  of  intemperance,  and  he 
was  so  struck  with  the  eloquence  of  the 
academician,  and  force  of  his  arguments, 
that  from  that  moment  he  renounced 
the  dissipated  life  he  had  led,  and  applied 
himself  totally  to  the  study  of  philosophy. 
He  was  then  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age, 
and  from  that  time  he  never  drank  any  other 
liquor  but  water;  and  after  the  death  of  Xe- 
nocrates he  succeeded  in  the  school  where 
his  reformation  had  been  effected.  He 
died  about  two  hundred  and  seventy  years 

before  Christ,  in  an  extreme  old  age. A 

son  of  Zeno  the  rhetorician,  made  king  of 
Pontus  by  Antony.  He  was  killed  by  the 
barbarians  near  the  Palus  Maeotis,  against 

whom  he  had  made  war. His  son  of 

the  same  name  was  confirmed  on  his  fa- 
ther's throne  by  the  Roman  emperors,  and 
the  province  of  Cilicia  was  also  added  to 

his  kingdom  by  Claudius. An  officer 

in  the  army  of  Alexander,  intimate  with 

Philotas. A  rhetorician  at  Rome,  who 

wrote  a  poem  on  weights  and  measures, 

still  extant. A  sophist  of  Laodicea  in 

Asia  Minor,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian.  In 
the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age  he  buried 
himself  alive,  as  he  labored  with  the  gout. 

Polemonium,  now  Vatija,  a  town  of 
Pontus,  at  the  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Thermodon. 

Polias,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  as  pro- 
tectress of  cities. 

Polichna,  a  town  of  Troas  on  Ida. 

Another  of  Crete. 

Polieia,  a  festival  at  Thebes  in  honor 
of  Apollo,  who  was  represented  there  with 
gray  hair,  contrary  to  the  practice  of  all 
other  places. 

Poliorcetes,  (destroyer  of  cities,)  a  sur- 
name given  to  Demetrius,  son  of  Antigo- 
nus. 

Polisma,  a  town  of  Troas,  on  the  Si- 
mois. 

Polistratus,  an  Epicurean  philosopher. 

Polites,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
killed  by  Pyrrhus  in  his  father's  presence. 
His  son,  who  bore  the  same  name,  follow- 
ed iEneas  into  Italy,  and  was  one  of  the 
friends  of  young  Ascanius. 

Politorium,  a  city  of  the  Latins  de- 
stroyed by  the  Romans,  B.  C.  639. 

PoLLiNEA,an  infamous  woman. 

Polla  Argentaria,  the  wife  of  the 
poet  Lucan.  She  assisted  her  husband 
in  correcting  the  three  first  books  of  his 
Pharsalia. 


Pollentia,  now  Polenta,  a  town  of 
Liguria  in  Italy,  famous  for  wool.  There 
was  a  celebrated  battle  fought  there  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Alaric,  king  of 
the  Huns,   about  the   403d  year  of   the 

Christian  era. A  town  of  Majorca 

of  Picenum. 

Polles,  a  Greek  poet  whose  writings 
were  so  obscure  and  unintelligible  that 
his  name  became  proverbial. 

Pollio,  C.  Asinius,  a  Roman  consul, 
under  the  reign  of  Augustus,  who  distin- 
guished himself  as  much  by  his  eloquence 
and  writings  as  by  his  exploits  in  the  field. 
He  patronised,  with  great  liberality,  the 
poets  Virgil  and  Horace,  who  have  im- 
mortalized him  in  their  writings.  He 
was  the  first  who  raised  a  public  library 
at  Rome,  and  indeed  his  example  was 
afterwards  followed  by  many  of  the  em- 
perors. He  was  greatly  esteemed  by  Au- 
gustus when  he  had  become  one  of  his 
adherents,  after  the  ruin  of  Antony.  Pol- 
lio wrote  some  tragedies,  orations,  and  an 
history,  which  was  divided  into  seven- 
teen books.  All  these  compositions  are 
lost,  and  nothing  remains  of  his  writings 
except  a  few  letters  to  Cicero.  He  died 
in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age,  A.  1).  4. 
He  is  the  person  in  whose  honor  Virgil  has 

inscribed  his  fourth  eclogue,  Pollio. 

Annius,  a  man  accused  of  sedition  before 
Tiberius,  and  acquitted.     He  afterwards 

conspired  against  Nero. Vedius,one 

of  the  friends  of  Augustus,  who  used  to 

feed  his  fishes  with  human  flesh. A 

man  who  poisoned  Britannicus,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Nero. An  historian  in  the 

age  of  Constantine  the  Great. A  soph- 
ist in  the  age  of  Pompey  the  Great. A 

friend  of  the  emperor  Vespasian. 

Pollis,  a  commander  of  the  Lacedae- 
monian fleet  defeated  at  Naxos,  B.  C.  377. 

Pollius  Felix,  a  friend  of  the  poet 
Statius,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  second 
Sylva. 

Pollupex,  now  Final,  a  town  of  Genoa. 

Pollutia,  a  daughter  of  L.  Vetus,  put 
to  death  after  her  husband  Rubellius  Plau- 
tus,  by  order  of  Nero. 

Pollux,  a  son  of  Jupiter  by  Leda  the 
wife  of  Tyndarus.  He  was  brother  to 
Castor. A  Greek  writer,  who  flourish- 
ed A.  D.  186,  in  the  reign  of  Commodus, 
and  died  in  the  58th  year  of  his  age. 

Poltis,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  time 
of  the  Trojan  war. 

Polus,  a  celebrated  Grecian  actor. 

A  sophist  of  Agrigentum. 

Polusca,  a  town  of  Latium,  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Volsci.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  called  Pollustini. 

Poly^nus,  a  native  of  Macedonia,  who 
wrote  eight  books  in  Greek  of  stratagems, 
which  he  dedicated  to  the  emperors  An- 
toninus and  Verus,  while  they  were 
making  war  against  the  Parthians.      He 


PO 


315 


PO 


wrote  also  other  books  which  have  been 
lost,  among  which  was  an  history,  with  a 

description  of  the  city  of  Thebes. A 

friend  of  Philopcemen. An  orator  in 

the  age  of  Julius  Cassar. A  mathemati- 
cian, who  afterwards  followed  the  tenets 
of  Epicurus,  and  disregarded  geometry  as 
a  false  and  useless  study. 

Poyanus,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia, 
near  Pindus. 

Polyarchus,  the  brother  of  a  queen  of 
Cvrene. 

Polybidas,  a  general  after  the  death  of 
Agesipolis  the  Lacedaemonian.  He  reduc- 
ed'Olynthus. 

Polybius,  or  Polybus,  a  king  of  Co- 
rinth, who  married  Peribcea,  whom  some! 
have  called  Merope.  He  was  son  of 
Mercury  by  Chthonophyle,  the  daughter 
of  Sky  on,  king  of  Sicyon.  He  permitted 
his  wife,  who  had  no  children,  to  adopt 
and  educate  as  her  own  son,  CEdipus, 
who  had  been  found  by  his  shepherds  ex- 
posed in  the  woods.  As  he  had  no  male 
child,  he  left  his  kingdom  to  Adrastus, 
who  had  been  banished  from  his  throne, 
and  who  had  fled  to  Corinth  for  protec- 
tion. 

Polybius,  a  native  of  Megalopolis  in 
Peloponnesus,  son  of  Lycortas.  He  was 
early  initiated  in  the  duties,  and  made 
acquainted  with  the  qualifications  of  a 
statesman,  by  his  father,  who  was  a  strong 
supporter  of  the  Achaean  league,  and  un- 
der him  Philopoemen  was  taught  the  art 
of  war.  In  Macedonia  he  distinguished 
kkuself  by  his  valor  against  the  Romans, 
and  when  Perseus  had  been  conquered, 
he  was  carried  to  the  capital  of  Italy  as  a 
prisoner  of  war.  But  he  was  not  long 
buried  in  the  obscurity  of  a  dungeon. 
Scipio  and  Fabius  were  acquainted  with 
his  uncommon  abilities  as  a  warrior  and 
as  a  man  of  learning,  and  they  made  him 
their  friend  by  kindness  and  attention. 
Polybius  was  not  insensible  to  their  mer- 
it ;  he  accompanied  Scipio  in  his  expedi- 
tions, and  was  present  at  the  taking  of 
Carthage  and  Numantia.  In  the  midst  of 
his  prosperity,  however,  he  felt  the  dis- 
tresses of  his  country,  which  had  been 
reduced  into  a  Roman  province,  and,  like 
a  true  patriot,  he  relieved  its  wants,  and 
eased  its  servitude  by  making  use  of  the 
influence  which  he  had  acquired  by  his 
acquaintance  with  the  most  powerful  Ro- 
mans. After  the  death  of  his  friend  and 
benefactor  Scipio,  he  retired  from  Rome, 
and  passed  the  rest  of  his  days  at  Mega- 
lopolis, where  he  enjoyed  the  comforts 
and  honors  which  every  good  man  can 
receive  from  the  gratitude  of  his  citizens, 
and  from  the  self-satisfaction  which  at- 
tends a  humane  and  benevolent  heart. 
He  died  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his 
age,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-four 
years  before  Christ,  of  a  wound  which  he 


had  received  by  a  fall  from  his  horse.  He 
wrote  an  universal  history  in  Greek,  di- 
vided into  forty  books,  which  began  with 
the  wars  of  Rome  with  the  Carthaginians, 
and  finished  with  the  conquest  of  Mace- 
donia by  Paulus.  The  greatest  part  of 
this  valuable  history  is  lost  ;  the  five  first 
books  are  extant,  and  of  the  twelve  fol- 
lowing the  fragments  are  numerous.  The 
history  of  Polybius  is  admired  for  its  au- 
thenticity.  A  freedman  of  Augustus. 

A  physician,  disciple  and  successor 

of  Hippocrates. A  soothsayer  of  Co- 
rinth, who  foretold  to  his  sons  the  fate 
that  attended  them  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Polybcea,  a  daughter  of  Ainyclas  and 
Diomede,  sister  lo  Hyacinthus. 

Polybotes,  one  of  the  giants  who  made 
war  against  Jupiter.  He  was  killed  by 
Neptune,  who  crushed  hiin  under  a  part 
of  the  island  of  Cos,  as  he  was  walking 
across  the  iEgean. 

Polybus,  a  king  of  Thebes  in  Egypt  in 

the  time  of  the  Trojan  war. One  of 

Penelope's  suitors. A  king  of  Sicyon. 

A  king  of  Corinth. 

Polycaon,  a  son  of  Lelexwho  succeed- 
ed his  brother  Myles. A  son  of  Eutes 

who  married  a  daughter  of  Hyllus. 

Polycarpus,  a  famous  Greek  writer, 
born  at  Smyrna,  and  educated  at  the  ex- 
pense of  a  rich  but  pious  lady.  He  be- 
came bishop  of  Smyrna,  and  went  to 
Rome  to  settle  the  festival  of  Easter,  but 
to  no  purpose.  He  was  condemned  to  be 
burnt  at  Smyrna,  A.  D.  167. 

Polycaste, the  youngest  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  Nestor. 

Polychares,  a  rich  Messenian,  said  to 
have  been  the  cause  of  the  war  which 
was  kindled  between  the  Spartans  and  his 
countrymen,  which  was  called  the  first 
Messenian  war. 

Polvclea,  the  mother  of  Thessalus. 

Polycles,  an  Athenian  in  the  time  of 

Demetrius. A  famous   athlete,  often 

crowned  at  the  four  solemn  games  of  the 
Greeks. 

Polycletus,  a  celebrated  statuary  of 
Sicyon,  about  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
two  years  before  Christ.  He  was  univer- 
sally reckoned  the  most  skilful  artist  of 
his  profession  among  the  ancients,  and 
the  second  rank  was  given  to   Phidias. 

He  was  acquainted  with  architecture. 

Another  who  lived  about  thirty  years  af- 
ter.  A  favorite  of  the  emperor  Nero, 

put  to  death  by  Galba. 

Polyclitus,  an  historian  of  Larissa. 

PoLYrRATEs,  a  tyrant  of  Samos,  well 
known,for  the  continual  flow  of  good  for- 
tune which  attended  him.  He  had  a  fleet 
of  a  hundred  ships  of  war,  and  was  so 
universally  respected,  that  Amasis,  the 
king  of  Egypt,  made  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  him.  The  Egyptian  monarch,  how- 
ever, terrified  by  his  continual  prosperity, 


PO 


31G 


PO 


advised  him  to  chequer  his  enjoyments, 
by  relinquishing  some  of  his  most  favorite 
objects.  Polycrates  complied,  and  threw 
into  the  sea  a  beautiful  seal,  the  most  val- 
uable of  his  jewels.  The  voluntary  loss 
of  so  precious  a  seal  afflicted  him  for  some 
time,  but  a  few  days  after,  he  received  as 
a  present  a  large  fish,  in  whose  belly  the 
jewel  was  found.  Amasis  no  sooner 
heard  this,  than  he  rejected  all  alliance 
with  the  tyrant  of  Samos,  and  observed, 
that  sooner  or  later  his  good  fortune 
would  vanish.  Some  time  after  Polycra- 
tes visited  Magnesia  on  the*  Mseander, 
where  he  had  been  invited  by  Orcetes,  the 
governor.  He  was  shamefully  put  to 
death,  five  hundred  and  twenty-two  years 
before  Christ,  merely  because  the  govern- 
or wished  to  terminate  the  prosperity  of 

Polycrates. A   sophist  of  Athens. 

An  ancient  statuary. 

Polycreta,  or  Polycrita,  a  young  wo- 
man of  Naxos,  who  became  the  wife  of 
Diognetus,  the  general  of  the  Erythreans, 

&c. Another  woman  of  Naxos,  who 

died  through  excess  of  joy. 

Polycritus,  a  man  who  wrote  the  life 
of  Dionysius,  the  tyrant  of  Sicily. 

Polyctor,  the  husband  of  Stygna,  one 

of  the  Danaides. The  father  of  Pisan- 

der,  one  of  Penelope's  suitors. An 

athlete  of  Elis. 

Polydjemon,  an  Assyrian  prince  killed 
by  Perseus. 

Polydamas,  a  Trojan,  son  of  Antenor 
by  Theano.  the  sister  of  Hecuba.  He 
married   Ly caste,  a  natural  daughter  of 

Priam. A  son  of  Panthous,  born  the 

same  night  as  Hector.  He  was  killed  by 
Ajax,   after  he  had   slaughtered   a  great 

number  of  the  enemy. A  celebrated 

athlete,  son  of  Nicias,  who  imitated  Her- 
cules in  whatever  he  did.  He  was  one 
day  with  some  of  his  friends  in  a  cave, 
when  on  a  sudden,  a  large  piece  of  rock 
came  tumbling  down,  and  while  all  fled 
away,  he  attempted  to  receive  the  falling 
fragment  in  his  arms.  His  prodigious 
strength,  however,  was  insufficient,  and 
he  was  instantly  crushed  to  pieces  under 

the  rock. One  of  Alexander's  officers 

intimate  with  Parmenio. 

Polydamna,  a  wife  of  Thonis,  king  of 
Egypt.  It  is  said  that  she  gave  Helen  a 
certain  powder,  which  had  the  wonderful 
power  of  driving  away  care  and  melan- 
choly. 

Polydectes,  a  king  of  Sparta,  of  the 
family  of  the  Proclidae.     He  was  son  of 

Eunomus. A  son  of  Magnes,  king  of 

the  island  of  Seriphos.  He  received  with 
great  kindness  Danae  and  her  son  Per- 
seus, who  had  been  exposed  on  the  sea  by 
Acrisius.  He  took  particular  care  of  the 
education  of  Perseus  ;  but  when  he  be- 
came enamored  of  Danae,  he  removed 
him  from  his  kingdom,  apprehensive  of 


his  resentment.  Some  time  after  he  paid 
his  addresses  to  Danae,  and  when  she  re- 
jected him,  he  prepared  to  offer  her  vio- 
lence. At  this  critical  moment,  Perseus 
arrived,  and  with  Medusa's  head  he  turn- 
ed into  stones  Polydectes,  with  the  asso- 
ciates of  his  guilt. A   sculptor    of 

Greece. 

Polydeucea,  a  fountain  of  Laconia, 
near  Therapne. 

Polydora,  a  daughter  of  Peleus  king 
of  Thessaly,  by  Antigone,  the  daughter 
of  Eurytion.     She  married  the  river  Sper- 

chius,  by  whom  she  had  Mnestheus. 

One  of  the  Oceanides. A  daughter  of 

Meleager  king  of  Calydon,  who  married 
Protesilaus.    She  killed  herself  when  she 

heard  that  her  husband  was  dead. A 

daughter  of  Perieres. An  island  of  the 

Propontis  near  Cyzicus. 

Poltdorus,  a  son  of  Alcamenes,  king 
of  Sparta.  He  put  an  end  to  the  war 
which  had  been  carried  on  during  twenty 
years,  between  Messenia  and  his  subjects, 
and  during  his  reign,  the  Lacedasmonians 
planted  two  colonies,  one  at  Crotona,  and 
the  other  at  Locri.  He  was  universally 
respected.  He  was  assassinated  by  a  no- 
bleman, called  Polemarchus. A  cele- 
brated carver  of  Rhodes,  who  with  one 
stone  made  the  famous  statue  of  Laocoon 

and  his  children. A  son  of  Hippome- 

don,  who  went  with  the  Epigoni  to  the 
second  Theban  war. A  son  of  Cad- 
mus and  Hermione,  who  married  Nycteis, 
by  whom  he  had  Labdacus,  the  father  of 
Laius.  He  had  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Thebes,  when  his  father  had  gone  to 

Illyricum. A  brother  of  Jason  of  Phe- 

rse,  who  killed  his   brother,  and  seized 

upon  his  possessions A  son  of  Priam 

killed  by  Achilles. Another  son  of  Pri- 
am by  Hecuba,  or  according  to  others  by 
Laothoe,  the  daughter  of  Altes,  king  of 
Pedasus.  As  he  was  young  and  inexpe- 
rienced when  Troy  was  besieged  by  the 
Greeks,  his  father  removed  him  to  the 
court  of  Polymnestor,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  also  intrusted  to  the  care  of  the  mon- 
arch a  large  sum  of  money,  and  the  great- 
est part  of  his  treasures,  till  his  country 
was  freed  from  foreign  invasion.  No 
sooner  was  the  death  of  Priam  known  in 
Thrace  than  Polymnestor  made  himself 
master  of  the  riches  which  were  in  his 
possession,  and  to  insure  them  the  bet- 
ter, he  assassinated  young  Polydorus,  and 
threw  his  body  into  the  sea,  where  it  was 
found  by  Hecuba. 

Polygius,  a  surname  of  Mercury. 

Polygnotus,  a  celebrated  painter  of 
Thasos,  about  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  years  before  the  Christian  era.  His 
father's  name  was  Aglaophon.  He  par- 
ticularly excelled  in  giving  grace,  liveli- 
ness, and  expression  to  his  pieces. A 

statuary. 


PO 


317 


PO 


POLTSOM'S     .lil.i     TcL£GOKT"J,     SOUS     of 

Proteus  and  Coronis,  were  killed  by  Her- 
cules. 

Polvhvmnia,  and  Poxymnia,  one  of  the 
Muses,  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemo- 
syne. She  presided  over  singing  and  rhe- 
toric, and  was  deemed  the  inventress  of 
harmony.  She  was  represented  veiled 
in  white,  holding  a  sceptre  in  her  left 
hand,  and  with  a  crown  of  jewels  on  her 
head. 

Polyidius,  a  physician  who  brought 
back  to  life  Glaucus,  the  son  of  Minos,  by 
applying  to  his  body  a  certain  herb,  with 
which  he  had  seen  a  serpent  restore  life 

to  another  which  was  dead. A  son  of 

Hercules  by  one  of  the  daughters  of  Tbes- 

tius. A  Corinthian  soothsayer,  called 

also   Polybius. A  dithyrambic  poet, 

painter,  and  musician. 

PoLYLAus,a  son  of  Hercules  and  Crathe, 
daughter  of  Thespius. 

Polymede,  a  daughter  of  Autolycus, 
who  married  ^Eson,  by  whom  she  had  Ja- 
son. 

Polymedon,  one  of  Priam's  illegitimate 
children. 

Polymela,  one  of  Diana's  companions. 

A  daughter  of  iEolus,  seduced  by 

Ulysses. A  daughter  of  Actor. 

Polymejses,  an  officer  appointed  to  take 
care  of  Egypt  after  it  had  been  conquered 
by  Alexander. 

Polymneste9,  a  Greek  poet  of  Colo- 
phon.  A  native  of  Thera. 

Polymnestor,  a  king  of  the  Thracian 
Chersonesus,  who  married  Ilione  the  eld- 
est of  Priam's  daughters.  When  the 
Greeks  besieged  Troy,  Priam  sent  the 
greatest  part  of  his  treasures,  together 
with  Polydorus,  the  youngest  of  his  sons 
to  Thrace,  where  they  were  intrusted  to 
the  care  of  Polymnestor.  The  Thracian 
monarch  paid  every  attention  to  his  bro- 
ther-in-law ;  but  when  he  was  informed 
that  Priam  was  dead,  he  murdered  him  to 
become  master  of  the  riches  which  were 
in  his  possession.  At  that  time,  the 
Greeks  were  returning  victorious  from 
Troy,  followed  by  all  the  captives,  among 
whom  was  Hecuba,  the  mother  of  Poly- 
dorus. The  fleet  stopped  on  the  coasts  of 
Thrace,  where  one  of  the  female  captives 
discovered  on  the  shore  the  body  of  Poly- 
dorus, whom  Polymnestor  had  thrown  into 
the  sea.  The  dreadful  intelligence  was 
immediately  communicated  to  the  mother, 
and  Hecuba,  who  recollected  the  frightful 
dreams  which  she  had  had  on  the  preced- 
ing night,  did  not  doubt  but  Polymnestor 
was  the  cruel  assassin.  She  resolved  to  re- 
venge her  son's  death,  and  immediately 
she  called  out  Polymnestor,  as  if  wishing 
to  impart  to  him  a  matter  of  the  most  im- 
portant nature.  The  tyrant  was  drawn 
into  the  snare,  and  was  no  sooner  intro- 
duced into  the  apartments  of  the  Trojan 
27* 


princess,  than  the  female  captives  rushed 
upQn  him,  and  put  out  his  eyes  with  their 
pins,   while   Hecuba   murdered    his   two 

children  who  had  accompanied  him. A 

king  of  Arcadia,  succeeded  on  the  throne 

by  Ecmis. A  young  Milesian  who  took 

a'hare  in  running,  and  afterwards  obtain- 
ed a  prize  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Polynices,  a  son  of  CEdipus  king  of 
Thebes,  by  Jocasta.  He  inherited  his  fa- 
ther's throne  with  his  brother  Eteocles, 
and  it  was  mutually  agreed  between  the 
two  brothers,  that  they  should  reign  each 
a  year  alternately.  Eteocles  first  ascend- 
ed the  throne  by  right  of  seniority  ;  but 
when  the  year  was  expired,  he  refused  to 
resign  the  crown  to  his  brother.  Poly- 
nices,  upon  this,  fled  to  Argos,  where  he 
married  Argia,  the  daughter  of  Adrastus, 
the  king  of  the  country,  and  levied  a  large 
army,  at  the  head  of  which  he  marched 
to  Thebes.  The  command  of  this  army 
was  divided  among  seven  celebrated 
chiefs,  who  were  to  attack  the  seven  gates 
of  the  city  of  Thebes.  The  battle  was  de- 
cided by  a  single  combat  between  the 
two  brothers,  who  both  killed  one  an- 
other. 

Polynoe,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Polypemon,  a  famous  thief,  called  also 
Procrustes,  who  plundered  all  the  travel- 
lers about  the  Cephisus,  and  near  Eleusis 
in  Attica.     He  was  killed  by  Theseus. 

PoLYFERCHON,    Or    PoLYSPERCHON,    One 

of  the  officers  of  Alexan  der.  Antipater  at 
his  death,  appointed  him  governor  of  the 
kingdom  of  Macedonia,  in  preference  to 
his  own  son  Cassander.  Polyperchon, 
though  old,  and  a  man  of  experience, 
showed  great  ignorance  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government.  He  was  killed 
in  a  battle,  309  B.  C. 

Polyphemus,  a  celebrated  Cyclops,  king 
of  all  the  Cyclops  in  Sicily,  and  son  of 
Neptune  and  Thoosa,  the  daughter  of 
Pborcys.  He  is  represented  as  a  monster 
of  strength,  of  a  tall  stature,  and  one  eye 
in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  He  fed 
upon  human  flesh,  and  kept  his  flocks  on 
the  coasts  of  Sicily,  when  Ulysses,  at  his 
return  from  the  Trojan  war,  was  driven 
there.  The  Grecian  prince,  with  twelve 
of  his  companions,  visited  the  coast,  and 
were  seized  by  the  Cyclops,  who  confined 
them  in  his  cave,  and  daily  devoured  two 
of  them.  Ulysses  would  have  shared  the 
fate  of  his  companions,  had  he  not  intoxi- 
cated the  Cyclops,  and  put  out  his  eye 
with  a  firebrand  while  he  was  asleep 
Polyphemus  was  awaked  by  the  sudden 
pain,  he  stopped  the  entrance  of  his  cave, 
but  Ulysses  made  his  escape  by  creeping 
between  the  legs  of  the  rams  of  the  Cy- 
clops, as  they  were  led  out  to  feed  on  the 
mountains.  Polyphemus  became  enamor- 
ed of  Ga'.aUea,  but  his  addresses  were  dis 
regarded,  and  the  nymph  shunned  his  pre 


PO 


318 


PO 


sence. One  of  the  Argonauts,  son  of 

Elatus  and  Hippea. 

Polyphonta,  one  of  Diana's  nymphs, 
daughter  of  Hipponus  and  Thraosa. 

Polyphonies,  one  of  the  Heraclida;, 
who  killed  Cresphontes,  king  of  Messe- 

nia,  and  usurped  his  crown. One  of 

the  Theban  generals,  under  Eteocles. 

Polypcetes,  a  son  of  Pirithous  and  Hip- 

podamia  at  the  Trojan  war. A  son  of 

Apollo  by  Pythia. One  of  the  Trojans 

whom  ^Eneas  saw  when  he  visited  the  in- 
fernal regions. 

Polysperchon.    Vid.  Polyperchon. 

Polystratus,  a  Macedonian  soldier, 
who  found  Darius  after  he  had  been  stab- 
bed by  Bessus,  and  who  gave  him  water 
to  drink,  and  carried  the  last  injunctions 

of  the  dying  monarch  to  Alexander. 

An  epicurean  philosopher  who  nourished 
B.  C.  238. 

Polytecnus,  an  artist  of  Colophon, 
who  married  ^Edon,  the  daughter  of  Pan- 
darus. 

Polytion,  a  friend  of  Alcibiades,  with 
whom  he  profaned  the  mysteries  of  Ce- 
res. 

Polytimetus,  a  river  of  Sogdiana. 

Polyphron,  a  prince  killed  by  his  ne- 
phew Alexander,  the  tyrant  of  Pheree. 

Polytropus,  a  man  sent  by  the  Lace- 
ilcBiuonians  with  an  army  against  the  Ar- 
cadians.    He  was  killed  at  Orchomenus. 

Polyxena,  a  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  ac- 
complishments. Achilles  became  enamor- 
ed of  her,  and  solicited  her  hand,  and 
their  marriage  would  have  been  consum- 
mated, had  not  Hector  her  brother  oppos- 
ed it.  Polyxena,  according  to  some  au- 
thors, accompanied  her  father  when  he 
went  to  the  tent  of  Achilles  to  redeem  the 
body  of  his  son  Hector.  Sometime  after 
the  Grecian  hero  came  into  the  temple  of 
Apollo  to  obtain  a  sight  of  the  Trojan 
princess,  but  he  was  murdered  there  by 
Paris  ;  and  Polyxena,  who  had  returned 
his  affection,  was  so  afflicted  at  his  death, 
that  she  went  and  sacrificed  herself  on 
his  tomb. 

Polyxenidas,  a  Syrian  general,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  192. 

Polyxenus,  one  of  the  Greek  princes 
during  the  Trojan  war.  His  father's  name 

was  Agasthenes. A  son  of  Medea  by 

Jason.- — A  young  Athenian  who  became 

blind. A  general  of  Dionysius,  from 

whom  he  revolted. 

Polyxo,  a  priestess  of  Apollo's  temple 
in  Lemnos.  It  was  by  her  advice  that  the 
Lemnian  women  murdered  all  their  hus- 
bands.  One  of  the  Atlantides. A 

native  of  Argos,  who  married  Tlepolemus, 
son  of  Hercules.  She  followed  him  to 
Rhodes,  after  the  murder  of  his  uncle  Li- 
cymnius,  and  when  he  departed  for  the 
Trojan  war  with  the   rest  of  the   Greek 


princes,  she  became  the  sole  mistress  of 

the  kingdom. The  wife  of  Nycteus. 

One  of  the  wives  of  Danaus. 

Polyzelus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Rhodes. 
Some  of  his  verses  are  quoted  by  Athe- 
naeus. An  Athenian  archon. 

Pomax.ithres,  a  Parthian  soldier,  who 
killed  Crassus  according  to  some. 

Pometia,  Pometii,  and  Pometia  Sues- 
sa,  a  town  of  the  Volsci  in  Latium,  total- 
ly destroyed  by  the  Romans,  because  it 
had  revolted. 

Pome tina,  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  peo- 
ple at  Rome. 

Pomona,  a  nymph  at  Rome  who  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  gardens,  and  to 
be  the  goddess  of  al!  sorts  of  fruit-trees* 
She  was  generally  represented  as  sitting 
on  a  basket  full  of  flowers  and  fruit,  and 
holding  a  bough  in  one  hand,  and  apples 
in  the  other. 

Pompeia,  a  daughter  of  Sextus  Pompey, 
by  Scribonia.  She  was  promised  to  Mar- 
cellus,  as  a  means  of  procuring  a  recon- 
ciliation between  her  father  and  the  tri- 
umvirs, but  she  married  Scribonius  Libo. 
A  daughter  of  Pompey  the  Great,  Ju- 
lius Caesar's  third  wife,  and  by  him  repu- 
diated.  The  wife  of  Anna?us  Seneca, 

was  the  daughter  of  Pompeius  Paullinus. 

There  was  a  portico  at  Rome,  called 

Pompeia,  much  frequented  by  all  orders  of 
people. 

Pompeia  lex,  by  Pompey  the  Great,  dc 
ambitu,  A.  U.  C.  70] .  It  ordained  that 
whatever  person  had  been  convicted  of 
the  crime  of  ambitus,  should  be  pardoned, 
provided  he  could  impeach  two  others  of 
the  same  crime,  and  occasion  the  condem- 
nation of  one  of  them. Another  by  the 

same,  A.  U.  C.  701,  which  forbade  the  use 
of  laudatores  in  trials,  or  persons  who  gave 
a  good  character  of  the  prisoner  then  im- 
peached.  Another  by  the  same,  A.  U. 

C.  683.  It  restored  to  the  tribunes  their 
original  power  and  authority,  of  which 
they  had  been  deprived  by  the  Cornelian 

law. Another  by  the  same,  A.  U.  C. 

701.  It  shortened  the  forms  of  trials.  The 
plaintiff  was  confined  to  two  hours,  and 

the  defendant  to  three. Another  by  the 

same,  A.  U.  C.  698.  It  required,  that  the 
judges  should  be  the  richest  of  every  cen- 
tury, contrary  to  the  usual  form. An- 
other of  the  same,  A.  U.  C.  701.  Pompey 
was  by  this  empowered  to  continue  Iri  the 
government  of  Spain  five  years  longer. 

Pompeianus  Jupiter,  a  large  statue  of 
Jupiter,  near  Pompey's  theatre,  whence  it 
received  its  name. 

Pomp-eianus,  a  Roman  knight  of  An- 
tioch,  raised  to  offices  of  the  greatest  trust, 
under  the  emperor  Aurelius,  whose  daugh- 
ter Lucilla  he  married. A  general  of 

Maxentius,  killed  by  Constantine. A 

Roman  put  to  death  by  Caracalla, 

Pompeii,  or  Pompeium,  a  town  of  Cam 


PO 


319 


PO 


pania,  built,  as  some  suppose,  by  Hercu- 
les, and  so  called  because  the  hero  there 
exhibited  the  long  procession  (pompa,)  of 
the  heads  of  Geryon,  which  he  had  ob- 
tained by  conquest.  It  was  partly  de- 
molished by  an  earthquake,  A.  D.  63,  and 
afterwards  rebuilt.  Sixteen  years  after  it 
was  swallowed  up  by  another  earthquake, 
which  accompanied  one  of  the  eruptions 
of  mount  Vesuvius.  Herculaneum,  in  its 
neighborhood,  shared  the  same  fate.  The 
people  of  the  town  were  then  assembled 
in  a  theatre,  where  public  spectacles  were 
exhibited. 

Pompeiopolis,  a  town  of  Cilicia,  for- 
merly called  Soli. Another  in  Paphla- 

gonia. 

Q,.  Pompeius,  a  consul  who  carried  on 
war  against  the  Numantines,  and  made  a 
shameful  treaty.  He  is  the  first  of  that 
noble  family,  of  whom  mention  is  made. 

Cneus,  a  Roman  general,  sumamed 

Strabo,  because  he  squinted.  He  was 
killed  by  a  flash  of  lightning,  and  as  he 
had  behaved  with  cruelty  while  in  power, 
the  people  dragged  his  body  through  the 
streets  of  Rome  with  an  iron  hook,  and 
threw  it  into  the  Tiber. Rufus,  a  Ro- 
man consul  with  Sylla.  He  was  sent  to 
finish  the  Marsian  war,  but  the  army  mu- 
tinied at  the  instigation  of  Pompeius  Stra- 
bo, whom  he  was  to  succeed  in  command, 
and  he  was  assassinated  by  some  of  the 

soldiers. A  general  who  succeeded 

Metellus  in  Spain,  and  was  the  occasion 
of  a  war  with  Numantia. Another  gen- 
eral taken  prisoner  by  Mithridates. 

Sextus,  a  governor  of  Spain,  who  cured 
himself  of  the  gout  by  placing  himself  in 
corn  above  the  knee. Rufus,  a  grand- 
son of  Sylla. A  tribune  of  the  soldiers 

in  Nero's  reign,  deprived  of  his  office 
when  Piso's  conspiracy  was  discovered. 

A  consul  praised  for  his  learning  and 

abilities. A  son  of  Theophanes  of  Mity- 

lene,  famous  for  his  intimacy  with  Pom- 

pey  the  Great,  and  for  his  writings A 

tribune  of  a  pretorian  cohort  under  Galba. 

A  Roman  knight  put  to  death  by  the 

emperor  Claudius   for  his  adultery  with 

Messalina. Cneus,  surnamed  the  Great, 

from  his  wonderful  exploits,  was  son  of 
Pompeius  Strabo  and  Lucilia.  He  early 
distinguished  himself  in  the  field  of  battle  ; 
and,  by  pleading  at  the  bar,  he  displayed 
his  eloquence,  and  received  the  most  un- 
bounded applause.  Pompey  followed  the 
interest  of  Sylla  ;  and,  in  his  twenty-sixth 
year,  he  conquered  Sicily,  which  was 
then  in  the  power  of  Marius,  and  regained 
all  the  territories  of  Africa,  which  had  re- 
volted from  Sylla.  After  the  death  of 
Sylla,  Pompey  was  made  consul ;  and,  by 
the  influence  of  his  friends  at  Rome,  he 
was  empowered  to  finish  the  war  against 
Mithridates,  kingof  Pontus,and  Tigranes. 
king  of  Armenia.    He  totaily  defeated  the 


army  of  the  king  of  Pontus,  and  that  mon- 
arch with  difficulty  escaped;  he  next  en- 
tered Armenia,  and  received  the  submis- 
sion of  king  Tigranes;  and,  after  he  had 
conquered  the  Albanians  and  Iberians, 
visited  countries  which  were  scarcely 
known  to  the  Romans,  and,  like  a  master 
of  the  world,  disposed  of  kingdoms  and 
provinces,  receiving  the  homage  of  twelve 
crowned  heads.  He  entered  Syria,  and 
pushed  his  conquests  as  far  as  the  Red 
sea.  Part  of  Arabia  was  subdued,  Judrea 
became  a  Roman  province,  and,  when  he 
had  nothing  to  fear  from  Mithridates,  who 
had  destroyed  himself,  Pompey  returned 
to  Italy  with  all  the  pomp  and  majesty  of 
an  eastern  conqueror.  To  strengthen  him- 
self still  further,  Pompey  united  with  Caj- 
sar  and  Crassus,  and  formed  the  first  tri- 
umvirate ;  and  the  provinces  of  the  repub- 
lic were  arbitrarily  divided  between  the 
triumvirs.  But  this  powerful  confederacy 
was  soon  broken  by  the  death  of  Julia, 
daughter  of  Caesar,  whom  Pompey  had 
married ;  and  the  total  defeat  of  Crassus 
in  Syria.  While  the  conqueror  of  Mith- 
ridates was  considered  as  a  sovereign  at 
Rome,  the  adherents  of  Caesar  were  not 
silent :  they  demanded  that  either  the  con- 
sulship should  be  given  to  him,  or  that  he 
should  be  continued  in  the  government  of 
Gaul,  of  which  he  had  been  deprived. 
This  demand  was  refused,  and  a  civil  war 
was  the  consequence.  Caesar  collected 
his  forces,  and  crossed  the  Rubicon  ;  and, 
in  sixty  days,  all  Italy  acknowledged  his 
power.  Several  famous  battles  were 
fought  between  these  great  men,  witli  al- 
ternate success  ;  at  length  the  two  armies 
met  and  engaged  on  the  plains  of  Phar 
salia,  where  Pompey  was  obliged  to  give 
way,  overwhelmed  with  grief  and  shame. 
He  disguised  himself,  and  fled  to  the  sea- 
coast,  whence  he  passed  into  Egypt,  and 
claimed  protection  from  Ptolemy,  who 
basely  betrayed  him.  A  boat  was  sent  to 
fetch  him  on  shore,  and,  after  an  affec- 
tionate parting  with  his  wife  Cornelia, 
Poinpey  disembarked,  and  was  assassin- 
ated by  Achillas  and  Septimius.  His  head 
was  cut  oft*,  and  sent  to  Caesar,  who  turn- 
ed away  from  it  with  horror,  and  shed  a 
flood  of  tears.  The  body  remained  for 
some  time  naked  on  the  sea-shore,  till 
Philip,  one  of  his  freedmen,  raised  a  burn- 
ing pile,  and  deposited  his  ashes  under  a 
mound  of  earth.  The  two  sons  of  Pompey 
the  Great,  Cneius  and  Sextus,  after  the 
death  of  their  father,  prepared  to  oppose 
the  conqueror ;  but  Caesar  met  them  with 
vigor  and  success ;  and  at  the  battle  of 
Munda  they  were  defeated,  and  Cneius 
left  among  the  slain.  Sextus  fled  to  Si- 
cily, and  was  shortly  afterwards  murder- 
ed by  order  of  Mark  Antony. 

Pompelon,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Pom- 
p  china- ,  the  capital  of  Navarre. 


PO 


m 


PO 


Pompllics  Nf.vsi,  the  second   king  of 

Home.     (Fid. -Numa.) Andronicus,  a 

grammarian  of  Syria. 

Pompilia,  a  daughter  of  Numa  Pompi 
lius.  She  married  Numa  Martius,  by 
whom  she  had  Ancus  Martius,  the  fourth 
king  of  Rome. 

Pompilus,  a  fisherman  of  Ionia.  He 
carried  into  Miletus,  Ocyroe  the  daughter 
of  Chesias,  of  whom  Apollo  was  enamor- 
ed, but  before  he  had  reached  the  shore, 
the  god  changed  the  boat  into  a  rock,  Pom- 
pilus into  a  fish  of  the  same  name,  and 
carried  away  Ocyroe. 

Pompiscus,  an  Arcadian. 

Pomponia,  the  wife  or  Q,.  Cicero,  sister 
to  Pomponius  Atticus.  She  punished  with 
the  greatest  cruelty  Philologus,  the  slave 
who  had  betrayed  her  husband  to  Antony, 
and  she  ordered  him  to  cut  his  flesh  by 
piecemeal,  and  afterwards  to  boil  it  and 

eat  it  in  her  presence. -A  daughter  of 

Pomponius  Grtecinus,  in  the  age  of  Au- 
gustus.  Another  matron  banished  from 

Rome  by  Domitian,  and  recalled  by  Nerva. 

Pomponius,  the  father  of  Numa,  advised 
his  son  to  accept  the  regal  dignity  which 
the  Roman  ambassadors  offered  to  him. — 
A  celebrated  Roman  intimate  with  Cicero. 
He  was  surnamed  Atticus,  from  his  long 

residence  at  Athens. Flaccus,  a  man 

appointed  governor  of  Moesia  and  Syria  by 

Tiberius. A  tribune  of  the  people  in 

the  time   of  Serviiius  Ahala  the  consul. 

Labeo,  a  governor  of  Mossia,  accused 

of  ill  management  in  his  province.  He 
destroyed  himself  by  opening  his  veins. 

Mela,  a  Spaniard  who  wrote  a  hook  on 

geography. A  proconsul  of  Africa  accus- 
ed by  the  inhabitants  of  his  province,  and 

acquitted. A    Roman  who    accused 

Manlius  the  dictator  of  cruelty.  He  es- 
caped from  Rome,  and  the  tyranny  of  the 
triumvirs,  by  assuming  the  habit  of  a  prre- 
tor,  and  by  travelling  with  his  servants 
disguised  in  the  dress  of  lictors  with  their 
fasces. Secundus,  an  officer  in  Ger- 
many in  the  age  of  Nero.  He  was  honor- 
ed with  a  triumph  for  a  victory  over  the 

barbarians  of  Germany. A  friend  of  C. 

Gracchus.  He  was  killed  in  attempting 
to  defend  him. An  officer  taken  pri- 
soner   by    Mithridates. A    dissolute 

youth. Sextus,  a  lawyer,  disciple  to 

Papinian. 

Fomposianus,  a  Roman  put  to  death  by 
Domitian.  He  had  before  been  made  con- 
sul by  Vespasian. 

C.  Pomptinus,  a  Roman  officer  who 
conquered  the  Allobroges  after  the  defeat 
of  Catiline. 

Pomfus,  a  king  of  Arcadia. 
Pons  tElius  was  built  by  the  emperor 
Adrian  at  Rome.     It  is  still  to  be  seen,  the 

largest  and  most  beautiful  in  Rome. 

jEmylius,  an  ancient  bridge  at  Rome,  ori- 
ginally called  Sublieius,  because  built  with 


'.rood  (sublics.)  It  was  much  injured  by 
the  overflowing  of  the  river,  and  the  empe- 
ror Antoninus,  who  repaired  it,  made  it  all 

with  white  marble. Aniensis  was  built 

across  the  river  Anio,  about  three  miles 

from  Rome. Cestus  was  built  in  the 

reign  of  Tiberius. Aurelianus  was  built 

with  marble  by  the  emperor  Antoninus. 

Armoniensis  was  built  by  Augustus, 

to  join  the  Flaminian  to  the  iEmylian  road 

Dajanus  was  built  at  Baias  in  the  sea 

by  Caligula. Janicularis  received  its 

name  from  its  vicinity  to  mount  Janicu 

lurri.    It  is  still  standing. Milvius  was 

about  one  mile  from  Rome. Palatinus, 

near  mount  Palatine,  was  also  called  Se- 
nalorius,  because  the  senators  walked  over 
it  in  procession,  when  they  went  to  con- 
sult the  Sybilline  books. Trajanus  was 

built  by  Trajan  across  the  Danube,  cele- 
brated for  its  bigness  and  magnificence. 

Another  was  built  by  Trajan  over  the 

Tagus,  part  of  which  still  remains. 

The  largest  single  arched  bridge  known 
is  over  the  river  Elaver  in  France,  called 

Pons  Veteris   Brivatis. Suffragiorum 

was  built  in  the  Campus  Martius. Ti- 

rensis,  a  bridge  of  Latium  between  Arpi- 

num  and  Minturnae. Triumphalis  was 

on  the  way  to  the  capitol,  and  passed  over 

by  those  who  triumphed. Narniensis 

joined  two  mountains  near  Narnia,  built 
by  Augustus,  of  stupendous  height,  sixty 
miles  from  Rome :  one  arch  of  it  remains, 
about  one  hundred  feet  high. 

Pontia,  a  Roman  matron  who  commit- 
ted adultery  with  Sagitta. A  mother 

famous  for  her  cruelty. A  surname  of 

Venus  at  Hermione. A  woman  con- 
demned by  Nero  as  guilty  of  a  conspiracy. 
She  killed  herself  by  opening  her  veins. 

An  island  in  the  Tyrrhene  sea,  where 

Pilate,  surnamed  Pontius,  is  supposed  to 
have  lived. 

Ponticum  mare,  the  sea  of  Pontus,  ge- 
nerally called  the  Euxine. 

Ponticus,  a  poet  of  Rome,  contempora- 
ry with  Propertius,  by  whom  -he  is  com- 
pared to  Homer. A  man  in  Juvenal's 

age,  fond  of  boasting  of  the  antiquity  and 
great  actions  of  his  family,  yet  without 
possessing  himself  one  single  virtue. 

Pontina,  or  Pomptina  lacus,  a  lake  in 
the  country  of  the  Volsci,  through  which 
the  great  Appian  road  passed.  This  lake 
is  now  become  very  dangerous  from  the 
exhalations  of  its  stagnant  water. 

Pontinus,  a  friend  of  Cicero. A  tri- 
bune of  the  people,  who  refused  to  rise  up 
when  Caesar  passed  in  triumphal  proces- 
sion.  A  mountain  of  Argolis,  with  a 

river  of  the  same  name. 

Pontius  Aufidianus,  a  Roman  citizen, 
who  upon  hearing  that  violence  had  been 
offered  to  his  daughter,  punished  her  and 

her  ravisher  with  death. Herennius,  a 

general  of  the  Samnites,  who  surrounded 


PO 


321 


PO 


the  Roman  army  under  the  consuls  T.  Ve- 
turius  and  P.  Posthumius.  Pontius  spared 
the  lives  of  the  enemy,  after  he  had  oblig- 
ed them  to  pass  under  the  yoke  with  the 
greatest  ignominy.  He  was  afterwards 
conquered,  and  shamefully  put  to   death 

by  the  Romans. A  Roman  slave  who 

told   Sylla  in  a  prophetic  strain,  that  he 

brought  him  success  from  Bellona. One 

of  the  favorites  of  Albucilla. Titus,  a 

Roman  centurion,  of  uncommon  strength. 
Pgktus,  a  kingdom -of  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Colchis,  -west  by 
the  Halys,  north  by  the  Euxine  sea,  and 
south  by  part  of  Armenia.  The  kingdom 
of  Pontus  was  in  its  most  flourishing  state 
under  Mithridates  the  Great.  When  J. 
Cffisar  had  conquered  it,  it  became  a  Ro- 
man province. A  part  ot  Mysia  in  Eu- 
rope on  the  borders  of  the  Euxine  sea, 

where  Ovid  was  banished. An  ancient 

deity,  father  of  Phorcys,  Thaumas,  Ne- 
reus,  Eurybia,  and  Ceto,  by  Terra.  He  is 
the  same  as  Oceanus. 

Pontus  Euxinus,  a  celebrated  sea,  situ- 
ate at  the  west  of  Colchis.  It  is  called 
the  Black  Sea  by  the  moderns. 

M.  Popilius,  a  consul  who  was  inform- 
ed, as  he  was  offering  a  sacrifice,  that  a 
sedition  was  raised  in  the  city  against  the 
senate.  Upon  this  he  immediately  went 
to  the  populace  in  his  sacerdotal  robes,  and 
quieted  the  multitude  with  a  speech.     He 

lived  about  the  year  of  Rome  404. 

Caius,  a  consul,  who,  when  besieged  by 
the  Gauls,  abandoned  his  baggage  to  save 
his  army. Lamas,  a  Roman  ambassa- 
dor to  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria. A  tri- 
bune of  the  people  who  murdered  Cicero, 
to  whose  eloquence  he  was  indebted  for 

his  life. A  praetor  who  banished  the 

friends  of  Tiberius  Gracchus   from  Italy. 

A  Roman   consul   who  made  war 

against  the  people  of  Numantia,  and  was 

defeated    by  them. A   senator  who 

alarmed  the  conspirators  against  Caesar, 
by  telling  them  that  the  whole  plot  was 

discovered. A  Roman  emperor. 

Poplicola,  one  of  the  first  consuls. 
Pofp.ea  Sabina,  a  celebrated  Roman 
matron,  daughter  of  Titus  Ollius.  She 
married  a  Roman  knight  called  Rufus 
Crispinus,  by  whom  she  had  a  son.  Her 
personal  charms,  and  the  elegance  of  her 
figure  captivated  Otho,  who  was  then  one 
of  Nero's  favorites.  He  carried  her  away 
and  married  her  ;  but  Nero  who  had  seen 
her,  and  had  often  heard  her  accomplish- 
"ments  extolled,  soon  deprived  him  of  her 
company,  and  sent  him  out  of  Italy,  on 
pretence  of  presiding  over  one  of  the  Ro- 
man provinces.  After  he  had  taken  this 
step,  Nero  repudiated  his  wife  Octavia, 
on  pretence  of  barrenness,  and  married 
Poppnsa.  She  died  of  a  blow  which  she 
received  from  his  foot  about  the  sixty-fifth 
year  of  the  Christian  era. A  beautiful 


woman  at  the  court  of  Nero.  She  was 
mother  to  the  preceding. 

PoppiKus  Sabinus,  a  Roman  of  obscure 
origin,  who  was  made  governor  of  some 
of  the  Roman  provinces.    He  destroyed 

himself. Sylvanus,  a  man  of  consular 

dignity,  who  brought  to  Vespasian  a  body 

of  six  hundred  Dalmatians. A  friend 

of  Otho. 

Pofulonia,  or  Populanium,  a  town  of 
Etruria,  near  Pisre,  destroyed  in  the  civil 
wars  of  Sylla, 

Porata,  a  river  of  Dacia,  now  Pruth, 
falling  into  the  Danube. 

Porcia,  a  sister  of  Cato  of  Utica,  great- 
ly commended  by  Cicero. A  daughter 

of  Cato  of  Utica,  who  married  Bibulus, 
and  after  his  death,  Brutus.  She  was  re- 
markable for  her  prudence,  philosophy, 
courage,  and  conjugal  tenderness.  When 
Brutus  was  dead,  she  refused  to  survive 
him,  and  attempted  to  end  her  life  as  a 
daughter  of  Cato.  Her  friends  attempted 
to  terrify  her ;  but  when  she  saw  that 
every  weapon  was  removed  from  her 
reach,  she  swallowed  burning  coals  and 
died,  about  forty-two  years  before  the 
Christain  era. 

Porcia  lex,  de  civitate,  by  M.  Porcius 
the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  453.  It  ordained 
that  no  magistrate  should  punish  with 
death,  or  scourge  with  rods  a  Roman  citi- 
zen when  condemned,  but  only  permit 
him  to  go  into  exile. 

Porcina,  a  surname  of  the  orator  M. 
M.  Lepidus,  who  lived  a  little  before  Ci- 
cero's age. 

M.  Porcius  Latro,  a  celebrated  orator 
who  killed  himself  when  laboring  under 

a  quartan  ague,  A.  U.  C.  750. Licinius, 

a  Latin  poet  during  the  time  of  the  third 

Punic  war. A  Roman   senator  who 

joined  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline. A 

son  of  Cato  of  Utica,  given  much  to  drink- 
ing. 

Poredorax,  one  of  the  forty  Gauls  whom 
Mithridates  ordered  to  be  put  to  death,  and 
to  remain  unburied  for  conspiring  against 
him. 

Porina,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus. 
Poroselene,  an  island  near  Lesbos. 
Porphyrion,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra, 
one  of  the  giants  who  made  war  against 
Jupiter. 

Porphyris,  a  name  of  the  island  Cy- 
thera. 

Porphyrius,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of 
Tyre.  He  studied  eloquence  at  Athens 
under  Longinus,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  Rome,  where  he  perfected  himself  un- 
der Plotinus.  His  most  celebrated  work, 
which  is  now  lost,  was  against  the  reli- 
gion of  Christ.  He  has  been  universally 
called  the  greatest  enemy  which  the  Chris 
tian  religion  had,  and  indeed  his  doctrines 
were  so  pernicious,  that  a  copy  of  his 
book  was  publicly  burnt  by  order  of  Theo- 


PO 


322 


PO 


dosius,  A.  D.  888.     He  died  A.  D.  304,  at 

the  advanced  age  of  seventy-one. A 

Latin  poet  in  the  reign  of  Constantine  the 
Great. 

Pofrima,  one  of  the  attendants  of  Car- 
mente  when  she  came  from  Arcadia. 

Porsenna  or  Porsena,  a  king  of  Etru- 
ria,  who  declared  war  against  the  Ro- 
mans, because  they  refused  to  restore 
Tarquin  to  his  throne  and  to  his  royal 
privileges.  He  made  a  peace  with  the 
Romans,  and  never  after  supported  the 
claims  of  Tarquin. 
Porta  Capena,  a  gate  at  Rome,  which 

leads  to  the  Appian  road. Aurelia,  a 

gate  at  Rome,  which  received  its  name 

from  Aurelius,  a  consul. Asinaria  led 

to  mount  Ccelius. Carmentalis  was  at 

the  foot  of  the  capitol,  built  by  Romulus. 
Janualis  was  near  the  temple  of  Ja- 
nus.  Esquilina  was  also  called  Mclia, 

Taurica,  or  Libitincnsis,  and  all  criminals 
who  were  going  to  be  executed  generally 
passed  through,  as  also  dead  bodies  which 
were  carried  to  be  burnt  on  mount  Esqui- 

linus. Flaminia,  called  also  Flumenta- 

na,  was  situate  between  the  capitol  and 

mount  Q,uirinalis. Fontinalis  led  to  the 

Campus  Martius. Navaliswas  situate 

near  the  place  where  the  ships  came  from 

Ostia. Collatina  received  its  name  from 

its  leading  to  Collatia. Collina,  called 

also    Quirinalis,   Jlgonensis,   and    Solaria, 
was  near  Quirinalis  Mons.     It  is  to  be  ob- 
served, that  at  the  death  of  Romulus  there 
were  only  three  or  four  gates  at  Rome,  but 
the  number  was  increased,  and  in  the  time 
of  Pliny  there  were  thirty-seven. 
Portmos,  a  town  of  Eubcea. 
Portumnalia,  festivals  of   Portumnus 
at  Rome,  celebrated  on  the  seventeenth 
of  August,  in  a  very  solemn  manner. 
Portumnus,  a  sea  deity. 
Porus,  the  god  of  plenty  at  Rome.    He 

was  son  of  Metis  or  Prudence. A  king 

of  India,  when  Alexander  invaded  Asia. 
When  he  was  conquered  and  at  length 
prevailed  upon  to  appear  before  the  king, 
Alexander  demanded  of  him  how  he  wish- 
ed to  be  treated  ;  like  a  king,  replied  the 
Indian  monarch.  This  magnanimous  an- 
swer so  pleased  the  Macedonian  conquer- 
or, that  he  restored  him  his  dominions. 
Porus  is  represented  as  a  man  of  uncom- 
mon stature,  great  strength,  and  propor- 
tionable dignity. Another  king  of  In- 
dia in  the  reign  of  Alexander. A  king 

of  Babylon. 

Posides,  an  eunuch  and  freedman  of 
the  emperor  Claudius,  who  rose  to  honors 
by  the  favor  of  his  master. 

Posideum,  a  promontory  and  town  of 

Ionia,  where  Neptune  had  a  temple. A 

town  of  Syria  below  Libanus. A  town 

near  the  Strymon. 

Posidon,  a  name  of  Neptune  among  the 
Greeks, 


Posidoniaj  a  town  of  Lucania,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Paestum. 

Posidonium,  a  town  or  temple  of  Nep- 
tune, near  Crenis  in  Italy. 

Posidonius,  a  philosopher  of  Apamea. 
He  lived  at  Rhodes  for  some  time,  and  af- 
terwards came  to  Rome,  where,  after  cul- 
tivating the  friendship  of  Pompey  and 
Cicero,  he  died  in  his  eighty-fourth  year. 
Another  philosopher,  born  at  Alexan- 
dria in  Egypt. 

Posio,  a  native  of  Magnesia,  who  wrote 
an  history  of  the  Amazons. 

Postkumia,  a  vestal  virgin,  accused  of 

adultery  and  acquitted. The  wife  of 

Servius    Sulpicius. A    daughter    of 

Sylla. 

Posthumius  Albinus,  a  man  who  suf- 
fered himself  to  be  bribed  by  Jugurtha, 
against  whom  he  had  been  sent  with  an 

army. A  writer  at  Rome,  whom  Cato 

ridiculed  for  composing  an  history  in 
Greek,  and  afterwards  offering  apologies 
for  the  inaccuracy  and  inelegance  of  his 

expressions. Tubero,  a  master  of  horse 

to  the  dictator  ^Emilius  Mamercus.  He 
was  himself  made  dictator,  and  pun- 
ished  his    son   with    death    for   fighting 

against  his  orders,  A.  U.  C.  312. Spu- 

rius,  a  consul  sent  against  the  Samnites. 
He  was  taken  in  an  ambush  by  Pontius 
the  enemy's  general,  and  obliged  to  pass 

under  the  yoke  with  all  his  army.- 

Aulus,  a  dictator  who  defeated  the  Latins 

and  the  Volsci. Tubertus,    another 

dictator,  who  defeated  the  ^Equi  and  Vol- 
sci.  Lucius  a  consul  sent  against  the 

Samnites. A  general  who  defeated  the 

Sabines. A  general  who  conquered  the 

^Equi,  and  who  was  stoned  by  the  army, 
because  he  refused  to  divide  the  promised 

spoils. Lucius,  a  Roman  consul,  who 

was  defeated  by  the  Eoii. Marcus  Cras- 

sus  Latianus,  an  officer  proclaimed  em- 
peror in  Gaul,  A.  D.  260. 

Postverta,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who 
presided  over  the  painful  travails  of  wo- 
men. 

Postumfa  via,  a  Roman  road  about  the 
town  of  Hostilia. 

Potamides,  nymphs  who  presided  over 
rivers  and  fountains. 

Potamon,  a  philosopher  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Potamos,  a  town  cf  Attica  near  Suni- 
um. 

Potentia,  a  town  of  Picenum. 
Pothinus,  an  eunuch  tutor  to  Ptolemy, 
king  of  Egypt.  He  stirred  up  commotions 
in  Alexandria,  when  Csesar  came  there, 
upon  ..which  the  conqueror  ordered  him  to 
be  put  to  death. 

Pothos,  one  of  the  deities  of  the  Samo- 
thracians. 

Potidjea,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  situate 

in  the  peninsula  of  Pallene.     Cassander 

|  repaired  and  enlarged  it,  and  ealled    it 


PR 


323 


PR 


Cassaxdria,  a  name  which  it  still  pre- 
serves. 

Potidania,  a  town  of  ^Etolia. 

Potina,  a  goddess  at  Rome  who  presid- 
ed over  children's  potions. 

Potitius.     (Fid.  Pinarius.) 

Potxi-e,  a  town  of  Bccotia,  where  Bac- 
chus had  a  temple.  There  was  here  a 
fountain  whose  waters  made  horses  run 

mad  as  soon  as  they  were  touched. A 

town  of  Magnesia,  whose  pastures  gave 
madness  to  asses,  according  to  Pliny. 

Practium,  a  town  and  small  river  of 
Asia  Minor,  on  the  Hellespont. 

Pr.scia,  a  courtezan  at  Rome,  who  in- 
fluenced Cethegus,  and  procured  Asia  as 
a  consular  province  for  LucuMus. 

Pr-exestb,  a  town  of  Latium,  about 
twenty-one  miles  from  Rome.  There  was 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Fortune  there,  with 
two  famous  images,  as  also  an  oracle, 
which  was  long  in  great  repute. 

Prjesos,  a  small  town  of  Crete,  destroy- 
ed in  a  civil  war  by  one  of  the  neighbor- 
ing cities. 

Prjesti,  a  nation  of  India. 

Prj.tor,  one  of  the  chief  magistrates  at 
Rome.  The  office  of  praetor  was  first  in- 
stituted A.  U.  C.  388,  by  the  senators, 
who  wished  by  some  new  honor  to  com- 
pensate for  the  loss  of  the  consulship,  of 
which  the  plebeians  had  clamed  a  share. 
Only  one  was  originally  elected,  and  an- 
other A.  U.  C.  501."  In  the  provinces  the 
Praetors  appeared  with  great  pomp,  six  lie- 
tors  with  the  fasces  walked  before  them, 
and  when  the  empire  was  increased  by 
conquests,  they  divided  like  the  consuls 
their  government,  and  provinces  were 
given  them  by  lot.  When  the  year  of 
their  pnetorship  was  elapsed,  they  were 
called  proprietors,  if  they  still  continued  at 
the  head  of  their  province.  At  Rome  the 
Praetors  appeared  also  with  much  pomp, 
and  their  tribunal  was  distinguished  by  a 
sword  and  a  spear,  while  they  administer- 
ed justice.  The  tribunal  was  called  pra- 
torium. 

Pretoria,  a  town  of  Dacia,  now  Cron- 
stadt. Another,  now  JLoust,  in  Pied- 
mont. 

Pr.etorius,  a  name  ironically  applied 
to  Af.  Sempronius  Rufus,  because  he  was 
disappointed  in  his  solicitations  for  the 
praetorship,  as  being  too  dissolute  and  lux- 
urious in  his  manners. 

Pr^tutium,  a  town  of  Picenum. 

Prasiane,  now  Verdant,  a  large  island 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Indus. 

PRAsiAs,a  lake  between  Macedonia  and 
Thrace,  where  were  silver  mines. 

Prasii,  a  nation  of  India. 

Pratellia  lex,  was  enacted  by  Pra- 
tellius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  398,  to  curb 
and  check  the  ambitious  views  of  men 
who  were  lately  advanced  in  the  state. 

Pratinas,  a  Greek  poet  of  Phlius,  con- 


temporary with  ^Eschylus.  He  was  the 
first  among  the  Greeks  who  composed 
satires,  which  were  represented  as  farces. 

Praxagoras,  an  Athenian  writer,  who 
published  an  histoiy  of  the  kings  of  his 
own  country. 

Praxias,  a  celebrated  statuary  of 
Athens. 

Praxidamas,  a  famous  athlete  of  ^Egina. 

Praxidace,  a  goddess  among  the 
Greeks,  who  presided  over  the  execution 
of  enterprises,  and  who  punished  all  evil 
actions. 

Praxila,  a  lyric  poetess  of  Sicyon,  who 
flourished  about  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
two  years  before  Christ. 

Praxiphanes,  a  Rhodian,  who  wrote  a 
learned  commentary  on  the  obscure  pas- 
sages of  Sophocles. An  historian. 

Praxis,  a  surname  of  Venus  at  Megara. 

Praxiteles,  a  famous  sculptor  of  Mag- 
na Graecia,  who  flourished  about  three 
hundred  and  twenty-four  years  before  the 
Christian  era.  He  chiefly  worked  on 
Parian  marble,  on  account  of  its  beautiful 
whiteness.  He  carried  his  art  to  the 
greatest  perfection,  and  was  so  happy  in 
copying  nature,  that  his  statues  seemed  to 
be  animated. 

Praxithea,  a  daughter  of  Phrasimus 
and  Diogenea.     She  married  Erechtheus, 

king  of  Athens. A  daughter  of  Thesti- 

us,  mother  of  some  children  by  Hercules. 

A  daughter  of  Erechtheus  sacrificed 

by  order  of  the  oracle. 

Prelius,  a  lake  in  Tuscany. 

Presbon,  a  son  of  Phryxus,  father  of 

Clymenus. A  son  Clytodora  and  Mi- 

nyas,  also  bore  the  same  name. 

Preugenes,  a  son  of  Agenor. 

Prexaspes,  a  Persian  who  put  Smerdis 
to  death,  by  order  of  king  Cambyses. 

Priamides,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
Paris  as  being  son  of  Priam. 

Priamus,  the  last  king  of  Troy,  was  son 
of  Laomedon,  and  husband  of  Hecuba. 
After  he  had  reigned  for  some  time  in  the 
greatest  prosperity,  Priam  expressed  a  de- 
sire to  recover  his  sister  Hesione  whom 
Hercules  had  carried  into  Greece,  and 
married  to  Telamon  his  friend.  To  carry 
this  plan  into  execution,  Priam  manned 
a  fleet,  of  which  he  gave  the  command  to 
his  son,  Paris,  with  orders  to  bring  back 
Hesione.  Paris,  to  whom  the  goddess  of 
beauty  had  promised  the  fairest  woman  in 
the  world  neglected  in  some  measure  his 
father's  injunctions,  and  as  if  to  make  re- 
prisals upon  the  Greeks,  he  carried  away 
Helen  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Spar- 
ta, during  the  absence  of  her  husband. 
Troy  was  soon  besieged,  frequent  skirm- 
ishes took  place,  in  which  the  success 
was  various,  and  the  advantages  on  both 
sides  inconsiderable.  The  siege  was  con- 
tinued for  ten  successive  years,  and  Priarfl 
ha  J  the  misfortune  to  see  the  greatest  part 


PR 


324 


PR 


of  his  children  massacred  by  the  enemy. 
Hector,  the  eldest  of  these,  was  the  only 
one  upon  whom  now  the  Trojans  looked 
for  protection  and  support  ;  but  he  soon 
fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  own  courage,  and  was 
killed  by  Achilles.  Some  time  after  Troy 
was  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the  Greeks 
by  Antenor  and  iEneas,  and  Priam  upon 
this  resolved  to  die  in  the  defence  of  his 
country.  He  put  on  his  armour  and  ad- 
vanced to  meet  the  Greeks,  but  Hecuba 
by  her  tears  and  entreaties  detained  him 
near  an  altar  of  Jupiter,  whither  she  had 
fled  for  protection.  While  Priam  yielded 
to  the  prayers  of  his  wife,  Polites  one  of 
his  sons,  fled  also  to  the  altar  before  JNe- 
opotolemus,  who  pursued  him  with  fury. 
Polites,  wounded  and  overcome,  fell  dead 
at  the  feet  of  his  parents,  and  the  aged 
father,  fired  with  indignation,  vented  the 
most  bitter  invectives  against  the  Greek, 
who  paid  no  regard  to  the  sanctity  of  al- 
tars and  temples,  and  raising  his  spear 
darted  it  upon  him.  The  spear  hurled  by 
the  feeble  hand  of  Priam,  touched  the 
buckler  of  Neoptolemus,  and  fell  to  the 
ground.  This  irritated  the  son  of  Achilles, 
he  seized  the  gray  hairs  of  Priam,  and, 
without  compassion  or  reverence  for  the 
sanctity  of  the  place,  he  plunged  his  dag- 
gei  into  his  breast.  His  head  was  cut  off, 
and  the  mutilated  body  was  left  among 
the  heaps  of  slain. 

Priapus,  a  deity  among  the  ancients. 
He  was  son  of  Venus  by  Mercury  or  Ado- 
nis ;  or  according  to  the  more  received 
opinion,  by  Bacchus.  He  is  generally  re- 
presented with  an  human  face  and  the 
ears  of  a  goat  ;  he  holds  a,  stick  in  his 
hand,  with  which  he  terrifies  birds,  as 
also  a  club  to  drive  away  thieves,  and  a 
sithe  to  prune  the  trees  and  cut  down 
corn.  He  was  crowned  with  the  leaves  of 
the  vine,  and  sometimes  with  laurel,  or 

rocket. A  town  of  Asia  Minor  near 

I.ampsacus,  now  Carahoa.  Priapus  was 
the  chief  deity  of  the  place,  and  from  him 

1he  town  received  its  name. An  island 

near  Ephesus. 

Priene,  a  maritime  town  of  Asia  Minor 
at  the  foot  of  mount  Mycale,  one  of  the 
twelve  independent  citie's  of  Ionia. 

Prima,  a  daughter  of  Romulus  and  Her- 
silia. 

Prion,  a  place  at  Carthage. 

Priscianus,  a  celebrated  grammarian 
at  Athens,  in  the  age  of  the  emperor  Jus- 
tinian. 

Priscilla,  a  woman  praised  for  her  con- 
jugal affection  by  Statius. 

Priscus  Servilius,  a  dictator  at  Rome 
who  defeated  the  Veientes  and  the  Fide- 
nates. A  surname  of  the  elder  Tarquin 

king  of  Rome.       A   governor  of    Syria, 

brother  to  the  emperor  Philip. A  friend 

of  the  emperor  Severus. A  friend  of 

the  emperor  Julian. Helvidius,  n  qures- 


tor  in  Achaia  during  the  reign  of  Nero. 

An  officer  under  Vitellius. One  of 

the  emperor  Adrian's  friends. A  friend 

of  Domitian. An  orator  of  dissipated 

and  luxurious  manners. 

Pristis,  the  name  of  one  of  the  ships 
that  engaged  in  the  naval  combat  which 
was  exhibited  by  ^Eneas  at  the  anniversa- 
ry of  his  father's  death. 

Pri  versus,  a  Rutulian  killed  by  Capys 
in  the  wars  between  iEneas  and  Turnus. 

Privernum,  now  Piperno  Vecchio,  a 
town  of  the  Volsci  in  Italy. 

Proba,  the  wife  of  the  emperor  Probus. 

A  woman  who  opened  the  gates  of 

Rome  to  the  Goths. 

Probus,  M.  Aurelius  Severus,  a  native 
of  Sirmium  in  Pannonia.  His  father  was 
originally  a  gardener,  who  by  entering  the 
army  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  military  tribune. 
His  son  obtained  the  same  office  in  the 
twenty  second  year  of  his  age,  and  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  so  much  by  his  pro- 
bity, his  valor,  his  intrepidity,  moderation, 
and  clemency,  that  at  the  death  of  the  em- 
peror Tacitus,  he  was  invested  with  the 
imperial  purple  by  the  voluntary  and  unin- 
fluenced choice  of  his  soldiers.  His  elec- 
tion was  universally  approved  by  the  Ro- 
man senate  and  the  people :  and  Probus, 
strengthened  on  his  throne  by  the  affection 
and  attachment  of  his  subjects  marched 
against  the  enemies  of  Rome,  in  Gaul  and 
Germany.  Several  battles  were  fought, 
and  after  he  had  left  four  hundred  thou- 
sand barbarians  dead  in  the  field,  Probus 
turned  his  arms  against  the  Sarmatians. 
Here  the  same  success  attended  him,  and 
on  his  return,  his  triumph  lasted  several  - 
days,  and  the  Roman  populace  were  long 
entertained  with  shows  and  combats 
While  his  subjects  enjoyed  tranquillity, 
Probus  encouraged  the  liberal  arts,  he  per- 
mitted the  inhabitants  of  Gaul  and  Illyri- 
cum  to  plant  vines  in  their  territories,  and 
he  himself  repaired  seventy  cities  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  empire  which  had  been 
reduced  to  ruins.  He  also  attempted  to 
drain  the  waters  which  were  stagnated  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Sirmium,  by  convey- 
ing them  to  the  sea  by  artificial  canals. 
His  armies  were  employed  in  this  labori- 
ous undertaking  ;  but  as  they  were  unac- 
customed to  such  toils,  they  soon  mutinied, 
and  fell  upon  the  emperor  as  he  was  pass- 
ing into  one  of  the  towns  of  Illyricum.  He 
fled  into  an  iron  tower  which  he  himself 
had  built  to  observe  the  marshes,  but  as 
he  was  alone  and  without  arms,  he  was 
soon  overpowered  and  murdered  in  the 
fiftieth  year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  six 
years  and  four  months,  on  the  second  of 

November,  after  Christ  282. ^Emilius, 

a  grammarian  in  the  age  of  Theodosius. 

An  oppressive  prefect  of  the  pretorian 

guards,  in  the  reign  of  Valentinian. 

Procas,  a  king  of  Alba  after  his  father 


PR 


325 


PR 


Aventinus.  He  was  father  of  Amulius 
and  Numitor. 

Prochvta,  an  island  of  Campania  in 
the  bay  of  Futeoli,  now  Procida. 

Procilius,  a  Latin  historian  in  the  age 
of  Pompey  the  Great. 

Procilla  Julia,  a  woman  of  uncom- 
mon virtue,  killed  by  the  soldiers  of  Otho. 

Procillus,  C.  Valerius,  a  prince  of 
Gaul,  intimate  with  Ccesar. 

Proclea,  a  daughter  of  Clytius,  who 
married  Cycnus,  a  son  of  Neptune. 

Procles,  a  son  of  Aristodenius  and  Ar- 
gia,  born  at  the  same  birth  as  Eurysthenes. 
There  were  continual  dissensions  between 
the  two  brothers,  who  both  sat  on  the 

Spartan  throne. A  native  of  Andros  in 

the  iEgean  sea,  who  was  crowned  at  the 

Olympic  games. A  man  who  headed 

the  Ionians  when  they  took  Samos. A 

Carthaginian  writer,  son  of  Eucrates. 

A  tyrant  of  Epidaurus,  put  to  death  and 

thrown  into  the  sea. A  general  of  the 

Naxians  in  Sicily,  who  betrayed  his  coun- 
try to  Dionysius  the  tyrant,  for  a  sum  of 
money. 

Proclid.e,  the  descendants  of  Procles, 
who  sat  on  the  throne  of  Sparta  together 
with  the  Eurysthenida?. 

Proconnesus,  now  Marmora,  an  island 
of  the  Propontis,  at  the  north-east  of  Cy- 
zicus,  famous  for  its  fine  marble. 

Procopius,  a  celebrated  officer  of  a  no- 
ble family  in  Cilicia.  After  he  had  sig- 
nalized himself  under  Julian  and  his  suc- 
cessor, he  retired  from  the  Roman  pro- 
vinces among  the  barbarians  in  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonnesus,  and  some  time  after 
he  suddenly  made  his  appearance  at  Con- 
stantinople, when  the  emperor  Valens  had 
marched  into  the  east,  and  proclaimed 
himself  master  of  the  eastern  empire.  His 
usurpation  was  universally  acknowledged, 
and  his  victories  were  so  rapid,  that  Va- 
lens would  have  resigned  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, had  not  his  friends  intervened.  But 
now  fortune  changed,  Procopius  was  de- 
feated in  Phrygia,  and  abandoned  by  his 
army.  His  head  was  cut  oif,  and  carried 
to  Valentinian  in  Gaul,  A.  D.  366.  Pro- 
copius was  slain  in  the  forty-second  year 

of  his  age. A  Greek  historian  of  Cae- 

sarea  in  Palestine,  secretary  to  the  cele- 
brated Belisarius,  A.  D.  534. 

Procris,  a  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
king  of  Athens.  She  married  Cephalus. 
A  daughter  of  Thestius. 

Procrustes,  a  famous  robber  of  Attica, 
killed  by  Theseus,  near  the  Cephisus.  He 
tied  travellers  on  a  bed,  and  if  their  length 
exceeded  that  of  the  bed,  he  used  to  cut  it 
off,  but  if  they  were  shorter  he  had  them 
stretched  to  make  their  length  equal  to  it. 

Procula,  an  infamous  woman  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Proculeius,  a  Roman  knight  very  inti- 
mate with  Augustus.  He  is  celebrated 
23 


for  his  humanity  and  fraternal  kindness  to 
his  brothers  Murrena  and  Scipio.  He  de- 
stroyed himself  when  laboring  under    a 

heavy  disease. A  debauchee  in  Nero's 

reign. 

Proculus  Julius,  a  Roman  who,  after 
the  death  of  Romulus,  declared  that  he 
had  seen  him  in  his  appearance  more  than 
human,  and  that  he  had  ordered  him  to 
bid  the  Romans  to  offer  him  sacrifices  un- 
der the  name  of  Ciuirinus. Geganius, 

a  Roman  consul. Placitius,  a  Roman 

who  conquered  the  Hernici. A  friend 

of  Vitellius. A  consul  under  Nerva. 

A  man  accused  of  extortion. An 

African  in  the  age  of  Aurelius.  He  pub- 
lished a  book  entitled  ale  regionibus,  or  re- 

ligionibus,  on  foreign  countries,  <fcc. 

An  officer  who  proclaimed  himself  em- 
peror in  Gaul,  in  the  reign  of  Probus.  He 
was  soon  after  defeated,  and  exposed  on  a 
gibbet. 

Procyon,  a  star  near  Sirius,  or  the  dog 
star,  before  which  it  generally  rises  in 
July. 

Prodicus,  a  sophist  and  rhetorician  of 
Cos,  about  three  hundred  and  ninety-six 
years  before  Christ.  He  travelled  from 
town  to  town  in  Greece,  to  procure  ad- 
mirers and  get  money.  Prodicus  was  at 
last  put  to  death  by  the  Athenians,  on  pre- 
tence that  he  corrupted  the  morals  of 
their  youth. 

Proerna,  a  town  of  Phthiotis. 

Prcerosia,  a  surname  of  Ceres.  Her 
festivals  celebrated  at  Athens  and  Eleusis 
before  the  sowing  of  corn,  bore  the  same 
name. 

Prgstides,  the  daughters  of  Prcetus, 
king  of  Argolis,  were  three  in  number, 
Lysippe,  Iphinoe,  and  Iphianassa.  They 
became  insane  for  neglecting  the  worship 
of  Bacchus,  or  according  to  others,  for  pre- 
ferring themselves  to  Juno. 

Prcetus,  a  king  of  Argos,  son  of  Abas 
and  Ocalea.  He  was  twin  brother  to  Acri- 
sius,  with  whom  he  quarrelled  even  be- 
fore their  birth.  After  their  father's  death, 
they  both  tried  to  obtain  the  kingdom  of 
Argos  ;  but  the  claims  of  Acrisius  prevail- 
ed, and  Proetus  left  Peloponnesus  and  re- 
tired to  the  court  of  Jobates,  king  of  Lycia, 
where  he  married  Stenobcea.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  Argolis,  and  by  means 
of  his  father-in-law,  he  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Tirynthus. 

Progne,  a  daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  by  Zeuxippe. 

Prolaus,  a  native  of  Elis,  father  to  Phi- 
lanthus  and  Lampus,  by  Lysippe. 

Promachus,  one  of  the  Epigoni,  son  of 

Parthenopauis. A    son    of   Psophis, 

daughter  of  Eryx,  king  of  Sicily. An 

athlete  of  Pallene. A  son  of  iEson,  kill- 
ed by  Pelias. 

Promathidas,  an  historian  of  Hera* 
clea. 


PR 


32Q 


PR 


Pronathion,  a  man  who  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  Italy. 

Promedol,  a  native  of  the  island  of 
Naxos,  &c. 

Peomek-ea,  one  of  the  priestesses  of 
the  temple  of  Dodona. 

Promethei  jugum  and  antrum,  a  place 
on  the  top  of  mount  Caucasus,  in  Alba- 
nia. 

Prometheus,  a  son  of  Iapetus  by  Cly- 
raene,  one  of  the  Oceanides.  He  was 
brother  to  Atlas,  Menoetius,  and  Epime- 
theus,  and  surpassed  ail  mankind  in  cun- 
ning and  fraud.  He  ridiculed  the  gods, 
and  deceived  Jupiter  himself.  To  punish 
Prometheus  and  the  rest  of  mankind,  Ju- 
piter took  fire  away  from  the  earth,  but 
the  son  of  Iapetus  out-witted  the  father 
of  the  gods.  He  climbed  the  heavens  by 
the  assistance  of  Minerva,  and  stole  fire 
from  the  chariot  of  the  sun,  which  he 
brought  down  upon  the  earth,  at  the  end 
of  a  ferula.  This  provoked  Jupiter  the 
more  ;  he  ordered  Vulcan  to  make  a  wo- 
man of  clay,  and  after  he  had  given  her 
life,  he  sent  her  to  Prometheus,  with  a 
box  of  the  richest  and  most  valuable  pre- 
sents which  she  had  received  from  the 
gods.  Prometheus,  who  suspected  Jupi- 
ter, took  no  notice  of  Pandora  or  her 
box,  but  he  made  his  brother  Epimetheus 
many  her,  and  the  god,  now  more  irritat- 
ed, ordered  Mercury,  or  Vulcan,  accord- 
ing to  ^Gschylus,  to  carry  this  artful  mor- 
tal to  mount  Caucasus,  and  there  tie  him 
to  a  rock,  where,  for  20,000  years,  a  vul- 
ture was  to  feed  upon  his  liver,  which 
was  never  diminished,  though  continually 
devoured.  He  was  delivered  from  this 
painful  confinement  about  thirty  years 
afterwards  by  Hercules,  who  killed  the 
bird  of  prey.  According  to  Apoilodorus, 
Prometheus  made  the  first  man  and  wo- 
man that  ever  were  upon  the  earth,  with 
clay,  which  he  animated  by  means  of  the 
fire  which  he  had  stolen  from  heaven. 
On  this  account  therefore,  the  Athenians 
raised  him  an  altar  in  the  grove  of  Acade- 
mus,  where  they  yearly  celebrated  games 
in  his  honor.  During  these  games  there 
was  a  race,  and  he  who  carried  a  burning 
torch  in  his  hand  without  extinguishing 
it,  obtained  the  prize.  Prometheus,  as  it 
is  universally  credited,  had  received  the 
gift  of  prophecy,  and  all  the  gods,  and 
even  Jupiter  himself  consulted  him  as  a 
most  infallible  oracle.  To  him  mankind 
are  indebted  for  the  invention  of  many  of 
the  useful  arts  ;  he  taught  them  the  use 
of  plants,  with  their  physical  power,  and 
from  him  they  received  the  knowledge  of 
taming  horses  and  different  animals,  ei- 
ther to  cultivate  the  ground,  or  for  the 
purposes  of  luxury. 

Promethis  and  Promethtdes,  a  pa- 
tronymic applied  to  the  children  of  Pro- 
metheus as  to  Deucalion. 


Promethus  and  Damasichthon,  two 
sons  of  Codrus,  who  conducted  colonies 
into  Asia  Minor. 

Promulus,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 

Pronapides,  an  ancient  Greek  poet  of 
Athens,  who  was,  according  to  some, 
preceptor  to  Homer. 

Pronax,  a  brother  of  Adrastus  king  of 
Argos,  son  of  Talaus  and  Lysimache. 

Pronoe,  a  daughter  of  Phorbus,  moth- 
er of  Pleuron  and  Calydon,  by  iEolus. 

Pronomus,  a  Theban  who  played  so 
skilfully  on  the  flute,  that  the  invention 
of  that  musical  instrument  is  attributed 
to  him. 

Pronous,  a  son  of  Phlegeas,  killed  by 
the  sons  of  Alcmaeon. 

Pro  nub  a,  a  surname  of  Juno,  because 
she  presided  over  marriages. 

Propertius,  (Sextus  Aurelius,)  a  Latin 
poet  born  at  Mevania,  in  Umbria.  His 
father  was  a  Roman  knight,  whom  Au- 
gustus proscribed,  because  he  had  follow- 
ed the  interest  of  Antony.  He  came  to 
Rome,  where  his  genius  and  poetical  tal- 
ents soon  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  the  great  and  powerful.  Mecsenas, 
Gallus,  and  Virgil,  became  his  friends, 
and  Augustus  his  patron.  Mecsenas  wish- 
ed him  to  attempt  an  epic  poem,  of  which 
he  proposed  the  emperor  for  hero  ;  but 
Propertius  refused,  observing  that  his 
abilities  were  unequal  to  the  task.  He 
died  about  nineteen  years  before  Christ, 
in  the  40th  year  of  his  age.  His  works 
consist  of  four  books  of  elegies,  which 
are  written  with  so  much  spirit,  vivacity 
and  energy,  that  many  authors  call  him 
the  prince  of  the  elegiac  poets  among  the 
Latins. 

Propcetides,  some  women  of  Cyprus, 
severely  punished  by  Venus,  whose  di- 
vinity they  had  despised. 

Propontis,  a  sea  which  has  a  commu- 
nication with  the  Euxine,  by  the  Thra- 
cian  Bosphorus,  and  with  the  ^Egean  by 
the  Hellespont,  now  called  the  sea  of 
Marmora.  It  is  about  one  hundred  and 
seventy-five  miles  long  and  sixty-two 
broad/and  it  received  its  name  from  its 
vicinity  to  Pontu3. 

Propylea,  a  surname  of  Diana.  She 
had  a  temple  at  Eleusis  in  Attica. 

Prosclystius,  a  surname  of  Neptune, 
among  the  Greeks. 

Proserpina,  a  daughter  of  Ceres  by 
Jupiter,  called  by  the  Greeks  Persephone. 
She  was  so  beautiful,  that  the  father  of 
the  gods  himself  became  enamored  of  her. 
Proserpine  made  Sicily  the  place  of  her 
residence,  and  delighted  herself  with  the 
beautiful  views,  the  flowery  meadows, 
and  limpid  streams,  which  surrounded 
the  plains  of  Enna.  In  this  solitary  re- 
treat, as  she  amused  herself  with  her  fe- 
male attendants  in  gathering  flowers,  Plu- 
to carried  her  away  into  the  infernal  re- 


PR 


327 


PR 


gions,  of  which  she  became  the  queen. 
Ceres  was  so  disconsolate  at  the  loss  of 
her  daughter,  that  she  travelled  all  over 
the  world,  but  her  inquiries  were  in  vain, 
and  she  never  could  have  discovered 
whither  she  had  been  carried,  had  not 
she  found  the  girdle  of  Proserpine  on  the 
surface  of  the  waters  of  the  fountain  Cy- 
ane,  near  which  the  ravisher  had  opened 
himself  a  passage  to  his  kingdom  by  strik- 
ing the  earth  with  his  trident.  Ceres 
soon  learned  from  the  nymph  Arethusa 
that  her  daughter  had  been  carried  away 
by  Pluto,  and  immediately  she  repaired  to 
Jupiter,  and  demanded  of  him  to  punish 
the  ravisher.  Jupiter  in  vain  attempted 
to  persuade  the  mother,  that  Pluto  was 
not  unworthy  of  her  daughter,  and  when 
he  saw  that  she  was  inflexible  for  the  res- 
titution of  Proserpine,  he  said  that  she 
might  return  on  earth,  if  she  had  not 
taken  any  aliments  in  the  infernal  regions. 
Her  return,  however,  was  impossible. 
Proserpine,  as  she  walked  in  the  Elysian 
fields,  had  gathered  a  pomegranate  from  a 
tree  and  eaten  it,  and  Ascalaphus  was  the 
only  one  who  saw  it,  and  for  his  discove- 
ry the  goddess  instantly  turned  him  into 
an  owl.  Jupiter  to  appease  the  resent- 
ment of  Ceres,  and  sooth  her  grief,  per- 
mitted that  Proserpine  should  remain  six 
months  with  Pluto  in  the  infernal  regions, 
and  that  she  should  spend  the  rest  of  the 
year  with  her  mother  on  earth. 

Prosofitis,  an  island  in  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Nile. 

Prosper,  one  of  the  fathers  who  died 
A.  D.  466. 

Prosymna,  a  part  of  Argolis,  where 
Juno  was  worshipped.  It  received  its 
name  from  a  nymph  of  the  same  name, 
daughter  of  Asterioi;,  who  nursed  Juno. 

Protagoras,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Abdera  in  Thrace,  who  was  originally  a 
porter.  He  became  one  of  the  disciples 
of  Democritus,  when  that  philosopher  had 
seen  him  carrying  faggots  on  his  head, 
poised  in  a  proper  equilibrium.  He  soon 
rendered  himself  ridiculous  by  his  doc- 
trines, and  in  a  book  which  he  published, 
he  denied  the  existence  of  a  supreme  be- 
in  ir.  This  book  was  publicly  burnt  at 
Athens  and  the  philosopher  banished  from 
the  city,  as  a  worthless  and  contemptible 
being.  Protagoras  visited,  from  Athens, 
different  islands  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  died  in  Sicily  in  a  very  advanced  age, 
about  four  hundred  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era. A  king  of  Cyprus  tributary  to 

the  court  of  Persia. Another. 

Protagorides,  an  historian  of  Cyzicus, 
who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  games  of 
Daphne,  celebrated  at  Antioch. 

Protei  columm,  a  place  in  the  re- 
motest parts  of  Egypt. 

Protesilai  turris,  the  monument  of 
Protesilaus,  on  the  Hellespont. 


Protesilacs,  a  king  of  part  of  Thessaiy, 
son  of  Iphicius,  originally  called  Iolaus, 
grandson  of  Phylacus,  and  brother  to  Al- 
cimede,  the  mother  of  Jason.  He  mar- 
ried Laodamia,  the  daughter  of  Acastus, 
and  some  time  after  he  departed  with  the 
rest  of  the'  Greeks  for  the  Trojan  war 
with  forty  sail.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
Greeks  who  set  foot  on  the  Trojan  shore, 
and  as  such  he  was  doomed  by  the  ora- 
cle to  perish,  therefore  he  was  killed,  as 
soon  as  he  had  leaped  from  his  ship,  by 
iEneas  or  Hector. 

Proteus,  a  sea  deity,  son  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  or  according  to  some  of  Nep- 
tune and  Phcsnice.  He  had  received  the 
gift  of  prophecy  from  Neptune  because  he 
had  tended  the  monsters  of  the  sea,  and 
from  his  knowledge  of  futurity,  mankind 
received  the  greatest  services.  He  usual- 
ly resided  in  the  Carpathian  sea,  and,  like 
the  rest  of  the  gods,  he  reposed  himself 
on  the  sea  shore,  where  such  as  wished 
to  consult  him  generally  resorted.  He 
was  difficult  of  access,  and  when  consult- 
ed he  refused  to  give  answers,  by  imme- 
diately assuming  different  shapes,  and  if 
not  properly  secured  in  fetters,  eluding 
the  grasp  in  the  form  of  a  tiger,  or  a  lion, 
or  disappearing  in  a  flame  of  fire,  a  whirl- 
wind, or  a  rushing  stream. 

Prothenor,  a  Boeotian  who  went  to 
the  Trojan  war. 

Protheus,  a  Greek  at  the  Trojan  war. 

A  Spartan  who  endeavored  to  prevent 

a  war  with  the  Thebans. 

Prothous,  a  son  of  Lycaon  of  Arcadia. 
-A  son  of  Agrius. 

Proto,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Protogenea,  a  daughter  of  Calydon, 
by  ^Eolia  the  daughter  of  Amythaon. 
She  had  a  son  called  Oxillus  by  Mars. 

Protogenes,  a  painter  of  Rhodes,  who 
flourished  about  three  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-eight years  before  Christ.  He  was  ori- 
ginally so  poor  that  he  painted  ships  to 
maintain  himself.  His  countrymen  were 
ignorant  of  his  ingenuity  before  Appelles 
came  to  Rhodes,  and  offered  to  buy  all  his 
pieces.  This  opened  the  eyes  of  the 
Rhodians,  they  became  sensible  of  the 
merit  of  their  countryman,  and  liberally 
rewarded  him.  Protogenes  was  employ- 
ed for  seven  years  in  finishing  a  picture  of 
Jalysus,  a  celebrated  huntsman,  supposed 
to  have  been  the  son  of  Apollo,  and  the 
founder  of  Rhodes.  He  was  to  represent 
in  this  piece  a  dog  panting,  and  with  froth 
at  his  mouth,  but  this  he  never  could  do 
with  satisfaction  to  himself;  and  when 
all  his  labors  seemed  to  be  without  suc- 
cess, he  threw  his  sponge  upon  the  piece 
in  a  fit  of  anger.  The  fall  of  the  sponge 
upon  the  picture  represented  the  froth  of 
the  mouth  of  the  dog  in  the  most  perfect 
and  natural  manner,  and  the  piece  was 
universally  admired.     When  Demetrius 


PR 


328 


PS 


besieged  Rhodes,  he  refused  to  set  fire  to 
a  part  of  the  city  which  might  have  made 
him  master  of  the  whole,  because  he 
knew  that  Protogenes  was  then  working 
in  that  quarter.  When  the  town  was 
taken,  the  painter  was  found  closely  em- 
ployed in  a  garden  in  finishing  a  picture  ; 
and  when  the  conqueror  asked  him,  why 
he  showed  not  more  concern  at  the  gene- 
ral calamity ;  he  replied  that  Demetrius 
made  war  against  the  Rhodians,  and  not 

against  the  fine  arts. One  of  Caligula's 

favorites,  famous  for  his  cruelty  and  ex- 
travagance. 

Protogenia,  a  daughter  of  Deucalion 
and  Pyrrha.  She  was  beloved  by  Jupiter, 
by  whom  she  had  iEthlius,  the  father  of 
Endymion. Another.  Vid.  Protogenea. 

Protomedusa,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Proxenus,  a  Boeotian  of  great  authority 

at  Thebes,  in  the  age  of  Xenophon. A 

writer  who  published  historical  accounts 
of  Sparta. 

Prudentius  (Aurelius  Clemens,)  a  La- 
tin poet  who  flourished  A.  D.  392,  and 
was  successively  a  soldier,  an  advocate, 
and  a  judge. 

Prumnides,  a  king  of  Corinth. 

Prusa,  a  town  of  Bithynia,  built  by 
king  Prusias,  from  whom  it  received  its 
name. 

PRUS.EU9,  Dion,  flourished  A.  D.  105. 

Prusias,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  who  flour- 
ished 221  B.  C. Another,  surnamed 

Venator,  who  made  an  alliance  with  the 
Romans  when  they  waged  war  with  An- 
tiochus,  king  of  Syria.  He  gave  a  kind 
reception  to  Annibal,  and  by  his  advice 
he  made  war  against  Eumenes,  king  of 
Pergamus,  and  defeated  him.  Eumenes, 
who  was  an  ally  of  Rome  as  well  as  Pru- 
sias, complained  before  the  Romans  of 
the  hostilities  of  the  king  of  Bithynia. 
Q..  Flaminius  was  sent  from  Rome  to  set- 
tle the  disputes  of  the  two  monarchs,  and 
he  was  no  sooner  arrived  in  Bithynia, 
than  Prusias,  to  gain  his  favor,  prepared 
to  deliver  to  him,  at  his  request,  the  cele- 
brated Carthaginian,  to  whom  he  was  in- 
debted for  all  the  advantages  he  had  ob- 
tained over  Eumenes  ;  but  Annibal  pre- 
vented it  by  a  voluntary  death.  His  ab- 
ject behavior  rendered  him  contemptible 
not  only  in  the  eyes  of  the  Romans,  but 
of  his  subjects,  and  the  Bithynians  revolt- 
ed, and  placed  his  son  Nicomedes  on  the 
throne.  The  banished  monarch  fled  to 
Nicomedia,  where  he  was  assassinated 
near  the  altar  of  Jupiter,  about  149  years 
before  Christ. 

Prymno,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Prytanes,  certain  magistrates  at  Ath- 
ens who  presided  over  the  senate,  and 
had  the  privilege  of  assembling  it  when 

they  pleased,  festivals  excepted. Some 

of  the  principal  magistrates  of  Corinth 
were  also  called  Prytanes, 


Prytanis,  a  king  of  Sparta,  of  the  fan\ 

ily  of  the  Proclidag. One  of  the  friends 

of  iEneas  killed  by  Turnus. 

Psamathe,  one  of  the  Nereides,  mother 

of  Phocus  by  ^Eacus,  king  of  ^Egina. 

A  daughter  of  Crotopus,  king  of  Argos. 
A  fountain  and  town  of  Thebes. 

Psamathos,  a  town  and  port  of  Laco- 
nia. 

Psammenitus,  succeeded  his  father 
Amasis  on  the  throne  of  Egypt.  Camby- 
ses  made  war  against  him.  Psammeni- 
tus  was  twice  beaten  at  Pelusium  and  in 
Memphis,  and  became  one  of  the  prison- 
ers of  Cambyses,  who  treated  him  with 
great  humanity.  Psammenitus  however 
raised  seditions  against  the  Persian  mon- 
arch ;  and  attempted  to  make  the  Egyp- 
tians rebel,  for  which  he  was  put  to  death 
by  drinking  bull's  blood.  He  had  reign- 
ed about  six  months.  He  flourished  about 
five  hundred  and  twenty-five  years  before 
the  Christian  era. 

Psammetichus,  a  king  of  Egypt.  He 
was  one  of  the  twelve  princes  who  shared 
the  kingdom  among  themselves ;  but  as 
he  was  more  popular  than  the  rest,  he  was 
banished  from  his  dominions,  and  retired 
into  the  marshes  near  the  sea-shore.  A 
descent  of  some  of  the  Greeks  upon  Egypt, 
proved  favorable  to  his  cause  ;  he  joined 
the  enemy,  and  defeated  the  eleven 
princes  who  had  expelled  him  from  the 
country.  He  rewarded  the  Greeks,  by 
whose  valor  he  had  recovered  Egypt,  he 
allotted  them  some  territory  on  the  sea- 
coast,  patronised  the  liberal  arts,  and  en- 
couraged commerce  among  his  subjects. 
He  made  useless  inquiries  to  find  the 
sources  of  the  Nile,  and  he  stopped,  by 
bribes  and  money,  a  large  army  of  Scy 
thians  that  were  marching  against  him. 
He  died  six  hundred  and  seventeen  years 
before  the  Christian  era,  and  was  buried 

in  Minerva's  temple  at  Sais. A  son  of 

Gordius,  brother  to  Periander,  who  held 
the  tyranny  at  Corinth  for  three  years,  B 
C.  584. 

Psammis,  or  Psammuthis,  a  king  of 
Egypt,  B.  C.  376. 

Psaphis,  a  town  on  the  confines  of  At- 
tica and  Bceotia.  There  was  there  an  ora- 
cle of  Amphiaraus. 

Psafho,  a  Libyan,  who  taught  a  num- 
ber of  birds  which  he  kept  to  say,  Psapko 
is  a  god,  and  afterwards  gave  them  their 
liberty.  The  birds  did  not  forget  the  words 
which  they  had  been  taught,  and  the  Af 
ricans  paid  divine  honors  to  Psapho. 

Psecas,  one  of  Diana's  attendant 
nymphs. 

Psophis,  a  town  of  Arcadia  near  the 
river  Erymantlms,  whose  name  it  origin- 
ally bore",  and  afterwards  that  of  Phegia. 
A  river  and  town  of  Elis. A  daugh- 
ter of  Eryx. A  town  of  Acarnania. — — 

Anotherof  Libya, 


PT 


329 


PT 


Psyche,  a  nymph  whom  Cupid  married. 
Venus  put  her  to  death  because  she  had 
robbed  the  world  of  her  son  ;  but  Jupiter 
at  the  request  of  Cupid,  granted  immor- 
tality to  Psyche.  The  word  signifies  the 
sou!.  Psyche  is  generally  represented  with 
the  wings  of  a  butterfly  to  intimate  the 
lightness  of  the  soul. 

Psychrus,  a  river  of  Thrace.  When 
sheep  drank  of  its  waters  they  were  said 
always  to  bring  forth  black  lambs. 

Psylli,  a  people  of  Libya  near  the 
Syrtes,  very  expert  in  curing  the  venom- 
ous bite  of  serpents,  which  had  no  fatal 
effect  upon  them.. 

Pteleum,  a  town  of  Thessaly  on  the 
borders  of  Bceotia. 

Pterelaus,  a  son  of  Taphius,  presented 
with  immortality  by  Neptune,  provided 
he  kept  on  his  head  a  yellow  lock.  His 
daughter  cut  it  off,  and  he  died.  He  reign- 
ed at  Taphos  in  Argos. 

Pteria,  a  well  fortified  town  of  Cappa- 
docia.  It  was  in  the  neighborhood,  ac- 
cording to  some,  that  Croesus  was  defeat- 
ed by  Cyrus. 

Ptolederma,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Ptolem-sum,  a  certain  place  at  Athens 
dedicated  to  exercise  and  study. 

Ptolem-eus,  the  name  of  a  race  of  kings 
of  Egypt,  who  reigned  in  the  following 
order  : — Ptolemy  the  first,  surnamed  La- 
gus,  was  an  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  of 
Macedonia,  by  Arsinbe,  who  married  La- 
gus,  a  man  of  mean  extraction.  Ptolemy 
wa3  educated  in  the  court  of  his  father, 
and  attended  Alexander  the  Great  as  one 
of  his  generals,  when  that  monarch  in- 
vaded Asia.  After  the  conqueror's  death, 
in  the  general  division  of  the  Macedonian 
Snpire,  Ptolemy  obtained  as  his  share  the 
government  of  Egypt,  with  Libya,  and 
part  of  the  neighboring  territories  of  Ara- 
bia. He  added  greatly  to  his  Egyptian 
dominions,  and  enriched  the  city  of  Alex- 
andria with  the  spoils  of  the  different  na- 
tions he  had  conquered. The  second 

Ptolemy  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
called  Philadelphus.  He  showed  himself 
worthy  in  every  respect  to  succeed  his 
great  father  ;  and  could  boast  of  reigning 
over  thirty-three  thousand  three  hundred 
and  thirty-nine  well  peopled  cities.  His 
army  consisted  of  two  hundred  thousand 
foot"  and  forty  thousand  horse,  besides 
three  hundred  elephants,  and  two  thou- 
sand armed  chariots.  He  gave  every  en- 
couragement to  commerce  ;  and,  by  keep- 
ing two  powerful  fleets,  one  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  other  in  the  Red  sea,  made 
Egypt  the  mart  of  the  world.  This  mon- 
arch was  accounted  the  richest  prince  of 
his  age ;  and,  at  his  death,  he  left  in  his 
treasury  a  sum  equivalent  to  two  hundred 

millions  sterling. The  third,  surnamed 

Evergetes,  succeeded  his  father  Philadel- 
phia on  the  Egyptian  throne,  and  distin- 
28* 


gui*hed  himself  by  his  clemency,  modera- 
tion, and  prudence. Ptolemy  the  fourth 

was  surnamed  Philopater  ;  and  began  his 
reign  with  acts  of  the  greatest  cruelty, 
sacrificing  successively  to  his  avarice  his 
mother,  wife,  sister,  and  brother.  He 
made  war  against  the  Jews,  and  ordered 
an  immense  number  of  that  nation  to  be 
exposed  on  a  plain,  and  trodden  to  death 
under  the  feet  of  elephants.  After  a  dis- 
sipated reign  of  seventeen  years,  he  died, 
and  his  death  was  immediately  followed 
by  the  murder  of  the  companions  of  his 
voluptuousness  and  extravagance,  whose 
bodies     were    dragged     with     ignominy 

through  the  streets  of  Alexandria. 

The  fifth  succeeded  his  father  Philopater, 
when  at  the  age  of  only  four  years,  and 
was,  during  his  minority,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Aristomenes.  At  fourteen,  he 
was  crowned  at  Alexandria,  and  received 
the  surname  of  Epiphanes,  or  Illustrious. 
Young  Ptolemy  was  no  sooner  delivered 
from  the  shackles  of  a  superior,  than  he 
betrayed  the  same  vices  which  had  char- 
acterized his  father  ;  the  counsels  of  Aris- 
tomenes were  despised,  and  that,  minis- 
ter, who  for  ten  years  had  governed  the 
kingdom  with  equity  and  moderation,  was 
sacrificed  to  the  caprice  of  the  sovereign. 
His  cruelties  raised  seditions  among  his 
subjects,  and  he  was  at  length  poisoned 
by  his  ministers,  after  a  reign  of  twenty 

four  years. The   sixth  was   son  of 

the  preceding,  and  called  Philometor,  on 
account  of  the  hatred  he  bore  his  mother 
Cleopatra.  During  part  of  his  reign,  he 
shared  his  throne  equally  with  his  younger 
brother,  Ptolemy  Physcon,  and  they  united 
to  expel  their  common  enemy,  Antiochus, 
king  of  Syria,  who  had  entered  Egypt  with 
a  large  army.  No  sooner  were  they  de- 
livered from  the  impending  war  by  the 
Romans,  who  had  checked  the  progress 
of  Antiochus,  and  obliged  him  to  retire, 
than  Philometor  and  Physcon  began  with 
mutual  jealousy  to  oppose  each  other's 
views.  Physcon  was  banished  by  the  su- 
perior power  of  his  brother,  and  repaired 
to  Rome,  where  he  claimed  the  assistance 
of  the  senate,  who  settled  the  dispute  be- 
tween the  two  royal  brothers,  by  making 
them  independent  of  each  other,  and  gir- 
ing  the  government  of  Libya  and  Cyrene 
to  Physcon,  and  confirming  Philometor  in 
the  possession  of  Egypt  and  the  island  of 
Cyprus.  These  terms  of  accommodation 
were  gladly  accepted  ;  but  Physcon  soon 
afterwards  claimed  the  dominion  of  Cy- 
prus, which  Philometor  refusing  to  deli- 
ver up,  an  open  rupture  ensued  between 
the  brothers.  The  death  of  Philometor, 
however,  left  Physcon  master  of  Egypt, 
and  of  all  the  dependent  provinces;  al- 
though the  wife  and  son  of  the  deceased 
monarch  laid  claim  to  the  crown.  Ptole- 
;  ray  Physcon  was  stigmaiis,^  vvith  the  ap™ 


PT 


330 


PT 


pellation  of  Kakergetes,  or  Evil  Doer  ;  a 
surname  which  he  merited  for  his  tyranny 
and  oppression.  A  series  of  barbarities 
rendered  him  odious  ;  and  he  died  at  Al- 
exandria, after  a  reign  of  twenty-nine 
years,  hated  and  despised  by  his  subjects. 

Ptolemy  the  eighth,  called  Lathyrus, 

succeeded  his  father  Physcon  on  the  throne 
of  Egypt ;  whence  he  was  expelled  to 
Cyprus  by  his  mother  Cleopatra,  who 
placed  the  crown  on  the  head  of  his  bro- 
ther, Ptolemy  Alexander,  her  favorite  son. 
Lathyrus  became  king  of  Cyprus,  appear- 
ed at" the  head  of  a  large  army,  and  march- 
ed against  the  k4ng  of  Judsa,  through 
whose  assistance  and  intrigue  he  had  been 
banished  from  Egypt  by  his  mother.  He 
conquered  the  Jewish  monarch,  leaving 
fifty  thousand  of  his  men  dead  on  the 
field  ;  and,  after  many  vain  attempts  to 
recover  the  kingdom  of  Egypt,  retired  to 
Cyprus,  until  the  death  of  his  brother  Al- 
exander restored  him  to  his  native  domin- 
ions. Some  of  the  cities  of  Egypt  refused 
to  acknowledge  him  as  their  sovereign  ; 
Thebes,  in  particular,  for  its  obstinacy, 
was  closely  besieged  for  three  su«!*essive 
years,  and,  from  a  powerful  and  populous 
city,  was  reduced  to  a  heap  of  ruins.  La- 
thyrus was  succeeded  by  his  only  daugh- 
ter, Cleopatra,  whom  Alexander,  son  of 
Ptolemy  Alexander  the  first,  soon  after- 
wards married  and  murdered. The 

ninth  of  the  Ptolemean  kings  of  Egypt 
was  named  Ptolemy  Alexander  the  first, 
brother  of  Lathyrus.  He  reigned  con- 
jointly with  his  mother  Cleopatra,  who 
expelled  and  soon  afterwards  recalled 
him  ;  but  Alexander,  to  prevent  a  second 
expulsion,  put  her  to  death,  and  for  this 
unnatural  act  was  himself  murdered  by 

one  of  his  subjects. Ptolemy  Alexander 

the  second,  son  of  the  preceding,  succeed- 
ed. He  was  educated  in  the  island  of 
Cos,  and,  falling  into  the  hands  of  Mith- 
ridates,  king  of  Pontus,  escaped  to  Sylla, 
who  restored  him  to  his  kingdom  ;  but 
was  slain  by  his  subjects  a  few  days  after 

his  restoration. His  brother,  Ptolemy 

Alexander  the  third,  next  ascended  the 
throne  ;  after  a  peaceful  reign,  he  was 
banished  by  his  subjects,  and  died  at  Tyre, 

leaving  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans. 

The  twelfth  was  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  and  was  surnamed 
Auletes,  from  his  skill  in  playing  on  the 
flute.  As  his  predecessor,  by  his  will, 
had  left  the  kingdom  of  Egypt  to  the  Ro- 
mans, Auletes  knew  that  he  could  not  be 
firmly  established  without  the  consent  of 
the  senate.  He  accordingly  applied  to 
Cissar,  who  was  then  consul,  and,  on  the 
payment  of  an  immense  sum  of  money, 
his  succession  was  acknowledged.  But 
these  measures  rendering  him  unpopular 
at  Rome,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  his  king- 
dom, and   seek  protection  among  his  al- 


lies. After  a  long  absence  from  Alex- 
andria, during  which  period  his  daughter 
Berenice  had  made  herself  absolute,  Au- 
letes was  replaced  on  his  throne  by  the 
Romans,  and  died  four  years  after  his  res- 
toration. He  left  two  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, and  directed  by  his  will  his  eldest 
son  to  marry  the  eldest  sister,  Cleopatra, 
and  ascend  with  her  the  vacant  throne. 
As  these  children  were  very  young,  the 
dying  monarch  recommended  them  to  the 
care  and  protection  of  the  Romans,  and 
Pompey  the  Great  was  appointed  their 
patron  and  guardian.  The  young  king, 
who  was  called  Dionysius  or  Bacchus, 
was  in  his  thirteenth  year,  when  his  pro- 
tector, after  the  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia, 
came  to  the  shores  of  Egypt,  and  claimed 
his  assistance.  {Vid.  Pompey  the  Great.) 
When  Cresar  arrived  at  Alexandria,  he 
sat  as  judge  to  hear  the  various  claims  of 
the  younger  brother  and  sister  to  the 
throne  ;  and,  to  satisfy  the  people,  order- 
ed the  will  of  Auletes  to  be  read,  confirm- 
ed Ptolemy  and  Cleopatra  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Egypt,  and  appointed  the  infant 
princes  masters  of  the  island  of  Cyprus. 
But  Ptolemy,  who  was  governed  by  cruel 
and  avaricious  ministers,  refused  to  ac- 
knowledge Cfesar  as  a  judge  or  mediator  ; 
the  Roman  enforced  his  authority  by  arms, 
and  three  victories  were  obtained  over 
the  Egyptian  forces.  In  attempting  to  save 
his  life  by  flight,  Ptolemy  was  drowned 
in  the  Nile ;  and  Cleopatra  became  sole 
mistress  of  Egypt ;  but,  as  the  Egyptians 
were  averse  to  female  government,  Caesar 
obliged  her  to  marry  her  younger  brother, 
then  in  his  eleventh  year.  This  reign 
was  the  last  of  the  Egyptian  monarchs  of 
the  family  of  Lagus  ;  and,  at  the  death  of 
Cleopatra,  who  was  queen  for  twenty- four 
years,  Egypt  became  a  Roman  province. 
A  nephew  of  Antigonus,  who  com- 
manded an  army  in  the  Peloponnesus.  He 
revolted  from  his  uncle  to  Cassander,  and 
sometime  after  he  attempted  to  bribe  the 
soldiers  of  Ptolemy  Lagus,  king  of  Egypt, 
who  had  invited  him  to  his  camp.  He  was 
seized  and  imprisoned  for  this  treachery, 
and  the  Egyptian  monarch  at  last  ordered 

him  to  drink  hemlock. A  son  of  Se- 

leucus,  killed  in  the  celebrated  battle 
which  was  fought  at  Issus,  between  Darius 

and  Alexander  the  Great. A  son  of 

Juba,  made  king  of  Mauritania. A 

friend  of  Otho. A  favorite  of  Antio- 

chus,  king  of  Syria.     He  was  surnamed 

Macron. A  Jew,  famous  for  his  cruelty 

and  avarice. A  powerful  Jew  during 

the  troubles  which  disturbed  the  peace  of 

Judaea,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. A 

son  of  Antony  by  Cleopatra,  surnamed 
PhiladeJphus  by  his  father,  and  made  mas- 
ter of  Phoenicia,  Syria,  and  all  the  territo- 
ries of  Asia  Minor,  which  were  situated 
between  the  ^Egean  and  the  Euphrates. 


PU 


331 


PU 


A  general  of  Herod,  king  of  Judaea. 

—A  son  of  Cbrysermus,  who  visited 

Cleomenes  king  of  Sparta,  when  impri- 
soned in  Egypt. A  governor  of  Alexan- 
dria, put  to  death  by  Cleomenes. Clau- 
dius, a  celebrated  geographer  and  astrolo- 
ger in  the  reign  of  Adrian  and  Antoninus. 
In  his  system  of  the  world,  he  places  the 
earth  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  a  doc- 
trine universally  believed  and  adopted  till 
t!;ts  sixteenth  century,  when  it  was  con- 
futed and  rejected  by  Copernicus.  His 
geography  is  valued  for  its  learning,  and 
the  very  useful  information  which  it 
gives. 

Ptolemais,  a  town  of  Thebais  in  Egypt, 
called  after  the  Ptolemies,  who  beautified 
it.  There  was  also  another  city  of  the 
same  name  in  the  territories  of  Cyrene. 
A  city  of  Palestine,  called  also  Aeon. 

Ptolycu9,  a  statuary  of  Corey  ra,  pupil 
to  Critias  the  Ath#nian. 

Ptou3,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Themisto, 
who  gave  his  name  to  a  mountain  of  Boe- 
otia,  upon  which  he  built  a  temple  to 
Apollo,  surnamed  Ptous. 

Publicum,  a  Roman  freed  man,  so  much 
like  Pompey  the  Great,  that  they  were 
often  confounded  together. 

Publicia  lex,  forbade  any  persons  to 
play  with  bad  or  fraudulent  designs. 

Publicola,  a  name  given  to  Publius 
Valerius,  on  account  of  his  great  popular- 
ity. 

Publilia  lex,  was  made  by  Publilius 
Philo  the  dictator,  A.  U.  C.  445.  It  per- 
mitted one  of  the  censors  to  be  elected 
from  the  plebeians,  since  one  of  the  con- 
suls was  chosen  from  that  body. An- 
other, by  which  it  was  ordained,  that  all 
laws  should  be  previously  approved  by  the 
senators,  before  they  were  proposed  to  the 
people. 

Publius  Svrus,  a  Syrian  mimic  poet, 
who  flourished  about  forty-four  years  be- 
fore Christ.  He  was  originally  a  slave 
sold  to  a  Roman  patrician,  called  Domiti- 
us,  who  brought  him  up  with  great  atten- 
tion, and  gave  him  his  freedom  when  of 
age.  He  gained  the  esteem  of  the  most 
powerful  at  Rome,  and  reckoned  J.  Cfesar 
among  his  patrons. 

Poblius,  a  praenomen  common  among 
the  Romans. Caius,  a  man  who  con- 
spired with  Brutus  against  J.  Ceesar. A 

praetor  who  conquered  Palaepolis.  He  was 
only  a  plebeian,  and  though  neither  consul 
nor  dictator,  he  obtained  a  triumph  in  spite 

of  the  opposition  of  the  senators. A 

Roman  consul  who  defeated  the  Latins, 
and  was  made  dictator. A  Roman  flat- 
terer in  the  court  of  Tiberius. A  tri- 
bune who  accused  Manlius. 

Pudicitia,  a  goddess  who,  as  her  name 
implies,  presided  over  chastity.     She  had 
two  temples  at  Rome. 
Pulcheria,  a  daughter  of  the  emperor 


Theodosius  the  Great,  famous  for  her  pie- 
ty, moderation,  and  virtues. A  daugh- 
ter of  Arcadius,  who  held  the  government 
of  the  Roman  empire  for  many  years.  She 
was  mother  of  Valentinian.  Her  piety, 
and  her  private  as  well  as  her  public  vir- 
tues have  been  universally  admired.  She 
died  A.  D.  452,  and  was  interred  at  Ra- 
venna, where  her  tomb  is  still  to  be  seen. 

A  sister  of  Theodosius,  who  reigned 

absolute  for  some  time  in  the  Roman  em- 
pire. 

Pulchrum,  a  promontory  near  Carthage, 
now  Rasafran. 

Pullus,  a  surname  of  Numitorius. 

Punicum  Bellum,  the  ancient  name  of 
the  celebrated  wars  undertaken  by  the  Ro- 
mans against  Carthage  ;  in  which  Annibal 
and  the  two  Scipios  greatly  distinguished 
themselves.  The  first  Punic  war  was 
concluded  in  favor  of  the  Romans,  who 
bound  the  Carthaginians  by  a  very  sub- 
missive treaty,  the  conditions  of  which 
were  for  some"  time  faithfully  performed  ; 
but,  when  Annibal  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Carthaginian  armies  in  Spain, 
he  spurned  the  boundaries  which  the  jea- 
lousy of  Rome  had  set  to  his  arms,  and 
war  was  determined  on  by  the  influence 
of  Annibal  in  the  Carthaginian  senate 
Without  delay,  he  marched  a  numerous 
army  towards  Italy,  and  resolved  to  carry 
on  the  war  to  the  very  gates  of  Rome. 
He  crossed  the  Rhone,  the  Alps,  and  the 
Appennines,  with  uncommon  celerityjand 
the  Roman  consuls  who  were  stationed  to 
stop  his  progress  were  severally  defeated. 
The  battles  of  Trebia,  Ticinus,  and  of  the 
Lake  of  Thrasy menus,  but  more  particular- 
ly the  decisive  action  at  Cannaj,  in  which 
forty-five  thousand  men  were  slain,  caus- 
ed so  much  consternation  at  Rome,  that, 
if  Annibal  had  marched  from  the  plains 
of  Cannae  to  the  city,  he  would  have  met 
with  no  opposition,  but  have  terminated  a 
war  with  glory  to  himself,  and  inestima- 
ble advantages  to  his  country.  The  vic- 
tory of  Cannae  left  the  conqueror  master 
of  two  camps,  and  of  an  immense  booty  ; 
and  the  cities  which  had  hitherto  observ- 
ed a  neutrality  eagerly  embraced  the  in- 
terest of  Carthage.  In  order  to  establish 
himself  more  firmly  in  Italy,  Annibal  call- 
ed his  brother  Asdrubal  from  Spain,  with 
a  large  reinforcement ;  but  this  army  was 
intercepted  and  defeated  by  the  Romans, 
and  Asdrubal  slain.  Affairs  now  began 
to  take  a  different  turn,  and  the  Carthagi- 
nians to  experience  a  bitter  reverse  of  for- 
tune. The  conquests  of  young  Scipio, 
surnamed  Africanus,  in  Spain,  had  raised 
the  expectations  of  his  countrymen  ;  and, 
when  recalled  to  Rome,  he  proposed  to  re- 
move Annibal  from  the  capital  of  Italy, 
by  carrying  the  war  into  the  heart  of  Car- 
thage. This  was  a  bold  and  hazardous 
enterprise ;  and,  though  opposed  by  the 


PU 


332 


PU 


dictator  Fabius,  was  at  length  approved 
by  the  senate,  who  empowered  Scipio  to 
sail  to  Africa.  The  successes  of  the 
young  Roman  were  as  rapid  here  as  in 
Spain  ;  and  the  Carthaginians,  apprehen- 
sive for  the  fate  of  their  capital,  recalled 
Annibal  from  Italy.  He  received  their  or- 
ders with  indignation,  and,  with  tears  in 
his  eyes,  departed  from  a  country,  where, 
for  sixteen  years,  he  had  known  no  supe- 
rior in  the  field  of  battle.  On  his  arrival 
in  Africa,  the  Carthaginian  general  soon 
collected  a  large  army,  and  met  his  exult- 
ing adversary  in  the  plains  of  Zama.  The 
battle  was  long  and  bloody  ;  the  Romans 
ultimately  obtained  the  victory  ;  and  An- 
nibal, who  had  sworn  eternal  enmity  to 
the  gods  of  Rome,  fled  from  Carthage,  af- 
ter advising  his  countrymen  to  accept  the 
terms  of  the  conqueror ;  the  victory  of  Zama 
was  decisive  of  the  fate  of  Carthage,  and 
concluded  the  second  Punic  war.  During 
the  fifty  years  which  followed,  the  Cartha- 
ginians were  employed  in  repairing  their 
losses  ;  but  they  still  found  in  Rome  a  jea- 
lous rival  and  a  haughty  conqueror  ;  they 
were  also  sorely  oppressed  and  harassed 
by  Masinissa,  king  of  Numidia,  the  ally  of 
Rome,  who  had  made  himself  master  of 
one  of  their  provinces  ;  and  as,  by  one  of 
the  conditions  of  the  treaty  of  Zama,  the 
Carthaginians  were  unable  to  make  war 
without  the  consent  of  Rome,  they  com- 
plained to  the  senate  of  this  injustice,  and 
sought  its  protection  against  the  tyranny 
of  Masinissa.  But  their  petitions  were  re- 
ceived with  indifference,  and  the  king  of 
Numidia  continued  his  depredations.  The 
Carthaginians,  therefore,  resolved  to  do 
themselves  that  justice  which  the  Romans 
had  denied  them,  and  entered  .the  field 
against  Masinissa,  by  whom  they  were  de- 
feated with  immense  loss.  By  this  despe- 
rate measure  they  had  broken  the  treaty, 
and  placed  their  destiny  entirely  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Romans  ;  who,  in  order  to 
prevent  further  hostilities,  exacted  from 
them  the  most  abject  and  submissive  condi- 
tions. The  Carthaginians  agreed  to  deliv- 
er up  three  hundred  hostages,  all  children 
of  senators  and  of  the  most  noble  and  res- 
pectable families ;  also,  all  their  ships, 
their  arms,  engines  of  war,  with  all  their 
naval  and  military  stores.  The  Roman 
consuls  next  demanded,  that  they  should 
leave  their  ancient  habitations,  and  retire 
into  the  inland  parts  of  Africa,  and  found 
another  city,  at  the  distance  of  not  less  than 
ten  miles  from  the  sea.  This  was  heard 
with  horror  and  indignation  ;  the  Romans 
were  fixed  and  inexorable  ;  and  Carthage 
was  filled  with  tears  and  lamentations. 
But  the  spirit  of  liberty  was  not  entirely 
extinguished  in  the  capital  of  Africa  ;  and 
the  Carthaginians  resolved  to  sacrifice 
their  lives  for  the  protection  of  their  gods, 
the  tombs  of   their    forefathers,  and  the 


place  which  had  given  them  birth.  They 
covered  the  ramparts  with  stones,  to  com- 
pensate for  the  weapons  and  instruments 
of  war  which  they  had  given  up  to  their 
enemies  ;  the  town  was  blocked  up  by  the 
Romans,  commanded  by  Scipio,  surnamed 
Africanus  the  Younger,  a  descendant  of 
the  great  Scipio,  who  finished  the  second 
Punic  war,  and  a  regular  siege  was  begun. 
The  operations  of  the  Roman  general, 
however,  soon  baffled  the  extraordinary 
efforts  and  determined  resistance  of  the 
besieged;  the  communications  they  had 
with  the  land  were  cut  off,  and  the  city, 
which  was  twenty  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, was  completely  surrounded  by  the 
enemy.  Despair  and  famine  at  length 
raged  in  the  interior :  Scipio  gained  access 
to  the  walls,  but  his  entrance  into  the 
streets  was  disputed  with  uncommon 
fury  ;  the  houses  as  he  advanced  were  set 
on  fire  to  stop  his  progress,  and  such  of 
the  inhabitants  as  disdained  to  be  made 
prisoners,  perished  in  the  flames,  which 
gradually  consumed  their  habitations. — 
During  seventeen  days  Carthage  continu- 
ed burning ;  and  that  city,  which  had 
once  been  the  seat  of  commerce,  the  mo- 
del of  magnificence,  the  common  store  of 
the  wealth  of  nations,  and  one  of  the 
most  powerful  states  of  the  world,  left  be- 
hind no  traces  of  its  splendor,  of  its  pow- 
er, or  even  of  its  existence.  This  memo- 
rable event  happened  147  years  B.  C. 

Pupia  lex  de  senatu,  required  that  the 
senate  should  not  be  assembled  from  the 
eighteenth  of  the  calends  of  February  to 
the  calends  of  the  same  month,  and  that 
before  the  embassies  were  either  accepted 
or  rejected,  the  senate  should  be  held  on 
no  account. 

Pupienus,  Marcus  Claudius  Maximus, 
a  man  of  an  obscure  family,  who  raised 
himself  by  his  merit  to  the  highest  offices 
in  the  Roman  armies,  and  gradually  be- 
came a  prator,  consul,  prefect  of  Rome, 
and  a  governor  of  the  provinces.  His  fa- 
ther was  a  blacksmith.  After  the  death 
of  the  Gordians,  Pupienus  was  elected 
with  Balbinus  to  the  imperial  throne,  and 
to  rid  the  world  of  the  usurpation  and 
tyranny  of  the  Maxim ini,  he  immediately 
marched  against  these  tyrants ;  but  he 
was  soon  informed  that  they  had  been  sa- 
crificed to  the  fury  and  resentment  of  their 
own  soldiers  ;  and  therefore  he  retired  to 
Rome  to  enjoy  the  tranquillity  which  his 
merit  claimed.  He  soon  after  prepared  to 
make  war  against  the  Persians,  who  in- 
sulted the  majesty  of  Rome,  but  in  this  he 
was  prevented,  and  massacred  A.  D.  23(3, 
by  the  praetorian  guards.  Balbinus  shared 
his  fate. 

Pupius,  a  centurion  of  Pompey's  army, 
seized  by  Csesar's  soldiers. 

Pupfius,  a  tragic  poet  in  the  age  of  J. 
Caesar.     Hie  tragedies  were  so  pathetic 


PY 


333 


PY 


that  when  they  were  represented  on  the 
Roman  stage,  the  audience  melted  into 
tears. 

PuRPUiiARiiE,  two  islands  of  the  Atlan- 
tic on  the  African  coast,  now  Lancarota 
and  Fortnvcntura. 

Puteoli,  a  maritime  town  of  Campania, 
between  Baiee  and  Naples,  founded  by  a 
colony  from  Cumas.  It  was  much  fre- 
quented by  the  Romans,  on  account  of 
its  mineral  waters  and  hot  baths,  and  near 
it  Cicero  had  a  villa  called  Puteolanum. 
It  is  now  called  Puzioli. 

Puticulje,  a  place  of  the  Esquiline  gate, 
where  the  meanest  of  the  Roman  popu- 
lace were  buried. 

Pyanefsia,  an  Athenian  festival  cele- 
brated in  honor  of  Theseus  and  his  com- 
panions. 

Pydna,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  originally 
called  Citron,  situate  between  the  mouth 
of  the  rivers  Aliacmon  and  Lydius. 

Pygela,  a  seaport  town  of  Ionia. 

Pygmjei,  a  nation  of  dwarfs,  in  the  ex- 
tremest  parts  of  India,  or  according  to 
others,  in  ^Ethiopia.  Some  authors  affirm, 
chat  they  were  no  more  than  one  foot  high, 
and  that  they  built  their  houses  with  egg 
shells.  Aristotle  says  that  they  lived  in 
holes  under  the  earth,  and  that  "they  came 
out  in  the  harvest  time  with  hatchets  to 
cat  down  the  corn  as  if  to  fell  a  forest.  It 
is  said  that  Hercules  once  fell  asleep  in 
the  deserts  of  Africa,  after  he  had  con- 
quered Antaeus,  and  that  he  was  sudden- 
ly awakened  by  an  attack  which  had 
been  made  upon  his  body,  by  an  army  of 
these  Liliputians,  who  discharged  their 
arrows  with  great  fury  upon  his  arms  and 
legs.  The  hero,  pleased  with  their  cour- 
age, wrapped  the  greatest  number  of  them 
in  the  skin  of  the  Nemasan  lion,  and  car- 
ried them  to  Eurystheus. 

PvGaiiEON,  a  surname  of  Adonis  in  Cy- 
prus. 

Pygmalion,  a  king  of  Tyre,  son  of  Be- 
lus,  and  brother  to  the  celebrated  Dido, 
who  founded  Carthage.  At  the  death  of 
his  father,  he  ascended  the  vacant  throne, 
and  soon  became  odious  by  his  cruelty 
and  avarice.  He  sacrificed  every  thing  to 
the  gratification  of  his  predominant  pas- 
sions, and  he  did  not  even  spare  the  life 
of  Sichasus  Dido's  husband,  because  he 
was  the  most  powerful  and  opulent  of  all 
the  Phoenicians.  Pygmalion  died  in  the 
fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  for- 
ty-seventh of  his  reign. A  celebrated 

statuary  of  the  island  of  Cyprus.  He  be- 
came enamored  of  a  beautiful  statue  of 
marble  which  he  had  made,  and  at  his 
earnest  request  and  prayers,  according  to 
the  mythologists,  the  goddess  of  beauty 
changed  the  favorite  statue  into  a  woman, 
whom  the  artist  married,  and  by  whom 
he  had  a  son  called  Paphus,  who  founded 
the  city  of  that  name  in  Cyprus. 


Pylades,  a  son  of  Strophius,  king  of 
Phocis,  by  one  of  the  sisters  of  Agamem- 
non. He  was  educated,  together  with  his 
cousin  Orestes,  with  whom  he  formed  the 
most  inviolable  friendship,  and  whom  he 
assisted  to  revenge  the  murder  of  Agam- 
emnon, by  assassinating  Clytemnestra  and 
^Egysthus.  The  friendship  of  Orestes  and 
Pylades  became  proverbial. — A  celebrat- 
ed Greek  musician,  in  the  age  of  Philopce- 
men. A  mimic  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus, banished,  and  afterwards  recalled. 

Pyl.^,  a  town  of  Asia,  between  Cappa- 
docia  and  Cilicia.  The  word  Ft/la  which 
signifies  gates,  was  often  applied  by  the 
Greeks  to  any  straits  or  passages  which 
opened  a  communication  between  one 
country  and  another. 

Pyl-emenes,  a  Paphlagonian  son  of 
Melius  who  came  to  the  Trojan  war,  and 

was  killed  by  Menelausv A  king  of  Mas- 

onia,  who  sent  his  sons,  Mestes  and  An- 

tiphus,  to  the  Trojan  war Another  son 

of  Nicomedes,  banished  from  Paplilagonia 
by  Mithridates,  and  restored  by  Pompey. 

Pylagorjg,  a  name  given  to  the  Am- 
phictyonic  council,  because  they  always 
assembled  at  Pylse,  near  the  temple  of 
Delphi. 

Pylaon,  a  son  of  Neleus  and  Chloris, 
killed  by  Hercules  with  his  brothers. 

Pylarge,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Pylartes,  a  Trojan  killed  byPatroclus. 

Pylas,  a  king  of  Megara.  He  had  the 
misfortune  accidentally  to  kill  his  uncle 
Bias,  for  which  he  fled  away,  leaving  his 
kingdom  to  Pandion,  his  son-in-law,  who 
had  been  driven  from  Athens. 

Pylene,  a  town  of  ^Etolia. 

Pyleus,  a  Trojan  chief,  killed  by  Achil- 
les.  A  son  of  Clymenus,  king  of  Orcho- 

menos. 

Pylleon,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Pylo,  a  daughter  of  Thespius,  mother 
of  Hippotas. 

Pylo s,  now  Navarino,  a  town  of  Mes- 
senia  situate  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  opposite  the  island  Sphac- 
teria  in  the  Ionian  sea.  It  was  also  call- 
ed Coryphasion,  from  the  promontory  on 
which  it  was  erected.  It  was  built  by 
Pylus,  at  the  head  of  a  colony  from  Mega- 
ra.  A  town  of  Elis,  at  the  mouth  of  the 

river  Alpheus,  between  the  Peneus  and 

Selleis. Another  town  of  Elis  called 

Triphyliacha,  from  Triphylia,  a  province 
of  Elis,  where  it  was  situate.  These 
three  cities  which  bore  the  name  of  Pylos, 
disputed  their  respective  right  to  the  honor 
of  having  given  birth  to  the  celebrated 
Nestor,  son  of  Neleus. 

Pylus,  a  town.     (  Vid.  Pylos.) A  son 

of  Mars  by  Demonice,  the  daughter  of 
Agenor.  He  was  present  at  the  chase  of 
the  Calydonian  boar. 

Pyra,  part  of  mount  QSta,  on  which  the 
body  of  Hercules  was  burnt. 


PY 


334 


PY 


Pyracmon-,  one  of  Vulcan's  workmen 
in  the  forges  of  mount  iEtna. 

Pyracmos,  a  man  killed  by  Cameus. 

Pyr.echmes,  a  king  of  Eubcea. A 

king  of  P;conia  during  the  Trojan  war. 

Pyramus,  a  youth  of  Babylon,  who  be- 
came enamored  of  Thisbe,  a  beautiful  vir- 
gin, who  dwelt  in  the  neighborhood.  The 
flame  was  mutual,  and  the  two  lovers, 
whom  their  parents  forbade  to  marry, 
regularly  received  each  other's  addresses 
through  the  chink  of  a  wall,  which  sepa- 
rated their  houses.  After  the  most  sol- 
emn vows  of  sincerity,  they  both  agreed 
to  elude  the  vigilance  of  their  friends, 
and  to  meet  one  another  at  the  tomb  of 
Ninus,  under  a  white  mulberry  tree,  with- 
out the  walls  of  Babylon.  Thisbe  came 
first  to  the  appointed  place,  but  the  sud- 
den arrival  of  a  lioness  frightened  her 
away  ;  and  as  she  fled  into  a  neighboring 
cave  she  dropped  lier  veil,  which  the  lion- 
ess found  and  besmeared  with  blood.  Py- 
ramus soon  arrived,  he  found  Thisbe's 
veil  all  bloody,  and  concluding  that  she 
had  been  torn  to  pieces  by  the  wild  beasts 
of  the  place,  he  stabbed  himself  with  his 
sword.  Thisbe,  when  her  fears  were 
vanished,  returned  from  the  cave,  and  at 
the  sight  of  the  dying  Pyramus,  she  fell 
upon  the  sword  which  still  reeked  with 

his  blood. A  river  of  Cilicia,  rising  in 

mount  Taurus,  and  falling  into  the  Pam- 
phylian  sea. 

Pyeensa  Venus,  a  town  of  Gallia 
Narbonesis. 

Pyren.ei,  a  mountain,  or  a  long  ridge 
of  high  mountains,  which  separate  Gaul 
from  Spain,  and  extend  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Mediterranean  sea.  They  receive 
their  name  from  Pyrene  the  daughter  of 
Bebrycius,  or  from  the  fire  (Jivq)  which 
once  raged  there  for  several  days. 

Pyren-eus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who  dur- 
ing a  shower  of  rain,  gave  shelter  in  his 
house  to  the  nine  muses,  and  attempted 
to  offer  them  violence.  The  goddesses 
upon  this  took  to  their  wings  and  flew 
away.  Pyrenaeus,  who  attempted  to  fol- 
low them,  as  if  he  had  wings,  threw  him- 
self down  from  the  top  of  a  tower  and  was 
killed. 

Pyrene,  a  daughter  of  Bebrycius,  king 

of  the  southern    parts   of  Spain. A 

nymph,  mother  of  Cycnus  by  Mars. A 

fountain  near  Corinth. A  small  village 

in  Celtic  Gaul,  near  which,  according  to 
some,  the  river  Ister  took  its  rise. 

Pyrgi,  an  ancient  town  of  Etruria,  on 
the  sea  coast. 

Pyrgi  on,  an  historian  who  wrote  on 
the  laws  of  Crete. 

Pyrgo,  the  nurse  of  Priam's  children 
who  followed  iEneas  in  his  flight  from 
Troy. 

Pyrgoteles,  a  celebrated  engraver  on 
gems,  in  the  age  of  Alexander  the  Great. 


Pyrgus,  a  fortified  place  of  Elis  in  the 
Peloponnesus. 

Pyrippe,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 

Pyro,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Pyrodes,  a  son  of  Cilix,  said  to  be  the 
first  who  discovered  and  applied  to  hu- 
man purposes  the  fire  concealed  in  flints. 

Pyrois,  one  of  the  horses  of  the  sun. 

Pyronia,  a  surname  of  Diana. 

Pyrrha,  a  daughter  of  Epimetheus  and 
Pandora,  who  married  Deucalion,  the  son 
of  Prometheus,  who  reigned  in  Thessaly. 
In  her  age  all  mankind  were  destroyed 
by  a  deluge,  and  she  alone,  with  her  hus- 
band, escaped  from  the  general  destruc- 
tion, by  saving  themselves  in  a  boat 
which  Deucalion  had  made  by  his  father's 
advice.  When  the  waters  had  retired 
from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  Pyrrha, 
with  her  husband,  went  to  the  oracle  of 
Themis,  when  they  were  directed,  to 
repair  the  loss  of  mankind,  to  throw  stones 
behind  their  backs.  They  obeyed,  and 
the  stones  which  Pyrrha  threw  were 
changed  into  women,  and  those  of  Deu- 
calion into  men. A  daughter  of  Creon, 

king  of  Thebes. The  name  which 

Achilles  bore  when  he  disguised  himself 
in  women's  clothes,  at  the  court  of  Lyco- 

medes. A  promontory  of  Phthiotis,  on 

the  bay  of  Malia. A  town  of  Eubnea. 

A  town  of  Lesbos. A  beautiful 

courtezan  at  Rome. 

Pyrrheus,  a  place  in  the  city  of  Am 
bracia. 

Pyrrhi  c astra,  a  place  of  Lucania. 

Pyrrhias,  a  boatman  of  Ithaca,  remark- 
able for  his  humanity.  He  delivered  from 
slavery  an  old  man  who  had  been  taken 
by  pirates,  and  robbed  of  some  pots  full 
of  pitch.  The  old  man  was  so  grateful 
for  his  kindness,  that  he  gave  the  pots  to 
his  deliverer,  after  he  had  told  him  that 

they  contained  gold  under  the  pitch. 

A  general  of  the  ^Etolians,  defeated  by 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia. 

Pyrrhicha,  a  kind  of  dance  said  to  be 
invented  and  introduced  into  Greece  by 
Pyrrhus  the  son  of  Achilles. 

Pyrrhicus,  a  free  town  of  Laconia. 

Pyrrhid.e,  a  patronymic  given  to  the 
successors  of  Neoptolemus  in  Epirus. 

Pyrrho,  a  philosopher  of  Elis,  disciple 
to  Anaxarchus,  and  originally  a  painter. 
His  father's  name  was  Plistarchus,  or  Pis- 
tocrates.  He  was  in  continual  suspense 
of  judgment,  he  doubted  of  every  thing, 
never  made  any  conclusions,  and  when 
he  had  carefully  examined  a  subject,  and 
investigated  all  its  parts,  he  concluded  by 
still  doubting  of  its  evidence.  When  he 
walked  in  the  streets  he  never  looked  be- 
hind, or  moved  from  the  road  for  a  char- 
iot, even  in  its  most  rapid  course  ;  and, 
indeed,  as  some  authors  remark,  this  in- 
difference for  his  safety  often  exposed  him 
to  the  greatest  and  most  imminent  dan- 


PY 


335 


PY 


gers,  from  which  he  was  saved  by  the  in- 
terference of  his  friends  who  followed 
him.  He  flourished  B.  C.  304,  and  died 
at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety.  He  left 
no  writings  behind  him.  His  countrymen 
were  so  partial  to  him,  that  they  raised 
statues  to  his  memory,  and  exempted  all 
the  philosophers  of  Elis  from  taxes. 

Pvrrhus,  a  son  of  Achilles  and  Deida- 
mia,  the  daughter  of  king  Lycomedes, 
who  received  this  name  from  the  yelloic- 
ness  of  his  hair.  He  was  also  called  Ne- 
optolemus,  or  new  warrior,  because  he 
came  to  the  Trojan  war  in  the  last  year 
of  the  celebrated  siege  of  the  capital  of 

Troas. A  king  of  Epirus,  descended 

from  Achilles,  by  the  side  of  his  mother, 
and  from  Hercules  by  that  of  his  father, 
and  son  of  ^Eacides  and  Phthia.  He  was 
saved  when  an  infant,  by  the  fidelity  of 
his  servants,  from  the  pursuits  of  the  ene- 
mies of  his  father,  who  had  been  banished 
from  his  kingdom,  and  he  was  carried  to 
the  court  of  Glautias  king  of  Illyricum, 
who  educated  him  with  great  tenderness. 
Cassander,  king  of  Macedonia,  wished  to 
dispatch  him,  as  he  had  so  much  to  dread 
from  him  ;  but  Glautias,  not  only  refused 
to  deliver  him  up  into  the  hands  of  his 
enemy,  but  he  even  went  with  an  army, 
and  placed  him  on  the  throne  of  Epirus, 
though  only  twelve  years  of  age.  About 
five  years  after,  the  absence  of  Pyrrhus  to 
attend  the  nuptials  of  one  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  Glautias,  raised  new  commotions. 
The  monarch  was  expelled  from  his  throne 
by  Neoptolemus,  who  had  usurped  it  after 
the  death  of  ^Eacides  ;  and  being  still 
without  resources,  he  applied  to  his  broth- 
er-in-law Demetrius  for  assistance.  He 
accompanied  Demetrius  at  the  battle  of 
Ipsus,  and  fought  there  with  all  the  pru- 
dence and  intrepidity  of  an  experienced 
general.  He  afterwards  passed  into  Egypt, 
where  by  his  marriage  with  Antigone  the 
daughter  of  Berenice,  he  soon  obtained  a 
sufficient  force  to  attempt  the  recovery  of 
his  throne.  He  was  successful  in  the 
undertaking,  but  to  remove  all  causes  of 
quarrel,  he  took  the  usurper  to  share  with 
him  the  royalty,  and  some  time  after  he 
put  him  tj  death  under  pretence  that  he 
had  attempted  to  poison  him.  In  the 
subsequent  years  of  his  reign,  Pyrrhus 
engaged  in  the  quarrels  which  disturbed 
the  peace  of  the  Macedonian  monarchy, 
he  marched  against  Demetrius,  and  gave 
the  Macedonian  soldiers  fresh  proofs  of 
his  valor  and  activity.  By  dissimulation 
he  ingratiated  himself  in  the  minds  of  his 
enemy's  subjects,  and  when  Demetrius 
labored  under  a  momentary  illness,  Pyr- 
rhus made  an  attempt  upon  the  crown  of 
Macedonia,  which,  if  not  then  successful, 
soon  aster  rendered  him  master  of  the 
kingdom.  This  he  shared  with  Lysirna- 
chus  for  seven  months,  til!  the  jealousy 


of  the  Macedonians,  and  the  ambition  of 
his  colleague,  obliged  him  to  retire.  Pyr- 
rhus was  meditating  new  conquests, 
when  the  Tarentines  invited  him  to  Italy 
to  assist  them  against  the  encroaching 
power  of  Rome.  He  gladly  accepted  the 
invitation,  but  his  passage  across  the 
Adriatic  proved  nearly  fatal,  and  he  reach- 
ed the  shores  of  Italy,  after  the  loss  of  the 
greatest  part  of  his  troops  in  a  storm.  At 
his  entrance  into  Tarentum,  B.  C.  280,  he 
began  to  reform  the  manners  of  the  inhab- 
itants, and,  by  introducing  the  strictest 
discipline  among  their  troops,  to  accustom 
them  to  bear  fatigue  and  to  despise  dan- 
gers. In  the  first  battle  which  he  fought 
with  the  Romans,  he  obtained  the  victo- 
ry, but  for  this  he  was  more  particularly 
indebted  to  his  elephants,  whose  bulk, 
and  uncommon  appearance,  astonished 
the  Romans,  and  terrified  their  cavalry. 
The  number  of  the  slain  was  equal  on 
both  sides,  and  the  conqueror  said  that 
such  another  victory  would  totally  ruin 
him.  He  also  sent  Cineas,  his  chief  min- 
ister, to  Rome,  and  though  victorious,  he 
sued  for  peace.  These  offers  of  peace 
were  refused,  and  when  Pyrrhus  ques- 
tioned Cineas  about  the  manners  and  the 
character  of  the  Romans,  the  sagacious 
minister  replied,  that  their  senate  was  a 
venerable  assembly  of  kings,  and  that  to 
fight  against  them  was  to  attack  another 
Hydra.  A  second  battle  was  fought  near 
Asculum,  but  the  slaughter  was  so  great, 
and  the  valor  so  conspicuous  on  both 
sides,  that  the  Romans  and  their  enemies 
reciprocally  claimed  the  victory  as  their 
own.  Pyrrhus  still  continued  the  war  in 
favor  of  the  Tarentines,  when  he  was  in- 
vited into  Sicily  by  the  inhabitants,  who 
labored  under  the  yoke  of  Carthage,  and 
the  cruelty  of  their  own  petty  tyrants. 
His  fondness  of  novelty  soon  determined 
him  to  quit  Italy,  he  left  a  garrison  at 
Tarentum,  and  crossed  over  to  Sicily, 
where  he  obtained  two  victories  over  the 
Carthaginians,  and  took  many  of  their 
towns.  He  was  for  a  while  successful, 
and  formed  the  project  of  invading  Afri- 
ca, but  soon  his  popularity  vanished,  his 
troops  became  insolent,  and  he  behaved 
with  haughtiness,  and  showed  himself 
oppressive,  so  that  his  return  to  Italy  was 
deemed  a  fortunate  event  for  all  Sicily. 
He  had  no  sooner  arrived  at  Tarentum 
than  he  renewed  hostilities  with  the  Ro- 
mans with  great  acrimony,  but  when  his 
army  of  80,000  men  had  been  defeated  by 
20,000  of  the  enemy,  under  Curius,  he  left 
Italy  with  precipitation,  B.  C.  274,  asham- 
ed of  the  enterprise,  and  mortified  by  the 
victories  which  had  been  obtained,  over 
one  of  the  descendants  of  Achilles.  In  Epi- 
rus he  began  to  repair  his  military  charac- 
ter, by  attacking  Antiponus,  who  was 
then   on    the    Macedonian   throne       He 


PY 


ZW 


Pi 


gained  some  advantages  over  his  enemy, 
and  was  at  last  restored  to  the  throne  of 
Macedonia.  He  afterwards  marched 
against  Sparta,  at  the  request  of  Cleony- 
mus,  but  when  all  his  vigorous  operations 
were  insufficient  to  take  the  capital  of 
Laconia,  he  retired  to  Argos,  where  the 
treachery  of  Aristeus  invited  him.  The 
Argives  desired  him  to  retire,  and  not  to 
interfere  in  the  affairs  of  their  republic, 
which  were  confounded  by  the  ambition 
of  two  of  their  nobles.  He  complied  with 
their  wishes,  but  in  the  night  he  marched 
his  forces  into  the  town,  and  might  have 
made  himself  master  of  the  place  had  he 
not  retarded  his  progress  by  entering  it 
with  his  elephants.  The  combat  that  en- 
sued was  obstinate  and  bloody,  and  the 
monarch,  to  fight  with  more  boldness, 
and  to  encounter  dangers  with  more  facil- 
ity, exchanged  his  dress.  He  was  attack- 
ed by  one  of  the  enemy,  but  as  he  was 
going  to  run  him  through  in  his  own  de- 
fence, the  mother  of  the  Argive,  who  saw 
her  son's  danger  from  the  top  of  a  house, 
threw  down  a  tile,  and  brought  Pyrrhus 
to  the  ground.  His  head  was  cut  off,  and 
carried  to  Antigonus,  who  gave  his  re- 
mains a  magnificent  funeral,  and  present- 
fd  his  ashes  to  his  son  Helenus,  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-two  years  before  the 
Christian  era.  Pyrrhus  has  been  deserv- 
edly commended  for  his  talents  as  a  gene- 
ral ;  and  not  only  his  friends,  but  also  his 
nemies,  have  been  warm  in  extolling 
nim  ;  and  Annibal  declared,  that  for  ex- 
perience and  sagacity  the  king  of  Epirus 

was  the  first  of  commanders. A  king 

of  Epirus  son  of  Ptolemy,  murdered  by  the 
people  of  Ambracia. A  son  of  Dsedalus. 

Pyste,  the  wife  of  Seleucus,  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Gauls. 

Pythagoras,  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
born  at  Samos.  Like  his  contemporaries, 
he  was  early  made  acquainted  with  poet- 
ry and  music  ;  eloquence  and  astronomy 
became  his  private  studies,  and  in  gym- 
nastic exercises  he  often  bore  the  palm 
for  strength  and  dexterity.  He  first  made 
himself  known  in  Greece,  at  the  Olympic 
games,  where  he  obtained,  in  the  18th 
year  of  his  age,  the  prize  for  wrestling; 
and,  after  he  had  been  admired  for  the 
elegance  and  the  dignity  of  his  person,  and 
the  brilliancy  of  his  understanding,  he  re- 
tired into  the  east.  In  Egypt  and  Chal- 
dasa  he  gained  the  confidence  of  the 
priests,  and  learned  from  them  the  art- 
ful policy,  and  the  symbolic  writings,  by 
which  they  governed  the  princes  as  well 
as  the  people,  and,  after  he  had  spent  many 
years  in  gathering  all  the  information 
which  could  be  collected  from  antique 
tradition  concerning  the  nature  of  the 
gods  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  Py- 
thagoras revisited  his  native  island.  The 
tyranny  of  Polycrates  at  Samos  disgusted 


the  philosopher,  who  was  a  great  advocate 
for  national  independence,  and,  though 
he  was  the  favorite  of  the  tyrant,  he  re- 
tired from  the  island,  and  a  second  time 
assisted  at  the  Olympic  games.  His  fame 
was  too  well  known  to  escape  notice  ;  he 
was  saluted  in  the  public  assembly  by  the 
name  of  Sophist,  or  wise  man  ;  but  he  re 
fused  the  appellation,  and  was  satisfied 
with  that  of  philosopher,  or,  the  friend  of 
wisdom.  From  Olympia  the  philosopher 
visited  the  republics  of  Elis  and  Sparta, 
and  retired  to  Magna  Greecia,  where  he 
fixed  his  habitation  in  the  town  of  Croto- 
na,  about  the  40th  year  of  his  age.  Here 
he  founded  a  sect  which  has  received  the 
name  of  the  Italian,  and  he  soon  saw  him- 
self surrounded  by  a  great  number  of  pu- 
pils, which  the  recommendation  of  his 
mental,  as  well  as  his  personal  accom- 
plishments, had  procured.  His  skill  in 
music  and  medicine,  and  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics  and  of  natural  philosophy, 
gained  him  friends  and  admirers,  and 
amidst  the  voluptuousness  that  prevailed 
among  the  inhabitants  of  Crotona,  the 
Samian  sage  found  his  instructions  re- 
spected, and  his  approbation  courted  :  the 
most  debauched  and  effeminate  were 
pleased  with  the  eloquence  and  the  grace- 
ful delivery  of  the  philosopher,  who  bold- 
ly upbraided  them  for  their  vices,  and 
called  them  to  more  virtuous  and  manly 
pursuits.  These  animated  harangues 
were  attended  with  rapid  success,  and  a 
reformation  soon  took  place  in  the  morals 
and  the  life  of  the  people  of  Crotona. 
Pythagoras  was  admired  for  his  venera- 
ble aspect,  his  voice  was  harmonious,  his 
eloquence  persuasive,  and  the  reputation 
he  had  acquired  by  his  distant  travels, 
and  by  being  crowned  at  the  Olympic 
games,  was  great  and  important.  He 
regularly  frequented  the  temples  of  the 
gods,  and  paid  his  devotion  to  the  divin- 
ity at  an  early  hour ;  he  lived  upon  the 
purest  and  most  innocent  food,  he  clothed 
himself  like  the  priests  of  the  Egyptian 
gods,  and  by  his  continual  purifications, 
and  regular  offerings,  he  seemed  to  be 
superior  to  the  rest  of  mankind  in  sancti- 
ty. These  artful  measures  unued  to  ren- 
der him  an  object  not  only  of  reverence, 
but  of  imitation.  So  great  was  his  au- 
thority among  his  pupils,  that,  to  dispute 
his  word  was  deemed  a  crime,  and  the 
most  stubborn  were  drawn  to  coincide 
with  the  opinions  of  their  opponents  when 
they  helped  their  arguments  by  the  words 
of  the  master  said  so,  an  expression  which 
became  proverbial  in  jurare  in  verba  Ma- 
gistri.  The  great  influence  which  the 
philosopher  possessed  in  his  school  was 
transferred  to  the  world  :  the  pupils  divid- 
ed the  applause  and  the  approbation  of 
the  people  with  their  venerated  master, 
and  in  a  short  time,  the  rulers  and  the 


PY 


337 


PY 


legislators  of  all  the  principal  towns  of 
Greece,  Sicily,  and  Italy,  boasted  in  being 
the  disciples  of  Pythagoras.  The  Samian 
philosopher  was  the  first  who  supported 
the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  or  trans- 
migration of  the  soul  into  different  bodies, 
and  those  notions  he  seemed  to  have  im- 
bibed among  the  priests  of  Egypt,  or  in  the 
solitary  retreats  of  the  Braclimans.  Blore 
strenuously  to  support  his  chimerical  sys- 
tem, he  declared  he  recollected  the  differ- 
ent bodies  his  soul  had  animated  before 
that  of  the  son  of  Mnesarchus.  He  remem- 
bered to  have  been  iEthalides,  the  son  of 
Mercury,  to  have  assisted  the  Greeks 
during  the  Trojan  war  in  the  character  of 
Euphorbus,  {Viol.  Euphorbus,)  to  have 
been  Hermotimus,  afterwards  a  fisher- 
man, and  last  of  all  Pythagoras.  He  for- 
bade his  disciples  to  eat  flesh,  as  also  beans, 
because  he  supposed  them  to  have  been 
produced  from  the  same  putrified  matter 
from  which,  at  She  creation  of  the  world, 
man  was  formed.  In  his  theological  sys- 
tem Pythagoras  supported  that  the  uni- 
verse was  created  from  a  shapeless  heap 
of  passive  matter  by  the  hands  of  a  pow- 
erful being,  who  himself  was  the  mover 
and  soul  of  the  world,  and  of  whose  sub- 
stance the  souls  of  mankind  were  a  por- 
tion. He  considered  numbers  as  the  prin- 
ciples of  every  thing,  and  perceived  in  the 
universe  regularity,  correspondence,  beau- 
ty, proportion,  and  harmony,  as  inten- 
tionally produced  by  the  creator.  The  au- 
thors that  lived  in,  and  after,  the  age  of 
Alexander,  have  rather  tarnished  than 
brightened  the  glory  of  the  founder  of  the 
Pythagorean  school,  and  they  have  ob- 
scured his  fame  by  attributing  to  him  ac- 
tions which  were  dissonant  with  his  char- 
acter as  a  man  and  a  moralist.  To  give 
more  weight  to  his  exhortations,  as  some 
writers  mention,  Pythagoras  retired  into  a 
subterraneous  cave,  where  his  mother  sent 
him  intelligence  of  every  thing  which  hap- 
pened during  his  absence.  After  a  cer- 
tain number  of  months  he  again  reappear- 
ed on  the  earth  with  a  grim  and  ghastly 
countenance,  and  declared,  in  the  assem- 
bly of  the  people,  that  he  was  returned 
from  hell.  From  similar  exaggerations, 
it  has  been  asserted  that  he  appeared  at 
the  Olympic  games  with  a  golden  thigh, 
and  that  he  could  write  in  letters  of  blood 
whatever  he  pleased  on  a  looking-glass, 
and  that,  by  setting  it  opposite  to  the 
moon,  when  full,  all  the  characters  which 
were  on  the  glass  became  legible  on  the 
moon's  disc.  The  time  and  the  place  of 
the  death  of  this  great  philosopher  are  un- 
known ;  yet  many  suppose  that  he  died 
at  Metapontum  about  four  hundred  and 
ninety-seven  years  before  Christ ;  and  so 
great  was  the  veneration  of  the  people  of 
Magna  Grsecia  for  him,  that  he  received 
the  same  honors  as  were  paid  to  the  im- 
29 


mortal  gods,  and  his  house  became  a  sa- 
cred temple.  Succeeding  ages  likewise 
acknowledged  his  merits,  and  when  the 
Romans,  A.  U.  C.  411,  were  commanded 
by  the  oracle  of  Delphi,  to  erect  a  statue 
to  the  bravest  and  wisest  of  the  Greeks, 
the  distinguished  honor  was  conferred  on 
Alcibiades  and  Pythagoras.  Pythagoras 
had  a  daughter  called  Damo.  Pythagoras 
distinguished  himself  by  his  discoveries 
in  geometry,  astronomy,  and  mathematics, 
and  it  is  to  him  that  the  world  is  indebt- 
ed for  the  demonstration  of  the  forty- 
seventh  proposition  of  the  first  book  of 
Euclid's  elements,  about  the  square  of  the 
hypothenuse.  His  system  of  the  universe, 
in  which  he  placed  the  sun  in  the  centre, 
and  all  the  planets  moving  in  elliptical 
orbits  round  it,  was  deemed  chimerical 
and  improbable,  till  the  deep  inquiries 
and  the  philosophy  of  the  16th  century 
proved  it,  by  the  most  accurate  calcula- 
tions, to  be  true  and  incontestable. 

A  soothsayer  at  Babylon,  who  foretold  the 
death  of  Alexander,  and  of  Hephsstion. 
A  tyrant  of  Ephesus. One  of  Ne- 
ro's wicked  favorites. 

Pytheas,  an  archon  at  Athens. A 

native  of  Massilia,  famous  for  his  know- 
ledge of  astronomy,  mathematics,  philoso- 
phy, and  geography.  He  was  the  first  who 
established  a  distinction  of  climate  by  the 
length  of  days  and  nights.  He  wrote  differ- 
ent treatises  in  Greek,  which  have  been 
lost,  though  some  of  them  were  extant  in 
the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century.  Pytheas 
lived,  according  to  some,  in  the  age  of  Aris- 
totle.— An  Athenian  rhetorician  in  the  age 
of  Demosthenes,  who  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  intrigues,  rapacity,  and  his  op- 
position to  the  measures  of  Demosthenes, 
of  whom  he  observed,  that  his  orations 
smelt  of  the  lamp.  His  orations  were  de- 
void of  elegance,  harsh,  unconnected  and 
diffuse,  and  from  this  circumstance  he  has 
not  been  ranked  among  the  orators  of 
Athens. 

Pythes,  a  native  of  Abdera,  in  Thrace, 
son  of  Andromache,  who  obtained  a  crown 
at  the  Olympian  games. 

Pytheus,  a  Lydian,  famous  for  his 
riches  in  the  age  of  Xerxes.  He  kindly 
entertained  the  monarch  and  all  his  army, 
when  he  was  marching  on  his  expedition 
against  Greece,  and  offered  him  to  defray 
the  expenses  of  the  whole  war.  Xerxes 
thanked  him  with  much  gratitude,  and 
promised  to  give  him  whatever  he  should 
require.  Pytheus  asked  him  to  dismiss 
his  son  from  the  expedition  ;  upon  which 
the  monarch  ordered  the  young  man  to  be 
cut  in  two,  and  one  half  of  the  body  to  be 
placed  on  the  right  hand  of  the  way,  and 
the  other  on  the  left,  that  his  army  might 
march  between  them. 

Pythia,  the  priestess  of  Apollo  at  Del- 
phi.    She  delivered  the  answer  of  the  god 
P 


PY 


338 


PY 


to  such  as  came  to  consult  the  oracle,  and 
was  supposed  to  be  suddenly  inspired 
by  the  sulphureous  vapors  which  issued 
from  the  hole  of  a  subterraneous  cavity 
within  the  temple,  over  which  she  sat 
bare  on  a  three  legged  stool,  called  a 
tripod.  In  the  stool  was  a  small  aperture, 
through  which  the  vapor  was  exhaled  by 
the  priestess,  and,  at  this  divine  inspira- 
tion, her  eyes  suddenly  sparkled,  her  hair 
stood  on  end,  and  a  shivering  ran  overall 
her  body.  In  this  convulsive  state  she 
spoke  the  oracles  of  the  god,  often  with 
loud  howlings  and  cries,  and  her  articula- 
tions were  taken  down  by  the  priest,  and 
set  in  order.  There  was  originally  but 
one  Pythia,  besides  subordinate  priests, 
and  afterwards  two  were  chosen,  and 
sometimes  more.  The  most  celebrated  of 
all  these  is  Phemonoe,  who  is  supposed 
by  some  to  have  been  the  first  who  gave 
oracles  at  Delphi.  The  oracles  were  al- 
ways delivered  in  hexameter  verses,  a 
custom  which  was  sometime  after  discon- 
tinued. The  Pythia  was  consulted  only 
one  month  in  the  year,  about  the  spring. 
It  was  always  required  that  those  who 
consulted  the  oracle  should  make  large 
presents  to  Apollo,  and  from  thence  arose 
the  opulence,  splendor,  and  the  magnifi- 
cence of  that  celebrated  temple  of  Delphi. 
Sacrifices  were  also  offered  to  the  divinity, 
and  if  the  omens  proved  unfavorable  the 

priestess  refused  to  give  an  answer. 

Games  celebrated  in  honor  of  Apollo  near 
the  temple  of  Delphi.  They  were  first  in- 
stituted, according  to  the  more  received 
opinion,  by  Apollo  himself,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  victory  which  he  had  ob- 
tained over  the  serpent  Python,  from 
which  they  received  their  name  ;  though 
others  maintain  that  they  were  first  estab- 
lished by  Agamemnon,  or  Dioraedes,  or 
by  Amphictyon,  or  lastly  by  the  council 
of  the  Amphictyons,  B.  C.  1263.  They 
were  originally  celebrated  once  in  nine 
years,  but  afterwards  every  fifth  year,  on 
the  second  year  of  every  olympiad,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  the  Parnassian 
nymphs  who  congratulated  Apollo  after 
his  victory.  The  gods  themselves  were 
originally  among  the  combatants,  and  ac- 
cording to  some  authors  the  first  prizes 
were  won  by  Pollux,  in  boxing;  Castor, 
in  horse-races  ;  Hercules,  in  the  pancrati- 
um ;  Zetes,  in  fighting  with  the  armor; 
Calais,  in  running ;  Telainon,  in  wrest- 
ling; and  Peleus,  in  throwing  the  quoit. 
These  illustrious  conquerors  were  reward- 
ed by  Apollo  himself,  who  was  present, 
with  crowns  and  laurel.  Some  however 
observe,  that  it  was  nothing  but  a  musical 
contention,  in  which  he  who  sung  best 


the  praises  of  Apollo  obtained  the  prize, 
which  was  presents  of  gold  or  silver, 
which  were  afterwards  exchanged  for  a 
garland  of  the  palm  tree,  or  of  beech 
leaves.  It  is  said  that  Hesiod  was  refused 
admission  to  these  games,  because  he  was 
not  able  to  play  upon  the  harp,  which  was 
required  of  all  such  as  entered  the  lists. 

Pythias,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  in- 
timate with  Damon. A  road  which  led 

from  Thessaly  to  Tempe. A  comic 

character,  &,c. 

Pythion,  an  Athenian  killed,  with  four 
hundred  and  twenty  soldiers,  when  he 
attempted  to  drive  the  garrison  of  Deme- 
trius from  Athens. 

Pythium,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Pythius,  a  Syracusan,  who  defrauded 
Canius,  a  Roman  knight,  to  whom  he  had 

sold  his  gardens. A  surname  of  Apollo, 

which  he  had  received  for  his  having  con- 
quered the  serpent  Python,  or  because 
he  was  worshipped  at  Delphi ;  called  also 
Pytho. 

Pytho,  the  ancient  name  of  the  town 
of  Delphi. 

Pythochakis,  a  musician  who  assuaged 
the  fury  of  some  wolves  by  playing  on  a 
musical  instrument. 

Pythocles,  an  Athenian  descended 
from  Aratus.  It  is  said,  that  on  his  ac- 
count, and   for  his  instruction,   Plutarch 

wrote  the  life  of  Aratus. A  man  put  to 

death  with  Phocion. A  man  who  wrote 

on  Italy. 

Pythodorus,  an  Athenian  archon  in 
the  age  of  Themistocles. 

Pytholaus,  the  brother  of  Theba,  the 
wife  of  Alexander  tyrant  of  Pherae. 

Python,  a  native  of  Byzantium,  in  the 
age  of  Philip  of  Macedonia.     He  was  a 

great  favorite  of  the  monarch. One  of 

the  friends  of  Alexander  put  to  death  by 

Ptolemy  Lagus. A  man  who  killed 

Cotys  king  of  Thrace  at  the  instigation  of 

the  Athenians. A  celebrated  serpent 

sprung  from  the  mud  and  stagnated  wa- 
ters which  remained  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth  after  the  deluge  of  Deucalion.  Apol- 
lo attacked  the  monster  and  killed  him 
with  his  arrows,  and  in  commemoration 
of  the  victory  which  he  had  obtained,  he 
instituted  the  celebrated  Pythian  games. 

Pythonice,  an  Athenian  woman  great- 
ly honored  by  Harpalus,  whom  Alexander 
sometime  before  had  intrusted  with  the 
treasures  of  Babylon. 

Pythonissa,  a  name  given  to  the  priest- 
ess of  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi. 
Pytna,  a  part  of  Mount  Ida. 
Pyttalus,  a  celebrated  athlete,  son  of 
Lampis  of  Elis,  who  obtained  a  prize  at 
the  Olympic  games. 


QU 


339 


QU 


Qi 


-UADERNA,  a  town  of  Italy. 

CIuadi,  an  ancient  nation  of  Germany, 
near  the  country  of  the  Marcomanni,  on 
the  borders  of  the  Danube,  in  modern  Mo- 
ravia. 

GIuadratus,  a  surname  given  to  Mer- 
cury, because  some   of  his  statues  were 

square. A  governor  of  Syria  in  the  age 

of  Nero. 

Quadrifrons,  or  Quadriceps,  a  sur- 
name of  Janus,  because  he  was  represent- 
ed with  four  heads.  He  had  a  temple  on 
the  Tarpeian  rock,  raised  by  L.  Catulus. 

Qujestores,  two  officers  at  Eome,  first 
created  A.  U.  C.  239.  They  received  their 
name  a  qu&rendo,  because  they  collected 
the  revenues  of  the  state,  and  had  the  to- 
tal management  of  the  public  treasury. 
The  quaestorship  was  the  first  office  which 
could  be  had  in  the  state.  It  was  requi- 
site that  the  candidates  should  be  twenty- 
four  or  twenty-five  years  of  age,  or  ac- 
cording to  some  twenty-seven.  In  the 
year  332,  U.  C,  two  more  were  added  to 
the  others,  to  attend  the  consuls,  to  take 
care  of  the  pay  of  the  armies  abroad,  and 
sell  the  plunder  and  booty  which  had  been 
acquired  by  conquest.  "  When  the  Ro- 
mans were  masters  of  all  Italy,  four  more 
were  created,  A.  U.  C.  439,  to  attend  the 
proconsuls  and  propraetors  in  their  pro- 
vinces, and  to  collect  all  the  taxes  and 
customs  which  each  particular  district 
owed  to  the  republic.  They  were  called 
Provinciates.  Sylla  the  dictator  created 
twenty  quaestors,  and  J.  Cassar  forty,  to 
fill  up  the  vacant  seats  in  the  senate; 
from  whence  it  is  evident  that  the  quaes- 
tors ranked  as  senators  in  the  senate. 

Quasi.,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Quarius,  a  river  of  Boeotia. 

Quercejvs,  a  Rutulian  who  fought 
against  the  Trojans. 

Querq.uetulanus,  a  name  given  to 
mount  Coelius  at  Rome,  from  the  oaks 
which  grew  there. 

Quietis  fantjm,  a  temple  without  the 
walls  of  the  city  of  Rome,  Quies  was  the 
goddess  of  rest.  Her  temple  was  situate 
near  the  Colline  gate. 

L.  Quietus,  an  officer  under  the  em- 
peror Trajan,  who  behaved  with  great 
valor  in  the  expeditions  which  were  un- 
dertaken by  the  army,  which  he  com- 
manded.    He  was  put  to  death  by  Adrian. 

QuiNCTIA  PRATA.     Vld.  QuiNTIA. 

Quinctianus,  a  man  who  conspired 
against  Nero,  for  which  he  was  put  to 
death. 

Quinctilia,  a  comedian  who  refused 
to  betray  a  conspiracy  which  had  been 
formed  against  Caligula. 

Quinctius,  T.  a  Roman  consul  who 
gained  some  victories  over  the  ^Equi  and 
the  Volsci,  and  obtained  a  triumph  for 
subduing  Praneste. Cfeso,  a  man  ac- 


cused before  the  Roman  people,  and  vin- 
dicated by  his  father  Cincinnatus. A 

Roman  celebrated  for  his  frugality. A 

master  of  horse. A  Roman  consul  when 

Annibal  invaded  Italy. A  brother  of 

Flaminius,  banished  from  the  senate  by 

Cato,  for  killing  a  Gaul. An  officer 

killed  by  the  Carthaginians. An  officer 

under  Dolabella. Another  who  defeat- 
ed the  Latins. A  consul  who  obtained 

a  victory  over  the  Volsci. Vid.  Hir- 

pinus. 

(Iuitoa,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Q,uindecimviri,  an  order  of  priests 
whom  Tarquin  the  proud  appointed  to 
take  care  of  the  Sibylline  books.  They 
were  originally  two,  but  afterwards  the 
number  was  increased  to  ten,  to  whom 
Sylla  added  five  more,  whence  their 
name. 

Quinquatria,  a  festival  in  honor  of 
Minerva  at  Rome,  which  continued  dur- 
ing five  days.  The  beginning  of  the  cele- 
bration was  the  eighteenth  of  March.  The 
first  day  sacrifices  and  oblations  were  pre- 
sented, but,  however,  without  the  effusion 
of  blood.  On  the  second,  third,  and  fourth 
days,  shows  of  gladiators  were  exhibited, 
and  on  the  fifth  day  there  was  a  solemn 
procession  through  the  streets  of  the  city. 
On  the  days  of  the  celebration,  scholars 
obtained  holydays,  and  it  was  usual  for 
them  to  offer  prayers  to  Minerva  for  learn- 
ing and  wisdom,  which  the  goddess  pat- 
ronised ;  and  on  their  return  to  school, 
they  presented  their  master  with  a  gift 
which  has  received  the  name  of  Miner  vat. 
They  were  much  the  same  as  the  Pana- 
thensea  of  the  Greeks. 

Quinquennales  ludi,  games  celebrat- 
ed by  the  Chians  in  honor  of  Homer  every 
fifth  year.  There  were  also  some  games 
among  the  Romans  which  bore  this  name. 
They  are  the  same  as  the  Actian  games. 

Quintia  Prata,  a  place  on  the  borders 
of  the  Tiber  near  Rome,  which  had  been 
cultivated  by  the  great  Cincinnatus. 

Quintiltanus,  Marcus  Fabius,  a  ce- 
lebrated rhetorician  bom  in  Spain. — 
He  opened  a  school  of  rhetoric  at  Rome, 
and  was  the  first  who  obtained  a  salary 
from  the  state  as  being  a  public  teacher. 
After  he  had  remained  twenty  years  in 
this  laborious  employment,  and  obtained 
the  merited  applause  of  the  most  illus- 
trious Romans,  not  only  as  a  preceptor, 
but  as  a  pleader  at  the  bar,  Quiutilian,  by 
the  permission  of  the  emperor  Domitian, 
retired  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  labors  and 
industry.  In  his  retirement  he  assiduous- 
ly dedicated  his  time  to  the  study  of  lite- 
rature, and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  causes 
of  the  corruption  of  eloquence.  Sometime 
after,  at  the  pressing  solicitations  of  his 
friends,  he  wrote  his  instutiones  oratories, 
the  most  perfect  and  complete  system  of 
oratory  extant.      He  was  appointed  pre- 


QU 


340 


QU 


ceptor  to  the  two  young  princes  whom 
Domitian  destined  for  his  successors  on 
the  throne,  but  the  pleasures  which  the 
rhetorician  received  from  the  favors  and 
the  attention  of  the  emperor,  and  from  the 
success  which  his  writings  met  in  the 
world,  were  embittered  by  the  loss  of  his 
wife,  and  of  his  two  sons.  It  is  said  that 
Quintilian  was  poor  in  his  retirement, 
and  that  his  indigence  was  relieved  by  the 
liberality  of  his  pupil,  Pliny  the  younger. 
He  died  A.  D.  95. 

Quintilius  Varus,  a  Roman  governor 

of  Syria.  {Vid.  Varus.) A  friend  of  the 

emperor  Alexander. A   man  put  to 

death  by  the  emperor  Severus. 

Quintilla,  a  courtezan  at  Rome. 

Quintillus,  M.  Aurelius  Claudius,  a 
brother  of  Claudius  who  proclaimed  him- 
self emperor,  and  seventeen  days  after 
destroyed  himself  by  opening  his  veins  in 
a  bath,  when  he  heard  that  Aurelian  was 
marching  against  him,  about  the  two  hun- 
dred and  seventieth  year  of  the  Christian 
era. 

Quintus,  or  Quinctius,  one  of  the 
names  of  Cincinnatus. Pedius,  a  paint- 
er. 

GIuintus,  Curtius  Rufus,  a  Latin  his- 
torian, who  flourished  as  some  suppose 
in  the  reign  of  Vespasian  or  Trajan.  He 
has  rendered  himself  known  by  his  his- 
tory of  the  reign  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
This  work  is  admired  for  its  elegance,  the 
purity,  and  the  floridness  of  the  style.  It 
is  however  blamed  for  great  anachron- 
isms, and  glaring  mistakes  in  geography, 
as  well  as  history.  Some  suppose  that 
the  historian  is  the  same  with  that  Cur- 
tius Rufus,  who  lived  in  the  age  of  Clau- 
dius, under  whom  he  was  made  consul. 
This  Rufus  was  born  of  an  obscure  family, 
and  he  attended  a  Roman  quaestor  in  Af- 


rica, when  he  was  met  at  Adrumetum  by 
a  woman  above  an  human  shape,  as  he 
was  walking  under  the  porticos  in  the 
middle  of  the  day.  This  extraordinary 
character  addressed  the  indigent  Roman, 
and  told  him  that  the  day  should  come 
in  which  he  should  govern  Africa  with 
consular  power.  This  strange  prohecy 
animated  Rufus  ;  he  repaired  to  Rome, 
where  he  gained  the  favors  of  the  em- 
peror, obtained  consular  honors,  and  at 
last  retired  as  proconsul  to  Africa,  where 
he  died. 

GIuintus    Veranius,    a    governor    of 

Cappadocia. Cicero,  the  brother  of 

Cicero. Catulus,  a  Roman  consul. 

A  friend  of  Ctesar. 

Quirinalia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Rom- 
ulus, surnamed  Quirinus,  celebrated  on 
the  thirteenth  of  the  calends  of  March. 

Quirinalis,  a  hill  at  Rome,  originally 
called  Agomus,  and  afterwards  Collinus. 
The  name  of  Quirinalis  it  obtained  from 
the    inhabitants    of  Cures,   who  settled 

there  under  their  king  Tatius. One 

of  the  gates  of  Rome  near  mount  Quirin- 
alis. 

Quirinus,  a  surname  of  Mars  among 
the  Romans.  This  name  was  also  given 
to  Romulus  when  he  had  been  made  a 

god  by  his  superstitious  subjects. Also 

a  surname  of  the  god  Janus. Sulpiti- 

us,  a  Roman  consul  born  at  Lanuvium. 
Though  descended  of  an  obscure  family, 
he  was  raised  to  the  greatest  honors  by 
Augustus.     He  died  A.  D.  22. 

Quirites,  a  name  given  to  the  Roman 
citizens,  because  they  admitted  into  their 
city  the  Sabines,  who  inhabited  the  town 
of  Cures,  and  who  on  that  account  were 
called  Quirites.  After  this  union,  the  two 
nations  were  indiscriminately  and  promis- 
cuously called  by  that  name. 


KM 


RA 


RABIRIUS,  C.  a  Roman  knight,  who 
lent  an  immense  sum  of  money  to 
Ptolemy  Auletes,  king  of  Egypt.  Rabirius 
escaped  from  Egypt  with  difficulty,  but  at 
his  return  to  Rome,  he  was  accused  by 
the  senate  of  having  lent  money  to  an  Af- 
rican prince,  for  unlawful  purposes.  He 
was  ably  defended  by  Cicero,  and  acquit- 
ted.  A  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of  Augus- 
tus.  An  architect  in  the  reign  of  Do- 
mitian. 

Racilia,  the  wife  of  Cincinnatus. 

Racilius,  a  tribune  who  complained  in 
the  senate  of  the  faction  of  Clodius. 

R-esaces,  an  officer  of  Artaxerxes.     He 


revolted  from  his  master,  and  fled  to 
Athens. 

Ramises,  a  king  of  Egypt.  Vid.  Rhamses. 

Ramnes,  or  Rhamnenses,  one  of  the 
three  centuries  instituted  by  Romulus. 

Randa,  a  village  of  Persia. 

Rapo,  a  Rutulian  chief. 

Rascipolis,  a  Macedonian  sent  to  the 
assistance  of  Pompey. 

Ravenna,  a  town  of  Italy  on  the  Adri- 
atic, which  became  celebrated  under  the 
Roman  emperors  for  its  capacious  harbor, 
and  for  being  for  sometime  the  seat  of  the 
western  empire.  It  is  now  entirely  fallen 
from  its  former  grandeur. 


RE 


341 


RH 


Ravola,  a  celebrated  debauchee. 

Raukaci,  a  people  of  Gaul,  whose  chief 
town  is  now  Augst  on  the  Rhine. 

Reate,  a  pleasant  town  of  Umbria. 

Rediculus,  a  deity  whose  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  word  redire,  (to  return.) 

Redoxes,  a  nation  among  the  Armori- 
ci,  now  the  people  of  Rennes  and  St.  Ma- 
loes,  in  Brittany. 

Regill^:,  or  Regillum,  a  town  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabines  in  Italy,  about 
twenty  miles  from  Rome. 

Rfgillianus,  Q,.  Nonius,  a  Dacian  who 
entered  the  Roman  armies,  and  was  raised 
to  the  greatest  honors  under  Valerian. 
He  was  elected  emperor  by  the  populace, 
and  was  soon  after  murdered  bv  his  sol- 
diers, A.  D.  262. 

Regillus,  a  small  lake  of  Latium. 

Reginum,  a  town  of  Germany,  now 
supposed  Ratisbon  or  Regensburg. 

Regium  Lepidum,  a  town  of  Modena, 
now  Regio,  at  the  south  of  the  Po. 

M.  Attilius  Regulus,  a  consul  during 
the  first  Punic  war.  He  reduced  Brundu- 
sium,  and  in  his  second  consulship  he  took 
sixty-four,  and  sunk  thirty  gallies  of  the 
Carthaginian  fleet,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily. 
Afterwards  he  landed  in  Africa,  and  so 
rapid  was  his  success,  that  in  a  short  time 
he  defeated  three  generals,  and  made  him- 
self master  of  about  two  hundred  places 
of  consequence  on  the  coast.  The  Car- 
thaginians sued  for  peace,  but  the  con- 
queror refused  to  grant  it,  and  soon  after 
he  was  defeated  in  a  battle  by  Xanthip- 
pus,  and  thirty  thousand  of  his  men  were 
left  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  fifteen  thou- 
sand taken  prisoners.  Regulus  was  in  the 
number  of  the  captives,  and  he  was  car- 
ried in  triumph  to  Carthage.  He  was  af- 
terwards sent  by  the  enemy  to  Rome,  to 
propose  an  accommodation,  and  an  ex- 
change of  prisoners  ;  and  if  his  commis- 
sion was  unsuccessful,  he  was  bound  by 
the  most  solemn  oaths  to  return  to  Car- 
thage, without  delay.  When  he  came  to 
Rome,  Regulus  dissuaded  his  countrymen 
from  accepting  the  terms  which  the  ene- 
my proposed,  and  when  his  opinion  had 
had  due  influence  on  the  senate,  Regulus 
retired  to  Carthage  agreeable  to  his  en- 
gagements. The  Carthaginians  were  told 
that  their  offers  of  peace  had  been  rejected 
at  Rome,  by  the  means  of  Regulus,  and 
therefore  they  prepared  to  punish  him  with 
the  greatest  severity.  His  eyebrows  were 
cut,  and  he  was  exposed  for  some  days  to 
the  excessive  heat  of  the  meridian  sun, 
and  afterwards  confined  in  a  barrel,  whose 
sides  were  every  where  filled  with  large 
iron  spikes,  till  he  died  in  the  greatest 
agonies.  His  sufferings  were  heard  at 
Rome,  and  the  senate  permitted  his  widow 
to  inflict  whatever  punishment  she  pleas- 
ed on  some  of  the  most  illustrious  captives 
of  Carthage,  who  were  in  their  hands. 
29* 


She  confined  them  also  in  presses  filled 
with  sharp  iron  points,  and  was  so  exqui- 
site in  her  cruelty,  that  the  senate  at  last 
interfered,  and  stopped  the  barbarity  of 
her  punishments.  Regulus  died  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty-one  years  before  Christ. 

Memmius,  a  Roman  made  governor 

of  Greece  by  Caligula. A  man  who  con- 
demned Sejanus. Roscius,  a  man  who 

held  the  consulship  but  for  one  day,  in  the 
reign  of  Vitellius. 

Remi,  a  nation  of  Gaul,  whose  principal 
town  Duricortorium,  is  now  Rheims,  in 
the  north  of  Champagne. 

Remmia  lex  de  judiciis,  was  enacted 
to  punish  all  calumniators.  The  letter  K 
was  marked  on  their  forehead. 

Remulus,  a  friend  of  Turnus,  trampled 

to  death  by  his   horse. A   chief  of 

Tiber,  whose  arms  were  seized  by  the  Ru- 
tulians. 

Remulus  Sylvius,  a  king  of  Alba,  de- 
stroyed by  lightning  on  account  of  his  im- 
piety. 

Remuria,  festivals  established  at  Rome 
by  Romulus,  to  appease  the  manes  of  his 
brother  Remus. 

Remus,  the  brother  of  Romulus,  was 
exposed  together  with  him,  by  the  cruelty 
of  his  grandfather.  In  the  contest  which 
happened  between  the  two  brothers  about 
building  a  city,  Romulus  obtained  the  pre- 
ference, and  Remus,  for  ridiculing  the 
rising  walls,  was  put  to  death  by  his  bro- 
ther's orders,  or   by   Romulus    himself. 

One  of  the  auxiliaries  of  Turnus 

against  iEneas. 

Res.kna,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia,  fa- 
mous for  the  defeat  of  Sapor  by  Gordian. 

Resus,  a  small  river  of  Asia  Minor,  fall- 
ing into  the  Maeander. 

Retina,  a  village  near  Misenum. 

Reudigni,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Rha,  a  large  river,  now  the  Volga,  of 
Russia. 

Rhacia,  a  promontory  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea,  projecting  from  the  Pyrenean 
mountains. 

Rhacius,  a  Cretan  prince,  the  first  of 
that  nation  who  entered  Ionia  with  a  co- 
lony. 

Rhacotis,  an  ancient  name  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  capital  of  Egypt. 

Rhadamanthus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and. 
Europa.  He  was  born  in  Crete,  which  he 
abandoned  about  the  thirtieth  year  of  his 
age.  He  passed  into  some  of  the  Cycla- 
des,  where  he  reigned  with  so  much  jus- 
tice and  impartiality,  that  the  ancients 
have  said  he  became  one  of  the  judges  of 
hell. 

Rhadamistus,  a  son  of  Pharnasmanes 
king  of  Iberia,  put  to  death  by  his  father 
for  his  cruelties,  about  the  year  fifty-two 
of  the  Christian  era. 

Rhadius,  a  son  of  Neleus. 

Rhjeteum,  a  city  of  Phrygia 


RH 


342 


RH 


Rh^eti,  or  Rjeti,  an  ancient  and  war- 
like nation  of  Etruria. 

Rh^tia,  a  country  at  the  north  of  Italy, 
between  the  Alps  and  the  Danube,  which 
now  forms  the  territories  of  the  Grisons, 
of  Tyrol,  and  part  of  Italy.  The  Rha?tians 
rendered  themselves  formidable  by  the 
frequent  invasions  they  made  upon  the 
Roman  empire,  and  were  at  last  conquer- 
ed by  Drusus,  the  brother  of  Tiberius, 
and  others  under  the  Roman  emperors. 

RHAMNEs,a  king  and  augur,  who  assist- 
ed Turnus  against  ^Eneas.  He  was  killed 
in  the  night  by  Nisus. 

Rhamnus,  a  town  of  Attica,  famous  for 
a  temple  of  Amphiaraus,  and  a  statue  of 
the  goddess  Nemesis. 

Rhamnusia,  a  name  of  Nemesis. 

Rhampsinitus,  an  opulent  king  of  Egypt 
who  succeeded  Proteus. 

Rhamses,  or  Ramises,  a  powerful  king 
of  Egypt,  who  with  an  army  of  seven  hun- 
dred thousand  men,  conquered  ^Ethiopia, 
Libya,  Persia,  and  other  eastern  nations. 

Rhajsis,  one  of  Diana's  attendant 
nymphs. 

Rharos,  or  Rharium,  a  plain  of  Attica, 
where  corn  was  first  sown  by  Triptole- 
mus. 

Rhascuporis,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who 
invaded  the  possessions  ofCotys,and  was 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Tiberius. 

Rhea,  a  daughter  of  Coelus  and  Terra, 
who  married  Saturn,  by  whom  she  had 
Vesta,  Ceres,  Juno,  Pluto,  Neptune,  &c. 
Her  husband,  however,  devoured  them  all 
as  soon  as  born,  as  he  had  succeeded  to 
the  throne  with  the  solemn  promise  that 
lie  would  raise  no  male  children.  To  stop 
the  cruelty  of  her  husband,  Rhea  consult- 
ed her  parents,  and  was  advised  to  impose 
upon  him,  or  perhaps  to  fly  into  Crete. 
Accordingly,  when  she  brought  forth,  the 
child  was  immediately  concealed,  and 
Saturn  devoured  up  a  stone  which  his 
wife  had  given  him  as  her  own  child.  A 
year  after,  the  child,  whose  name  was  Ju- 
piter, became  so  strong  and  powerful,  that 

he  drove  his  father  from  his  throne. 

Sylvia,  the  mother  of  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus.   Vid.  Ilia. A  nymph  of  Italy,  who 

is  said  to  have  borne  a  son  called  Aventi- 
nus  to  Hercules. 

RhebasjOi-Rheeus,  a  river  of  Bithynia, 
flowing  from  mount  Olympus  into  the 
Euxine  sea. 

Rhegium,  now  RKeffgi6,a  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  country  of  the  Brutii.  This 
town  has  always  been  subject  to  great 
earthquakes,  by  which  it  has  often  been 
destroyed.  The  neighborhood  is  remark- 
able for  its  great  fertility,  and  for  its  de- 
lightful views. 

Rhegusci,  a  people  of  the  Alps. 

Rhene,  a  small  island  of  the  Mge&n, 
about  two  hundred  yards  from  Delos, 
eighteen   miles   in  circumference.      The 


Inhabitants  of  Delos  always  buried  their 
dead  there,  as  their  own  island  was  con- 
secrated to  Apollo,  where  no  dead  bodies 
were  to  be  inhumated. 

Rheni,  a  people  on  the  borders  of  the 
Rhine. 

Rhenus,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of 
Europe,  which  divides  Germany  from 
Gaul.  It  rises  in  the  Rhsetian  Alps,  and 
falls  into  the  German  ocean.  In  modern 
geography  the  Rhine  is  known  as  dividing 
itself  into  four  large  branches,  the  Waal, 

Lech,  Issel,  and  the  Rhine. A  small 

river  of  Italy,  falling  into  the  Po  on  the 
south,  now  Rheno. 

Rheokitres,  a  Persian  who  revolted 

from   Artaxerxes. A  Persian   officer 

killed  at  the  battle  of  Issus. 

Rhesus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  son  of  the 
Strymon  and  Terpsichore,  who  marched 
to  the  assistance  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy, 
against  the  Greeks.  The  Greeks  entered 
his  camp  in  the  night,  slew  him,  and  car- 
ried away  his  horses  to  their  camp. 

Rhetogenes,  a  prince  of  Spain  who 
surrendered  to  the  Romans,  and  was  treat- 
ed witli  great  humanity. 

Rhetico,  a  mountain  of  Rhaetia. 

Rheuntjs,  a  place  in  Arcadia. 

Rhexenor,  a  son  of  Nausithous,  king 

of  Phffiacia. The  father  of  Chalciope, 

the  wife  of  yEgeus,  king  of  Athens. 

A  musician  who  accompanied  Antony  in 
Asia. 

Rhexibius,  an  athlete  of  Opus,  who 
obtained  a  prize  in  the  Olympic  fames. 

Rhianus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Thrace,  ori- 
ginally a  slave.  He  flourished  about  two 
hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Rhidago,  a  river  of  Hyrcania,  falling 
into  the  Caspian  sea. 

Rhimotacles,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who 
revolted  from  Antony  to  Augustus.  He 
boasted  of  his  attachment  to  the  emperor's 
person  at  an  entertainment,  upon  which 
Augustus  said ,  proditionem  amo,proditores 
vera  odi. 

Rhinocolura,  a  town  on  the  borders 
of  Palestine  and  Egypt. 

Rhion,  a  promontory  of  Achaia,  oppo- 
site to  Antirrhium  in  ^Etolia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Corinthian  gulf,  called  also  the  Dar- 
danelles of  Lepanto. 

Rhipha,  or  Rhiphe,  a  town  of  Arcadia. 

Rhiph^i,  large  mountains  at  the  north 
of  Scythia,  where,  as  some  suppose,  the 
Gorgons  had  fixed  their  residence.  The 
name  of  Riphsan  was  applied  to  any  cold 
mountain  in  a  northern  country. 

Rhinthon,  a  Greek  poet  of  Tarentum, 
in  the  age  of  Alexander. 

Rhipheus,  one  of  the  Centaurs. A 

Trojan  praised  for  his  justice.  Vid.  Ri- 
pheus. 

Rhium.    Vid.  Rhion. 

Rhizonit^:,  a  people  of  Ulyricum, 
whose  chief  town  was  called  Rhizinium. 


RH 


343 


RO 


Rhoda,  now  Roses,  a  seaport  town  of 

Spain. A  town  of  the  Rhone,  from 

which  the  river  received  its  name.  It  was 
ruined  in  Pliny's  nge. 

Ehodaxus,  a  river  of  Gallia  Narbonen- 
sis,  rising  in  the  Rhaitian  Alps,  and  fall- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  sea,  near  Mar- 
seilles. It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
rapid  rivers  of  Europe,  now  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Rhone. 

Rhode,  a  daughter  of  Neptune of 

Danaus. 

Rhodia,  one  of  the  Oceanides. A 

daughter  of  Danaus. 

Rhodogyne,  a  daughter  of  Phraates, 
king  of  Parthia,  who  married  Demetrius, 
when  he  was  in  banishment  at  her  father's 
court. 

Rhodofe,  or  Rhodopis,  a  celebrated 
courtezan  of  Greece,  who  was  fellow  ser- 
vant with  iEsop,  at  the  court  of  a  king  of 
Samos.  She  was  carried  to  Egypt  by 
Xanthus,  and  her  liberty  was  at  last 
bought  by  Charaxes  of  Mitviene,  the  bro- 
ther of  Sappho,  who  was  enamored  of 
her,  and  who  married  her.  ^Slian  says, 
that  as  Rhodope  was  one  day  bathing,  an 
eagle  carried  away  one  of  her  sandals, 
and  dropped  it  near  Psammetichus,  king 
of  Egypt,  at  Memphis.  The  monarch  was 
struck  with  the  beauty  of  the  sandal,  strict 
inquiry  was  made  to  find  the  owner,  and 
Rhodope,  when  discovered,  married  Psam- 
metichus.  Perizonius  supposes  there 

were  two  persons  of  that  name. 

Rhodope,  a  high  mountain  of  Thrace, 
extending  as  far  as  the  Euxine  sea,  all 
across  the  country  nearly  in  an  eastern  di- 
rection. 

Rhodopeius,  is  used  in  the  same  signi- 
fication as  Thracian,  because  Rhodope 
was  a  mountain  of  that  country. 

Rhodunia,  the  top  of  mount  OEta. 

Rhodus,  a  celebrated  island  in  the  Car- 
pathian sea,  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  in  circumference,  at  the  south  of 
Caria,  from  which  it  is  distant  about 
twenty  miles.  Its  principal  cities  were 
Rhodes,  founded  about  four  hundred  and 
eight  years  before  the  Christian  era,  Lin- 
dus,  Camisus,  Jalysus.  Rhodes  was  fa- 
mous for  the  siege  which  it  supported 
against  Demetrius,  and  for  a  celebrated 
statue  of  Apollo.  (Vid.  Colossus.)  The 
Rhodians  were  originally  governed  by 
kings,  and  were  independent,  but  this 
government  was  at  last  exchanged  for  a 
democracy  and  an  aristocracy.  They  were 
naturally  given  up  to  commerce,  and  dur- 
in?;  many  ages,  they  were  the  most  pow- 
erful nation  by  sea. 

JRhceeus,  a  horse  of  Mezentius,  whom 
Ida  master  addressed  with  a  determina- 
tion to  conquer  or  to  die,  when  he  saw  his 
so  a  Lausus  brought  lifeless  from  the  bat- 
tle. 

JitHrecusj  one  of  the  Centaurs,  killed  at 


the  nuptials  of  Pirithous  by  Bacchus. 

One  of  the  giants  killed  by  Bacchus,  un- 
der the  form  of  a  lion,  in  the  war  which 
these  sons  of  the  earth  waged  against  Ju- 
piter and  the  gods. 

Rhceo,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 

Rhceteum,  or  Rhcetus,  a  promontory 
of  Troas,  on  the  Hellespont,  near  which 
the  body  of  Ajax  was  buried. 

Rhcetius,  a  mountain  of  Corsica,  now 
Rosso. 

Rhcetus,  a  king  of  the  Marrubii,  who 

married  a  woman  called  Casperia. A 

Rutulian  killed  by  Euryalus  in  the  night. 
An  ^Ethiopian  killed  by  Perseus. 

Rhosaces,  a  Persian  killed  by  Clitus  as 
he  was  going  to  stab  Alexander  at  tiie  bat- 
tle of  the  Granicus. 

Rhosus,  a  town  of  Syria,  celebrated  for 
its  earthen  ware. 

Rhoxalani,  a  people  at  the  north  of  the 
Pal  us  Mseotis. 

Rhoxani,  a  nation  against  whom  Mith- 
ridates  made  war. 

Rhuteni  and  Rutheni,  a  people  of 
Gaul. 

Rhyndacus,  a  large  river  of  Mysia,  in 
Asia  Minor. 

Rhynthon,  a  dramatic  writer  of  Syra- 
cuse, who  flourished  at  Tarentum,  where 
he  wrote  thirty-eight  plays. 

Rhypje,  a  town  of  Achaia. 

Rigodulum,  a  village  of  Germany,  now 
Riffol,  near  Cologne. 

Ripheus,  a  Trojan  who  joined  Mneas 
the  night  that  Troy  was  reduced  to  ashes, 
and  was  at  last  killed  after  making  a  great 
carnage  of  the  Greeks. One  of  the  Cen- 
taurs killed  by  Theseus. 

Rixamarje,  a  people  of  Illyricum. 

Robigo,oi-Rubigo,  a  goddess  at  Rome, 
particularly  worshipped  by  husbandmen, 
as  she  presided  over  corn.  Her  festivals 
called  Robigalia,  were  celebrated  on  the 
twenty-fifth  of  April. 

Rodumna,  now  Roanne,  a  town  of  the 
JEAm,  on  the  Loire. 

Roma,  a  city  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  the 
Roman  empire;  situate  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Tiber,  at  the  distance  of  about 
sixteen  miles  from  the  sea.  The  name  of 
its  founder,  and  the  manner  of  its  found- 
ation, are  not  precisely  known.  Romu- 
lus, however,  is  universally  supposed  to 
have  laid  the  foundations  of  that  celebrat- 
ed city,  on  the  twentieth  of  April,  accord- 
ing to"Varro,  in  the  year  3961  of  the  Julian 
period,  3251  years  after  the  creation  of  the 
world,  753  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  and 
431  years  after  the  Trojan  war,  and  in  the 
fourth  year  of  the  sixth  Olympiad.  In  its  i 
original  state,  Rome  was  but  a  small  cas- 
tle on  the  summit  of  mount  Palatine  ;  and 
the  founder,  to  give  his  followers  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  nation,  or  a  barbarian  horde, 
was  obliged  to  erect  a  standard  as  a  com- 
mon asylum  for  every  criminal,  debtor, 


RO 


344 


RO 


or  murderer,  who  fled  from  their  native 
country  to  avoid  the  punishment  which 
attended  them.  From  such  an  assem- 
blage a  numerous  body  was  soon  collect- 
ed, and  before  the  death  of  the  founder, 
the  Romans  had  covered  with  their  hab- 
itations, the  Palatine,  Capitoline,  Aven- 
tine,  Esquiline  hills,  with  mount  Ccelius, 
and  Q,uirinalis.  After  many  successful 
wars  against  the  neighboring  states,  the 
views  of  Romulus  were  directed  to  regu- 
late a  nation  naturally  fierce,  warlike, 
and  uncivilized.  The  people  were  divid- 
ed into  classes,  the  interests  of  the  whole 
were  linked  in  a  common  chain,  and  the 
labors  of  the  subject,  as  well  as  those  of 
his  patron,  tended  to  the  same  end,  the 
aggrandizement  of  the  state.  Under  the 
successors  of  Romulus,  the  power  of  Rome 
was  increased,  and  the  boundaries  of  her 
dominions  extended  ;  while  one  was  em- 
ployed in  regulating  the  forms  of  worship, 
and  in  inculcating  in  the  minds  of  his  sub- 
jects a  reverence  for  the  deity,  the  other 
was  engaged  in  enforcing  discipline  among 
the  army,  and  raising  the  consequence  of 
the  soldiers  in  the  government  of  the  state, 
and  a  third  made  the  object  of  his  admin- 
istration consist  in  adorning  his  capital,  in 
beautifying  the  edifices,  and  in  fortifying 
it  with  towers  and  walls.  During  two 
hundred  and  forty -four  years,  the  Romans 
were  governed  by  kings,  but  the  tyranny, 
the  oppression,  and  the  violence  of  the 
last  of  these  monarchs,  and  of  his  family, 
became  so  atrocious,  that  a  revolution 
was  effected  in  the  state,  and  the  demo- 
cratical  government  was  established.  The 
original  poverty  of  the  Romans  has  often 
been  disguised  by  their  poets  and  histo- 
rians, who  wished  it  to  appear,  that  a  na- 
tion who  were  masters  of  the  world,  had 
had  better  beginning,  than  to  be  a  race  of 
shepherds  and  robbers.  Yet  it  was  to  this 
simplicity  they  were  indebted  for  their 
successes.  Their  houses  were  originally 
destitute  of  every  ornament,  they  were 
made  with  unequal  boards,  and  covered 
with  mud,  and  these  served  them  rather 
as  a  shelter  against  the  inclemency  of  the 
seasons  than  for  relaxation  and  ease.  Till 
the  age  of  Pyrrhus,  they  despised  riches, 
and  many  salutary  laws  were  enacted  to 
restrain  luxury  and  to  punish  indolence. 
They  observed  great  temperance  in  their 
meals  :  young  men  were  not  permitted  to 
drink  wine  till  they  had  attained  their 
thirtieth  year,  and  it  was  totally  forbidden 
to  women.  Their  national  spirit  was  sup- 
ported by  policy  ;  the  triumphal  proces- 
sion of  a  conqueror  along  the  streets 
amidst  the  applause  of  thousands,  was 
well  calculated  to  promote  emulation,  and 
the  number  of  gladiators  which  were 
regularly  introduced  not  only  in  public 
games  and  spectacles,  but  also  at  private 
meetings,  served  to  cherish  their  fondness 


for  war,  whilst  it  steeled    their    hearts 
against  the  calls  of  compassion,  and  when 
they    could    gaze    with    pleasure    upon 
wretches  whom  tfiey  forcibly  obliged   to 
murder  one  another,  they  were  not  inac- 
tive in  the  destruction  of  those  whom  they 
considered  as  inveterate  foes  or  formida- 
ble rivals  in  the  field.    In  their  punish- 
ments, civil  as  well  as  military,  the  Ro- 
mans were  strict  and  rigorous  ;  a  deserter 
was  severely  whipped  and  sold  as  a  slave, 
and  the  degradation  from  the  rank  of  a 
soldier  and  dignity  of  a  citizen  was  the 
most  ignominious  stigma  which  could  be 
affixed  upon  a  seditious  mutineer.    The 
trans-marine  victories  of  the  Romans  prov- 
ed at  last  the  ruin  of  their  innocence  and 
bravery.     They  grew  fond  of  the  luxury 
of  the   Asiatics ;    and   conquered   by   the 
vices  and  indolence  of  those  nations  whom 
they  had  subdued,  they  became  as  effemi- 
nate and  as  dissolute  as  their  captives. 
In  their  worship  and  sacrifices  the  Romans 
were  uncommonly  superstitious,  the  will 
of  the  gods  was  consulted  on  every  occa- 
sion, and  no  general  marched  to  an  expe- 
dition without    the    previous    assurance 
from  the  augurs,  that  the  omens  were  pro- 
pitious, and  his  success  almost  indubita- 
ble.   Their  sanctuaries  were  numerous, 
they  raised  altars  not  only  to  the  gods, 
who,  as  they  supposed,  presided  over  their 
city,  but  also  to  the  deities  of  conquered 
nations,  as  well  as  to  the  different  pas- 
sions and  virtues.     There  were   no   less 
than  four  hundred  and  twenty  temples  at 
Rome,  crowded  with  statues,  the  priests 
were  numerous,  and  each  divinity  had  a 
particular  college   of  sacerdotal  servants. 
Their  wars  were  declared  in  the  most  aw- 
ful and  solemn  manner,  and  prayers  were 
always  offered  in  the  temples  for  the  pros- 
perity of  Rome,  when  a  defeat  had  been 
sustained,  or  a  victory  won.   The  power  of 
fathers  over  their  children  was  very  exten- 
sive, and   indeed   unlimited  ;  they   could 
sell  them  or  put  them  to  death  at  pleasure, 
without  the  forms  of  trial,  or  the  inter- 
ference of  the  civil  magistrates.     Many  of 
their  ancient  families  were  celebrated  for 
the  great  men  which  they  had  produced, 
but  the  vigorous  and  interested  part  they 
took   in   the  government  of  the   republic 
exposed  them  often  to  danger,  and  some 
have  observed  that  the  Romans  sunk  into 
indolence  and  luxury  when  the  Cornelii, 
the  Fabii,  the  iEmylii,  the  Marcelli,  &c, 
who  had  so  often  supported   their  spirit 
and  led  them  to  victory,  had  been  extin- 
guished in  the  bloody  wars  of  Marius  and 
of  the  two  triumvirates.     When   Rome 
was  become  powerful,  she  was    distin- 
guished  from  other  cities  by  the  flattery 
of  her  neighbors  and  citizens,  a  form  of 
worship  was  established  to  her  as  a  deity, 
and  temples  were  raised  in  her  honor,  not 
only  in  the  city,  but  in  the  province*. 


110 


341 


The  goddess  Roma  was  represented  like 
Minerva,  all  armed  and  sitting  on  a  rock, 
holding  a  pike  in  her  hand,  with  her  head 
covered  with  a  helmet,  and  a  trophy  at 

her  feet. A  daughter  of  Evander. A 

Trojan  woman  who  came  to  Italy  with 

iEneas. A  daughter  of  Italus  and  Lu- 

ceria. 

Romani,  the  inhabitants  of  Rome. 

Romawu3,  an  officer  under  Theodosius. 

Another  poisoned  by  Nero. A  son 

of  Constans. 

Romilius  Marcellus,  a  Roman  centu- 
rion in  Galba's  reign. 

Romula,  a  name  given  to  the  fig-tree 
under  which  Romulus  and  Remus  were 
found. 

Romulea,  a  town  of  the  Samnites. 

Romulidje,  a  patronymic  given  to  the 
Roman  people  from  Romulus  their  first 
king,  and  the  founder  of  their  city. 

Romulus,  a  son  of  Mars  and  Ilia,  grand- 
son of  JNumitor  king  of  Alba,  was  born  at 
the  same  birth  with  Remus.  These  two 
children  were  thrown  into  the  Tiber  by 
order  of  Amulius,  who  usurped  the  crown 
of  his  brother  Numitor ;  but  they  were 
preserved,  and  according  to  Florus  the  ri- 
ver stopped  its  course,  and  a  she-wolf 
came  and  fed  them  with  her  milk  till  they 
were  found  by  Faustulus,  one  of  the  king's 
shepherds,  who  educated  them  as  his  own 
children.  When  they  knew  their  real  ori- 
gin, the  twins,  called  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus, put  Amulius  to  death,  and  restored 
the  crown  to  their  grandfather  Numitor. 
They  afterwards  undertook  to  build  a  city, 
and  to  determine  which  of  the  two  broth- 
ers should  have  the  management  of  it, 
they  had  recourse  to  omens  and  the  flight 
of  birds.  Remus  went  to  mount  Aven- 
tine,  and  Romulus  to  mount  Palatine. 
Remus  saw  first  a  flight  of  six  vultures, 
and  soon  after,  Romulus,  twelve ;  and 
therefore,  as  his  number  was  greater,  he 
began  to  lay  the  foundations  of  the  city, 
hopeful  that  it  would  become  a  warlike 
and  powerful  nation,  as  the  birds  from 
which  he  had  received  the  omen  were 
fond  of  prey  and  slaughter.  Romulus 
marked  with  a  furrow  the  place  where  he 
wished  to  erect  the  walls  ;  but  their  slen- 
derness  was  ridiculed  by  Remus,  who 
leaped  over  them  with  the  greatest  con- 
tempt. This  irritated  Romulus,  and  Re- 
mus was  immediately  put  to  death,  either 
by  the  hand  of  his  brother  or  one  of  the 
workmen.  When  the  walls  were  built, 
the  city  was  without  inhabitants  ;  but  Ro- 
mulus, by  making  an  asylum  of  a  sacred 
grove,  soon  collected  a  multitude  of  fugi- 
tives, foreigners  and  criminals,  whom  he 
received  as  his  lawful  subjects.  Yet  how- 
ever numerous  these  might  be,  they  were 
despised  by  the  neighboring  inhabitants, 
and  none  were  willing  to  form  matrimo- 
nial connexions  with  them.    But  Romulus 


RO 

obtained  by  force  what  was  denied  to  his 
petitions.  The  Romans  celebrated  games 
in  honor  of  the  god  Consus,  and  forcibly 
carried  away  all  the  females  who  had  as- 
sembled there  to  be  spectators  of  these  un- 
usual exhibitions.  These  violent  mea- 
sures offended  the  neighboring  nations  ; 
they  made  war  against  the  ravishers  with 
various  success,  till  at  last  they  entered 
Rome,  which  had  been  betrayed  to  them 
by  one  of  the  stolen  virgins.  A  violent 
engagement  was  begun  in  the  middle  of 
the  Roman  forum ;  but  the  Sabines  were 
conquered,  or  according  to  Ovid,  the 
two  enemies  laid  down  their  arms  when 
the  women  had  rushed  between  the 
two  armies,  and  by  their  tears  and  entrea- 
ties raised  compassion  in  the  bosoms  of 
their  parents  and  husbands.  The  Sabines 
left  their  original  possessions  and  came  to 
live  in  Rome,  where  Tatius,  their  king, 
shared  the  sovereign  power  with  Romu- 
lus. Sometime  after  Romulus  disappear- 
ed as  he  was  giving  instructions  to  the  se- 
nators, and  the  eclipse  of  the  sun,  which 
happened  at  that  time,  was  favorable  to 
the  rumor  which  asserted  that  the  king 
had  been  taken  up  to  heaven,  714  B.  C. 
after  a  reign  of  thirty-nine  years.  A  tem- 
ple, was  raised  to  him,  and  a  regular  priest, 
called  Flamen  Quirinalis,  was  appointed 
to  offer  him  sacrifices.  Romulus  was 
ranked  by  the  Romans  among  the  twelve 
great  gods. 

Romulus  Sylvius  or  Alladius,  a  king 

of  Alba. Momyllus  Augustulus,  the 

last  of  the  emperors  of  the  western  em- 
pire of  Rome.  His  country  was  conquer- 
ed A.  D.  476,  by  the  Heruli,  under  Odoa- 
cer. 

Romus,  a  son   of  iEneas  by   Lavinia. 

A  son  of  ^Emathion  sent  by  Diomedes 

to  Italy,  and  supposed  by  some  to  be  the 
founder  of  Rome. 

Roscia  lex  de  theatrls,  by  L.  Roscius 
Otho  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  685.  It  requir- 
ed that  none  should  sit  in  the  first  four- 
teen seats  of  the  theatre,  if  they  were  not 
in  possession  of  four  hundred  sestertia, 
which  was  the  fortune  required  to  be  a 
Roman  knight. 

Roscianum,  the  port  of  Thurii,  now 
Rossano. 

(J.  Roscius,  a  Roman  actor,  born  at  La- 
nuvium,  so  celebrated  on  the  stage,  that 
every  comedian  of  excellence  and  merit 
has  received  his  name.  He  was  accused 
on  suspicion  of  dishonorable  practices  ;  but 
Cicero,  who  had  been  one  of  his  pupils, 
undertook  his  defence,  and  cleared  him  of 
the  malevolent  aspersions  of  his  enemies,  t 
in  an  elegant  oration  still  extant.  Roscius 
wrote  a  treatise,  in  which  he  compared 
with  great  success  and  much  learning,  the 
profession  of  the  orator  with  that  of  the 
comedian.  He  died  about  sixty  years  be- 
fore Christ. Sextus,  a  rich  citizen  of 

P* 


RU 


346 


RU 


Anieria,  murdered  in  the  dictatorship  of 
Sylla.  His  son  of  the  same  name,  was  ac- 
cused of  the  murder,  and  eloquently  de- 
fended by  Cicero,  in  an  oration  still  ex- 
tant, A.  U.  C.  673. Lucius,  a  lieuten- 
ant of  Cresar's  army  in  Gaul. Otho,  a 

tribune,  who  made  a  law  to  discriminate 
the  knights  from  the  common  people  at 
public  spectacles. 

Rosijs  Campus,  or  Rosia,  a  beautiful 
plain  in  the  country  of  the  Sabines,  near 
the  lake  Velinum. 

Rosillanus  a ger,  a  territory  in  Etruria. 

Rosius,  a  harbor  of  Cilicia. A  man 

made  consul  only  for  one  day  under  Vitel- 
lius. 

RosuLUM.a  town  of  Etruria,  now  Monte 
Rosi. 

Rotomagus,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Rouen. 

Roxana,  a  Persian  woman,  taken  pri- 
soner and  married  by  Alexander.  She  be- 
haved with  great  cruelty  after  Alexander's 
death,  and  she  was  at  last  put  to  death  by 

Cassander's  order. A  wife  of  Mithri- 

dates  the  Great,  who  poisoned  herself. 

Roxolani,  a  people  of  European  Sarma- 
tia,  who  proved  very  active  and  rebellious 
in  the  reign  of  the  Roman  emperors. 

Rubeje,  the  north  cape  at  the  north  of 
Scandinavia. 

Rubellius  Blasdus,  a  man  who  mar- 
ried Julia,  the  daughter  of  Drusus. 

One   of    the   descendants    of   Augustus, 

treacherously  put  to  death  by  Nero. 

Plautus,  an  illustrious  Roman,  who  dis- 
graced himself  by  his  arrogance  and  am- 
bition. 

Rubi,  now  Ruvo,  a  town  of  Apulia. 

Rubicon,  now  Rug-one,  a  small  river  of 
Italy,  which  it  separates  from  Cisalpine 
Gaul. 

Rubienus  Lappa,  a  tragic  poet  in  the  age 
of  Juvenal. 

Rubo,  the  Dwina,  which  falls  into  the 
Baltic  at  Riga. 

Rubra  saxa,  a  place  of  Etruria,  near 
Veii,  at  the  distance  of  about  eight  miles 
from  Rome. 

Rubria  lex,  was  enacted  after  the  tak- 
ing of  Carthage,  to  make  an  equal  divi- 
sion of  the  lands  in  Africa. 

Rubrius,  a  Roman  knight  accused  of 

treason   under  Tiberius. A  friend   of 

Vitellius. An  obscure  Gaul  in  great  fa- 
vor with  Domitian. 

Rubrum  mare  (the  Red  Sea,)  is  situate 
between  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  ^Ethiopia, 
and  is  often  called  Erythraeum  mare,  and 
confounded  with  the  Arabicus  sinus,  and 
the  Indian  sea. 

Rudije,  a  town  of  Calabria. 

Ruffinus,  a  general  of  Gaul  in  the  reign 
of  Vitellius. 

Ruffus   Crispinus,   an   officer  of  the 

pretorian  guards  under  Claudius. A 

soldier  presented  with  a  civic  crown  for 
preserving  the  life  of  a  citizen. 


Rufia.na,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Rufash 
in  Alsace. 

Rufillus,  a  Roman  ridiculed  by  Hor- 
ace, for  his  effeminacy. 

Jul.  Rufinianus,  a  rhetorician. 

Rufinus,  a  general  of  Theodosius. 

Rufrje,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Rufrium,  a  town  of  Samnium,  now 
Ruvo. 

Rufus,  a  Latin  historian. A  friend 

of  Commodus,  famous  for  his  avarice  and 

ambition. One  of  the   ancestors  of 

Sylla. A  governor  of  Judasa. A  man 

who  conspired  against  Domitian. A 

poet  of  Ephesus  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 
A  Latin  poet. 

Rugia,  now  Rugen,  an  island  of  the 
Baltic. 

Rugu,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Rupilius,  an  officer  surnamed  Rex,  for 
his  authoritative  manners. 

Ruscino,  a  town  of  Gaul  at  the  foot 

of  the  Pyrenees. A  seaport  town  of 

Africa. 

Ruscius,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Rusconia,  a  town  of  Mauritania. 

Rusell.b,  an  inland  town  of  Etruria  de- 
stroyed by  the  Romans. 

Ruspina,  a  town  of  Africa  near  Adru- 
metum. 

Rusticus,  L.  Jun.  Arulenus,  a  man 
put  to  death  by  Domitian.  He  was  the 
friend  and  preceptor  of  Pliny  the  younger 
A  friend  of  M.  Aurelius. 

Rusucurrum,  a  town  of  Mauritania,  be 
lieved  modern  Algiers. 

Ruteni,  a  people  of  Gaul,  now  Ru- 
vergne,  in  Guienne. 

Rutila,  a  deformed  old  woman,  who 
lived  near  one  hundred  years. 

Rutilus,  a  rich  man  reduced  to  beggary 
by  bis  extravagance. 

P.  Rutilius  Rufus,  a  Roman  consul  in 
the  age  of  Sylla,  celebrated  for  his  virtues 
and  writings.  When  Sylla  had  banished 
him  from  Rome  he  retired  to  Smyrna, 
amidst  the  acclamations  and  praises  of  the 
people.  During  his  banishment  he  em- 
ployed his  time  in  study,  and  wrote  an 
history  of  Rome  in  Greek,  and  an  account 
of  his  own    life   in  Latin,  besides  many 

other  works. A  Roman  proconsul. 

Lupus,  a  pretor,  who  fled  away  with  three 

cohorts  from  Tarracina. A  rhetorician. 

A  man  who  went  against  Jugurtha. 

A  friend  of  Nero. Claud.  Numan- 

tianus,  a  poet  of  Gaul,  in  the   reign  of 
Plonorius. 

Rutuba,  a  river  of  Liguria — of  Latium, 
falling  into  the  Tiber. 

Rutubus,  a  gladiator. 

Rutuli,  a  people  of  Latium,  known  as 
well  as  the  Latins,  by  the  name  of  Abori- 
gines. 

Rutupjs,  a  seaport  town  on  the  southern 
coasts  of  Britain.  Some  suppose  that  it  is 
the  modern  town  of  Dover. 


SA 


347 


SA 


SABA,  a  town  of  Arabia,  famous  for 
frankincense,  myrrh,  and  aromatic 
plants. 

Sabachus,  or  Sabacon,  a  king  of  ^Ethi- 
opia, who  invaded  Egypt  and  reigned 
there,  after  the  expulsion  of  king  Amasis. 
After  a  reign  of  fifty  years  he  was  terrified 
by  a  dream,  and  retired  into  his  own  king- 
dom. 

Sabjii,  a  people  of  Arabia. 

Sab ata,  a  town  of  Liguria  with  a  safe 
and  beautiful  harbor,  supposed  to  be  the 
modern  Savona. A  town  of  Assyria. 

Sabatha,  a  town  of  Arabia,  now  Sanaa. 

Sabathra,  a  town  of  Syria. 

Sab ati ni,  a  people  of  Samnium,  living 
on  the  banks  of  the  Sabatus. 

Sabazius,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  as  also 
of  Jupiter. 

Sabbas,  a  king  of  India. 

Sabella,  the  nurse  of  the  poet  Horace. 

Sabelli,  a  people  of  Italy,  descended 
from  the  Sabines,  or  according  to  some 
from  the  Samnites. 

Sabellus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  reign  of 
Domitian  and  Nerva. 

Sabixa,  Julia,  a  Roman  matron,  who 
married  Adrian  by  means  of  Plotina  the 
wife  of  Trajan.  She  is  celebrated  for  her 
private  as  well  as  public  virtues.  Adrian 
treated  her  with  the  greatest  asperity, 
though  he  had  received  from  her  the  im- 
perial purple.  The  behaviour  of  Sabina 
at  last  so  exasperated  Adrian  that  he  poi- 
soned her,  or  according  to  some,  obliged 
her  to  destroy  herself.  Divine  honors 
were  paid  to  her  memory.  She  died  after 
she  had  been  married  thirty-eight  years  to 
Adrian,  A.  D.  138. 

SABiNi,an  ancient  people  of  Italy,  reck- 
oned among  the  Aborigines,  or  those  in- 
habitants whose  origin  was  not  known. 
Some  suppose  that  they  were  originally  a 
Lacedaemonian  colony,  who  settled  in  that 
part  of  the  country.  They  are  celebrated 
in  ancient  history  as  being  the  first  who 
took  up  arms  against  the  Romans,  to 
avenge  the  rape  of  their  females  at  a  spec- 
tacle where  they  had  been  invited.  They 
were  at  last  totally  subdued,  about  the 
year  of  Rome  three  hundred  and  seventy- 
three,  and  ranked  as  Roman  citizens. 

Sabinianus,  a  general  who  revolted  in 
Africa,  in  the  reign  of  Gordian,  and  was 
defeated  soon  after,  A.  D.  240. A  ge- 
neral of  the  eastern  empire,  &c. 

Saeijjus  Auius,  a  Latin  poet  intimate 
with  Ovid.  He  wrote  some  epistles  and 
elegies. A  man  from  whom  the  Sa- 
bines received  their  name. An  officer 

of  Caesar's  army  defeated  by  the  Gauls. 

Julius,  an   officer,  who  proclaimed 

himself  emperor  in  the  beginning  of  Ves- 
pasian's reign.  He  was  soon  after  defeat- 
ed in  a  battle  ;  and  to  escape  from  the  con- 
queror he  hid  himself  in  a  subterraneous 
cave,  with  two  faithful  domestics,  where 


he  continued  unseen  for  nine  successive 
years.  His  wife  found  out  his  retreat,  and 
spent  her  time  with  him,  till  her  frequent 
visits  to  the  cave  discovered  the  place  of 
his  concealment.  He  was  dragged  before 
Vespasian,  and  by  his  orders  put  to  death. 

Corn.,  a  man  who  conspired  against 

Caligula,  and  afterwards  destroyed  him- 
self.  Titius,  a  Roman  senator  shame- 
fully accused  and  condemned  by  Sejanus 
Poppeeus,  a  Roman  consul,  who  pre- 
sided above  twenty-four  years  over  Mcesia, 
and  obtained  a  triumph  for  his  victories 

over  the  barbarians. Flavius,  a  brother 

of  Vespasian,  killed  by  the  populace. 

A  friend  of  Domitian. A  Roman  who 

attempted  to  plunder  the  temple  of  the 
Jews. A  friend  of  the  emperor  Alex- 
ander.  A  lawyer. 

Sabis,  now  Sambre,  a  river  of  Belgic 
Gaul. 

Sabota,  the  same  as  Sabatha. 

Saerace,  a  powerful  nation  of  India. 

Sabrata,  a  maritime  town  of  Africa, 
near  the  Syrtes. 

Sabrina,  the  Severn  in  England. 

Sabura,  a  general  of  Juba,  king  of  Nu- 
midia,  defeated  and  killed  in  a  battle. 

Saburanus,  an  officer  of  the  pretorian 
guards. 

Sabus,  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of  the 

Sabines  ;  the  same  as  Sabinus. A  king 

of  Arabia. 

Sacadas,  a  musician  and  poet  of  Argos, 
who  obtained  three  several  times  the 
prize  at  the  Pythian  games. 

Sacje,  a  people  of  Scythia. 

Sacer  moss,  a  mountain  near  Rome. 

Sacer  luc  us,  a  wood  of  Campania,  on 
the  Liris. 

Sacer  portus,  or  Sacri  portus,  a  place 
of  Italy,  near  Preeneste. 

Sacrani,  a  people  of  Latium,  who  as- 
sisted Turnus  against  ^Eneas. 

Sacrator,  one  of  the  friends  of  Tur- 
nus. 

Sacra  via,  a  celebrated  street  of  Rome. 

Sacrata  lex  militaris,  A.  U.  C.  411,  by 
the  dictator  Valerius  Corvus,  enacted  that 
the  name  of  no  soldier  which  had  been 
entered  in  the  muster  roll  should  be  struck 
out  but  by  his  consent,  and  that  no  person 
who  had  been  a  military  tribune  should 
execute  the  office  of  ductor  crdinum. 

Sacrativir,  M.,  a  friend  of  Caesar,  kill- 
ed at  Dyrrachium. 

Sacrum  bellum,  a  name  given  to  the 
wars  carried  on  concerning  the  temple  of 

Delphi. Promontorium,  a  promontory 

of  Spain,  now  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

Sadales,  a  son  of  Cotys,  king  of 
Thrace,  who  assisted  Pompey  with  a  body 
of  five  hundred  horsemen. 

Sadus,  a  river  of  India. 

Sadyates,  one  of  the  Mermnadfe,  who 
reigned  in  Lydia  twelve  years  after  his 
father  Gyges. 


SA 


348 


SA 


S-KTABis,  a  town  of  Spain  near  the  Lu- 
cro,  famous  for  ita  fine  linen. 

Sagalassus,  a  town  of  Pisidia  on  the 
borders  of  Phrygia, 

Sagana,  a  woman  acquainted  with 
magic  and  enchantments. 

Sagaris,  a  river  of  Asia,  rising  from 
mount  Dindymus  in  Phrygia,  and  falling 
into  the  Euxine. One  of  the  compan- 
ions of  iEneas,  killed  by  Turnus. 

C.  Sagitta,  an  officer  who  encouraged 
Piso  to  rebel  against  the  emperor  Nero. 

Sagra,  a  small  river  of  Italy  in  the 
country  of  the  Brutii. 

Saguntum,  or  Saguntus,  a  town  of 
Hispania  Tarraconensis  at  the  west  of  the 
Iberus,  about  one  mile  from  the  sea  shore, 
now  called  Morved.ro.  Saguntum  is  cele- 
brated for  the  clay  in  its  neighborhood, 
but  more  particularly  it  is  famous  as  being 
the  cause  of  the  second  Punic  war,  and 
for  the  attachment  of  its  inhabitants  to  the 
interest  of  Rome. 

Sais,  now  Sa,  a  town  in  the  Delta  of 
Egypt,  situate  between  the  Canopic  and 
Sebennytican  mouths  of  the  Nile,  and 
anciently  the  capital  of  Lower  Egypt. 
There  was  there  a  celebrated  temple  ded- 
icated to  Minerva,  writh  a  room  cut  out  of 
one  stone,  which  had  been  conveyed  by 
water  from  Elephantis  by  the  labors  of 
two  thousand  men  in  three  years. 
-Sala,    a   town    of  Thrace,    near    the 

mouths  of  the  Hebrus. A  town  of 

Mauritania of  Phrygia. A  river  of 

Germany  falling  into  the  Elbe,  near  which 

are  salt  pits. Another  falling  into  the 

Rhine,  now  the  Issel. 

Salacon,  a  poor  man  who  pretended 
to  be  uncommonly  rich. 

Salami nta,  a  name  given  to  a  ship  at 
Athens,  which  was  employed  by  the  re- 
public in  conveying  the  officers  of  state 
to  their  different  administrations  abroad, 
&c. A  name  given  to  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus, on  account  of  Salamis,  one  of  its 
capital  cities. 

Salamis,  a  daughter  of  the  river  Aso- 
pus,  by  Methone. 

Salamis,  Salamins,  or  Salamina,  now 
Colouri,  an  island  in  the  Saronicus  Sinus, 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Attica,  opposite 
Eleusis,  at  the  distance  of  about  a  league, 
with  a  town  and  harbor  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  about  fifty  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  was  originally  peopled  by  a 
colony  of  Ionians,  and  afterwards  by  some 
of  the  Greeks  from  the  adjacent  islands 
and  countries.  It  is  celebrated  for  a  battle 
which  was  fought  there  between  the  fleets 
of  the  Greeks  and  that  of  the  Persians, 
when  Xerxes  invaded  Attica. 

Salamis,  or  Salamina,  a  town  at  the 
east  of  the  island  of  Cyprus.  It  was  built 
by  Teucer,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  the 
island  Salamis,  from  which  he  had  been 
banished  about  one  thousand  two  hundred 


and  seventy  years  before  the  Christian 
era.  His  descendants  continued  masters 
of  the  town  for  above  eight  hundred 
years.  It  was  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, and  rebuilt  in  the  fourth  century, 
and  called  Constantia. 

Salapia,  or  Salapije,  now  Salpe,  a  town 
of  Apulia,  where  Annibal  retired  after  the 
battle  of  Cannae,  and  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  licentious  pleasure,  forgetful 
of  his  fame,  and  of  the  interests  of  his 
country. 

Salara,  a  town  of  Africa  propria,  taken 
by  Scipio. 

Salaria,  a  street  and  gate  at  Rome 
which  led  towards  the  country  of  the  Sa- 
bines.  It  received  the  name  of  Salaria, 
because  salt,  (sal,)  was  generally  convey- 
ed to  Rome  that  way. A  bridge  called 

Salarius,  was  built  four  miles  from  Rome 
through  the  Salarian  gate  on  the  river 
Anio. 

Salassi,  a  people  of  Cisalpine  Gaul 
who  were  in  continual  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans. Their  country  is  now  called  Vol 
D'  Aousta. 

Saleius,  a  poet  of  great  merit  in  the 
age  of  Domitian,  yet  pinched  by  poverty, 
though  born  of  illustrious  parents,  and 
distinguished  by  purity  of  manners  and 
integrity  of  mind. 

Saleni,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Salentini,  a  people  of  Italy,  near  Apu- 
lia, on  the  southern  coast  of  Calabria. 

Salernum,  now  Salerno,  a  town  of  the 
Picentini,  on  the  shores  of  the  Tyrrhene 
sea. 

Salganeus,  or  Salganea,  a  town  of 
Boeotia,  on  the  Euripus. 

Salia,  a  town  of  Spain,  where  Pruden- 
tius  was  born. 

Salica,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Salii,  a  college  of  priests  at  Rome  in- 
stituted in  honor  of  Mars,  ana"  appointed 
by  Numa,  to  take  care  of  the  sacred  shields 
called  Ancylia,  B.  C.  709.  They  were 
twelve  in  number,  the  three  elders  among 
them  had  the  superintendence  of  all  the 
rest ;  the  first  was  called  prwsul,  the  sec- 
ond vates,  and  the  third  magiiter.  Their 
number  was  afterwards  doubled  by  Tul- 
lus  Hostilius,  after  he  had  obtained  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Fidejiates,  in  consequence 
of  a  vow  which  he  had  made  to  Mars. 
The  Salii  were  all  of  patrician  families, 
and  the*  office  was  very  honorable.  The 
first  of  March  was  the  day  on  which  the 
Salii  observed  their  festivals  in  honor  of 
Mars. A  nation  of  Germany  who  in- 
vaded Gaul,  and  were  conquered  by  the 
emperor  Julian. 

Salinator,  a  surname  common  to  the 
family  of  the  Livii,  and  others. 

Salius,  an  Acarnanian  at  the  games 
exhibited  by  ^Eneas  in  Sicily,  and  killed 
in  the  wars  with  Turnus. 

Crispus  Sallustius,  a  Latin  historian 


SA 


349 


SA 


bom  at  Amitemum,  in  the  country  of  the 
Sabines.  He  received  his  education  at 
Rome,  and  made  himself  known  as  a 
public  magistrate  in  the  office  of  quaestor 
and  consul.  His  licentiousness  and  the 
depravity  of  his  manners,  however,  did 
not  escape  the  censure  of  the  age,  and 
Sallust  was  degraded  from  the  dignity  of 
a  senator,  B.  C.  50.  A  continuation  of 
extravagance  could  not  long  be  supported 
by  the  income  of  Sallust,  but  he  extricated 
himself  from  all  difficulties  by  embracing 
the  cause  of  CsRsar.  He  was  restored  to 
the  rank  of  senator,  and  made  governor 
of  Numidia.  In  the  administration  of  his 
province  Sallust  behaved  with  unusual 
tyranny  ;  he  enriched  himself  by  plun- 
dering the  Africans,  and  at  his  return  to 
Rome'  he  built  himself  a  magnificent 
house,  and  bought  gardens,  which  from 
their  delightful  and  pleasant  situation, 
still  preserve  the  name  of  the  gardens  of 
Sallust.  He  married  Terentia,  the  divorc- 
ed wife  of  Cicero  ;  and  from  this  circum- 
stance, according  to  some,  arose  an  im- 
mortal hatred  between  the  historian  and 
the  orator.  Sallust  died  in  the  fifty-first 
year  of  his  age,  thirty-five  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  As  a  writer  he  is  pe- 
culiarly distinguished.  He  had  composed 
a  history  of  Rome,  but  nothing  remains 
of  it  except  a  few  fragments,  and  his  only 
compositions  extant  are  his  history  of  Cat- 
iline's conspiracy,  and  of  the  wars  of  Ju- 

gurtha,  king  of  Numidia. A  nephew 

of  the  historian,  by  whom  he  was  adopt- 
ed. He  was  very  effeminate  and  luxuri- 
ous.  Secundus  Promotus,  a  native  of 

Gaul,  very  intimate  with  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian. He  is  remarkable  for  his  integrity, 
and  the  soundness  of  his  counsels.  Juli- 
an made  him  prefect  of  Gaul.  There  is 
also  another  Sallust,  called  Secundus, 
whom  some  have  improperly  confounded 
with  Promotus.  Secundus  was  also  one 
of  Julian's  favorites,  and  was  made  by 

him  prefect  of  the  east. A  prefect  of 

Rome  in  the  reign  of  Valentinian. An 

officer  in  Britain. 

Salmacis,  a  fountain  of  Caria,  near 
Halicarnassus,  which  rendered  effemi- 
nate all  those  who  drank  of  its  waters. 

Salmantioa,  a  town  of  Spain,  now 
Salamanca. 

Salmone,  a  town  of  Elis  in  Peloponne- 
sus, with  a  fountain,  from  which  the 
Enipeus  takes  its   source,  and  Alls  into 

the  Alpheus. A  promontory,  at  the  east 

of  Crete. 

Salmoneus,  a  king  of  Elis,  son  of  /Eo- 
lus  and  Enarette,  who  married  Alcidice, 
by  whom  he  had  Tyro.  He  wished  to  be 
called  a  god,  and  to  receive  divine  honors 
from  his  subjects  ;  therefore  to  imitate  the 
thunder,  he  used  to  drive  bis  chariot  over 
a  brazen  bridge,  and  darted  burning  torch- 
es on  every  side,  as  if  to  imitate  the  light 
30 


ning.  This  impiety  provoked  Jupiter 
Salmoneus  was  struck  with  a  thunder- 
bolt, and  placed  in  the  infernal  regions 
near  his  brother  Sisyphus. 

Salmonis,  a  name  given  to   Olympia. 

The  patronymic  of  Tyro,  daughter  of 

Salmoneus. 

Salmus,  a  town  of  Asia  near  the  Red 
sea. 

Sajlmydessus,  a  bay  on  the  Euxine  sea. 

Salo,  now  Xalcn,  a  river  in  Spain,  fall- 
ing into  the  Iberus. 

Salodurum,  now  Soleure,  a  town  of 
the  Helvetii. 

Salome,  a  queen  of  Judaea. 

Salon,  a  country  of  Bithynia. 

Salona,  or  Salon-e,  a  town  of  Dalma- 
tia,  about  ten  miles  distant  from  the  coast 
of  the  Adriatic,  conquered  by  Pollio,  who 
on  that  account  called  his  son  Saloninus, 
in  honor  of  the  victory.  A  small  village 
of  the  same  name  preserves  the  traces  of 
its  fallen  grandeur.     Near  is  Spalatro. 

Salo.mna,  a  celebrated  matron  who 
married  the  emperor  Gallienus,  and  dis- 
tinguished herself  by  her  private  as  well 
as  public  virtues.  She  was  put  to  death 
by  the  hands  of  the  conspirators,  who  also 
assassinated  her  husband  and  family, 
about  the  year  268,  of  the  Christian  era. 

Saloninus,  a  son  of  Asinius  Pollio. 
He  received  his  name  from  the  conquest 

of  Salone  by  his  father. P.  Licinius 

Cornelius,  a  son  of  Gallienus,  by  Saloni- 
na,  sent  into  Gaul,  there  to  be  taught  the 
art  of  war.  He  remained  there  some  time, 
till  the  usurper  Posthumius  arose,  and 
proclaimed  himself  emperor.  Saloninus 
was  upon  this  delivered  up  to  his  enemy, 
and  put  to  death  in  the  tenth  year  of  his 
age. 

Salonius,  a  friend  of  Cato  the  censor. 
A  tribune  and  centurion  of  the  Ro- 
man army  hated  by  the  populace. 

Salpis,  a  colony  of  Etruria. 

Salsum,  a  river  in  Spain. 

Salvian,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  fifth 
century. 

Salvidienus,  an  officer  of  the  army  of 
Augustus,  betrayed  by  Antony,  and  put 
to  death. A  Latin  writer. 

Salvius,  a  flute  player  saluted  king  by 
the  rebellious  slaves  of  Sicily  in  the  age 

of  Marius. A  nephew  of  the  emperor 

Otho. A  friend  of  Pompey. A  man 

put  to  death  by  Domitian. 

Salus,  the  goddess  of  health  at  Rome. 

Salyes,  a  people  of  Gaul  on  the  Rhone. 

Samara,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  called  the 
Somme,  which  falls  into  the  British  chan- 
nel near  Abbeville. 

Samaria,  a  city  and  country  of  Pales- 
tine, famous  in  sacred  history. 

Samarobriva,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now 
Amiens,  in  Picardy. 

Sameulos,  a  mountain  near  Mesopota- 
mia, where  Hercules  was  worshipped. 


SA 


350 


SA 


Sambus,  an  Indian  king  defeated  by 
Alexander. A  river  of  India. 

Same,  or  Samos,  a  small  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea  near  Ithaca,  called  also  Ce- 
phallenia. 

Samia,  a  daughter  of  the  river  Maean- 

der. A  surname  of  Juno,  because  she 

was  worshipped  at  Samos. 

Samnitje,  or  Amnitje,  a  people  of 
Gaul. 

Samnites,  a  people  of  Italy,  who  in- 
habited the  country  situate  between  Pi- 
cenum,  Campania,  Apulia,  and  ancient 
Latium.  They  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  implacable  hatred  against  the 
Romans,  in  the  first  ages  of  that  empire, 
till  they  were  at  last  totally  extirpated, 
B.  C.  272,  after  a  war  of  seventy-one 
years. 

Samnium,  a  town  and  part  of  Italy  in- 
habited by  the  Samnites. 

Samochonites,  a  small  lake  of  Pales- 
tine. 

Samonium,  a  promontory  of  Crete. 

Samos,  an  island  in  the  iEgean  sea,  on 
he  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  from  which  it  is 
fiivided  by  a  narrow  strait,  with  a  capital 
if  the  same  name,  built  B.  C.  986.  It  is 
about  eighty-seven  miles  in  circumfer- 
nce,  and  is  famous  for  the  birth  of  Py- 
thagoras.  The  islands  of  Samothrace 

and  Cephallenia  were  also  known  by  the 
name  of  Samos. 

Samosata,  a  town  of  Syria,  near  the 
Euphrates. 

Samothrace,  or  Samothracia,  an  is- 
land in  the  iEgean  sea,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Hebrus,  on  the  coast  of 
Thrace,  from  which  it  is  distant  about 
thirty -two  miles.  It  was  known  by  the 
ancient  names  of  Leucosia,  Melitis,  Elec- 
tria,  Leucania,  and  Dardania.  It  was 
afterwards  called  Samos,  and  distinguish- 
ed from  the  Samos  which  lies  on  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  by  the  epithet  of  Thracian,  or  by 
the  name  of  Samothrace. 

Samus,  a  son  of  Ancasus  and  Samia, 
grandson  of  Neptune. 

Sana,  a  town  of  mount  Athos,  near 
which  Xerxes  began  to  make  a  channel 
to  convey  the  sea. 

Sanaos,  a  town  of  Phrygia. 

Sanchoniathon,  a  Phoenician  histori- 
an born  at  Berytus,  or,  according  to  oth- 
ers, at  Tyre.  He  flourished  a  few  years 
before  the  Trojan  war,  and  wrote,  in  the 
language  of  his  country,  an  history  in 
nine  books. 

Sancus,  Sangus,  or  Sanctus,  a  deity 
of  the  Sabines  introduced  among  the  gods 
of  Rome  under  the  naYne  of  Dius  Fidius. 

Sandace,  a  sister  of  Xerxes. 

Sandaliotis,  a  name  given  to  Sardinia 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  sandal. 

Sandalium,  a  small  island  of  the  JEge- 
an,  near  Lesbos. A  port  of  Pisidia. 

Sandanis,  a  Lydian  who  advised  Crce- 


sus  not  to  make  war  against  the  Per- 
sians. 

Sandanus,  a  river  of  Thrace  near  Pal- 
lene. 

Sandrocottus,  an  Indian  of  a  mean 
origin.  His  impertinence  to  Alexander 
was  the  beginning  of  his  greatness  ;  the 
conqueror  ordered  him  to  be  seized,  but 
Sandrocottus  fled  away,  and  at  last  drop- 
ped down  overwhelmed  with  fatigue.  As 
he  slept  on  the  ground  a  lion  came  to  him 
and  gently  licked  the  sweat  from  his  face. 
This  uncommon  tameness  of  the  animal 
appeared  supernatural  to  Sandrocottus, 
and  raised  his  ambition.  He  aspired  to 
the  monarchy,  and  after  the  death  of  Al- 
exander he  made  himself  master  of  a  part 
of  the  country  which  was  in  the  hands  of 
Seleucus. 

Sane,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Sangala,  a  town  of  India  destroyed  by 
Alexander. 

Sangarius,  or  Sangaris,  a  river  of 
Phrygia,  rising  in  mount  Dindymus,  and 
falling  into  the  Euxine. 

Sanguinius,  a  man  condemned  for  ill 
language. 

Sannyrion,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens. 

Santones,  and  Santon*,  now  Saint- 
onge,  a  people  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name  in  Gaul. 

Saon,  an  historian. A  man  who 

first  discovered  the  oracle  of  Trophonius. 

Sap^ei,  or  Saph^i,  a  people  of  Thrace, 
called  also  Sintii. 

Sapirene,  an  island  of  the  Arabic  gulf. 

Sapis,  now  Savio,  a  river  of  Gaul  Cis- 
padana,  falling  into  the  Adriatic. 

Sapor,  a  celebrated  king  of  Persia  who 
succeeded  his  father  Artaxerxes  about  the 
two  hundred  and  thirty-eighth  year  of  the 
Christian  era.  He  was  assassinated  by 
his  subjects,  A.  D.  273,  after  a  reign  of 
thirty-two  years.     He  was  succeeded  by 

his  son  called  Hormisdas. The  second 

of  that  name  succeeded  his  father  Hor- 
misdas on  the  throne  of  Persia.  He  was 
as  great  as  his  ancestor  of  the  same  name. 
Sapor  died  A.  D.  380,  after  a  reign  of 
seventy  years,  in  which  he  had  often 
been  the  sport  of  fortune.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Artaxerxes,  and  Artaxerxes  by 
Sapor  the  third,  a  prince  who  died  after  a 
reign  of  five  years,  A.  D.  389,  in  the  a?e 
of  Theodosius  the  Great. 

Sappho,  or  Sapho,  celebrated  for  her 
beauty,  her  poetical  talents  and  her  amo- 
rous disposition,  was  born  in  the  island  of 
Lesbos,  about  six  hundred  years  before 
Christ.  She  conceived  such  a  passion  for 
Phaon,  a  youth  of  Mitylene,  that  upon  his 
scorning  her  she  threw  herself  into  the 
sea  from  mount  Leucas.  She  had  com- 
posed nine  books  in  lyric  veises,  besides 
epierams,  elegies,  &c.  Of  all  these  com- 
positions, nothing  now  remains  but  two 
fragments  of  uncommon   sweetness   and 


SA 


351 


SA 


elegance.  The  Lesbians  were  so  sensi- 
ble of  the  merit  of  Sappho,  that  after  her 
death  they  paid  her  divine  honors,  and 
raised  hertemples  and  altars,  and  stamped 
their  money  with  her  image.  The  Sap- 
phic verse  has  been  called  after  her  name. 

Saptine,  a  daughter  of  Darius,  the  last 
king  of  Persia,  offered  in.  marriage  to  Al- 
exander. 

Saracene,  part  of  Arabia  Petrasa. 

Saracori,  a  people  who  go  to  war  riding 
on  asses. 

Sarangje,  a  people  near  Caucasus. 

Saranges,  a  river  of  India. 

Sarapani,  a  people  of  Colchis. 

Sarapus,  a  surname  of  Pittacus,  one  of 
the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 

Sarasa,  a  fortified  place  of  Mesopota- 
mia, on  the  Tigris. 

Saraspades,  a  son  of  Phraates  king  of 
Parthia. 

Saravus,  now  the  Soa?-,  a  river  of  Bel- 
gium falling  into  the  Moselle. 

Sardanapalus,  the  fortieth  and  last 
king  of  Assyria,  celebrated  for  his  luxury 
and  voluptuousness.  The  greatest  part  of 
his  time  was  spent  in  the  company  of  his 
eunuchs,  and  the  monarch  generally  ap- 
peared in  the  midst  of  his  concubines  dis- 
guised in  the  habit  of  a  female,  and  spin- 
ning wool  for  his  amusement.  This  ef- 
feminacy irritated  his  officers  ;  Belesis 
and  Arsaces  conspired  against  him,  and 
collected  a  numerous  force  to  dethrone 
him.  Sardanapalus  quitted  his  voluptu- 
ousness for  a  while,  and  appeared  at  the 
head  of  his  armies.  The  rebels  were  de- 
feated in  three  successive  battles,  but  at 
last  Sardanapalus  was  beaten  and  besieged 
in  the  city  of  Ninus,  for  two  years.  When 
he  despaired  of  success,  he  burned  himself 
in  his  palace,  with  all  his  treasures,  and 
the  empire  of  Assyria  was  divided  among 
the  conspirators.  This  famous  event  hap- 
pened, B.  C.  820,  according  to  Eusebius; 
though  Justin  and  others,  with  less  proba- 
bility, place  it  eighty  years  earlier.  Sarda- 
napalus was  made  a  god  after  death. 

Sardi,  the  inhabitants  of  Sardinia. 

Sardinia,  the  greatest  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  after  Sicily,  is  situate  be- 
tween Italy  and  Africa,  at  the  south  of 
Corsica.  The  air  was  very  unwholesome 
though  the  soil  was  fertile  in  corn,  in 
wine,  and  oil.  Neither  wolves  nor  ser- 
pents are  found  in  Sardinia,  nor  any  poi- 
sonous herb,  except  one,  which,  when 
eaten,  contracts  the  nerves,  and  is  attend- 
ed with  a  paroxysm  of  laughter,  the  fore- 
runner of  death,  hence  risus  Sardonicus,  or 
Sardous. 

Sardica,  a  town  of  Thrace,  at  the  north 
of  mount  Hasmus. 

Sardis,  or  Sardes,  now  Sart,  a  town 
of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  who 
ordered  it  to  be  rebuilt.      It  fell  into  the 


hands  of  Cyrus,  B.  C.  548,  and  was  burnt 
by  the  Athenians,  B.  C.  504,  which  be- 
came the  cause  of  the  invasion  of  Attica 
by  Darius. 

Sard  ones,  the  people  of  Roussilon  in 
France. 

Sardus,  a  son  of  Hercules,  who  led  a 
colony  to  Sardinia,  and  gave  it  his  name. 

Sarephta,  a  town  of  Phoenicia,  now 
Sarfand. 

Sariaster,  a  son  of  Tigranes,  king  of 
Armenia,  who  conspired  against  his  father. 

Sariphi,  mountains  at  the  east  of  the 
Caspian. 

Sarmat-e,  or  Sauromatje,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sarmatia. 

Sarmatia,  an  extensive  country  at  the 
north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  divided  into 
European  and  Asiatic.  The  European 
was  bounded  by  the  ocean  on  the  north, 
Germany  and  the  Vistula  on  the  west,  the 
Jazygse  on  the  south,  and  Tanais  on  the 
east.  The  Asiatic  was  bounded  by  Hyr- 
cania,  the  Tanais,  and  the  Euxine  sea. 
The  former  contained  the  modern  king- 
doms of  Russia,  Poland,  Lithuania,  ani 
Little  Tartary ;  and  the  latter,  Great  Tar- 
tary,  Circassia,  and  the  neighboring  coun- 
try. The  Sarmatians  were  a  savage  un- 
civilized nation,  naturally  warlike,  and 
famous  for  painting  their  bodies  to  appear 
more  terrible  in  the  field  of  battle. 

Sarmaticum  Mare,  a  name  given  to 
the  Euxine  sea,  because  on  the  coast  of 
Sarmatia. 

Sarmentus,  a  scurrilous  person  men- 
tioned by  Horace. 

Sarnius,  a  river  of  Asia,  near  Hyrca- 
nia. 

Sarnus,  a  river  of  Picenum,  dividing  it 
from  Campania,  and  falling  into  the  Tus- 
can sea. 

Saron,  a  king  of  Troezene,  unusually 
fond  of  hunting.  He  was  drowned  in  the 
sea,  where  he  had  swam  for  some  miles 
in  pursuit  of  a  stag.  He  was  made  a  sea- 
god  by  Neptune,  and  divine  honors  were 
paid  to  him  by  the  Troezenians. 

Saronicus  Sinus,  now  the  gulf  of  En- 
gia,  a  bay  of  the  ^Egean  sea,  lying  at  the 
south  of  Attica,  and  on  the  n.orth  of  the 
Peloponnesus.  The  entrance  into  it  is  be- 
tween the  promontory  of  Sunium  and  that 
of  Scyllamm.  The  Saronic  bay  is  about 
sixty-two  miles  in  circumference,  twenty- 
three  miles  in  its  broadest,  and  twenty- 
five  in  its  longest  part,  according  to  mod- 
ern calculation. 

Sarpedon,  a  son  of  Jupiter  by  Europa, 
the  daughter  of  Agenor.  He  went  to  the 
Trojan  war  to  assist  Priam  against  the 
Greeks,  where  he  was  attended  by  his 
friend  and  companion  Glaucus.     He  was 

at  last  killed  by  Patroclus. A  son  of 

Neptune  killed  by  Hercules. A  learned 

preceptor  of*  Cato  of  Utica. A  town  of 

Ciiicia. Also  a  promontory  of  the  same 


SA 


352 


SK 


name   in   Cilicia. A   promontory  of 

Thrace. A  Syrian  general  who  flour- 
ished B.  C.  143. 

Sarra,  a  town  of  Phoenicia,  the  same 
as  Tyre.  It  receives  this  name  from  a 
small  shell-fish  of  the  same  name,  which 
was  found  in  the  neighborhood,  and  with 
whose  blood  garments  were  dyed. 

Sarrastes,  a  people  of  Campania  on  the 
Sarnus. 

Sarron,  a  king  of  the  Celtse,  famous 
for  his  learning. 

Sars,  alown  of  Spain,  near  cape  Fini- 
sterre. 

Sarsina,  an  ancient  town  of  Umbria, 
where  the  poet  Plautus  was  born. 

Sarus,  a  river  of  Cappadocia. 

Sasanda,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Sason,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Adriatic  sea,  lying  between  Brundusium 
and  Aulon  on  the  coast  of  Greece.      It  is 

barren  and  inhospitable. A  river  falling 

into  the  Adriatic. 

Satarch-e,  a  people,  near  the  Palus 
Mae  otis. 

Sataspes,  a  Persian  hung  on  a  cross  by 
order  of  Xerxes,  for  offering  violence  to  the 
daughter  of  Megabyzus. 

Satibarzanes,  a  Persian  made  satrap 
of  the  Arians  by  Alexander,  from  whom 
he  afterwards  revolted. 

Saticula  and  Saticulus,  a  town  near 
Capua. 

Satis,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Satrje,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Satrapeni,  a  people  of  Media,  under 
Tigranes. 

Satricum,  a  town  of  Italy,  taken  by 
Camillus. 

Satropaces,  an  officer  in  the  army  of 
Darius. 

Satura,  a  lake  of  Latium,  forming  part 
of  the  Pontine  lakes. 

Satureium,  or  Satureum,  a  town  of 
Calabria,  near  Tarentum,  with  famous 
pastures,  and  horses,  whence  the  epithet 
of  satureianus  in  Horace. 

Satureius,  one  of  Domitian's  murder- 
ers. 

Saturnalia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Sa- 
turn, celebrated  the  sixteenth  or  the  se- 
venteenth, or,  according  to  others,  the 
eighteenth  of  December.  They  were  in- 
stituted long  before  the  foundation  of 
Rome,  in  commemoration  of  the  freedom 
and  equality  which  prevailed  on  earth  in 
the  golden  reign  of  Saturn.  The  Saturna- 
lia were  originally  celebrated  only  for  one 
day,  but  afterwards  the  solemnity  contin- 
ued for  three,  four,  five,  and  at  last  for 
seven  days.  The  celebration  was  remark- 
able for  the  liberty  which  universally  pre- 
vailed. 

Saturnia,  a  name  given  to  Italy,  be- 
cause Saturn  had  reigned  there  during  the 

golden  age. A  name  given  to  Juno,  as 

being  the  daughter  of  Saturn. An  an- 


cient town  of  Italy,  supposed  to  be  built 

by  Saturn,  on  the  Tapeian  rock A 

colony  of  Etruria. 

Saturninus,  P.  Sempronius,  a  general 
of  Valerian,  proclaimed  emperor  in  Egypt 
by  his  troops  after  he  had  rendered  him- 
self celebrated  by  his  victories  over  the 
barbarians.  His  integrity,  his  complai- 
sance and  affability,  had  gained  him  the 
affection  of  the  people,  but  his  fond- 
ness of  ancient  discipline  provoked  his 
soldiers,  who  wantonly  murdered  him  in 
the  forty-third  year  of  his  age,  A.  D.  262 

Sextus  Julius,  a  Gaul,  intimate  with 

Aurelian.  He  was  saluted  emperor  at  Al- 
exandria, and  compelled  by  the  clamor- 
ous army  to  accept  of  the  purple,  which  he 
rejected  with  disdain  and  horror.  Pro- 
bus,  who  was  then  emperor,  marched  hia 
forces  against  him,  and  besieged  him  in 
Apamea,  where  he  destroyed  himself 
when  unable  to  make  head  against  his 
powerful  adversary. Appuleius,  a  tri- 
bune of  the  people,  who  raised  a  sedition 
at  Rome,  intimidated  the  senate,  and  ty- 
rannised for  three  years.  Meeting  at  last 
with  opposition,  he  seized  the  capitol,  but 
being  induced  by  the  hopes  of  a  reconcilia- 
tion to  trust  himself  amidst  the  people, 
he  was  suddenly  torn  to  pieces.  His  se- 
dition has  received  the  name  of  Appuleiana 
in  the  Roman  annals. Lucius,  a  sedi- 
tious tribune,  who  supported  the  oppres- 
sion of  Marius.  He  was  at  last  put  to 
death  on  account  of  his  tumultuous  dispo- 
sition.  An  officer  in  the  court  of  Theo 

dosius,  murdered  for  obeying  the  empe 

ror's  orders,  &c. Pompeius,  a  writer  in 

the  reign  of  Trajan.^ Sentius,  a  friend 

of  Augustus  and  Tiberius.  He  succeed- 
ed Agrippa  in  the  government  of  the  pro- 
vinces of  Syria  and  Phoenicia. Vitel- 

lius,  an  officer  among  the  friends  of  the 
emperor  Otho. 

Saturn ius,  a  name  given  to  Jupiter, 
Pluto,  and  Neptune,  as  being  the  sons  of 
Saturn. 

Saturnus,  a  son  of  Ccelus,  or  Uranus, 
by  Terra,  called  also  Titea,  Thea,  or  Ti- 
theia.  Saturn  always  devoured  his  sons 
as  soon  as  born,  till  his  wife  Rhea,  un- 
willing to  see  her  children  perish,  conceal- 
ed from  her  husband  the  birth  of  Jupiter, 
Neptune,  and  Pluto,  and  instead  of  the 
children,  she  gave  him  large  stones,  which 
he  immediately  swallowed  without  per- 
ceiving the  deceit.  Titan  was  sometime 
after  informed  that  Saturn  had  concealed 
his  male  children,  therefore  he  made  war 
against  him,  dethroned  and  imprisoned 
him  with  Rhea ;  and  Jupiter,  who  was 
secretly  educated  in  Crete,  was  no  sooner 
grown  up,  than  he  flew  to  deliver  his 
father,  and  to  replace  him  on  his  throne. 
Saturn,  unmindful  of  his  son's  kindness, 
conspired  against  him,  when  he  heard  that 
he  raised  cabals  against  him,  but  Jupiter 


SA 


353 


SC 


banished  bim  from  his  throne,  and  the 
father  fled  for  safety  into  Italy,  where  the 
country  retained  the  name  of  Ldtiiim,  as 
being  the  place  of  his  concealment  (laten). 
Janus,  who  was  then  king  of  Italy,  re- 
ceived Saturn  with  marks  of  attention,  and 
made  him  his  partner  on  the  throne  ;  and 
the  king  of  heaven  employed  himself  in 
civilizing  the  barbarous  manners  of  the 
people  of  Italy,  and  in  teaching  them  ag- 
riculture and  the  useful  and  liberal  arts. 
His  reign  there  was  so  mild  and  popular, 
so  beneficent  and  virtuous,  that  mankind 
have  called  it  the  golden  age,  to  intimate 
the  happiness  and  tranquillity  which  the 
earth  then  enjoyed.  The  worship  of  Sa- 
turn was  not  so  solemn  or  so  universal  as 
that  of  Jupiter.  It  was  usual  to  offer  hu- 
man victims  on  his  altars,  but  this  barba- 
rous custom  was  abolished  by  Hercules, 
who  substituted  small  images  of  clay.  In 
the  sacrifices  of  Saturn,  the  priest  always 
performed  the  ceremony  with  his  head 
uncovered,  which  was  unusual  at  other 
solemnities.  The  god  is  generally  repre- 
sented as  an  old  man  bent  through  age 
and  infirmity.  He  holds  a  scythe  in  his 
right  hand,  with  a  serpent  which  bites  its 
own  tail,  which  is  an  emblem  of  time  and 
of  the  revolution  of  the  year.  In  his  left 
hand  he  holds  a  child,  which  he  raises  up 
as  if  instantly  to  devour  it. 

Saturum,  a  town  of  Calabria,  where 
stuffs  of  all  kinds  were  dyed  in  different 
colors  with  great  success. 

Satyri,  demigods  of  the  country,  whose 
origin  is  unknown.  They  are  represented 
like  men,  but  with  the  feet  and  the  legs 
of  goats,  short  horns  on  the  head,  and  the 
whole  body  covered  with  thick  hair. 

Satyrus,  a  king  of  Bosphorus,  who 
reigned  fourteen  years,  &c.     His  father's 

name  was  Spartacus. An  Athenian 

who  attempted  to  eject  the  garrison  of 

Demetrius  from  the  citadel. A  Greek 

actor. A  man  who  assisted  in  murder- 
ing Timophanes. A  peripatetic  phi- 
losopher and  historian  who  flourished  B. 

C.  148. A  tyrant  of  Heraclea,  346  B.  C. 

An  architect  who  together  with  Petus 

is  said  to  have  planned  and  built  the  cele- 
brated tomb  which  Artemisia  erected  to 
the  memory  of  Mausolus. 

Savera,  a  village  of  Lycaonia. 

Saufeius  Trogus,  one  of  Messalina's 

favorites,  punished  by  Claudius. Ap- 

pius,  a  Roman,  who  died  on  his  return 
from  the  bath  upon  taking  mead. 

Savo,  or  Savon  a,  a  town  with  a  small 

river  of  the  same  name  in  Campania. 

A  town  of  Liguria. 

Sauromat^e,  a  people  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Saurus,  a  famous  robber  of  Elis,  killed 
by  Hercules. A  statuary. 

Savus,  a  river  of  Pannonia,  rising  in 
Norisum,  at  tha  north  of  Aquileia,  and 
30* 


falling    into  the    Danube. A    small 

river  of  Numidia,  falling  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Saxones,  a  people  of  Germany,  near  the 
Chersonesus  Cimbrica. 

Saziches,  an  ancient  legislator  of 
Egypt. 

Scjea,  one  of  the  gates  of  Troy,  where 

the  tomb  of  Laomedon  was  seen. One 

of  the  Danaides. Her  husband's  name 

was  Dayphron. 

Sc.eva,  a  soldier  in  Ca3sar's  army,  who 
behaved  with  great  courage  at  Dyrrhachi- 

um. Memor,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  reign 

of  Titus  and  Domitian. A  man  who 

poisoned  his  own  mother. A  friend  of 

Horace.    He  was  a  Roman  knight. 

Shalabis,  now  St.  Irene,  a  town  of  an- 
cient Spain. 

Scaldis,  or  Scaldium,  a  river  of  Bel- 
gium, now  called  The  Scheld. Pons,  a 

town  on  the  same  river,  now  called  Conde. 

Scamander,  or  Scamandros,  a  cele- 
brated river  of  Troas,  rising  at  the  east  of 
mount  Ida,  and  falling  into  the  sea  below 
Sigaeum.  It  receives  the  Simois  us^its 
course,  and  towards  its  mouth  it  is  very 
muddy,  and  flows  through  marshes.  This 
river,  according  to  Homer,  was  called 
Xanthus  by  the  gods,  and  Scamander  by 
men.  The  waters  of  the  Scamander  had 
the  singular  property  of  giving  a  beautiful 
color  to  the  hair  or  the  wool  of  such  ani- 
mals as  bathed  in  them  ;  and  from  this 
circumstance  the  three  goddesses,  Miner- 
va, Juno,  and  Venus,  bathed  there  before 
they  appeared  before  Paris,  to  obtain  the 

golden  apple. A  son  of  Corybas  and 

Demodice,  who  brought  a  colony  from 
Crete  into  Phrygia,  and  settled  at  the  foot 
of  mount  Ida,  where  he  introduced  the 
festivals  of  Cybele,  and  the  dances  of  the 
Corybantes.  He  sometime  after  lost  the 
use  of  his  senses,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  river  Xanthus,  which  ever  after  bora 
his  name. 

Scamandria,  a  town  on  the  Seaman, 
der. 

Scamandrius,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Priam,  son  of  Strophius.  He  was  killed 
by  Menelaus. 

Scandaria,  a  promontory  in  the  island 
of  Cos. 

Scandinavia,  a  name  given  by  the  an- 
cients to  that  tract  of  territory  which  con- 
tains the  modern  kingdoms  of  Norway, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Lapland,  Finland, 
&c. 

Scantia  Sylva,  a  wood  of  Campania, 
the  property  of  the  Roman  people. 

Scantilla,  the  wife  of  Didius  Juli- 
anus. 

Scaptestle,  a  town  of  Thrace,  near 
Abdera,  abounding  in  silver  and  gold 
mines,  belonging  to  Thucydides. 

Scaftia,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Bcaftius,  an  intimate  friend  of  Brutus. 


sc 


354 


SC 


His  brother  was  a  merchant  of  Cappado- 
cia. 

Scapula,  a  native  of  Corduba,  who  de- 
fended that  town  against  Caesar,  after  the 
battle  of  Munda. An  usurper. 

Scardon,  a  town  on  the  confines  of 
Dalmatia. 

Scardii,  a  ridge  of  mountains  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Scarphia,  or  Scarphe,  a  town  near 
Thermopylae. 

6c ati  Nt a  lex  de  pudicitid,  by  C.  Scati- 
nius  Aricinus,  the  tribune. 

Scaurus,  (M.  iEmilius)  a  Roman  con- 
sul who  distinguished  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence at  the  bar,  and  by  his  successes  in 
Spain,  in  the  capacity  of  commander.  He 
was  sent  against  Jugurtha,  and  sometime 
after  accused  of  suffering  himself  to  be 
bribed  by  the  Numidiah  prince.  Scaurus 
conquered  the  Ligurians,  and  in  his  cen- 
sorship he  built  the  Milvian  bridge  at 
Rome,  and  began  to  pave  the  road,  which 
from  him  was  called  the  iEmylian.  He 
was  originally  very  poor.  He  wrote  some 
books,  and  among  these  an  history  of  his 
own  life,  all  now  lost.  His  son,  of  the 
same  name,  made  himself  known  by  the 
large  theatre  he  built  during  his  edileship. 
This  theatre,  which  could  contain  thirty 
Ihousand  spectators,  was  supported  by 
three  hundred  and  sixty  columns  of  mar- 
Die,  thirty-eight  feet  in  height,  and  adorn- 
ed with  three  thousand  brazen  statues. 

A  Roman  of  consular  dignity.    When 

the  Cimbri  invaded  Italy,  the  son  of  Scau- 
rus behaved  with  great  cowardice,  upon 
which  the  father  sternly  ordered  him 
never  to  appear  again  in  the  field  of  bat- 
tle. The  severity  of  this  command  ren- 
dered young  Scaurus  melancholy,  and  he 
plunged  a  sword  into  his  own  heart,  to 

free  himself  from  further  ignominy. 

Aurelius,  a  Roman  consul,  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Gauls.     He  was  put  to  a  cruel 

death. M.  iEmilius,  a  man  in  the  reign 

of  Tiberius,    accused    of  adultery   with 

Livia,  and  put  to  death. Mamercus,  a 

man  put  to  death  by  Tiberius. Maxi- 

mus,  a  man  who  conspired  against  Nero. 
Terentius,  a  Latin  grammarian. 

Scedasus,  a  native  of  Leuctra  in  Boeo- 
tia,  who  killed  himself  on  the  tomb  of  his 
daughters. 

Sceleratus,  a  plain  at  Rome  near  the 

Colline   gate. One  of  the    gates  of 

Rome  was  called  Scelerata,  because  three 
hundred  Fabii,  who  were  killed  at  the 
river  Cremera,  had  passed  through  it  when 

they  went  to  attack  the  enemy. There 

was  also  a  street  at  Rome  which  received 
the  name  of  the  Sceleratus  vicus,  because 
there  Tullia  ordered  her  postillion  to  drive 
her  chariot  over  the  body  of  her  father. 

Scena,  a  town  on  the  confines  of  Baby- 
lon.  A  river  of  Ireland*  now  the  Shan- 
non. 


Scenit-i:,  Arabians  who  live  in  tents. 

Scepsis,  a  town  of  Troas  where  the 
works  of  Theophrastus  and  Aristotle  were 
long  concealed  under  ground,  and  dam- 
aged by  the  wet. 

Schedia,  a  small  village  of  Egypt. 

Schedius,  one  of  Helen's  suitors. 

Scheria,  an  ancient  name  of  Corcyra. 

Schozneus,  a  son  of  Athamas. The 

father  of  Atalanta. 

Schcenus,  or  Scheno,  a  port  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus on  the  Saronicus  sinus. A 

village  near  Thebes,  with  a  river  of  the 

same  name. A  river  of  Arcadia. 

Another  near  Athens. 

Sciastes,  a  surname  of  Apollo  at  Lace- 
dcemon. 

Sciathis,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Sciathos,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean  sea. 

Scidros,  a  town  of  Magna  Grascia. 

Scillus,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus,  near 
Olympia,  where  Xenophon  wrote  his  his- 
tory. 

Scilurus,  a  king  of  Scythia,  who  had 
eighty  sons. 

Scinis,  a  cruel  robber  who  tied  men  to 
the  boughs  of  trees,  which  he  had  forcibly 
brought  together,  and  which  he  afterwards 
unloosened,  so  that  their  limbs  were  torn 
in  an  instant  from  their  body. 

Scinthi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Scione,  a  town  of  Thrace,  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Athenians.  It  was  built  by 
a  Grecian  colony  in  their  return  from  the 
Trojan  war. 

Scipiad^:,  a  name  applied  to  the  two 
Scipios,  who  obtained  the  surname  of 
Africanus,  from  the  conquest  of  Carthage. 

Scipio,  the  name  of  a  celebrated  family 
at  Rome,  who  obtained  the  highest  honors 
in  the  republic.  The  most  illustrious 
were — 1.  Cneus  Scipio,  surnamed  Asina  ; 
he  was  father  of  Publius  and  Cneus  Sci- 
pio. Publius,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
second  Punic  war,  was  sent  with  an  army 
to  Spain  to  oppose  Annibal,  by  whom  he 
was  conquered  near  the  Ticinus,  and 
would  have  lost  his  life,  had  not  his  son, 
who  was  afterwards  called  Africanus, 
courageously  defended  him.  He  again 
passed  into  Spain,  and  gained  some  mem- 
orable victories  over  the  Carthaginians. 
His  brother  Cneus  shared  the  supreme 
command  with  him  ;  but  their  confidence 
proved  their  ruin.  They  separated  their 
armies ;  and,  soon  afterwards,  Publius 
was  furiously  attacked  by  the  two  Asdru- 
bals  and  Mago,  who  commanded  the  Car- 
thaginian forces.  The  Romans  were  cut 
to  pieces,  and  their  commander  left  dead 
on  the  field.  Flushed  with  this  success, 
the  Carthaginians  immediately  marched 
against  Cneus,  whom  the  revolt  of  thirty 
thousand  Celtiberians  had  weakened  and 
alarmed.  The  general,  who  was  already 
apprised  of  his  brother's  death,  secured 
an  eminence,  where  he  was   soon  sur 


sc 


355 


SC 


rounded  on  all  sides.  After  desperate  acts 
of  valor,  he  was  also  defeated,  and  left 

among  the  slain. 2.  Publius  Cornelius, 

surnamed  Africanus,  was  son  of  Publius 
Scipio,  who  was  killed  in  Spain.  He  first 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Tici- 
nus,  where  he  saved  his  father's  life  by 
deeds  of  unexampled  valor  and  boldness. 
In  his  twenty-first  year,  he  was  made  an 
edile  ;  an  honorable  office,  and  never  given 
but  to  such  as  had  reached  their  twenty- 
seventh  year.  Sometime  afterwards,  the 
Romans  were  alarmed  by  the  intelligence 
that  the  commanders  of  their  forces  in 
Spain,  Publius  and  Cneus  Scipio,  had 
been  slaughtered ;  and  young  Scipio  was 
immediately  appointed  to  avenge  the 
death  of  his  father  and  uncle,  and  to  vin- 
dicate the  military  honor  of  the  republic. 
Cornelius  soon  proved  how  well  qualified 
he  was  to  be  at  the  head  of  an  army  :  the 
various  nations  of  Spain  were  conquered  ; 
in  four  years,  the  Carthaginians  were  ban- 
ished from  that  part  of  the  continent,  and 
the  whole  province  became  tributary  to 
Rome.  After  these  signal  victories,  Scipio 
was  recalled  to  Rome,  which  still  trem- 
bled at  the  continual  alarms  of  Annibal, 
who  was  then  at  her  gates.  ( Vid.  Puni- 
cum  Bellum.)  The  battle  of  Zama  was 
decisive  of  the  fate  of  Carthage  ;  and  the 
conqueror  returned  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  received  with  most  unbounded  ap- 
plause, honored  with  a  triumph,  and  dig- 
nified with  the  appellation  of  Africanus. 
JJe  afterwards,  in  the  capacity  of  lieuten- 
ant, accompanied  his  brother  against  An- 
tiochus,  king  of  Syria.  In  this  expedition 
his  arras  were  attended  with  his  usual 
success,  and  the  Asiatic  monarch  sub- 
mitted, to  the  conditions  of  the  conquer- 
ors. At  his  return  to  Rome,  Cato,  his  in- 
veterate rival,  raised  seditions  against 
him  ;  and  the  Petilli,  two  tribunes  of  the 
people,  accused  him  of  extortion  in  the 
provinces  of  Asia,  and  of  living  in  an  in- 
dolent and  luxurious  manner.  Scipio  con- 
descended to  answer  his  calumniators  : 
the  first  day  was  occupied  in  hearing  the 
different  charges  ;  but,  when  he  again  ap- 
peared on  the  second  day,  he  interrupted 
his  judges,  and  exclaimed,  "Tribunes  and 
fellow-citizens,  on  this  day,  this  very  day, 
did  I  conquer  Annibal  and  the  Cartha- 
ginians. Come,  therefore,  with  me,  Ro- 
mans ;  let  us  go  to  the  capitol,  and  there 
return  our  thanks  to  the  immortal  gods 
for  the  victories  which  have  attended  our 
arms."  These  words  had  an  electric  ef- 
fect: the  tribes  and  all  the  assembly  fol- 
lowed Scipio,  the  court  was  deserted,  and 
the  tribunes  were  left  alone  in  the  seat  of 
judgment.  Yet,  when  this  memorable 
day  was  forgotten,  Africanus  was  a  third 
time  summoned  to  appear  ;  but  he  had  fled 
from  the  impending  storm,  to  his  country 
house  at  Liternum.  Sometime  afterwards, 


Scipio  died,  in  his  forty-eighth  year;  and 
so  great  an  aversion  did  he  express,  as  he 
expired,  for  the  depravity  of  his  country- 
men, and  the  ingratitude  of  their  senators, 
that  he  desired  his  bones  might  not  be 
conveyed  to  Rome.  They  were  accord- 
ingly inhumated  at  Liternum  ;  and  his 
wife,  ^Emilia,  raised  a  mausoleum,  and 

placed  upon  it  his  statue. 3.  Lucius 

Cornelius  Scipio  was  brother  to  Africa- 
nus, and  accompanied  him  in  his  expedi- 
tions to  Spain  and  Africa.  He  was  re- 
warded with  the  consulship  for  his  ser- 
vices to  the  state,  and,  after  the  defeat  of 
Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  surnamed  Asia- 
ticus.  After  the  death  of  Africanus,  Cato 
and  the  two  Petilli,  his  devoted  favorites, 
and  the  inveterate  enemies  of  the  family 
of  the  Scipios,  turned  their  fury  against 
Asiaticus,  whom  they  charged  with  hav- 
ing received  six  thousand  pounds'  weight 
of  gold,  and  four  hundred  and  eighty  of 
silver,  from  the  monarch  against  whom, 
in  the  name  of  the  Roman  people,  they 
were  enjoined  to  make  war.  Scipio  was 
condemned,  and  ordered  to  pay  an  im- 
mense fine,  as  were  also  his  two  lieuten- 
ants and  his  quaestor,  who  were  included 
in  the  charge.  Sometime  afterwards,  he 
was  appointed  to  settle  the  disputes  be- 
tween Eumenes  and  Seleucus ;  and,  at 
his  return,  the  Romans,  ashamed  of  their 
severity  towards  him,  rewarded  his  merit 
with  such  uncommon  liberality,  that  Asia- 
ticus was  enabled  to  celebrate  games  in 
honor  of  his  victory  over  Antiochus,  for 
ten  successive  days,  at  his  own  expense. 

4.  Nasica  Scipio  was  son  of  Cneus 

Scipio,  and  cousin  to  Scipio  Africanus. 
He  obtained  the  consulship  after  the  death 
of  his  cousin  ;  in  which  honorable  office 
he  conquered  the  Boii,  and  gained  a  tri- 
umph. He  was  also  successful  in  an  ex- 
pedition which  he  undertook  to  Spain. 
Nasica  also  distinguished  himself  by  the 
active  part  he  took  in  confuting  the  accu- 
sations against  the  two  Scipios,  Africanus 

and  Asiaticus. 5.  Publius  ^Emilianus, 

son  of  Paulus,  the  conqueror  of  Perseus, 
was  adopted  by  the  son  of  Scipio  Africa- 
nus. He  received  the  same  surname  as 
his  grandfather,  and  was  called  Africanus 
the  Younger,  on  account  of  his  victories 
over  Carthage.  ^Ernilianus  first  appeared 
in  the  Roman  armies  under  his  father,  and 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  as  a  le- 
gionary tribune  in  the  Spanish  provinces. 
He  passed  into  Africa  to  demand  a  rein- 
forcement from  king  Masinissa,  the  ally 
of  Rome  ;  and  was  a  spectator  of  the  long 
and  bloody  battle  fought  between  that 
monarch  and  the  Carthaginians,  and 
which  produced  the  third  Punic  war. 
Shortly  afterwards,  ^milianus  was  made 
edile,  and  next  appointed  consul,  though 
under  the  age  required  for  that  important 
office.  The  surname  he  had  received  from 


sc 


356 


SC 


his  grandfather  he  was  doomed  lawfully 
to  claim  as  his  own.  He  was  empowered 
to  finish  the  war  with  Carthage,  the  siege 
of  which  city  had  already  been  begun  ; 
but  the  operations  of  the  Romans  were  not 
continued  with  vigor.  ( Vid.  Punicum  Bel- 
lum.)  Though  Scipio  was  obliged  to  de- 
molish its  very  walls,  to  obey  the  orders 
of  the  Romans,  yet  he  wept  bitterly  over 
the  melancholy  and  tragical  scene.  The 
return  of  iEmilianus  to  Rome  was  as  that 
of  another  conqueror  of  Annibal,  and,  like 
him,  he  was  honored  with  a  magnificent 
triumph.  Shortly  afterwards,  Scipio  was 
appointed  to  finish  the  war  which  the  Ro- 
mans had  hitherto  carried  on  without  suc- 
cess against  Numantia  ;  the  fall  of  which 
was  more  noble  than  that  of  the  capital 
of  Africa,  and  the  conqueror  of  Carthage 
obtained  the  victory  only  when  his  ene- 
mies had  been  consumed  by  famine  or 
self-destruction.  From  his  conquests  in 
Spain,  yEmilianus  was  honored  with  a 
second  triumph,  and  received  the  name 
of  Numantinus.  Yet  his  popularity  was 
of  short  duration  ;  for,  by  telling  the  peo- 
ple that  the  murder  of  Gracchus,  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, was  lawful,  since  he  was  tur- 
bulent, and  inimical  to  the  peace  of  the 
republic,  Scipio  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  the  tribunes,  and  was  received  by  them 
with  great  disapprobation.  His  authority 
for  a  moment  quelled  their  sedition,  when 
he  reproached  them  for  their  cowardice  ; 
and  he  exclaimed,  "  Factious  wretches  ! 
do  you  think  that  your  clamors  can  intim- 
idate me  ?  Me,  whom  the  fury  of  your 
enemies  never  daunted  ?  Is  this  the  gra- 
titude that  you  owe  to  my  father  Paulus, 
who  conquered  Macedonia?  and  to  me? 
Without  my  family,  you  were  slaves.  Is 
this  the  respect  you  owe  to  your  deliver- 
ers ?  Is  this  your  affection  ?"  This  firm- 
ness silenced  the  murmurs  of  the  assem- 
bly, but  proved  fatal  to  Scipio  ;  who  re- 
tired to  Caieta,  where,  with  his  friend 
Lffilius,  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  time  in 
innocent  pleasure  and  amusement.  But 
this  he  was  not  long  permitted  to  enjoy  ; 
his  secret  enemies  thirsted  for  his  blood, 
and  he  was  one  morning  found  dead  in 
his  bed,  with  violent  marks  on  his  neck, 
as  if  he  had  been  strangled.  This  assas- 
sination caused  the  utmost  consternation 
throughout  Rome ;  and  it  was  then  gen- 
erally believed  to  have  been  committed  by 
the  triumvirs,  Papirius  Carbo,  C.  Grac- 
chus, and  Fulvius  Flaccus,  and  by  his 
wife  Sempronia,  who  was  charged  with 
having  introduced  the  murderers  into  his 
room.  No  inquiries,  however,  were  made 
after  the  authors  of  his  death  ;  and  the 
only  atonement  which  the  populace  made 
was  to  attend  his  funeral,  and  show  their 
concern  by  loud  cries  and  lamentations. 

Scira,  an  annual  solemnity  observed  at 
Athens  in  honor  of  Minerva,  or,  according 
io  ethers,  of  Cere*  and  Proserpine. 


Sc:nADiTj.\r,  a  promontory  of  Attica  on 
the  Saronicus  sinus. 

Sciras,  a  name  of  JEgina.  Minerva  was 
also  called  Sciras. 

Sciressa,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Sciron,  a  celebrated  thief  in  Attica, 
who  plundered  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  and  threw  them  down  from  the 
highest  rocks  into  the  sea,  after  he  had 
obliged  them  to  wait  upon  him  and  to 
wash  his  feet.  Theseus  attacked  him, 
and  treated  him  as  he  treated  travellers. 
According  to  Ovid,  the  earth  as  well  as 
the  sea,  refused  to  receive  the  bones  of 
Sciron,  which  remained  for  some  time 
suspended  in  the  air,  till  they  were  chang- 
ed into  large  rocks  called  Scironia  Saxa, 
situate  between  Megara  and  Corinth. 

Scirus,  a  village  of  Arcadia,  of  which 

the  inhabitants  are  called  Sciritce. A 

plain  and  river  of  Attica  near  Megara. 

Scissis,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Scodra,  a  town  of  Illyricum,  where 
Gentius  resided. 

Scolus,  a  mountain  of  Bosotia. A 

town  of  Macedonia  near  Olynthus. 

Scomerus,  a  mountain  of  Thrace  near 
Rhodope. 

Scopas,  an  architect  and  sculptor  of 
Ephesus,  for  sometime  employed  in  mak- 
ing the  mausoleum  which  Artemisia  rais 
ed  to  her  husband,  and  which  was  reckon 
ed  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world. 
Scopas  lived  about  four  hundred  and  thir- 
ty years  before  Christ. An  iEtolian 

who  raised  some  forces  to  assist  Ptolemy 
Epiphanes,  king  of  Egypt,  against  his  ene- 
mies Antiochus  and  his  allies.  He  after- 
wards conspired  against  the  Egyptian  mo- 
narch, and  was  put  to  death,  B.  C.  196. 
An  ambassador  to  the  court  of  the  em- 
peror Domitian. 

Scopiuk,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Scordisci  and  Scordisce,  a  people  of 
Pannoniaand  Thrace,  well  known  during 
the  reign  of  the  Roman  emperors  for  their 
barbarity  and  uncivilized  manners. 

Scon,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Scot- 
land, mentioned  as  different  from  the 
Picts. 

Scotinus,  a  surname  of  Heraclitus. 

Scotussa,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  at  the 
north  of  Larissa  and  of  the  Peneus,  de- 
stroyed by  Alexander  of  Pherre. An- 
other in  Macedonia. 

Scribonia,  a  daughter  of  Scribonius, 
who  married  Augustus  after  he  bad  di- 
vorced Claudia.  Scribonia  was  sometime 
afterrepudiated,that  Augustus  might  mar- 
ry Livia. A  woman  who  married  Cras- 

sus. 

Scribonianit?,  a  man  in  the  age  of 
Nero.  Some  of  his  friends  wished  him  to 
be  competitor  for  the  imperial  purple 
against  Vespasian,   which    he  declined. 

There  were  also  two  brothers  of  that 

name  who  did  nothing  without  each 
other's  consent. 


sc 


357 


SC 


Scribonius,  a  man  who  made  himself 

master  of  the  kingdom  of  Bosphorus. 

A  physician  in  the  age  of  Augustus  and 

Tiberius. A  man  who  wrote  annals, 

A.  D.  22. A  friend  of  Pompey. 

Scultenna,  a  river  of  Gaul  Cispadana, 
falling  into  the  Po,-  now  called  Panaro. 

Scylaceum,  a  town  of  the  Brutii,  built 
by  Mnestheus  at  the  head  of  an  Athenian 
colony. 

Scylax,  a  geographer  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Caria,  in  the  age  of  Darius,  son  of 
Hystaspes,  about  five  hundred  and  fifty 
years  before  Christ.  He  was  commission- 
ed by  Darius  to  make  discoveries  in  the 
east,  and  after  a  journey  of  thirty  months 
he  visited  Egypt.  Some  suppose  that  he 
was  the  first  who  invented  geographical 
tables. A  river  of  Cappadocia. 

Scylla,  a  daughter  of  Nisus,  king  of 
Megara,  who  became  enamored  of  Minos, 
as  that  monarch  besieged  her  father's  ca- 
pital. To  make  him  sensible  of  her  pas- 
sion, she  informed  him  that  she  would  de- 
liver Megara  into  his  hands  if  he  promised 
to  marry  her.  Minos  consented,  and  as  the 
prosperity  of  Megara  depended  on  a  gol- 
den hair,  which  was  on  the  head  of  Nisus, 
Scylla  cut  it  off  as  her  father  was  asleep, 
and  from  that  moment  the  sallies  of  the 
Megareans  were  unsuccessful,  and  the 
enemy  easily  became  master  of  the  place. 
Scylla  was  disappointed  in  her  expecta- 
tions, and  Minos  treated  her  with  such 
contempt  and  ridicule,  that  she  threw  her- 
self from  a  tower  into  the  sea,  or  accord- 
ing to  other  accounts,  she  was  changed 
into  a  lark  by  the  gods,  and  her  father  into 

a  hawk. A  daughter  of  Typhon,  or,  as 

some  say,  of  Phorcys,  who  was  greatly 
loved  by  Glaucus,  one  of  the  deities  of 
the  sea.  Scylla  scorned  the  addresses  of 
Glaucus,  and  the  god,  to  render  her  more 
propitious,  applied  to  Circe,  whose  know- 
ledge of  herbs  and  incantations  was  uni- 
versally admired.  Circe  no  sooner  saw 
him  than  she  became  enamored  of  him, 
and  instead  of  giving  him  the  required  as- 
sistance, she  attempted  to  make  him  for- 
get Scylla,  but  in  vain.  To  punish  her 
rival,  Circe  poured  the  juice  of  some  poi- 
sonous herbs  into  the  waters  of  the  foun- 
tain where  Scylla  bathed,  and  no  sooner 
had  the  nymph  touched  the  place,  than 
she  found  every  part  of  her  body  below 
the  waist,  changed  into  frightful. monsters 
like  dogs,  which  never  ceased  barking. 
The  rest  of  her  body  assumed  an  equally 
hideous  form.  She  found  herself  support- 
ed by  twelve  feet,  and  she  had  six  differ- 
ent heads,  each  with  two  rows  of  teeth. 
This  sudden  metamorphosis  so  terrified 
her,  that  she  threw  herself  into  that  part 
of  the  sea  which  separates  the  coast  of  It- 
aly and  Sicily,  where  she  was  changed  into 
rocks,  which  continued  to  bear  her  name, 
and  which  were  universally  deemed  by 


the  ancients  as  very  dangerous  to  sailors, 
as  well  as  the  whirlpool  of  Chary bdis  on 
the  coast  of  Sicily.  During  a  tempest  the 
waves  are  described  by  modern  navigators 
as  roaring  dreadfully  when  driven  into  the 
rough  and  uneven  cavities  of  the  rock. 
A  ship  in  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas,  com- 
manded by  Cloanthus. 

Scyll^um,  a  promontory  of  Peloponne- 
sus on  the  coast  of  Argolis. — ^A  promon- 
tory of  the  Brutii  in  Italy,  supposed  to  be 
the  same  as  Scylaceum,  near  which  was 
the  famous  whirlpool  Scylla. 

Scyllias,  a  celebrated  swimmer  who 
enriched  himself  by  diving  after  the  goods 
which  had  been  shipwrecked  in  the  Per- 
sian ships  near  Pelium. 

Scyllis  and  Dipcekus,  statuaries  of 
Crete  before  the  age  of  Cyrus  king  of  Per- 
sia. They  were  said  to  be  sons  and  pupils 
of  Daedalus. 

Scyllus,  a  town  of  Achaia,  given  to 
Xenophon  by  the  Lacedaemonians. 

Scylurus,  a  monarch  who  left  eighty 
sons.  He  called  them  to  his  bed-side  as 
he  expired,  and  by  enjoining  them  to  break 
a  bundle  of  sticks  tied  together,  and  after- 
wards separately,  he  convinced  them,  that 
when  altogether  firmly  united,  their  pow- 
er would  be  insuperable,  but  if  ever  dis- 
united, they  would  fall  an  easy  prey  to 
their  enemies. 

Scyppium,  a  town  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Colophon. 

Scyras,  a  river  of  Laconia. 

Scyrias,  a  name  applied  to  Deidamia  as 
a  native  of  Scyros. 

Scyros,  a  rocky  and  barren  island  in 
the  iEgean,  at  the  distance  cf  about  twen- 
ty-eight miles  north-east  from  Eubcea,  six- 
ty miles  in  circumference.  It  was  origin- 
ally in  the  possession  of  the  Pelasgians 
and  Carians. 

Scythe,  the  inhabitants  of  Scythia. 
Vid.  Scythia. 

Scythes,  or  Scytha,  a  son  of  Jupiter 
by  a  daughter  of  Tellus.  Half  his  body 
was  that  of  a  man,  and  the  rest  that  of  a 
serpent.     He  became  king  of  a   country 

which  he  called  Scythia. A  son  of 

Hercules  and  Echidna. 

Scythia,  a  large  country  situate  on  the 
most  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
from  which  circumstance  it  is  generally 
denominated  European  and  Asiatic.  Scy- 
thia comprehended  the  modern  kingdoms 
of  Tartary,  Russia  in  Asia,  Siberia,  Mus- 
covy, the  Crimea,  Poland,  part  of  Hunga- 
ry, Lithuania,  the  northern  parts  of  Ger- 
many, Sweden,  Norway,  &c.  The  Scy- 
thians were  divided  into  several  nations 
or  tribes,  they  had  no  cities,  but  continu- 
ally changed  their  habitations.  They  in- 
ured themselves  to  bear  labor  and  fatigue  ; 
they  despised  money,  and  lived  upon  milk, 
and  covered  themselves  with  the  skins  of 
their  cattle.    The  Scythians  made  several 


SE 


358 


SE 


irruptions  upon  the  more  southern  prov- 
inces of  Asia,  especially  B.  C.  G24,  when 
they  remained  in  possession  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor for  twenty-eight  years,  and  we  find 
them  at  different  periods  extending  their 
conquests  in  Europe,  and  penetrating  as 
far  as  Egypt.  Their  government  was 
monarchical,  and  the  deference  which 
they  paid  to  their  sovereigns  was  unpar- 
alleled. 

Scythinus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Tens  in  Io- 
nia, who  wrote  Iambics. 

Scython,  a  man  changed  into  a  wo- 
man. 

Scythopolis,  a  town  of  Syria,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Bacchus. 

Scythotauri,  a  people  of  Chersonesus 
Taurica. 

Sebasta,  a  town  of  Judaea. Another 

in  Cilicia. The  name  was  common  to 

several  cities,  as  it  was  in  honor  of  Au- 
gustus. 

Sebastia,  a  city  of  Armenia. 

Sebennytus,  a  town  of  the  Delta  in 
Egypt.  That  branch  of  the  Nile  which 
flows  near  it  has  been  called  the  Seban- 
nytic. 

Sebetus,  a  small  river  of  Campania, 
falling  into  the  bay  of  Naples._ 

Sebusiani,  or  Segusiani,  a  people  of 
Celtic  Gaul. 

Sectanus,  an  infamous  debauchee  in 
the  age  of  Horace. 

Secundus  Julius,  a  man  who  published 
some  harangues  and  orations  in  the  age 

of  the  emperor  Titus. A  favorite  of 

Nero. One  of  the  associates  of  Seja- 

nus. 

Seditani,  or  Sedentani,  a  people  of 
Spain. 

Seduni,  an  ancient  nation  of  Belgic 
Gaul. 

Sedusii,  a  people  of  Germany  near  the 
Suevi. 

Segesta,  a  town  of  Sicily  founded  by 
./Eneas,  or  according  to  some,  by  Crinisus. 

Segestes,  a  German,  friendly  to  the 
Roman  interest  in  the  time  of  Germani- 
cus.     His  daughter  married  Arminius. 

Segetia,  a  divinity  at  Rome,  invoked 
by  the  husbandmen  that  the  harvest  might 
be  plentiful. 

Segni,  a  people  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name  in  Belgic  Gaul. 

Segobrica,  a  town  of  Spain  near  Sa- 
guntum. 

Segonax,  a  prince  in  the  southern  parts 
of  Britain,  who  opposed  Caesar  by  order  of 
Cassivelaunus. 

Segontia,  or  Seguntia,  a  town  of  His- 
pania  Tavroconensis. 

Segontiaci,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul, 
who  submitted  to  J.  Caesar. 

Segovia,  a   town    of    Spain,   of    great 

power  in  the  age  of  the  Caesars. There 

was  also  another  cf  the  same  name  in  Lu- 
gUania, 


Seguntium,  a  town  of  Britain,  supposed 
to  be  Carnarvon  in  Wales. 

Segusiani,  a  people  of  Gaul  on  the 
Loire. 

Segcsio,  a  town  of  Piedmont  on  the 
Durias. 

^Elius  Sejanus,  a  native  of  Vulsinum 
in  Tuscany,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  court  of  Tiberius.  Sejanus  first  gain- 
ed the  favors  of  Caius  Caesar,  the  grand- 
son of  Augustus,  but  afterwards  he  at- 
tached himself  to  the  interest  and  the 
views  of  Tiberius,  who  then  sat  on  the 
imperial  throne.  The  emperor,  who  was 
naturally  of  a  suspicious  temper,  was  free 
and  open  with  Sejanus,  and  while  he  dis- 
trusted others,  he  communicated  his  great- 
est secrets  to  this  fawning  favorite.  Se- 
janus improved  this  confidence,  and  when 
he  had  found  that  he  possessed  the  esteem 
of  Tiberius,  he  next  endeavored  to  be- 
come the  favorite  of  the  soldiers  and  the 
darling  of  the  senate.  All  the  children 
and  grand  children  of  Tiberius  were  sac- 
rificed to  the  ambition  of  the  favorite  un- 
der various  pretences  ;  and  Drusus  the 
son  of  the  emperor,  by  striking  Sejanus, 
made  his  destruction  sure  and  inevitable. 
Livia,  the  wife  of  Drusus,  was  gained  by 
Sejanus,  and  though  the  mother  of  many 
children,  she  was  prevailed  upon  to  assist 
her  adulterer  in  the  murder  of  her  hus- 
band. No  sooner  was  Drusus  poisoned 
than  Sejanus  openly  declared  bis  wish  to 
marry  Livia.  This  was  strongly  opposed 
by  Tiberius  ;  and  the  emperor,  by  recom- 
mending Germanicus  to  the  senators  for 
his  successor,  rendered  Sejanus*  bold  and 
determined.  He  was  more  urgent  in  his 
demands  ;  and  when  he  could  not  gain 
the  consent  of  the  emperor,  he  persuaded 
him  to  retire  to  solitude  from  the  noise  of 
Rome,  and  the  troubles  of  the  govern- 
ment. Tiberius,  naturally  fond  of  ease 
and  luxury,  yielded  to  his  representations, 
and  retired  to  Campania,  leaving  Sejanus 
at  the  head  of  the  empire.  This  was 
highly  gratifying  to  the  favorite,  and  he 
was  now  without  a  master.  Prudence 
and  moderation  might  have  made  him 
what  he  wished  to  be,  but  Sejanus  offend- 
ed the  whole  empire  when  he  declared 
that  he  was  emperor  of  Rome,  and  Tibe- 
rius only  the  dependant  prince  of  the  is- 
land of  Caprete,  where  he  had  retired. 
Tiberius  was  upon  this  fully  convinced  of 
the  designs  of  Sejanus,  and  when  he  had 
been  informed  that  his  favorite  had  had 
the  meanness  and  audacity  to  ridicule  him 
by  introducing  him  on  the  stage,  the  em- 
peror ordered  him  to  be  accused  before  the 
senate.  Sejanus  was  deserted  by  all  his 
pretended  friends,  as  soon  as  by  fortune  ; 
and  the  man  who  aspired  to  the  empire, 
and  who  called  himself  the  favorite  of  the 
people,  the  darling  of  the  praetorian  guards, 
and  the  companion  of  Tiberius,  was  seiz 


SE 


/  ed  without  resistance,  and  the  same  day 
strangled  in  prison,  A.  D.  31.  His  re- 
mains were  exposed  to  the  fury  and  inso- 
lence of  the  populace,  and  afterwards 
thrown  into  the  Tiber.  His  children  and 
all  hi?  relations  were  involved  in  his  ruin, 
and  Tiberius  sacrificed  to  his  resentment 
and  suspicions,  all  those  who  were  even 
connected  with  Sejanus,  or  had  shared  his 
favors  and  enjoyed  his  confidence. 

Cs.  Seius,  a  Roman  who  had  a  famous 
horse  of  large  size,  and  uncommon  beauty. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  and  it  was 
observed,  that  whoever  obtained  posses- 
sion of  his  horse,  which  was  supposed  to 
be  of  the  same  race  as  the  horses  of  Diome- 
des  destroyed  hy  Hercules,  and  which  was 
called  Sejanus  equus,  hecame  unfortunate, 
and  lost  all  his  property,  with  every  mem- 
ber of  his  family. 

Seius  Stra^.o,  the  father  of  Sejanus,  was 
a  Roman  knight,  and  commander  of  the 
praetorian  guard?. 

Selem.vus,  a  river  of  Achaia. 

Selene,  the  wife  of  Antiochus  king  of 
Syria,  put  to  death  by  Tigranes,  king  of 
Armenia. 

Seletjcena,  or  Seleucis,  a  country  of 
Syria,  in  Asia.     Vid.  Seleucis. 

Seleucia,  a  town  of  Syria,  on  the  sea 
shore,  generally  called  Pieria,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  others  of  the  same  name. 
There  were  no  less  than  eight  other  cities 
which  were  called  Seleucia,  and  which 
had  all  received  their  name  from  Seleucus 
Nicator. 

Seleucid-e,  a  surname  given  to  those 
monarchs  who  sat  on  the  throne  of  Syria, 
which  was  founded  by  Seleucus  the  son 
of  Antiochus,  from  whom  the  word  is  de- 
rived. The  era  of  the  Seleucida?  begins 
with  the  taking  of  Babylon  by  Seleucus, 
B.  C.  312,  and  ends  at  the  conquest  of 
Syria  by  Pompey,  B.  C.  65. 

Seleucis,  a  division  of  Syria,  which  re- 
ceived its  name  from  Seleucus,  the  foun- 
der of  the  Syrian  empire,  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was  also  called 
Tetrapolis  from  the  four  cities  it  contained, 
called  also  sister  cities. 

Seleucus,  first,  one  of  the  captains  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  surnamed  Nicator, 
or  Victorious,  was  son  of  Antiochus.  Af- 
ter the  king's  death,  he  received  Babylon 
as  his  province.  According  to  Arrian,  Se- 
leucus was  the  greatest  and  most  powerful 
of  the  princes  who  inherited  the  Macedo- 
nian empire  after  the  death  of  Alexander. 
His  benevolence  has  been  commended; 
and  it  has  been  observed,  that  he  conquer- 
ed not  to  enslave  nations,  hut  to  make 
i  them  more  happy.  He  founded  no  less 
I  than  thirty-four  cities  in  different  parts  of 
|  his  empire,  which  he  peopled  with  Greek 
I  colonies,  whose  national  industry,  learn- 
I  ing,  religion,  and  spirit,  were  communi- 
|   cated  to  the  indolent  and  luxurious  inhabit- 


59 


SE 


ants  of  Asia.  Seleucus  was  a  great  bene- 
factor to  the  Greeks,  he  restored  to  the 
Athenians  the  library  and  statues  which 
Xerxes  had  carried  away  from  their  city, 
when  he  invaded  Greece,  and  among 
them  were  those  of  Harmodius  and  Aris- 
togiton.  Seleucus  was  murdered  two  hun- 
dred and  eighty  years  before  the  Christian 
era,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  reign. 
The  second,  surnamed  Callinicus,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Antiochus  Theus  on  the 
throne  of  Syria.  He  attempted  to  make 
war  against  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  but  his 
fleet  was  shipwrecked  in  a  violent  storm, 
and  his  armies  soon  after  conquered  by 
his  enemy.  He  was  at  last  taken  prisoner 
by  Arsaces,  an  officer  who  made  himself 
powerful  by  the  dissensions  which  reigned 
in  the  house  of  the  Seleucidae,  between 
the  two  brothers,  Seleucus  and  Antiochus  ; 
and  after  he  had  been  a  prisoner  for  some- 
time in  Parthia,  he  died  of  a  fall  from  his 
horse,  B.  C.  226,  after  a  reign  of  twenty 

years. The  third  succeeded  his  father 

Seleucus  second,  on  the  throne  of  Syria, 
and  received  the  surname  of  Ceraunus,  by 
antiphrasis,  as  he  was  a  very  weak,  timid, 
and  irresolute  monarch.  He  was  murder- 
ed by  two  of  his  officers  after  a  reign  of 
three  years,  B.  C.  223,  and  his  brother  An- 
tiochus, though  only  fifteen  years  old,  as- 
cended the  throne,  and  rendered  himself 
so  celebrated  that  he  acquired  the  name 

of  the  Great. The  fourth,  succeeded 

his  father  Antiochus  the  Great,  on  the 
throne  of  Syria.  He  was  surnamed  Phi- 
lopator,  or  according  to  Josephus,  Soter. 
.Seleucus  was  poisoned  after  a  reign  of 
twelve  years,  B.  C.  175.  His  son  Deme- 
trius had  been  sent  to  Rome,  there  to  re- 
ceive his  education,  and  he  became  a 
prince  of  great  abilities. The  fifth,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Demetrius  Nicator  on 
the  throne  of  Syria,  in  the  twentieth  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  put  to  death  in  the 
first  year  of  his  reign  by  Cleopatra  his  mo- 
ther, who  had  also  sacrificed  her  husband 

to  her  ambition. The  sixth,  one  of  the 

Seleucidre,  son  of  Antiochus  Gryphus, 
killed  his  uncle  Antiochus  Cyzicenus, 
who  wished  to  obtain  the  crown  of  Syria. 
He  was  sometime  after  banished  from  his 
kingdom  by  Antiochus  Pius,  son  of  Cy- 
zicenus, and  fled  to  Cilicia,  where  he  was 
burnt  in  a  palace  by  the  inhabitants,  B.  C. 

93. A  prince  of  Syria,  to  whom  the 

Egyptians  offered  the  crown  of  which 
they  had  robbed  Auletes.  He  was  at  last 
murdered  by  Berenice,  whom  he  had  mar- 
ried.  A  servant  of  Cleopatra,  the  lsst 

queen  of  Egypt. A  mathematician  inti- 
mate with  Vespasian  the  Roman  emperor. 
A  part  of  the  Alps. A  Roman  con- 
sul.  A  celebrated  singer. A  king  of 

the  Bopphorus,  who  died  B.  C.  429. 

Selgt,  a  town  of  Pamphylia,  made  a 
colonv  bv  the  Lacedcemcnians. 


SE 


360 


SE 


Selimnus,  a  shepherd  of  Achaia,  who 
for  sometime  enjoyed  the  favors  of  the 
nymph  Aigyra,  without  interruption. 

Selinuns,  or  Selinus,  a  town  on  the 
southern  parts  of  Sicily,  founded  A.  U.  C. 
127,  by  a  colony  from  Megara.  It  receiv- 
ed its  name  from  OiXivov,  parsley,  which 
grew  there  in  abundance.  The  marks  of  its 
ancient  consequence  are  visible  in  the  ve- 
nerable ruins  now  found  in  its  neighbor- 
hood.  A  river  of  Elis  in  Peloponnesus, 

which  watered  the  town  of  Scillus. 

Another  in  Achaia. Another  in  Sicily. 

A  river  and  town  of  Cilicia,  where 

Trajan  died. Two  small  rivers  near 

Diana's  temple  at  Ephesus. A  lake  at 

the  entrance  of  the  Cayster. 

Sellasia,  a  town  of  Laconia  where  Cle- 
omenes  was  defeated  by  the  Achasans,  B. 
C.  222. 

Selleis,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus  falling 
into  the  Ionian  sea. 

Sellet-i:,  a  people  of  Thrace  nearmount 
Hffimus. 

Sellt,  an  ancient  nation  of  Epirus  near 
Dodona. 

Selymbria,  a  town  of  Thrace,  on  the 
Propontis. 

Semele,  a  daughter  of  Cadmus  by  Her- 
mione,  the  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus. 
She  was  tenderly  beloved  by  Jupiter ;  but 
Juno,  who  was  always  jealous  of  her  hus- 
band's amours,  and  who  hated  the  house 
of  Cadmus  because  they  were  related  to 
the  goddess  of  beauty,  determined  to  pun- 
ish this  successful  rival.  She  borrowed  the 
girdle  of  Ate,  which  contained  every  wick- 
edness, deceit,  and  perfidy,  and  in  the  form 
of  Beroe,  Semele's  nurse,  she  visited  the 
house  of  Jupiter's  mistress.  Semele  listen- 
ed with  attention  to  the  artful  admonitions 
of  the  false  Beroe,  and  was  at  last  persuad- 
ed to  entreat  her  lover  to  come  to  her  arms 
with  the  same  majesty  as  he  approached 
Juno.  This  rash  request  was  heard  with 
horror  by  Jupiter  ;  but  as  he  had  sworn  by 
the  Styx  to  grant  Semele  whatever  she  re- 
quired, he  came  to  her  bed,  attended  by 
the  clouds,  the  lightning,  and  thunder- 
bolts. The  mortal  nature  of  Semele  could 
not  endure  so  much  majesty,  and  she  was 
instantly  consumed  with  fire.  The  child, 
however,  of  which  she  was  pregnant,  was 
saved  from  the  flames  by  Mercury,  or  ac- 
cording to  others  by  Dirce,  one  of  the 
nymphs  of  the  Achelous,  and  Jupiter 
placed  him  in  his  thigh  the  rest  of  the 
time  which  he  ought  to  have  been  in  his 
mother's  womb.  This  child  was  called 
Bacchus,  or  Dionysius.  Semele  immedi- 
ately after  death  was  honored  with  im- 
mortality under  the  name  of  Thyone. 

Semigermani,  a  name  given  to  the  Hel- 
vetii,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Semiguntus,  a  general  of  the  Cherusci, 
taken  prisoner  by  Germanicus. 

Semiramis,  a  celebrated  queen  of  As- 


syria, daughter  of  the  goddess  Derceto,  br 
a  young  Assyrian.  She  was  exposed  in  a 
desert,  but  her  life  was  preserved  by  doves 
for  one  whole  year,  till  Simmas,  one  of 
the  shepherds  of  Ninus,  found  her  and 
brought  her  up  as  his  own  child.  Semi- 
ramis,  when  grown  up,  married  Menones. 
the  governor  of  Nineveh,  and  accompani- 
ed him  to  the  siege  of  Bactra,  where,  by 
her  advice  and  prudent  directions,  she 
hastened  the  king's  operations  and  took 
the  city.  These  eminent  services,  but 
chiefly  her  uncommon  beauty,  endeared 
her  to  Ninus.  The  monarch  asked  her  of 
her  busband,  and  offered  him  instead,  his 
daughter  Sosana  ;  but  Menones,  who  ten- 
derly loved  Semiramis,  refused,  and  when 
Ninus  had  added  threats  to  entreaties,  he 
hung  himself.  No  sooner  was  Menones 
dead  than  Semiramis,  who  was  of  an  as- 
piring soul,  married  Ninus,  by  whom  she 
had  a  son  called  Ninyas.  Ninus  was  so 
fond-  of  Semiramis,  that  at  her  request  he 
resigned  the  crown  to  her,  and  command- 
ed her  to  be  proclaimed  queen  and  sole 
empress  of  Assyria.  Of  this,  however, 
he  had  cause  to  repent:  Semiramis  put 
him  to  death,  the  better  to  establish  her- 
self on  the  throne,  and  when  she  had  no 
enemies  to  fear  at  home,  she  began  to  re- 
pair the  capital  of  her  empire,  and  by  her 
means  Babylon  became  the  most  superb 
and  magnificent  oity  in  the  world.  She 
visited  every  part  of  her  dominions,  and 
left  every  where  immortal  monuments  of 
her  greatness  and  benevolence.  She  was 
not  less  distinguished  as  a  warrior  and 
conquered  many  of  the  neighboring  na- 
tions. It  is  supposed  that  she  lived  about 
nineteen  hundred  and  sixty-five  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era,  and  that  she  died 
in  the  sixty-second  year  of  her  age,  and 
the  twenty-fifth  year  of  her  reign. 

Semnones,  a  people  of  Italy  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Umbria of  Germany  on  the 

Elbe  and  Oder. 

Semones,  inferior  deities  of  Rome,  that 
were  not  in  the  number  of  the  twelve  great 
gods.  Among  these  were  Faunus,  the 
Satyrs,  Priapus,  Vertumnus,  Janus,  Pan, 
Silenus,  and  all  such  illustrious  heroes  as 
had  received  divine  honors  after  death. 

Semosancius,  one  of  the  gods  of  the 
Romans  among  the  Jndigetes,  or  such  as 
were  born  and  educated  in  their  country. 

Sempronia,  a  Roman  matron,  mother 
of  the  two  Gracchi,  celebrated  for  her 
learning,  and  her  private  as  well  as  public 

virtues. Also  a  sister  of  the  Gracchi, 

who  is  accused  of  having  assisted  the  tri- 
umvirs Carbo,  Gracchus,  and  Flaccus,  to 
murder  her  husband,  Scipio  Africanus  the 
younger.  The  name  of  Sempronia  was 
common  to  the  female  descendants  of  th 
family  of  the  Sempronii,  Gracchi,  an 
Scipios. 

Sempronia  lex,  de  magistratibus,  by  C 


SE 


361 


SE 


Sempronjus  Gracchus,  the  tribune,  A.  U. 
C.  630,  ordained  that  no  person  who  had 
been  legally  deprived  of  a  magistracy  for 
misdemeanors,  should  be  capable  of  bear- 
ing an  office  again. x\nother,  de  civitate, 

by  the  same,  A.  U.  C.  630.  It  ordained 
that  no  capital  judgment  should  be  passed 
over  a  Roman  citizen,  without  the  concur- 
rence and  authority  of  the  senate. An- 
other, de  comitiis,  by  the  same,  A.  U.  C. 
635.  It  ordained  that  in  giving  their  votes, 
the  centuries  should  be  chosen  by  lot,  and 
not  give  it  according  to  the  order  of  their 

classes. Another  de  comitiis,  by  the 

same,  the  same  year,  which  granted  to  the 
Latin  allies  of  Rome,  the  privilege  of  giv- 
ing their  votes  at  elections,  as  if  they  were 

Roman  citizens. Another,  deprovinciis, 

by  the  same,  A.  U.  C.  630.  It  enacted 
that  the  senators  should  be  permitted  be- 
fore the  assembly  of  the  consular  comitia, 
to  determine  as  they  pleased  the  particu- 
lar provinces  which  should  be  proposed  to 

the  consuls. Another,  called  Agraria 

prima,  by  T.  Sempronius  Gracchus  the 
tribune,  A.  U.  C.  620.  It  confirmed  the 
lex  agraria  Licinia,  and  enacted  that  all 
such  as  were  in  possession  of  more  lands 
than  that  law  allowed,  should  immediate- 
ly resign  them,  to  be  divided  among  the 
poorer  citizens.  Three  commissioners 
were  appointed  to  put  this  law  into  execu- 
tion, and  its  consequences  were  so  vio- 
lent, as  it  was  directly  made  against  the 
nobles  and  senators,  that  it  cost  the  au- 
thor his  life. Another,  called  Agraria 

altera,  by  the  same.  It- required  that  all 
the  ready  money  which  was  found  in  the 
treasury  of  Attains  king  of  Pergamus,  who 
had  left  the  Romans  his  heirs,  should  be 
divided    among    the    poorer   citizens    of 

Rome. Another,  frumentaria,  by  C. 

Sempronius  Gracchus.  It  required  that  a 
certain  quantity  of  corn  should  be  distri- 
buted among  the  people,  so  much  to  every 

individual. Another,  de  usurd,  by  M. 

Sempronius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  560.  It 
ordained  that  in  lending  money  to  the  La- 
tins and  the  allies  of  Rome,  the  Roman 
laws  should  be  observed  as  well  as  among 

the  citizens. Another,  de  judicibus,  by 

the  tribune  C.  Sempronius,  A.  U.  C.  630. 
It  required  that  the  right  of  judging,  which 
had  been  assigned  to  the  Se.natorian  order 
by  Romulus,  should  be  transferred  from 

them  to  the  Roman  knights. Another, 

militaris,  by  the  same,  A.  U.  C.  630.  It 
enacted  that  the  soldiers  should  be  cloth- 
ed at  the  public  expense,  without  any  di- 
minution of  their  usual  pay. 

Sempronius  (A.  Atratinus,)  a  senator 
who  opposed  the  Agrarian  law.  which  was 
proposed  by  the  consul  Cassius,  soon  af- 
ter the  election  of  the  tribunes. L.  At- 
ratinus, a  consul,  A.  U.  C.  311.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  censors  with  his  colleague 

in  the  consulship,  Papirius. Caius,  a 

31 


consul  summoned  before  an  assembly  of 
the  people,  because  he  had  fought  with  ill 

success  against  the  Volsci. Blaesus,  a 

consul  who  obtained  a  triumph  for  some, 

victories  gained  in  Sicily. Sophus,  a 

consul  against  the  ^Equi.  He  also  fought 
against  the  Picentes,  and  during  the  en- 
gagement there  was  a  dreadful  earth- 
quake. The  soldiers  were  terrified,  but 
Sophus  encouraged  them,  and  observed 
that  the  earth  trembled  only  for  fear  of 

changing  its  old  masters. A  man  who 

proposed  a  law  that  no  person  should  de- 
dicate a  temple  or  altar,  without  the  pre- 
vious approbation  of  the  magistrates,  A. 

U.  C.  449. Rufus,  a  senator,  banished 

from  the  senate  because  he  had  killed  a 

crane  to  serve  him  as  food. Tuditanus, 

a  man  sent  against  Sardinia  by  the  Ro- 
mans.  A  legionary  tribune. Tibe- 
rius Longus,  a  Roman  consul  defeated 
by  the  Carthaginians.  He  afterwards  ob- 
tained victories  over  Hanno  and  the  Gauls. 
Tiberius  Gracchus,  a  consul  who  de- 
feated the  Carthaginians  and  the  Campa- 
nians  ;  afterwards  betrayed  into  the  hands 

of  the  Carthaginians,  and  killed. Den- 

sus,  a  centurion  of  a  pretorian  cohort. 

The  father  of  the  Gracchi. A  censor. 

A  tribune  of  the  people. An  em- 
peror. 

Semurium,  a  place  near  Rome,  where 
Apollo  had  a  temple. 

Sena,  or  Senogallia,  a  town  of  Um- 
bria  in  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic. 

Senatus,  the  chief  council  of  the  state 
among  the  Romans.  The  members  of  this 
body,  called  senatores  on  account  of  their 
age,  and  patres  on  account  of  their  author- 
ity, were  of  the  greatest  consequence  in 
the  republic.  The  senate  was  first  insti- 
tuted by  Romulus,  to  govern  the  city,  and 
to  preside  over  the  affairs  of  the  state  dur- 
ing his  absence.  The  senators  whom 
Romulus  created  were  an  hundred,  to 
whom  he  afterwards  added  the  same  num- 
ber when  the  Sabines  had  migrated  to 
Rome.  Tarquin  the  ancient  made  the 
senate  consist  of  three  hundred,  and  this 
number  remained  fixed  for  a  long  time. 
The  number  continued  to  fluctuate  during 
the  times  of  the  republic,  but  gradually 
increased  to  seven  hundred,  and  after- 
wards to  nine  hundred  under  Julius  Cs- 
sar,  who  filled  the  senate  with  men  of 
every  rank  and  order.  Under  Augustus 
the  senators  amounted  to  one  thousand, 
but  this  number  was  reduced  to  three 
hundred,  which  being  the  cause  of  com- 
plaints, induced  the  emperor  to  limit  the 
number  to  six  hundred.  Only  particular 
families  were  admitted  into  the  senate  ; 
and  when  the  plebeians  were  permitted 
to  share  the  honors  of  the  state,  it  was 
then  required  that  they  should  be  born  of 
free  citizens.  They  were  to  be  above  the 
age  of  twenty-five,  and  to  have  previously 

a 


SE 


362 


SE 


passed  through  the  inferior  offices  of 
quaestor,  tribune  of  the  people,  edile,  pie- 
tor,  and  consul.  The  time  of  meeting 
was  generally  three  times  a  month  on  the 
calends,  nones,  and  ides.  It  was  requi- 
site that  the  place  where  they  assembled 
should  have  been  previously  consecrated 
by  the  augurs.  Rank  was  always  regard- 
ed in  their  meetings ;  the  chief  magis- 
trates of  the  state,  such  as  the  consuls, 
the  pretors,  and  censors  sat  first,  after 
these  the  inferior  magistrates,  such  as  the 
ediles  and  questors,  and  last  of  all,  those 
that  then  exercised  no  office  in  the  state. 
Their  opinions  were  originally  collected, 
each  according  to  his  age  ;  but  when  the 
office  of  censor  was  instituted,  the  opin- 
ion of  the  princeps  senatus  or  the  person 
whose  name  stood  first  on  the  censor's 
list,  was  first  consulted,  and  afterwards 
those  who  were  of  consular  dignity,  each 
in  their  respective  order.  The  meeting 
of  the  senate  was  often  sudden,  except 
the  particular  times  already  mentioned, 
upon  any  emergency.  After  the  death  of 
J.  Caesar,  they  were  not  permitted  to  meet 
on  the  ides  of  March,  which  were  called 
parricidium,  because  on  that  day  the  dicta- 
tor had  been  assassinated.  The  sons  of 
senators,  after  they  had  put  on  the  toga 
virilis,  were  permitted  to  come  into  the 
senate,  but  this  was  afterwards  limited. 
The  rank  and  authority  of  the  senators, 
which  were  so  conspicuous  in  the  first 
ages  of  the  republic,  and  which  caused 
the  minister  of  Pyrrhus  to  declare,  that  the 
Roman  senate  was  a  venerable  assembly 
of  kings,  dwindled  into  nothing  under  the 
emperors.  Men  of  the  lowest  character 
were  admitted  into  the  senate  ;  the  empe- 
rors took  pleasure  in  robbing  this  illustri- 
ous body  of  their  privileges  and  authority, 
and  the  senators  themselves  by  their 
meanness  and  servility,  contributed  as 
much  as  the  tyranny  of  the  sovereign  to 
diminish  their  own  consequence  ;  and  by 
applauding  the  follies  of  a  Nero,  and  the 
cruelties  of  a  Domitian,  they  convinced 
the  world  that  they  no  longer  possessed 
sufficient  prudence  or  authority  to  be  con- 
sulted on  matters  of  weight  and  import- 
ance. The  title  of  Clarissimus  was  given 
to  the  senators  under  the  emperors,  and 
indeed  this  was  the  only  distinction  they 
had  in  compensation  for  the  loss  of  their 
independence.  The  senate  was  abolished 
by  Justinian,  thirteen  centuries  after  its 
first  institution  by  Romulus. 

Sexeca,  M.  Ann.3jus,  a  native  of  Cor- 
duba  in  Spain,  who  married  He! via,  a 
woman  of  Spain,  by  whom  he  had  three 
sons,  Seneca  the  philosopher,  Annaeus 
Novatus,  and  Annaeus  Mela,  the  father  of 
the  poet  Lucan.  Seneca  made  himself 
known  by  some  declamations  of  which  lie 
made  a  collection  from  the  most  celebrated 
orators  of  the  ag?,  and  from  that  circum- 


stance, and  for  distinction,  he  obtained 
the  appellation  of  declamator.  He  left 
Corduba,  and  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
became  a  Roman  knight.  His  son  L.  An- 
naeus Seneca,  who  was  born  about  six 
years  before  Christ,  was  early  distinguish- 
ed by  his  extraordinary  talents.  He  was 
taught  eloquence  by  his  father,  and  re- 
ceived lessons  in  philosophy  from  the  best 
and  most  celebrated  stoics  of  the  age.  As 
one  of  the  followers  of  the  Pythagorean 
doctrines,  Seneca  observed  the  most  re- 
served abstinence.  In  the  character  of  a 
pleader,  Seneca  appeared  with  great  ad- 
vantage, but  the  fear  of  Caligula,  who 
aspired  to  the  name  of  an  eloquent  speak- 
er, and  who  consequently  was  jealous  of 
his  fame,  deterred  him  from  pursuing  his 
favorite  study,  and  he  sought  a  safer  em- 
ployment in  canvassing  for  the  honors  and 
offices  of  the  state.  He  was  made  quaes- 
tor, but  the  aspersions  which  were  thrown 
upon  him  removed  him  from  Rome,  and 
the  emperor  banished  him  for  sometime 
into  Corsica.  During  his  banishment  the 
philosopher  wrote  some  spirited  epistles 
to  his  mother,  remarkable  for  elegance  of 
language  and  sublimity  ;  but  he  soon  for- 
got his  philosophy,  and  disgraced  himself 
by  his  flatteries  to  the  emperor,  and  in 
wishing  to  be  recalled,  even  at  the  ex- 
pense of  his  innocence  and  character. 
The  disgrace  of  Messalina  at  Rome,  and 
the  marriage  of  Agrippina  with  Claudius, 
proved  favorable  to  Seneca,  and  after  he 
had  remained  five  years  in  Corsica,  he 
was  recalled  by  the  empress  to  take  care 
of  the  education  of  her  son  Nero,  who  was 
destined  to  succeed  to  the  empire.  Sene- 
ca was  too  well  acquainted  with  the  na- 
tural disposition  of  Nero  to  think  himself 
secure ;  he  had  been  accused  of  having 
amassed  the  most  ample  riches,  and  of 
having  built  sumptuous  houses,  and  adorn- 
ed beautiful  gardens,  during  the  four  years 
in  which  he  had  attended  Nero  as  a  pre- 
ceptor, and  therefore  he  desired  his  impe- 
rial pupil  to  accept  of  the  riches,  and  the 
possessions  which  his  attendance  on  his 
person  had  procured,  and  to  permit  him 
to  retire  to  solitude  and  study.  Nero  re- 
fused with  artful  duplicity,  and  Seneca,  to 
avoid  further  suspicions,  kept  himself  at 
home  for  sometime  as  if  laboring  under  a 
disease.  In  the  conspiracy  of  Piso,  which 
happened  sometime  after,  and  in  which 
some  of  the  most  noble  of  the  Roman  sen- 
ators were  concerned,  Seneca's  name  was 
mentioned  by  Natalis,  and  Nero,  who  was 
glad  of  an  opportunity  of  sacrificing  him 
to  his  secret  jealousy,  ordered  him  to  de- 
stroy himself.  Seneca  was  at  table  with 
his  wife  Paulina  and  two  of  his  friends, 
when  the  messenger  from  Nero  arrived 
He  heard  the  words  which  commanded 
him  to  destroy  himself,  with  philosophic  a. 
firmness,  and  even  with  joy,  and  observ- 


SE 


363 


SE 


ed,  that  such  a  mandate  might  have  long 
been  expected  from  a  man  who  had  mur- 
dered his  own  mother,  and  assassinated 
all  his  friends.  As  for  his  wife,  he  at- 
tempted to  calm  her  emotions,  and  when 
she  seemed  resolved  to  die  with  him,  he 
said  he  was  glad  to  find  his  example  follow- 
ed with  so  much  constancy.  Their  veins 
were  opened  at  the  same  moment,  but  the 
life  of  Paulina  was  preserved,  and  Nero, 
who  was  partial  to  her,  ordered  the  blood 
to  be  stopped.  Seneca's  veins  bled  but 
slowly  and  it  has  been  observed,  that  the 
sensible  and  animated  conversation  of  his 
dying  moments  was  collected  by  his 
friends,  and  that  it  has  been  preserved 
among  his  works.  To  hasten  his  death 
he  drank  a  dose  of  poison,  but  it  had  no 
effect,  and  therefore  he  ordered  himself  to 
be  carried  into  a  hot-bath,  to  accelerate 
the  operation  of  the  draught,  and  to  make 
the  blood  flow  more  freely.  This  was  at- 
tended with  no  better  success,  and  as  the 
soldiers  were  clamorous,  he  was  carried 
into  a  stove,  and  suffocated  by  the  steam, 
on  the  twelfth  of  April,  in  the  sixty-fifth 
year  of  the  Christian  era,  in  his  fifty-third 
year.  The  compositions  of  Seneca  are 
numerous,  and  chiefly  on  moral  subjects. 
There  are  also  some  tragedies  ascribed  to 
Seneca. 

Senecio,  Claudius,  one  of  Nero's  fa- 
vorites.  Tullius,  a  man  who  conspired 

against  Nero,  and  was  put  to  death. 

A  man  put  to  death  by  Domitian. One 

of  Constantine's  enemies. A  man  who 

from  a  restless  and  aspiring  disposition 
acquired  the  surname  of  Grandio. 

Senia,  a  town  of  Liburnia,  now  Segna. 

Senna,  or  Sena,  a  river  of  Umbria. 

Senones,  an  uncivilized  nation  of  Gal- 
lia Transalpina,  who  left  their  native  pos- 
sessions, and  under  the  conduct  of  Bren- 
nus  invaded   Italy,  and   pillaged  Rome. 

A  people  of  Germany  near  the  Sue- 

vus. 

Sentia  lex  de  senatu,  by  C.  Sentius  the 
consul,  A.  U.  C.  734,  enacted  the  choos- 
ing of  proper  persons  to  fill  up  the  number 
of  senators. 

Sentinum,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Sentius  Cn.  a  governor  of  Syria,  under 
the  emperors. A  governor  of  Macedo- 
nia.  Septimius,  one  of  the  soldiers  of 

Pompey,  who  assisted  the  Egyptians  in 

murdering  him. A  writer  in  the  reign 

of  the  emperor  Alexander. 

Sepias,  a  cape  of  Magnesia  in  Thessaly, 
now  St.  George. 

Seplasia,  a  place  of  Capua,  where  oint- 
ments were  sold. 

Septem  a<iu;e,  a  portion  of  the  lake  near 
Reate. Fratres,  a  mountain  of  Mauri- 
tania, now  Gebel  Mousa. Maria,  the 

entrance  of  the  seven  mouths  of  the  Po. 

Septempeda,  a  town  of  Picenum. 

Septerion,  a  festival  observed  once  in 


nine  years  at  Delphi,  in  honor  of  Apol- 
lo. 

Septimius,  Tit.  a  Roman  knight  dis- 
tinguished by  his  poetical  compositions, 
and   intimate  with   Augustus  as  well  as 

Horace. A  centurion  put  to  death. 

A  native   of  Africa,   who    distinguished 
himself  at  Rome  as  a  poet. 

Septimuleius,  L.  a  friend  of  C.  Grac- 
chus. He  suffered  himself  to  be  bribed  by 
Opimius,  and  had  the  meanness  to  carry 
his  friend's  head  fixed  to  a  pole  through 
the  streets  of  Rome. 

Septra,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Sequana,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  called 
la  Seine. 

Sequani,  a  people  of  Gaul  near  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  ^Edui,  famous  for  their  wars 
against  Rome,  &c.  The  country  which 
they  inhabited  is  now  called  Franclie 
Compte",  or  Upper  Burgundy. 

Sequinius,  a  native  of  Alba,  who  mar- 
ried one  of  his  daughters  to  Curiatius  of 
Alba,  and  the  other  to  Horatius,  a  citizen 
of  Rome. 

Serapio,  a  surname  given  to  one  of  the 

Scipios. A  Greek  poet  who  flourished 

in  the  age  of  Trajan. An  Egyptian  put 

to  death  by  Achillas. 

Serapis,  one  of  the  Egyptian  deities, 
supposed  to  be  the  same  as  Osiris.  He 
had  a  magnificent  temple  at  Memphis,  an- 
other very  rich  at  Alexandria,  and  a  third 
at  Canopus.  The  worship  of  Serapis  was 
introduced  at  Rome,  by  the  emperor  An- 
toninus Pius,  A.  D.  146. 

Serdonis,  a  lake  between  Egypt  and 
Palestine. 

Serena,  a  daughter  of  Theodosius  who 
married  Stilicho.     She  was  put  to  death. 

Serenianus,  a  favorite  of  Gallus,  the 
brother  of  Julian.    He  was  put  to  death. 

Serenus  Samonicus,  a  physician  in  the 
age  of  the  emperor  Severus  and  Caracalla. 
There  remains  a  poem  of  his  composition 

on  medicine. Vibius,  a  governor  of 

Spain  accused  of  cruelty  in  his  province, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  Tiberius. 

Seres,  a  nation  of  Asia,  according  to 
Ptolemy,  between  the  Ganges  and  the 
eastern  ocean  in  the  modern  Thibet.  They 
were  naturally  of  a  meek  disposition. 
Silk,  of  which  the  fabrication  was  un- 
known to  the  ancients,  who  imagined  that 
the  materials  were  collected  from  the 
leaves  of  trees,  was  brought  to  Rome  from 
their  country,  and  on  that  account  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Sericum,  and  thence  a 
garment  or  dress  of  silk  is  called  serica 
vestis.  Some  suppose  that  the  Seres  are 
the  same  as  the  Chinese. 

Sergestus,  a  sailor  in  the  fleet  of  /Ene- 
as, from  whom  the  family  of  the  Sergii  at 
Rome  were  descended. 

Sergia,  a  Roman  matron.  She  con- 
spired with  others  to  poison  their  hus- 
bands.     The  plot  was   discovered,  and 


SE 


364 


SE 


Sergia,  with  some  of  her  accomplices, 
drank  poison  and  died. 

Seegius,  one  of  the  names  of  Catiline. 

A  military  tribune  at  the  siege  of 

Veii.  The  family  of  the  Sergii  was  patri- 
cian, and  branched  out  into  the  several 
families  of  the  Fidenates,  Sili,  Catilince, 
JYattai,  Ocellce,  and  Planci. 

Seegius  and  Seegiolus,  a  deformed 
youth,  greatly  admired  by  the  Roman  la- 
dies in  Juvenal's  age. 

Seeiphus,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean  sea, 
very  barren  and  uncultivated.  The  Ro- 
mans generally  sent  their  criminals  there 
in  banishment. 

Seemyla,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Seeon,  a  general  of  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes. 

Seeeanus,  a  surname  given  to  Cincin- 
natus,  because  he  was  found  sowing  his 
fields  when  told  that  he  had  been  elected 

dictator. One  of  the  auxiliaries  of  Tur- 

nus,  killed  in  the  night  by  Nisus. A 

poet  of  some  merit  in  Domitian's  reign. 

Seeeheum,  a  fortified  place  of  Thrace. 

Quintus  Seetoeius,  a  Roman  general 
son  of  Quintus  and  Rhea,  born  at  Nursia. 
When  Marius  and  Cinna  entered  Rome 
and  slaughtered  all  their  enemies,  Serto- 
rius  accompanied  them,  but  he  expressed 
his  sorrow  and  concern  at  the  melancholy 
death  of  so  many  of  his  countrymen.  He 
afterwards  fled  for  safety  into  Spain,  when 
Sylla  had  proscribed  him,  and  in  this  dis- 
tant province  he  behaved  himself  with  so 
much  address  and  valor  that  he  was  look- 
ed upon  as  the  prince  of  the  country.  The 
success  of  Sertorius  in  Spain,  and  his  po- 
pularity among  the  natives,  alarmed  the 
Romans.  They  sent  some  troops  to  op- 
pose him,  but  with  little  success.  Four 
armies  were  found  insufficient  to  crush  or 
even  hurt  Sertorius ;  and  Pompey  and 
Metellus,  who  never  engaged  an  enemy 
without  obtaining  the  victory,  were  driven 
with  dishonour  from  the  field.  But  the 
favorite  of  the  Lusitanians  was  exposed 
to  the  dangers  which  usually  attend  great- 
ness. Perpenna,  one  of  his  officers  who 
was  jealous  of  his  fame,  and  tired  of  a  su- 
perior, conspired  against  him.  At  a  ban- 
quet the  conspirators  began  to  open  their 
intentions  by  speaking  with  freedom  and 
licentiousness  in  the  presence  of  Serto- 
rius, whose  age  and  character  had  hither- 
to claimed  deference  from  others.  Per- 
penna overturned  a  glass  of  wine,  as  a 
signal  to  the  rest  of  the  conspirators,  and 
immediately  Antonius,  one  of  his  officers, 
stabbed  Sertorius,  and  the  example  was 
followed  by  all  the  rest,  seventy-three 
years  before  Christ.  Sertorius  has  been 
commended  for  his  love  of  justice  and 
moderation. 

Seevjeus,  a  man  accused  by  Tiberius  of 
being  privy  to  the  conspiracy  of  Sejanns. 

Sbevianus,  a  consul  in  the  reign  of 


Adrian.  He  was  a  great  favorite  of  the 
emperor  Trajan. 

Seevilia,  a  sister  of  Cato  of  Utica, 
greatly  enamored  of  J.  Caesar,  though  bet 
brother  was  one  of  the  most  inveterate 

enemies  of  her  lover. Another  sister 

of  Cato,   who   married    Silanus. A 

daughter  of  Thrasea,  put  to  death  by  or- 
der of  Nero,  with  her  father. 

Seevilia  lex  de  pecuniis  repetundis,  by 
C.  Servilius  the  praetor,  A.  U.  C.  653.- — 
Another  dejudicibus,  by  Q,.  Servilius  Cae- 
pio,  the  consul,  A.  U.  C.  648. Anoth- 
er, de  civitate,  by  C.  Servilius. An- 
other, agraria,  by  P.  Servilius  Rullus,  the 
tribune,  A.  U.  C.  690. 

Seevilianus,  a  Roman  consul  defeated 
by  Viriathus,  in  Spain,  &c. 

Seevilius  Q,uintus,  a  Roman  who  in 

his  dictatorship  defeated  the  ^Equi. 

Publius,  a  consul  who  supported  the  cause 
of  the  people  against  the  nobles,  and  ob- 
tained a  triumph  in  spite  of  the  opposition 
of  the  senate,  after  defeating  the  Volsci. 
He  afterwards  changed  his  opinions,  and 
very  violently  opposed  the  people,  because 
they  illiberally  treated  him. A  procon- 
sul killed  at  the  battle  of  Cannae  by  Anni- 

bal. Ahala,  a  master  of  horse  to  the 

dictator  Cincinnatus.     He  was  raised  to 

the  dictatorship. Marcus,  a  man  who 

pleaded  in  favor  of  Paulus  iEmilius. 

A  man  appointed  to  guard  the  sea-coast 
of  Pontus,  by  Pompey. Publius,  a  pro- 
consul of  Asia  during  the  age  of  Mithri- 
dates. —  - — The  family  of  the  Servilii  was 
of  patrician  rank,  and  came  to  settle  at 
Rome  after  the  destruction  of  Alba,  where 
they  were  promoted  to  the  highest  offices 
of  the  state. Lacus,  a  lake  near  Rome. 

Seevius  Tullius,  the  sixth  king  of 
Rome,  was  son  of  Ocrisia,  a  slave  of  Cor 
niculum.  Young  Servius  was  educated 
in  the  palace  of  the  monarch  with  great 
care,  and  though  originally  a  slave,  he 
raised  himself  so  much  to  consequence, 
that  Tarquin  gave  him  his  daughter  in 
marriage.  His  own  private  merit  and  vir 
tues  recommended  him  to  notice  not  less 
than  the  royal  favors,  and  Servius  become 
the  favorite- of  the  people  and  the  darling 
of  the  soldiers,  by  his  liberality  and  com- 
plaisance, was  easily  raised  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  his  father-in-law.  Rome 
had  no  reason  to  repent  of  her  choice 
Servius  endeared  himself  still  more  as  a 
warrior  and  as  a  legislator.  He  married 
his  two  daughters  to  the  grandsons  of  his 
father-in-law  ;  the  elder  to  Tarquin,  and 
the  younger  to  Arunx.  The  wife  of 
Arunx,  naturally  fierce  and  impetuous, 
murdered  her  own  husband  to  unite  her- 
self to  Tarquin,  who  had  likewise  assas- 
sinated his  wife.  These  bloody  measures 
were  no  sooner  pursued  than  Servius  was 
murdered  by  his  own  son-in-law,  and  his 
daughter  Tullia  showed  herself  bo  inimi- 


SE 


365 


SE 


cal  to  filial  gratitude  and  piety,  that  she 
ordered  her  chariot  to  be  driven  over  the 

mangled  body  of  her  father,  B.  C.  534. 

Galba,  a  seditious  person. Claudius,  a 

grammarian. A  friend  of  Sylla. 

Cornelius,  a  consul  in  the  first  ages  of  the 

republic. Sulpitius,  an  orator  in  the 

age  of  Cicero  and  Hortensius. A  des- 
picable informer  in  the  Augustan  age. 
Honoratus  Maurus,  a  learned  gram- 
marian. 

Sesara,  a  daughter  of  Celeus,  king  of 
Eleusis,  sister  to  Triptolemus. 

Sesostris,  a  celebrated  king  of  Egypt 
some  ages  before  the  Trojan  war.  When 
Sesostris  had  succeeded  on  his  father's 
throne,  he  became  ambitious  of  military 
fame,  and  after  he  had  divided  his  king- 
dom into  thirty-six  different  districts,  he 
marched  at  the  head  of  a  numerous  army 
to  make  the  conquest  of  the  world.  Li- 
bya, ^Ethiopia,  Arabia,  with  all  the  islands 
of  the  Red  Sea,  were  conquered,  and  the 
victorious  monarch  marched  through  Asia, 
and  penetrated  further  into  the  east  than 
the  conqueror  of  Darius.  He  also  invaded 
Europe,  and  subdued  the  Thraclans.  At 
his  return  home  the  monarch  employed 
his  time  in  encouraging  the  fine  arts,  and 
in  improving  the  revenues  of  his  kingdom. 
He  erected  one  hundred  temples  to  the 
gods  for  the  victories  he  had  obtained, 
and  mounds  of  earth  were  heaped  up  in 
several  parts  of  Egypt,  where  cities  were 
built  for  the  reception  of  the  inhabitants 
during  the  inundations  of  the  Nile.  In  his 
ftld  age  Sesostris,  grown  infirm  and  blind, 
destroyed  himself,  after  a  reign  of  forty- 
jour  years  according  to  some.  The  age  of 
Eesostris  is  so  remote  from  every  authen- 
ic  record,  that  many  have  supported  that 
the  actions  and  conquests  ascribed  to  this 
monarch  are  uncertain  and  totally  fabu- 
lous. 

Sessites,  now  Sessia,  a  river  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  falling  into  the  Po. 

Sestias,  a  name  applied  to  Hero,  as 
born  at  Sestos. 

Se9tius,  a  friend  of  Brutus,  with  whom 
he  fought  at  the  battle  of  Philippi.  Augus- 
tus resigned  the  consulship  in  his  favor, 
though  he  still  continued  to  reverence  the 

memory  of  Brutus. A   governor  of 

Syria. 

Sestos,  or  Sestus,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Sesuvii,  a  people  of  Celtic  Gaul. 

Setabis,  a  town  of  Spain,  famous  for 
the  manufacture  of  linen. 

Sethon,  a  priest  of  Vulcan,  who  made 
himself  king  of  Egypt  after  the  death  of 
Anysis.  He  was  attacked  by  the  Assy- 
rians and  delivered  from  this  powerful 
enemy  by  an  immense  number  of  rats, 
which  in  one  night  gnawed  their  bow 
strings  and  thongs,  so  that  on  the  morrow 
their  arms  were  found  to  be  useless.  From 
this  wonderful  circumstance  Sethon  had 
31* 


a  statue  which  represented  him  with  a 
rat  in  his  hand,  with  the  inscription  of, 
Whoever  fixes  his  eyes  upon  me,  let  him  be 
pious. 

Setia,  a  town  of  Latium,  celebrated  for 
its  wines. 

Severa,  Julia  Aquilia,  a  Roman  lady, 
whom  the  emperor  Heliogabalus  married. 

Valeria,  the  wife  of  Valentian,  and 

the  mother  of  Gratian,  known  for  her 
avarice  and  ambition.  Her  prudent  acl 
vice  at  last  ensured  her  son  Gratian  on  tha 

imperial  throne. The  wife  of  Philip  the 

Roman  emperor. 

Severianus,  a  governor  of  Macedonia, 

father-in-law  to  the  emperor  Philip. A 

general  of  the  Roman  armies  in  the  reign 
of  Valentinian,  defeated  by  the  Germans. 
A  son  of  the  emperor  Severus. 

Severus,  Lucius  Seftimius,  a  Roman 
emperor  born  at  Leptis  in  Africa.  After 
the  murder  of  Pertinax,  Severus  resolved 
to  remove  Didius  Julianus,  who  had 
bought  the  imperial  purple  ;  and  therefore 
he  proclaimed  himself  emperor  on  the 
borders  of  Illyricum,  where  he  was  sta- 
tioned against  the  barbarians.  He  took  as 
his  partner  in  the  empire,  Albinus,  who 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  forces  in 
Britain,  and  marched  towards  Rome.  He 
was  received  with  universal  acclamations; 
Julianus  was  deserted  by  his  favorites, 
and  assassinated  by  his  own  soldiers.  But 
while  he  was  victorious  at  Rome,  Seve- 
rus did  not  forget  that  his  competitor,  Pes- 
cennius  Niger,  was  in  the  east,  at  the 
head  of  a  powerful  army.  Many  obstinate 
battles  were  fought  between  the  troops  of 
imperial  rivals,  till,  on  the  plains  of  Issus, 
Niger  was  totally  ruined  by  the  loss  of 
twenty  thousand  men.  Severus  after- 
wards pillaged  Byzantium,  and  conquered 
several  nations  in  the  east ;  he  then  re- 
turned to  Rome,  and  resolved  to  destroy 
his  only  remaining  rival,  Albinus,  with 
whom  he  had  hitherto  reluctantly  shared 
the  imperial  power.  He  attempted  to  as- 
sassinate him  by  his  emissaries ;  but  when 
this  had  failed,  Severus  had  recourse  to 
arms,  and  the  fate  of  the  empire  was 
again  decided  on  the  plains  of  Gaul.  Al- 
binus was  defeated,  and  the  conqueror 
was  so  elated,  that  he  insulted  the  dead 
body  of  his  rival,  and  ordered  it  to  be 
thrown  into  the  Rhone.  After  enjoying  a 
short  respite  from  the  toils  of  war,  Seve- 
rus again  marched  into  the  east,  with  his 
two  sons,  Caracalla  and  Geta,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Seleucia,  Babylon,  and 
Ctesiphon,  and  advanced  without  opposi- 
tion into  the  Parthian  territories.  From 
Parthia  he  marched  towards  the  more 
southern  provinces  of  Asia  ;  and,  after  he 
had  visited  the  tomb  of  Pompey  the  Groat, 
he  entered  Alexandria,  to  which  city  he 
granted  a  senate,  and  viewed  with  curios- 
ity the  monuments  and  ruins  which  that 


SE 


366 


SI 


ancient  kingdom  contained.  The  revolt 
of  Britain  recalled  Severus  from  the  east : 
thither  he  directed  his  attention,  reduced 
it  under  his  power,  and  built,  a  wall  across 
the  northern  part  of  the  island,  to  defend 
it  against  the  frequent  invasions  of  the 
Caledonians.  Severus  died  at  York,  aged 
sixty-six,  exclaiming,  that  he  had  been 
every  thing  man  could  wish,  but  was  then 
nothing. Alexander,  a  native  of  Phoe- 
nicia, adopted  by  Heliogabalus  ;  at  whose 
death  he  was  proclaimed  emperor,  by  the 
unanimous  approval  of  the  army  and  the 
congratulations  of  the  senate.  Shortly 
after  he  ascended  the  throne,  the  empire 
was  disturbed  by  the  incursions  of  the 
Persians ;  and  Alexander  marched  into 
the  east  and  obtained  a  decisive  victory 
over  them.  At  his  return  to  Rome,  he 
was  honored  with  a  triumph  ;  but  the  re- 
volt of  the  Germans  called  him  away  from 
the  indolence  of  the  capital.  Severus  was 
murdered  in  his  tent,  in  the  midst  of  his 
camp,  after  reigning  thirteen  years,  A.  D. 

235. Flavius  Valerius,  a  native  of  Illy- 

ricum  nominated  Cresar  by  Galeriua.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  Maximianus,  A.  D. 
307. Julius,  a  governor  of  Britain,  un- 
der Adrian. A  general  of  Valens. 

Libius,  a  man  proclaimed  emperor  of  the 
west,  at  Ravenna,  after  the  death  of  Ma- 
jorianus.      He  was  soon  after  poisoned. 

Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Latin  poet  in  the 

age  of  Augustus. Cassius,  an  orator 

banished    by  Augustus,  for   his  illiberal 

language. Sulpitius,  an  ecclesiastical 

historian,  who  died  A.  D.  420. An  offi- 
cer under  the  emperor  Julian. Aqui- 

lius,  a  native  of  Spain. An  officer  of 

Valentinian. A  prefect  of  Rome. 

A  celebrated  architect  employed  in  build- 
ing Nero's  golden  palace  at  Rome,  after 

the  burning  of  that  city. A  mountain  of 

Italy,  near  the  Fabaris. 

Sevo,  a  ridge  of  mountains  between 
Norway  and  Sweden,  now  called  Fiell, 
or  Dqfre. 

Seuthes,  a  man    who  dethroned  his 

monarch. A  friend  of  Perdiccas,  one 

of  Alexander's  generals. A  Thracian 

king,  who  encouraged  his  countrymen  to 
revolt.  This  name  is  common  to  several 
of  the  Thracian  princes. 

Sextia,  a  woman  celebrated  for  her 
virtue  and  her  constancy,  put  to  death  by 
Nero. 

Sextia  Licinia  Lex,  de  Magistralibus, 
by  C.  Licinius  and  L.  Sextius  the  tribunes, 

A.  U.  C.  386. Another,  de  religione,  by 

the  same,  A.  U.  C.  385. 

Sextia  Aqu.s:,  now  Mz,  a  place  of  Ci- 
salpine Gaul,  where  the  Cimbri  were  de- 
feated by  Marius. 

Sextilia,  the  wife  of  Vitellius.    She 

became  mother  of  two  children. An- 

•ther  in  the  same  family. 

Sextiliui,  a  governor  ef  Africa,  who 


ordered  Blarius  when  he  landed  there  to 
depart  immediately  from  his  province. 
Marius  heard  this  with  some  concern, 
and  said  to  the  messenger,  Oo  and  tell  your 
master  that  you  have  seen  the  exiled  Marius 
sitting  on  the  ruins  of  Carthage. A  Ro- 
man preceptor,  who  was  seized  and  car- 
ried away  by  pirates. One  of  the  offi- 
cers of  Lucullus. HEena,  a  poet. An 

officer  sent  to  Germany. 

Sextius,  a  lieutenant  of  Cresar  in  Gaul. 

A  seditious  tribune  in  the  first  ages 

of  the  republic. Lucius,  was  remarka- 
ble for  his  friendship  with  Brutus ;  he 
gained  the  confidence  of  Augustus,  and 

was  consul. The  first  plebeian  consul. 

A  dictator. One  of  the  sons  of  Tar- 

quin. 

Sextus,  a  praenomen  given  to  the  sixth 

son  of  a  family. A  son  of  Pompey  the 

Great. A  Stoic  philosopher,  born  at 

Cheronsea  in  Bceotia. A  governor  of 

Syria. A  philosopher  in  the  age  of  An- 
toninus. 

Sibje,  a  people  of  India. 

Sibini,  a  people  near  the  Suevi. 

Siburtius,  a  satrap  of  Arachosia,  in  tha 
age  of  Alexander. 

Sibylla,  certain  women  inspired  by 
heaven,  who  flourished  in  different  parts 
of  the  world.  They  were  ten  in  number  ; 
the  most  celebrated  of  whom  was  that  of 
Cuniffl,  in  Italy.  Apollo  became  enamor- 
ed of  her,  and  offered  to  give  her  what- 
ever she  should  ask.  The  Sibyl  demanded 
to  live  as  many  years  as  she  had  grains  of 
sand  in  her  hand,  but  forgot  to  ask  for  the 
enjoyment  of  the  health,  vigor,  and  bloom, 
of  which  she  was  then  in  possession. 
The  god  granted  her  request,  but  she  re- 
fused to  gratify  the  passion  of  her  lover, 
though  he  promised  her  perpetual  youth 
and  beauty.  She  became  old  and  decrepid, 
her  form  decayed,  and  melancholy  pale- 
ness and  haggard  looks  succeeded  to 
bloom  and  cheerfulness.  She  had  already 
lived  about  seven  hundred  years  when 
^neas  went  to  Italy,  and  had  three  cen- 
turies more  to  exist  before  her  years  were 
as  numerous  as  the  grains  of  sand  she  had 
held  in  her  hand.  Another  of  these  Sibyls 
went  to  the  palace  of  Tarquin  the  Proud, 
and  offered  three  books  for  sale  at  a  very 
high  price.  The  monarch  bought  the 
books,  and  she  instantly  vanished,  and 
never  afterwards  appeared  to  the  world. 
They  were  preserved  with  great  care  by 
Tarquin,  and  called  the  Sibylline  verses. 
A  college  of  priests  was  appointed  to  keep 
them ;  and  such  reverence  did  the  Ro- 
mans entertain  for  them,  that  they  were 
consulted  with  the  greatest  solemnity,  and 
only  when  the  state  seemed  to  be  in  danger. 

Sic  a,  a  man  who  showed  much  atten- 
tion to  Cicero  in  his  banishment. 

Sicambri,  or  Sycambri,  a  peopl*  of 
Germany,  conquered  by  the  Romans. 


1 


S! 


367 


SI 


Sicambria,  the  country  of  the  Sicara- 
bri,  formed  the  modern  province  of  Gueld- 
erland. 

Sicani,  a  people  of  Spain,  who  left 
their  native  country  and  passed  into  Italy, 
and  afterwards  into  Sicily,  which  they 
called  Sicania.  They  inhabited  the  neigh- 
borhood of  mount  ./Etna,  where  they  built 
some  cities  and  villages. 

Sicania,  an  ancient  name  of  Italy.  The 
name  was  more  generally  given  to  Sicily. 

Sicca,  a  town  of  Numidia,  at  the  west 
of  Carthage. 

Sicelis,  (Sicelides,  plur.)  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  Sicily. 

Sich-eus,  called  also  Sicharbas  and 
Aherbas,  was  a  priest  of  the  temple  of 
Hercules  in  Phoenicia.  He  married  Eli- 
sa,  the  daughter  of  Belus,  and  sister  of 
king  Pygmalion  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Dido.  He  was  so  extremely  rich, 
that  his  brother-in-law  murdered  him  to 
obtain  his  possessions.  This  murder 
Pygmalion  concealed  from  his  sister  Di- 
do; and  he  amused  her  by  telling  her, 
that  her  husband  was  gone  upon  an  affair 
of  importance,  and  that  he  would  soon 
return.  This  would  have  perhaps  suc- 
ceeded had  not  the  shades  of  Sichasus 
appeared  to  Dido,  and  related  to  her  the 
cruelty  of  Pygmalion,  and  advised  her  to 
fly  from  Tyre,  after  she  had  previously 
secured  some  treasures,  which,  as  he 
mentioned,  were  concealed  in  an  obscure 
and  unknown  place. 

Sicilia,  the  largest  and  most  celebrated 
island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  at  the 
bottom  of  Italy.  It  was  anciently  called 
Sicania,  Trinacria,  and  Triquetra.  Sicily 
is  about  six  hundred  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, celebrated  for  its  fertility,  so  much 
that  it  was  called  one  of  the  granaries  of 
Rome,  and  Pliny  says  that  it  rewards  the 
husbandman  an  hundred  fold. The  in- 
habitants were  so  fond  of  luxury,  that  Si- 
eul<B  mensm  became  proverbial.  The  rights 
of  citizens  of  Rome  were  extended  to 

them  by  M.  Antony. The  island  of  Nax- 

os,  in  the  ^Egean,  was  called  Little  Sicily, 
on  account  of  its  fruitfulness. 

L.  Sicinius  Dentatusj  a  tribune  of 
Rome,  celebrated  for  his  valor  and  the 
honors  he  obtained  in  the  field  of  battle 
during  the  period  of  forty  years,  in  which 
he  was  engaged  in  the  Roman  armies. 
The  popularity  of  Sicinius  became  odious 
to  Appius  Claudius,  who  wished  to  make 
himself  absolute  at  Rome,  and  therefore 
to  remove  him  from  the  capital,  he  sent 
him  to  the  army,  by  which,  soon  after  his 
arrival,  he  was  attacked  and  murdered. 
Of  one  hundred  men  who  were  ordered  to 
fall  upon  him,  Sicinius  killed  fifteen,  and 
wounded  thirty  ;  and  according  to  Diony- 
sius,  the  surviving  number  had  recourse 
to  artifice  to  overpower  him,  by  killing 
kim  with  a  shower  of  stone*  and  darts 


thrown  at  a  distance,  about  four  hundred 
and  five  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
For  this  uncommon  courage  Sicinius  has 

been  called  the  Roman  Achilles. Vel- 

lutus,  one  of  the  first  tribunes  in  Rome. 
-Sabinus,  a  Roman  general  who  de- 
feated the  Volsci. 

Sicinus,  a  man  privately  sent  by  The- 
mistocles  to  deceive  Xerxes. An  is- 
land. 

Sicorus,  now  Segre,  a  river  of  Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

Siculi,  a  people  of  Italy,  driven  from 
their  possessions  by  the  Opici.  They  fled 
into  Sicania,  or  Sicily,  where  they  settled 
and  gave  their  name  to  the  island. 

Siculum  fretum,  the  sea  which  sepa- 
rates Sicily  from  Italy. 

Sicyon,  now  Basilico,  a  town  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, the  capital  of  Sicyonia.  It  is 
celebrated  as  being  the  most  ancient  king- 
dom of  Greece,  which  began  B.  C.  2089, 
and  ended  B.  C.  1088. 

Sicyonia,  a  province  of  Peloponnesus, 
on  the  bay  of  Corinth,  of  which  Sicyon 
was  the  capital.  It  is  the  most  eminent 
kingdom  of  Greece. 

Side,  the  wife  of  Orion,  thrown  into 
hell  by  Juno,  for  boasting  herself  fairer 

than  the  goddess. A  daughter  of  Belus. 

A  daughter  of  Danaus. A  town  of 

Pamphylia. 

Sidero,  the  stepmother  of  Tyro,  killed 
by  Pelias. 

Sidicinum,  a  town  of  Campania,  called 
also  Teanum. 

Sidon,  an  ancient  city  of  Phoenicia, 
the  capital  of  the  country,  with  a  famous 
harbor,  now  called  Said.  The  people  of 
Sidon  are  well  known  for  their  industry, 
their  skill  in  arithmetic,  in  astronomy, 
and  commercial  affairs,  and  in  sea  voy- 
ages. They  however  have  the  character 
of  being  very  dishonest. 

Sidoniorum  insuljs,  islands  in  the 
Persian  gulf. 

Sidonis,  is  the  country  of  which  Sidon 
was  the  capital,  situate  at  the  west  of  Sy- 
ria. 

Sidonius  Caius  Sollius  Apollinaris, 
a  Christian  writer,  born  A.  D.  430.  He 
died  in  the  fifty -second  year  of  his  age. 
There  are  remaining  of  his  compositions, 

some  letters  and  poems. The  epithet 

of*  Sidonius  is  applied  not  only  to  the  na- 
tives of  Sidon,  but  it  is  used  to  express  the 
excellence  of  any  thing,  especially  em- 
broidery or  dyed  garments. 

Siena  Julia,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Siga,  now  Ned-Roma,  a  town  of  Nu- 
midia. 

Sig-eum,  or  Sigeum,  noAV  cape  Ineihi- 
sari,  a  town  of  Troas,  on  a  promontory  of 
the  same  name. 

Signia,  an  ancient  town  of  Latiuni. 
A  mountain  of  Phrygia. 

Sigote»§us,  a  prince  among  th«  Celta. 


SI 


368 


SI 


Sigyni,  Sigunje,  or  Sigynn^;,  a  nation 
of  European  Scythia. 

Sila,  or  Syla,  a  large  wood  in  the 
country  of  the  Brutii  near  the  Apennines, 
abounding  with  much  pitch. 

Silana  Julia,  a  woman  at  the  court 
of  Nero,  remarkable  for  her  licentiousness 
and  impurities. 

D.  Silanus,  a  son  of  T.  Manlius  Tor- 
quatus,  accused  of  extortion  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  province  of  Macedonia. 
The  father  himself  desired  to  hear  the 
complaints  laid  against  his  son,  and  pro- 
nounced him  on  the  third  day  guilty  of 
extortion,  and  unworthy  to  be  called  a 
citizen  of  Rome.  He  also  banished  him 
from  his  presence,  and  so  struck  was  the 
son  at  the  severity  of  his  father,  that  he 
hanged  himself  on  the  following  night. 

C.  Junius,  a  consul  under  Tiberius, 

accused  of  extortion,  and  banished  to  the 

island  of  Citheraa. Torquatus,  a  man 

put  to  death  by  Nero. Lucius,  a  man 

betrothed  to  Octavia,  the  daughter  of 
Claudius.  Nero  took  Octavia  away  from 
him,  and  on  the  day  of  her  nuptials,  Sila- 
nus killed  himself. An  augur  in  the 

army  of  the  10,000  Greeks. 

Silarus,  a  river  of  Picenum,  rising  in 
the  Apennine  mountains,  and  falling  into 
the  Tyrrhene  sea.  Its  waters,  as  it  is  le- 
ported,  petrified  all  leaves  that  fell  into  it. 
SixENj,a  people  on  the  banks  of  the 
Indus. 

Silenus,  a  demi-god,  who  became  the 
nurse,  the  preceptor,  and  attendant  of  the 
god  Bacchus.  Malea  in  Lesbos  was  the 
place  of  his  birth.  After  death  he  receiv- 
ed divine  honors,  and  had  a  temple  in 
Elis.  Silenus  is  generally  represented  as 
a  fat  and  jolly  old  man,  riding  on  an  ass, 
crowned  with  flowers,  and  always  intox- 
icated.  A  Carthaginian  historian. 

An  historian. 
Sijlicense,  a  river  of  Spain. 
Silicis  MoNs,  a  town  near  Padua. 
Silis,  a  river  of  Venetia  in  Italy,  falling 
into  the  Adriatic. 

C.  Silius  Italicus,  a  Latin  poet,  who 
was  originally  at  the  bar,  where  he  for 
some  time  distinguished  himself,  till  he 
retired  from  Rome  more  particularly  to 
consecrate  his  time  to  study.  He  was 
consul  the  year  that  Nero  was  murdered. 
Silius  starved  himself  when  laboring  un- 
der an  imposthume  which  his  physicians 
were  unable  to  remove,  in  the  beginning 
of  Trajan's  reign,  about  the  seventy -fifth 
year  of  his  age.  There  remains  a  poem 
of  Italicus,  on  the  second  Punic  war  di- 
vided into  seventeen  books,  greatly  com- 
mended by  Martial. Caius,  a  man  of 

consular  dignity,  greatly  loved  by  Mes- 
salina  for  his  comely  appearance  and  ele- 
gant address. A  tribune  in  Csesar's 

legions  in  Gaul. A  commander  in  Ger- 
many, put  to  death  by  Sejanus. 


Silphium,  a  part  of  Libya. 
Silpia,  a  town  of  Spain. 
Silvanus,  a  rural  deity,  son  of  an  Ita- 
lian shepherd  by  a  goat.     From  this  cir- 
cumstance he  is  generally  represented  as 

half  a  man  and  half  a  goat. A  man 

who  murdered  his  wife  Apronia. One 

of  those  who  conspired  against  Nero. 

An  officer  of  Constantius,  who  revolted 
and  made  himself  emperor  He  was 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers. 

Silvium,  a  town  of  Apulia. A  town 

of  Istria. 

Silures,  the  people  of  South  Wales  in 
Britian. 

Simbrivius,  or  Simbruvius,  a  lake  of 
Latium,  formed  by  the  Anio. 

Simena,  a  town  of  Lyeia  near  Chime- 
ra. 

Simethus,  or  Symethus,  a  town  and 
river  at  the  east  of  Sicily. 

Simil^e,  a  grove  at  Rome   where  the 
orgies  of  Bacchus  were  celebrated. 
Similis,  one  of  the  courtiers  of  Trajan. 
Simmias,  a  philosopher  of  Thebes  who 

wrote   dialogues. A  grammarian   of 

Rhodes. A  Macedonian  suspected  of 

conspiracy  against  Alexander. 
Simo,  a  comic  character  in  Terence. 
Simois,  a  river  of  Troas  which  rises  in 
mount  Ida,  and  falls  into  the  Xanthus. 

Simoisius,  a  Trojan  prince  sonol'An- 
themion,  killed  by  Ajax. 

Simon,  a  currier  of  Athens,  whom  So- 
crates often  visited  on  account  of  his  great 

sagacity   and  genius. Another  who 

wrote  on  rhetoric. A  sculptor. The 

name  of  Simon  was  common  among  the 
Jews. 

Simon  ides,  a  celebrated  poet  of  Cos, 
who  flourished  538  B.  C.  He  wrote  ele- 
gies, epigrams,  and  dramatical  pieces,  es- 
teemed for  their  elegance  and  sweetness, 
and  composed  also  epic  poems,  one  on 
Cambyses  king  of  Persia,  &c.  He  obtain- 
ed a  poetical  prize  in  the  eightieth  year  of 
his  age,  and  he  lived  to  his  ninetieth  year. 
The  people  of  Syracuse,  who  had  hospi- 
tably honored  him  when  alive,  erected  a 
magnificent  monument  to  his  memory. 
Simonides,  according  to  some,  added  four 
letters  to  the  alphabet  of  the  Greeks. 
Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  are  extant. 
Simplicius,  a  Greek  commentator  on 
Aristotle. 

Simulus,  an  ancient  poet  who  wrote 
some  verses  on  the  Tarpeian  rock. 

Simus,  a  king  of  Arcadia  after  Phialus. 
Simyra,  a  town  of  Phoenicia. 
Sinje,  a  people  of  India. 
Sindje,  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
supposed  to  be  the  Nicabar  islands. 
Sindi,  a  people  of  European  Scythia. 
Sing-ei,  a  people  on  the   confines  of 
Macedonia  and  Thrace. 

Singara,  a  city  at  the  north  of  Mesopo- 
tamia 


SI 


369 


SI 


Singulis,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Singus,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Sinis,  a  famous  robber. 

Sinnaces,  a  Parthian  of  an  illustrious 
family,  who  conspired  against  his  prince. 

Sinnacha,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia. 

Sinoe,  a  nymph  of  Arcadia,  who 
brought  up  Pan. 

Sinon,  a  son  of  Sisyphus  who  accom- 
panied the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war,  and 
there  distinguished  himself  by  his  cun- 
ning and  fraud,  and  his  intimacy  with 
Ulysses.  Sinon  advised  Priam  to  bring 
into  his  city  the  wooden  horse  which  the 
Greeks  had  left  behind  them,  and  to  con- 
secrate it  to  Minerva.  His  advice  was 
followed,  and  Sinon  in  the  night,  to  com- 
plete his  perfidy,  opened  the  side  of  the 
horse,  from  which  issued  a  number  of 
armed  Greeks,  who  surprised  the  Trojans, 
and  pillaged  their  city. 

Sinofe,  a  daughter  of  the  Asopus,  be- 
loved by  Apollo. A  seaport  town  of 

Asia  Minor,  in  Pontus. The  original 

name  of  Sinuessa. 

Sinorix,  a  governor  of  Gaul. 

Sintice,  a  district  of  Macedonia. 

Si  nth,  a  nation  of  Thracians,  who  in- 
habited Lemnos,  when  Vulcan  fell  there 
from  heaven. 

Sinuessa,  a  maritime  town  of  Campa- 
nia, originally  called  Sinope.  It  was  cele- 
brated for  its  hot-baths  and  mineral  wa- 
ters. 

Si  on,  one  of  the  hills  on  which  Jerusa- 
lem was  built. 

Siphnos,  now  Sifano,  one  of  the  Cy- 
clades,  situate  at  the  west  cf  Paros,  20 
miles  in  circumference,  according  to  Pliny, 
or,  according  to  modern  travellers,  40. 
Siphnos  had  many  excellent  harbors,  and 
produced  great  plenty  of  delicious  fruit. 

Sifontum,  Sipus,  or  Sepus,  a  maritime 
town  of  Apulia  in  Italy. 

Sipylum  and  Sifylus,  a  town  of  Lydia 
with  a  mountain  of  the  same  name  near 
the  Meander,  formerly  called   Ceraunius. 

One  of  Niobe's  children,  killed  by 

Apollo. 

Sirbo,  a  lake  between  Egypt  and  Pa- 
lestine, now  Sebacket  Bardoil. 

Sirenes,  sea-nymphs  who  charmed  so 
much  with  their  melodious  voice,  that  all 
forgot  their  employments  to  listen  with 
more  attention,  and  at  last  died  for  want 
of  food.  They  were  three  in  number, 
called  Parthenope,  Ligeia,  and  Leucosia, 
and  they  usually  lived  in  a  small  island 
near  cape  Pelorus  in  Sicily.  Some  authors 
suppose  that  they  were  monsters,  who 
had  the  form  of  a  woman  above  the  waist, 
and  the  rest  of  the  body  like  that  of  a 
bird  ;  or  rather  that  the  whole  body  was 
covered  with  feathers,  and  had  the  shape 
of  a  bird,  except  the  head,  which  was 
that  of  a  beautiful  female.  The  Sirens 
were  informed  by  the  oracle,  that  as  soon 


as  any  persons  passed  by  them  without 
suffering  themselves  to  be  charmed  by 
their  songs,  they  should  perish  ;  and  their 
melody  had  prevailed  in  calling  the  at- 
tention of  all  passengers,  till  Ulysses,  in- 
formed of  the  power  of  their  voice  by 
Circe,  stopped  the  ears  of  his  companions 
with  wax,  and  ordered  himself  to  be  tied 
to  the  mast  of  his  ship,  and  no  attention 
to  be  paid  to  his  commands,  should  he 
wish  to  stay  and  listen  to  the  song.  This 
was  a  salutary  precaution.  Ulysses  made 
signs  for  his  companions  to  stop,  but  they 
were  disregarded  and  the  fatal  coast  was 
passed  with  safety.  Upon  this  artifice 
of  Ulysses,  the  Sirens  were  so  disappoint- 
ed, that  they  threw  themselves  into  the 
sea  and  perished. 

Sirenus-e,  three  small  rocky  islands 
near  the  coast  of  Campania,  where  the 
Sirens  were  supposed  to  reside. 

Siris,  a  town  of  Magna  Grecia. 

The  ^Ethiopians  gave  that  name  to  the 
Nile,  before  its  divided   streams  united 

into  one  current. A  town  of  Paonia  in 

Thrace. 

Sirius,  or  Canicula,  the  dog  star, 
whose  appearance  as  the  ancients  suppos- 
ed, always  caused  great  heat  on  the  earth. 

Sirmio,  now  Sermione,  a  peninsula  in 
the  lake  Benacus. 

Sirmium,  the  capital  of  Pannonia. 

Sisamnes,  a  judge  flayed  alive  for  his 
partiality,  by  order  of  Cambyses. 

Sisapho,  a  Corinthian  who  had  mur- 
dered his  brother  because  he  had  put  his 
children  to  death. 

Sisapo,  a  town  of  Spain,  famous  for  its 
vermilion  mines. 

Siscia,  a  town  of  Pannonia,  now  Sisseg. 

Sisenes,  a  Persian  deserter  who  con- 
spired against  Alexander. 

L.  Sisenna,  an  ancient  historian  among 

the  Romans,  91  B.  C. The  family  of 

the  Cornelii  and  Apronii  received  the  sur- 
name of  Sisenna. 

Sisigambis,  or  Sisygambis,  the  mother 
of  Darius  the  last  king  of  Persia.  She 
was  taken  prisoner  by  Alexander  the 
Great,  at  the  battle  of  Issus,  with  the  rest 
of  the  royal  family.  The  regard  of  the 
queen  for  Alexander  was  uncommon,  and, 
indeed,  she  no  sooner  heard  that  he  was 
dead,  than  she  killed  herself,  unwilling 
to  survive  the  loss  of  so  generous  an  ene- 
my. 

Sisimithr^:,  a  fortified  place  of  Bac- 
triana,  fifteen  stadia  high,  eighty  in  cir- 
cumference, and  plain  at  the  top. 

Sisocostus,  one  of  the  friends  of  Alex- 
ander. 

Sisyphus,  a  brother  of  Athamas  and 
Salmoneus,  son  of  ^Eolus  and  Enaretta, 
the  most  crafty  prince  of  the  heroic  ages. 
He  married  Merope  the  daughter  of  Atlas, 
or  according  to  others  of  Pandareus,  by 
whom  he  had  several  children.     After  his 


so 


370 


SO 


death,  Sisyphus  was  condemned  in  hell, 
to  roll  to  the  top  of  a  hill  a  large  stone, 
which  had  no  sooner  reached  the  summit 
than  it  fell  back  into  the  plain  with  im- 
petuosity, and  rendered  his  punishment 
eternal.  The  causes  of  this  rigorous  sen- 
tence are  variously  reported. A  son  of 

M.  Antony,  who  was  born  deformed. 
Sitalces,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 

A  king  of  Thrace,  B.  C.  436. 

Sithnides,  certain  nymphs  of  a  foun- 
tain in  Megara. 

Sithon,  a  king  of  Thrace. An  island 

in  the  iEgean. 

Sithonia,  a  country  of  Thrace  between 
mount  Hffimus  and  the  Danube.  Sithonia 
is  often  applied  to  all  Thrace. 

Sitius,  a  Roman  who  assisted  Caesar 
in  Africa  with  great  success. 
Sitones,  a  nation  of  Germany. 
Sittace,  a  town  of  Assyria. 
Smaragdus,  a  town  of  Egypt  on  the 
Arabian  gulf,  where  emeralds  were  dug. 
Smenus,  a  river  of  Laconia. 
Smerdis,  a  son  of  Cyrus,  put  to  death 
by  order  of  his  brother  Cambyses. 

Smilax,  a  beautiful  shepherdess  who 
became  enamored  of  Crocus.  She  was 
changed  into  a  flower,  as  also  her  lover. 

Smilis,  a  statuary  of  ^Egina  in  the  age 
of  Daedalus. 

Smindyrides,  a  native  of  Sybaris,  fa- 
mous for  his  luxury. 

Smintheus,  one  of  the  surnames  of 
Apollo  in  Phrygia,  where  the  inhabitants 
raised  him  a  temple,  because  he  had  de- 
stroyed a  number  of  rats  that  infested  the 
country. 

Smyrna,  a  celebrated  seaport  town  of 
Ionia  in  Asia  Minor.  It  was  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  powerful  cities  of  Asia, 
and  still  continues  to  be  a  very  commer- 
cial town. A  daughter  of  Thias,  mo- 
ther of  Adonis. An  Amazon. The 

name  of  a  poem  which  Cinna,  a  Latin 
poet,  composed  in  nine  years. 

Smyrn^eus,  a  Greek  poet  of  the  third 
century,  called  also  Calaber. 
Soana,  a  river  of  Albania. 
Soanda,  a  town  of  Armenia. 
Soanes,  a  people  of  Colchis,  near  Cau- 
casus, in    whose    territories    the    rivers 
abound  with  golden  sands. 

Socrates,  the  most  celebrated  philoso- 
pher of  all  antiquity,  was  a  native  of  Ath- 
ens. His  father  Sophroniscus  was  a  stat- 
uary, and  his  mother  Phenarete  was  by 
profession  a  midwife.  For  sometime  he 
followed  the  occupation  of  his  father,  and 
some  have  mentioned  the  statues  of  the 
Graces,  admired  for  their  simplicity  and 
elegance,  as  the  work  of  his  own  hands. 
He  was  called  away  from  this  meaner 
employment,  of  which,  however,  he  never 
blushed,  by  Crito  who  admired  his  genius 
and  courted  his  friendship.  Philosophy 
soon  became  the  study  of  Socrates,  and 


under  Archelaus  and  Anaxagoras  he  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  exemplary  virtue 
which  succeeding  ages  have  ever  loved 
and  venerated.  He  appeared  like  the  rest 
of  his  countrymen  in  the  field  of  battle  ; 
he  fought  with  boldness  and  intrepidity, 
and  to  his  courage  two  of  his  friends  and 
disciples,  Xenophonand  Alcibiades,  owed 
the  preservation  of  their  life.  But  the 
character  of  Socrates  appears  more  con- 
spicuous as  a  philosopher  and  moralist 
than  as  that  of  a  warrior.  He  spoke  with 
freedom  on  every  subject  religious  as  well 
as  civil,  and  bad  the  courage  to  condemn 
the  violence  of  his  countrymen,  and  to 
withstand  the  torrent  of  resentment,  by 
which  the  Athenian  generals  were  capi- 
tally punished  for  not  burying  the  dead 
at  the  battle  of  Arginuste.  This  inde- 
pendence of  spirit,  and  that  visible  supe- 
riority of  mind  and  genius  over  the  rest 
of  his  countrymen,  created  many  enemies 
to  Socrates ;  but  as  his  character  was 
irreproachable,  and  his  doctrines  pure, 
and  void  of  all  obscurity,  the  voice  of 
malevolence  was  silent.  Yet  Aristopha- 
nes soon  undertook,  at  the  instigation  of 
Melitus,  in  his  comedy  of  the  Clouds,  to 
ridicule  the  venerable  character  of  Socra- 
tes on  the  stage  ;  and  when  once  the  way 
was  open  to  calumny  and  defamation,  the 
fickle  and  licentious  populace  paid  no 
reverence  to  the  philosopher  whom  they 
had  before  regarded  as  a  being  of  a  supe- 
rior order.  When  this  had  succeeded, 
Melitus  stood  forth  to  criminate  him,  to- 
gether with  Anitus  and  Lycon,  and  the 
philosopher  was  summoned  before  the 
tribunal  of  the  five  hundred.  He  was  ac- 
cused of  corrupting  the  Athenian  youth, 
of  making  innovations  in  the  religion  of 
the  Greeks,  and  of  ridiculing  the  many 
gods  which  the  Athenians  worshipped; 
yet  false  as  this  might  appear,  the  accus- 
ers relied  for  the  success  of  their  cause 
upon  the  perjury  of  false  witnesses,  and 
the  envy  of  the  judges  whose  ignorance 
would  readily  yield  to  misrepresentation, 
and  be  influenced  and  guided  by  eloquence 
and  artifice.  In  this  their  expectations 
were  not  frustrated,  and  while  the  judges 
expected  submission  from  Socrates,  and 
that  meanness  of  behavior  and  servility 
of  defence  which  distinguished  criminals, 
the  philosopher,  perhaps,  accelerated  his 
own  fall  by  the  firmness  of  his  mind, 
and  hi3  uncomplying  integrity.  In  his 
apology  he  spoke  with  great  animation, 
and  confessed  that  while  others  boasted 
that  they  were  acquainted  with  every 
thing,  he  himself  knew  nothing.  The 
whole  discourse  was  full  of  simplicity  and 
noble  grandeur,  the  energetic  language  of 
offended  innocence.  He  modestly  said, 
that  what  he  possessed  was  applied  for  the 
service  of  the  Athenians  :  it  was  his  wish 
to  make  his  fellow  citizens  happy,  and  it 


so 


371 


SO 


was  a  duty  he  performed  by  the  special 
command  of  the  gods,  whose  authority, 
said  he  emphatically,  to  his  judges,  /re- 
gard more  than  yours.  Such  language 
from  a  man  who  was  accused  of  a  capital 
crime,  astonished  and  irritated  the  judg- 
es. Socrates  was  condemned,  but  only 
by  a  majority  of  three  voices.  The  sol- 
emn celebration  of  the  Delian  festivals 
prevented  his  execution  for  thirty  days, 
and  during  that  time  he  was  confined  in 
the  prison  and  loaded  with  irons.  His 
friends,  and  particularly  his  disciples, 
were  his  constant  attendants  ;  he  dis- 
coursed with  them  upon  different  sub- 
jects with  all  his  usual  cheerfulness  and 
serenity.  When  the  hour  to  drink  the 
poison  was  come,  the  executioner  pre- 
sented him  the  cup  with  tears  in  his  eyes. 
Socrates  received  it  with  composure,  and 
after  he  had  made  a  libation  to  the  gods, 
he  drank  it  with  an  unaltered  counte- 
nance, and  a  few  moments  after  he  expir- 
ed. Such  was  the  end  of  a  man  whom 
the  uninfluenced  answer  of  the  oracle  of 
Delphi  had  pronounced  the  wisest  of  man- 
kind. Socrates  died  four  hundred  years 
before  Christ,  in  the  seventieth  year  of 

his  age. A  leader  of  the  Achasans,  at 

the  battle  of  Cunaxa.     He  was  seized  and 

put  to  death  by  order  of  Artaxerxes. 

A  governor  of  Cilicia  under  Alexander 

the  Great. A  painter A  Rhodian 

in  the  age  of  Augustus.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  civil  wars. '■ — A  scholiast 

born  A.  D.  380,  at  Constantinople. An 

island  on  the  coast  of  Arabia. 

SffiMiAs,  (Julia)  mother  of  the  emperor 
Heliogabalus,  was  made  president  of  a 
senate  of  women,  which  she  had  elected 
to  decide  the  quarrels  and  the  affairs  of 
the  Roman  matrons.  She  at  last  provok- 
ed the  people  by  her  debaucheries,  extrav- 
agance, and  cruelties,  and  was  murdered 
with  her  son  and  family. 

Sogdiana,  a  country  of  Asia,  now 
known  by  the  name  of  Zagatay,  or  Usbec. 

Sogdianus,  a  son  of  Artaxerxes  Longi- 
manus,  who  murdered  his  elder  brother, 
king  Xerxes,  to  make  himself  master  of 
the  Persian  throne.  He  was  but  seven 
months  in  possession  of  the  crown. 

Sol,  (the  sun,)  was  an  object  of  venera- 
tion among  the  ancients.  It  was  particu- 
larly worshipped  by  the  Persians,  under 
the  name  of  Mithras. 

Solicinium,  a  town  of  German}',  now 
Sultz,  on  the  Neckar. 

Solinus,  (C.  Julius)  a  grammarian,  at 
the  end  of  the  first  century,  who  wrote  a 
book  called  Polyhistor,  which  is  a  collec- 
tion of  historical  remarks  and  geographi- 
cal annotations  on  the  most  celebrated 
places  of  every  country. 

Sons  Fons,  a  celebrated  fountain  in 
Libya. 

Soloe  or  Soli,  a  town  of  Cjptus,  built  I 


on  the  borders  of  the  Clarius  by  an  Athe- 
nian colony. A  town  of  Cilicia  on  the 

sea-coast,  built  by  the  Greeks  and  Rhodi- 
ans. 

Solceis  or  Soloentia,  a  promontory  of 

Libya,  now  cape  Cantin. A  town  of 

Sicily,  between  Panormus  and  Himera, 
now  Solanto. 

Solon,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  was  born  at  Salamis,  and  educat- 
ed at  Athens.  After  he  had  devoted  part 
of  his  time  to  philosophical  and  political 
studies,  he  travelled  over  the  greatest  part 
of  Greece  ;  and,  at  his  return,  found  that 
dissensions  were  kindling  among  his 
countrymen,  who  fixed  their  eyes  upon 
him  as  their  deliverer,  and  he  was  elect- 
ed archon  and  sovereign  legislator.  He 
made  many  salutary  regulations  in  the 
state,  and  bound  the  Athenians  by  a  sol- 
emn oath  that  they  would  faithfully  ob- 
serve his  laws  for  the  space  of  one  hun- 
dred years.  Solon  then  resigned  the 
office  of  legislator,  and  travelled  into 
Egypt.  After  ten  years'  absence,  he  re- 
turned to  Athens  ;  and  had  the  mortifi- 
cation to  find  the  greater  part  of  his  regu- 
lations disregarded  by  the  factious  spirit 
of  his  countrymen,  and  the  usurpation  of 
Pisistratus,  his  near  relation.  Solon  there- 
fore quitted  Athens  in  disgust,  and  retir- 
ed to  Cyprus,  where  he  died,  in  the  court 
of  king  Philocyprus,  aged  eighty  years. 
B.  C.  558. 

Solona,  a  town  of  Gaul  Cispadana  on 
the  Utens. 

Solonium,  a  town  of  Latium  on  the 
borders  of  Etruria. 

Solva,  a  town  of  Noricum. 

Solus,  a  maritime  town  of  Sicily. 

Solyma,  and  SoLYMiE,  a  town  of  Ly- 
cia. An  ancient  name  of  Jerusalem. 

Somnus,  son  of  Erebus  and  Nox,  was 
one  of  the  infernal  deities,  and  presided 
over  sleep.  His  palace,  according  to  some 
mythologists,  is  a  dark  cave,  where  the 
sun  never  penetrates.  At  the  entrance 
are  a  number  of  poppies  and  somniferous 
herbs.  The  god  himself  is  represented  as 
asleep  on  a  bed  of  feathers  with  black 
curtains. 

Sonchis,  an  Egyptian  priest  in  the  age 
of  Solon. 

Sontiates,  a  people  in  Gaul. 

Sopater,  a  philosopher  of  Apamea,  in 
the  age  of  the  emperor  Constantine. 

Sophax,  a  son  of  Hercules,  who  found- 
ed the  kingdom  of  Tingis,  in  Mauritania. 

Sophene,  a  country  of  Armenia,  on  the 
borders  of  Mesopotamia. 

Sophocles,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet  of 
Athens,  educated  in  the  school  of  ^Eschy- 
lus.  He  distinguished  himself  not  only 
as  a  poet,  but  also  as  a  statesman.  He 
commanded  the  Athenian  armies,  and  in 
several  battles  he  shaved  the  supreme 
command    with   Pericles,   and  exercised 


so 


372 


SO 


the  office  of  archon  with  credit  and  honor. 
The  first  appearance  of  Sophocles  as  a 
poet  reflects  great  honor  on  his  abilities. 
The  Athenians  had  taken  the  island  of 
Scyros,  and  to  celebrate  that  memorable 
event,  a  yearly  contest  for  tragedy  was 
instituted.  Sophocles  on  this  occasion 
obtained  the  prize  over  many  competitors, 
in  the  number  of  whom  was  iEschylus, 
his  friend  and  his  master.  Of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  tragedies  which  Sopho- 
cles composed,  only  seven  are  extant ; 
Ajax,  Electra,  CEdipus  the  tyrant,  Anti- 
gone, the  Trachiniae,  Philoctetes,  and 
CEdipus  at  Colonos.  The  ingratitude  of 
the  children  of  Sophocles  is  well  known. 
They  wished  to  become  immediate  mas- 
ters of  their  father's  possessions,  and 
therefore  tired  of  his  long  life,  they  accus- 
ed him  before  the  Areopagus  of  insanity. 
The  only  defence  the  poet  made  was  to 
read  his  tragedy  of  CEdipus  at  Colonos, 
which  he  had  lately  finished,  and  then  he 
asked  his  judges,  whether  the  author  of 
such  a  performance  could  be  taxed  with 
insanity  ?  The  father  upon  this  was  ac- 
quitted, and  the  children  returned  home 
Covered  with  shame  and  confusion.  So- 
phocles died  in  the  ninety-first  year  of  his 
age,  four  hundred  and  six  years  before 
Christ,  through  excess  of  joy,  as  some 
authors  report,  of  having  obtained  a  poet- 
ical prize  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Sothonisba,  a  daughter  of  Asdrubal  the 
Carthaginian,  celebrated  for  her  beauty. 
She  married  Scyphax,  a  prince  of  Numi- 
dia,  and  when  her  husband  was  conquer- 
ed by  the  Romans  and  Masinissa,  she  fell 
a  captive  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
Masinissa  became  enamored  of  her,  and 
married  her.  This  conduct  displeased  the 
Romans,  and  Sophonisba,  at  the  bidding 
of  her  husband,  drank  poison,  B.  C.  203. 

Sophron,  a  comic  poet  of  Syracuse,  son 
of  Agathocles  and  Damasyllis. 

Sophroniscus,  the  father  of  Socrates. 

Sophronia,  a  Roman  lady  whom  Max- 
entius  took  by  force  from  her  husband's 
house,  and  married.  Sophronia  killed 
herself  when  she  saw  her  affections  were 
abused  by  the  tyrant. 

Sophrosyne,  a  daughter  of  Dionysius, 
by  Dion's  sister. 

Sopolis,  the  father  of  Hermolaus. A 

painter  in  Cicero's  age. 

Sc  ra,  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  of  which 
the  inhabitants  were  called  Sorani. 

Soractes  and  Soracte,  a  mountain  of 
Etruria,  near  the  Tiber,  seen  from  Rome, 
at  the  distance  of  twenty-six  miles.  There 
was,  as  some  report,  a  fountain  on  mount 
Soracte,  whose  waters  boiled  at  sunrise, 
and  instantly  killed  all  such  birds  as  drank 
of  them. 

Soranhs,  a  man  put.  to  death  by  Nero. 

The  father  of  Atilia,  the  first  wife  of 

Cato. 


Sorex,  a  favorite  of  Sylla,  and  the  com- 
panion of  his  debaucheries. 

Sorge,  a  daughter  of  CEneus  king  of 
Calydon,  by  ^Ethea,  daughter  of  Thes- 
tius.  She  married  Andremon,  and  was 
mother  of  Oxilus. 

Soritia,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Sosia  Galla,  a  woman  at  the  court  of 
Tiberius,  banished. 

Sosibius,  a  grammarian  of  Laconia, 
B.  C.  255.     He  was  a   great  favorite  of 

Ptolemy  Philopator. The  preceptor  of 

Britannicus,  the  son  of  Claudius. 

Sosicles,  a  Greek  who  behaved  with 
great  valor  when  Xerxes  invaded  Greece. 

Sosicrates,  a  noble  senator  among  the 
Achseans,  put  to  death  because  he  wished 
his  countrymen  to  make  peace  with  the 
Romans. 

Sosigenes,  an  Egyptian  mathemati- 
cian, who  assisted  J.  Caesar  in  regulating 

the  Roman  calendar. A  commander 

of  the  fleet  of  Eumenes. A  friend  of 

Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 

So  si  i,  celebrated  booksellers  at  Rome, 
in  the  age  of  Horace. 

Sosilus,  a  Lacedaemonian  in  the  age  of 
Annibal.  He  lived  in  great  intimacy  with 
the  Carthaginian,  taught  him  Greek,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  his  life. 

Sosipater,  a  grammarian  in  the  reign 

of  Honorius. A  Syracusan  magistrate. 

A  general  of  Philip  king  of  Macedo- 
nia. 

Sosis,  a  seditious  Syracusan,  who  rais- 
ed tumults  against  Dion.  When  accused 
before  the  people,  he  saved  himself  by 
flight,  and  thus  escaped  a  capital  punish- 
ment. 

Sosistratus,  a  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  in 
the  age  of  Agathocles.  He  invited  Pyr- 
rhus  into  Sicily,  and  afterwards  revolted 
from  him.  He  was  at  last  removed  by 
Hermocrates. Another  tyrant. 

Sosius,  a  consul  who  followed  the  in- 
terest of  Mark  Antony. A  governor 

of  Syria. A  Roman  of  consular  dignity, 

to  whom  Plutarch  dedicated  his  lives. 

Sospita,  a  surname  of  Juno  in  Latium. 
Her  most  famous  temple  was  at  Lanu- 
vium. 

Sosthenes,  a  general  of  Macedonia, 
who  flourished  B.  C.  281.  He  defeated 
the  Gauls  under  Brennus,  and  was  killed 

in  the  battle. A  native  of  Cnidos,  who 

wrote  an  history  of  Iberia. 

Sostratus,  a  friend  of  Hermolaus,  put 
to  death  for  conspiring  against  Alexander. 
A  grammarian  in  the  age  of  Augus- 
tus.    He  was  Strabo's  preceptor. A 

statuary. An  architect  of  Cnidos,  B.  C. 

284,  who  built  the  white  tower  of  Pharos, 

in  the  bay  of  Alexandria. A  priest  of 

Venus  at  Paphos,  among  the  favorites  of 

Vespasian. A  favorite  of  Hercules.     — 

A  Greek  historian,  who  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  Etruria. A  poet,  who  wrote  a 


SP 


313 


SP 


poem  on  the  expedition  of  Xerxes  into 
Greece. 

Sotades,  an  athlete. A  Greek  poet 

of  Thrace.  He  wrote  verses  against  Phi- 
ladelphus  Ptolemy,  for  which  he  was 
thrown  into  the  sea  in  a  cage  of  lead. 

Soter,  a  surname  of  the  first  Ptolemy. 

It  was  also  common  to  other  mon- 

archs. 

Soteria,  days  appointed  for  thanksgiv- 
ings and  the  offerings  of  sacrifices  for  de- 
liverance from  danger. 

Sotericus,  a  poet  and  historian  in  the 
age  of  Dioclesian.  He  wrote  a  panegyric 
on  that  emperor,  as  also  a  life  of  Apollo- 
nius  Thyanaeus. 

Sothis,  an  Egyptian  name  of  the  con- 
stellation called  Sirius,  which  received  di- 
vine honors  in  that  country. 

Sotiates,  a  people  of  Gaul,  conquered 
by  Caesar. 

Sotion,  a  grammarian  of  Alexandria, 
preceptor  to  Seneca,  B.  C.  204. 

Sotius,  a  philosopher  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius. 

Sous,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  made  him- 
self known  by  his  valor. 

Sozomen,  an  ecclesiastical  historian 
who  died  450  A.D.  His  history  extends 
from  the  year  324  to  439,  and  is  dedicated 
to  Theodosius  the  younger,  being  written 
in  a  style  of  inelegance  and  mediocrity. 

Spaco,  the  nurse  of  Cyrus. 

Sparta,  a  celebrated  city  of  Peloponne- 
sus, the  capital  of  Laconia,  situate  on  the 
Eurotas,  at  the  distance  of  about  thirty 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

Spartacus,  a  king  of  Pontus. An- 
other, king  of  Bosphorus,  who  died  B.  C. 
433.     His  son  and  successor  of  the  same 

name  died  B.  C.  407. Another,  who 

died  284  B.  C. A  Thracian  shepherd, 

celebrated  for  his  abilities  and  the  victo- 
ries he  obtained  over  the  Romans.  Being 
one  of  the  gladiators  who  were  kept  at 
Capua  in  the  house  of  Lentulus,  he  escap- 
ed from  the  place  of  his  confinement  with 
thirty  of  his  companions,  and  took  up 
arms  against  the  Romans.  He  soon  found 
himself  with  ten  thousand  men  equally 
resolute  with  himself,  and  though  at  first 
obliged  to  hide  himself  in  the  woods  and 
solitary  retreats  of  Campania,  he  soon  laid 
waste  the  country  ;  and  when  his  follow- 
ers were  increased  by  additional  numbers, 
and  better  disciplined,  and  more  com- 
pletely armed,  he  attacked  the  Roman 
generals  in  the  field  of  battle.  Two 
consuls  and  other  officers  were  defeat- 
ed with  much  loss  ;  and  Spartacus,  supe- 
rior in  counsel  and  abilities,  appeared 
more  terrible,  though  often  deserted  by 
his  fickle  attendants.  Crassus  was  sent 
against  him,  but  this  celebrated  general 
at  first  despaired  of  success.  A  bloody 
battle  was  fought,  in  which,  at  last,  the 
gladiators  were  defeated.  Spartacus  be- 
32 


haved  with  great  valor ;  when  wounded 
in  the  leg,  he  fought  on  his  knees,  cover- 
ing himself  with  his  buckler  in  one  hand, 
and  using  his  sword  with  the  other;  and 
when  at  last  he  fell,  he  fell  upon  a  heap 
of  Romans,  whom  he  had  sacrificed  to  his 
fury,  B.  C.  71.  In  this  battle  no  less  than 
forty  thousand  of  the  rebels  were  slain, 
and  the  war  totally  finished. 

Spart^e,  or  Sparti,  a  name  given  to 
those  men  who  sprang  from  the  dragon's 
teeth  which  Cadmus  sowed. 

Spartani,  or  Spartiat2e,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Sparta. 

Spartianus  JEhiva,  a  Latin  historian, 
who  wrote  the  lives  of  all  the  Roman  em- 
perors, from  J.  Caesar  to  Dioclesian. 

Spechia,  an  ancient  name  of  the  island 
of  Cyprus. 

Spendius,  a  Campanian  deserter,  who 
rebelled  against  the  Romans,  and  raised 
tumults,  and  made  war  against  Amilcar, 
the  Carthaginian  general. 

Spendon,  a  poet  of  Lacedasmon. 

Sperchia,  a  town  of  Thessaly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Sperchius. 

Sperchius,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  rising 
on  mount  (Eta,  and  falling  into  the  sea  in 
the  bay  of  Malia,  near  Anticyra. 

Spebmatophagi,  a  people  who  lived  in 
the  extremest  parts  of  Egypt.  They  fed 
upon  the  fruits  that  fell  from  the  trees. 

Speusippus,  an  Athenian  philosopher, 
nephew,  as  also  successor,  of  Plato.  He 
presided  in  Plato's  school  for  eight  years, 
and  disgraced  himself  by  his  extrava- 
gance and  debauchery. 

Sphacterije,  three  small  islands  oppo- 
site Pylos,  on  the  coast  of  Messenia.  They 
are  also  called  Sphagias. 

Spherus,  an  arm-bearer  of  Pelops,  son 
of  Tantalus. A  Greek  philosopher,  dis- 
ciple to  Zeno  of  Cyprus,  243  B.  C. 

Sphinx,  a  monster  which  had  the  head 
and  breasts  of  a  woman,  the  body  of  a 
dog,  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  the  wings  of  a 
bird,  the  paws  of  a  lion,  and  an  human 
voice.  The  Sphinx  had  been  sent  into 
the  neighborhood  of  Thebes  by  Juno,  who 
wished  to  punish  the  family  of  Cadmus, 
which  she  persecuted  with  immortal  ha- 
tred, and  it  laid  this  part  of  Bosotia  un- 
der continual  alarms  by  proposing  enig- 
mas, and  devouring  the  inhabitants  if  un- 
able to  explain  them.  In  the  midst  of 
their  consternation  the  Thebans  were  told 
by  the  oracle,  that  the  Sphinx  would  de- 
stroy herself  as  soon  as  one  of  the  enigmas 
she  proposed  was  explained.  In  this 
enigma  she  wished  to  know  what  animal 
walked  on  four  legs  in  the  morning,  two 
at  noon,  and  three  in  the  evening.  It 
was  at  last  happily  explained  by  CEdipus, 
who  observed  that  man  walked  on  his 
hands  and  feet  when  young  or  in  the 
morning  of  life,  at  the  noon  of  life  he 
walked^  erect,  and  in  the  evening  of  his 


ST 


374 


ST 


days  he  supported  his  infirmities  upon  a 
stick.  The  Sphinx  no  sooner  heard  this 
explanation  than  she  dashed  her  head 
against  a  rock,  and  immediately  expired. 

Sfhodrias,  a  Spartan,  who,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Cleombrotus,  attempted  to 
seize  the  Piraeus. 

Sphraqidium,  a  retired  cave  on  mount 
Citheeron  in  Bceotia. 

Spicillus,  a  favorite  of  Nero.  He  re- 
fused to  assassinate  his  master,  for  which 
he  was  put  to  death  in  a  cruel  manner. 

Spina,  now  Primaro,  a  town  on  the 
most  southern  mouth  of  the  Po. 

Spintharus,    a    Corinthian    architect, 

who  built  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi. 

A  freedman  of  Cicero. 

Spinther,  a  Roman  consul.  He  was 
one  of  Pompey's  friends. 

Spio,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

Spitamenes,  one  of  the  officers  of  king 
Darius,  who  conspired  against  the  mur- 
derer of  Bessus,  and  delivered  him  to  Al- 
exander. 

Spithobates,  a  satrap  of  Ionia,  son-in- 
law  of  Darius.  He  was  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Granicus. 

Spithridates,  a  Persian  killed  by  Cli- 
tus,  as  he  was  going  to  strike  Alexander 

dead. A  Persian  satrap  in  the  age  of 

Lysander. 

Spoletium,  now  Spoleto,  a  town,  of  Um- 
bria,  which  bravely  withstood  Annibal 
while  he  was  in  Italy.  An  inscription 
over  the  gates  still  commemorates  the  de- 
feat of  Annibal. 

Sporades,  a  number  of  islands  in  the 
iEgean  sea. 

Spurina,  a  mathematician  and  astrolo- 
ger, who  told  J.  Caesar  to  beware  of  the 
ides  of  March. 

Spurius,  a  praenomen  common  to  many 
of  the  Romans. One  of  Caesar's  mur- 
derers.  Lartius,  a  Roman  who  defend- 
ed the  bridge  over  the  Tiber  against  Por- 
senna's  army. A  friend  of  Otho. 

L.  Staberius,  a  friend  of  Pompey  set 
over  Apollonia,  which  he  was  obliged  to 
yield  to  Caesar,  because  the  inhabitants 
favored  his  cause. An  avaricious  fel- 
low, who  wished  it  to  be  known  that  he 
was  uncommonly  rich. 

Stabile,  a  maritime  town  of  Campania 
on  the  bay  of  Puteoli. 

Stabulum,  a  place  in  the  Pyrenees, 
where  a  communication  was  open  from 
Gaul  into  Spain. 

Stagira,  a  town  on  the  borders  of  Ma- 
cedonia, founded  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  years  before  Christ.  Aristotle  was 
born  there,  from  which  circumstance  he  is 
called  Stagirites. 

Staius,  an  unprincipled  wretch  in  Ne- 
ro's age  who  murdered  all  his  relations. 

Stalenus,  a  senator  who  sat  as  judge 
in  the  trial  of  Cluentius. 

St-vphfj.us,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  son 


of  Theseus,  or  according  to  others,  of 
Bacchus  and  Ariadne. 

Stasander,  an  officer  of  Alexander, 
who  had  Aria  at  the  general  division  of 
the  provinces. 

Staseas,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  en- 
gaged to  instruct  young  M.  Piso  in  philo- 
sophy. 

Stasicrates,  a  statuary  and  architect 
in  the  wars  of  Alexander,  who  offered  to 
make  a  statue  of  mount  Athos,  which  was 
rejected  by  the  conqueror. 

Stasileus,  an  Athenian  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Marathon.  He  was  one  of  the 
ten  praetors. 

Statielli,  a  people  of  Liguria,  between 
the  Taenarus  and  the  Apennines. 

Statilia,  a  woman  who  lived  to  a  great 
age,  as  mentioned  by  Seneca. 

Statilius,  a  young  Roman  celebrated 
for  his  courage  and  constancy.  He  was 
an  inveterate  enemy  to  Caesar,  and  when 
Cato  murdered  himself,  he  attempted  to 
followr  his  example,  but  was  prevented  by 
his  friends.     He  was  at  last  killed  by  the 

army  of  the  triumvirs. Lucius,  one  of 

the  friends  of  Catiline.     He  joined  in  his 

conspiracy,  and  was  put  to  death. A 

young  general  in  the  war  which  the 
Latins  undertook  against  the  Romans 
He  was  killed,  with  twenty-five  thousand 

of  his  troops. A  general  who  fought 

against  Antony. Taurus,  a  proconsul 

of  Africa.  He  was  accused  of  consulting 
magicians,  upon  which  he  put  himself  to 
death. 

Stating,  islands  on  the  coast  of  Cam- 
pania, raised  from  the  sea  by  an  earth- 
quake. 

Statira,  a  daughter  of  Darius,  who 
married  Alexander.  She  was  cruelly  put 
to  death  by  Roxana,  after  the  conqueror's 

death. A  sister  of  Darius,  the  last  king 

of  Persia. A  wife  of  Artaxerxes  Mem- 

non,  poisoned  by  his  mother-in-law,  queen 

Parysatis. A  sister  of  Mithridates  the 

Great. 

Statius,  (Caecilius,)  a  comic  poet  in 
the  age  of  Ennius.  He  was  a  native  of 
Gaul,  and  originally  a  slave.  His  latinity 
was  bad,  yet  he  acquired  great  reputation 
by  his  comedies.    He  died  a  little  after 

Ennius. Annaeus,   a  physician,  the 

friend  of  the  philosopher  Seneca. P. 

Papinius,  a  poet  born  at  Naples,  in  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Domitian.  Statius 
has  made  himself  known  by  two  epic 
poems,  the  Thebais  in  twelve  books,  and 
the  Jlchilleis  in  two  books,  which  remain- 
ed unfinished  on  account  of  his  premature 
death.  There  are  besides  other  pieces 
composed  on  several  subjects,  which  are 
extant,  and  well  known  under  the  name 
of  SijIvcb,  divided  into  four  books.  The 
two  epic  poems  of  Statius  are  dedicated  to 
j  Domitian,  whom  the  poet  ranks  among 
!  the  gods.      Thev   were    universally  ad- 


ST 


375 


ST 


mired  in  his  age  at  Rome,  but  the  taste 
of  the  times  was  corrupted,  though  some 
of  the  moderns  have  called  them  inferior 
to  no  Latin  compositions  except  Virgil's. 
Statius  died  about  the  hundredth  year  of 

the  Christian  era. Domitius,  a  tribune 

in  the  age  of  Nero,  deprived  of  his  office 
when  Piso's  conspiracy  was  discovered. 

A  general  of  the  Samnites. An 

officer  of  the  pretorian  guards,  who  con- 
spired against  Nero. 

Stator,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  given 
him  by  Romulus,  because  he  .-stopped  (sto) 
the  flight  of  the  Romans  in  a  battle  against 
the  Sabines. 

Stellatis,  a  field  remarkable  for  its 
fertility,  in  Campania. 

Stellio,  a  youth  turned  into  an  elf  by 
Ceres,  because  he  derided  the  goddess, 
who  drank  with  avidity  when  tired  and 
afflicted  in  her  vain  pursuit  of  her  daugh- 
ter Proserpine. 

Stena,  a  narrow  passage  on  the  moun- 
tains near  Antigonia,  in  Chaonia. 

Stenobota.    Vid.  Sthenobcea. 

Stenocrates,  an  Athenian,  who  con- 
spired to  murder  the  commander  of  the 
garrison  which  Demetrius  had  placed  in 
the  citadel. 

Stentor,  one  of  the  Greeks  who  went 
to  the  Trojan  war.  His  voice  alone  was 
louder  than  that  of  fifty  men  together. 

Stentoris  lacus,  a  lake  near  Enos  in 
Thrace. 

Stephanus,  a  musician  of  Media,  upon 
whose  body  Alexander  made  an  experi- 
ment in  burning  a  certain  sort  of  bitumen 
called  naphtha. A  Greek  writer  of  By- 
zantium, known  for  his  dictionary  giving 
an  account  of  the  towns  and  places  of  the 
ancient  world. 

Sterope,  one  of  the  Pleiades,  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas. A  daughter  of  Parthaon, 

supposed  by  some  to  be  the  mother  of  the 

Sirens. A  daughter  of  Cepheus. A 

daughter  of  Pleuron — of  Acastus — of  Da- 
naus — of  Cebrion. 

Steropes,  one  of  the  Cyclops. 

Stersichorus,  a  lyric  Greek  poet  of 
Himera,  in  Sicily.  His  compositions  were 
written  in  the  Doric  dialect,  and  compris- 
ed in  twenty-six  books,  all  now  lost  ex- 
cept a  few  fragments. 

Stertinius,  a  stoic  philosopher,  ridi- 
culed by  Horace. 

Stesagoras,  a  brother  of  Miltiades. 
Vid.  Miltiades. 

Stesilea,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Ath- 
ens. 

Stesileus,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Cos,  lov- 
ed by  Themistocles  and  Aristides,  and 
the  caus«  of  jealousy  and  dissension  be- 
tween these  celebrated  men. 

Stesimbrotus,  an  historian  very  incon- 
sistent in  his   narrations.      He  wrote  an 

account  of  Cimon's  exploits. A  son 

of  Eparninondas  put  to  death  by  his  father, 


because  he  had  fought  the  enemy  with- 
out his  orders. A  musician  of  Thasos. 

Sthenele,  a  daughter  of  Acastus,  wife 

of  Mencetius. A  daughter  of  Danaus, 

by  Memphis. 

Sthenelus,  a  king  of  Mycenas,  son  of 
Perseus  and  Andromeda.  He  married  Ni- 
cippe  the  daughter  of  Pelops,  by  whom  he 
had  two  daughters,  and  a  son  called  Eu- 
rystheus,  who  was  born,  by  Juno's  influ- 
ence, two  months  before  the  natural  time, 
that  he  might  obtain   a  superiority  over 

Hercules,  as  being  older. One  of  the 

sons  of  iEgyptus  by  Tyria. A  son  of 

Capaneus.     He  was  one  of  the  Epigoni, 

and  of  the  suitors  of  Helen. A  son  of 

Androgeus  the  son  of  Minos.     Hercules 

made  him  king  of  Thrace. A  king  of 

Argos,  who  succeeded  his  father  Croto- 

pus. A  son  of  Actor,  who  accompanied 

Hercules  in   his   expedition    against  the 
Amazons.     He  was  killed  by  one  of  these 

females. A  son  of  Melas,  killed  by  Ty- 

deus. 

Sthenis,  a  statuary  of  Olynthus. An 

orator  of  Himera,  in  Sicily,  during  the 
civil  wars  of  Pompey. 

Stheno,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons. 

Sthenoboia,  a  daughter  of  Jobates  king 
of  Lycia,  who  married  Pruetus,  king  of 
Argos.  She  became  enamored  of  Bellero- 
phon,  who  had  taken  refuge  at  her  hus- 
band's court,  and  according  to  some  she 
killed  herself  after  his  departure.  Many 
mythologists  call  her  Antsea. 

Stilbe,  or  Stilbia,  a  daughter  of  Pe- 
neus  by  Creusa,  who  became  mother  of 
Centaurus  and  Lapithus,  by  Apollo. 

STiLBo,aname  given  to  the  planet  Mer- 
cury by  the  ancients,  for  its  shining  ap- 
pearance. 

Stilicho,  a  general  of  the  emperor  The- 
odosius  the  Great.  He  behaved  with  much 
courage,  but,  under  the  emperor  Honorius 
he  showed  himself  turbulent  and  dis- 
affected. Honorius  discovered  his  in- 
trigues, and  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded, 
about  the  year  of  Christ  408. 

Stilpo,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of  Me- 
gara,  who  flourished  three  hundred  and 
thirty-six  years  before  Christ,  and  was 
greatly  esteemed  by  Ptolemy  Soter.  It  is 
said  that  he  intoxicated  himself  when 
ready  to  die,  to  alleviate  the  terrors  of 
death.  He  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
Stoics. 

Stimicon,  a  shepherd's  name. 

Stiphilus,  one  of  the  Lapitha?,  killed 
in  the  house  of  Pirithous. 

Stob^us,  a  Greek  writer  who  flourish- 
ed A.  D.  405.  His  work  is  valuable  for 
the  precious  relics  of  ancient  literature  he 
has  preserved. 

Stobi,  a  town  of  Pceonia  in  Macedonia. 

Skechades,  five  small  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Gaul,  now 
the  Eieres,  near  Marseilles. 


ST 


376 


ST 


Stceni,  a  people  living  among  the  Alps. 

SToici,a  celebrated  sect  of  philosophers 
founded  by  Zeno  of  Citiunu  They  re- 
ceived the  name  from  the  portico,  goa, 
where  the  philosopher  delivered  his  lec- 
tures. They  preferred  virtue  to  every 
thing  else,  and  whatever  was  opposite  to 
it,  they  looked  upon  as  the  greatest  of 
evils. 

Strabo,  a  name  among  the  Romans, 
given  to  those  whose  eyes  were  naturally 

deformed  or  distorted. ■ — A  native  of 

Amasia,  en  the  borders  of  Cappadocia, 
who  flourished  in  the  age  of  Augustus  and 
Tiberius.  He  first  studied  under  Xenar- 
chus,  the  peripatetic,  and  afterwards 
warmly  embraced  the  tenets  of  the  Stoics. 
Of  all  his  compositions  nothing  remains 
but  his  geography,  divided  into  seventeen 
books,  a  work  justly  celebrated  for  its  ele- 
gance, purity,  the  erudition  and  universal 
knowledge  of  the  author.  It  contains  an 
account,  in  Greek,  of  the  most  celebrated 
places  of  the  world,  the  origin,  the  man- 
ners, religion,  prejudices,  and  government 
of  nations  ;  the  foundation  of  cities,  and 
the  accurate  history  of  each  separate  pro- 
vince. Strabo  travelled  over  great  part  of 
the  world  in  quest  of  information,  and  to 
examine  with  the  most  critical  inquiry, 
not  only  the  situation  of  the  places,  but  also 
the  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  whose 
history  he  meant  to  write.     He  died  A. 

D.  25. A  Sicilian,  so  clear-sighted  that 

he  could  distinguish  objects  at  the  dis- 
tance of  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles, 
with  the  same  ease  as  if  they  had  been 
near. 

Stratarchas,  the  grandfather  of  the 
geographer  Strabo. 

Strato,  or  Straton,  a  king  of  the  is- 
land Aradus,  received  into  alliance  by  Al- 
exander.  A  king  of  Sidon,  dependent 

upon  Darius.      Alexander  deposed  him, 

because  he  refused  to  surrender. A 

philosopher  of  Lampsacus,  disciple  and 
successor  in  the  school  of  Theophrastus, 
about  two  hundred  and  eighty-nine  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  He  wrote  differ- 
ent treatises,  all  now  lost. A  phy- 
sician.  A  peripatetic  philosopher. 

A  native  of  Epirus,  very  intimate  with 
Brutus,  the  murderer  of  Caesar.     He  killed 

his  friend  at  his  own  request. A  rich 

Orchomenian  who  destroyed  himself  be- 
cause he  could  not  obtain  in  marriage  a 

young  woman  of  Haliartus. A   Greek 

historian,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  some  of 

the  Macedonian  kings. An  athlete  of 

Achaia,  twice  crowned  at  the  Olympic 
games. 

Stratocles,  an  Athenian  general  at  the 

battle  of  Cheronsea. A  stage  player  in 

Domitian's  reign. 

Straton.     Fid.  Strato. 

Stratonice,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 
A  daughter  of  Pleuron. A  daugh- 


ter of  Ariarathes,  king  of  Cappadocia, 
who  married  Eumenes,  king  of  Pergamus, 

and  became  mother  of  Attalus. A 

daughter  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  who 

married  Seleucus,  king  of  Syria. A 

concubine  of  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus 

The  wife  of  Antigonus,  mother  of 

Demetrius    Poliorcetes. A  town   of 

Caria,  made  a  Macedonian  colony. An- 
other in  Mesopotamia. And  a  third  near 

mount  Taurus. 

Stratonicus,  an  opulent  person  in  the 
reign  of  Philip,  and  of  his  son  Alexander, 

whose  riches  became  proverbial. A 

musician  of  Athens  in  the  age  of  Demos- 
thenes. 

Stratonis  turri9,  a  city  of  Judasa,  af- 
terwards called  Csesarea  by  Herod  in  hon- 
or of  Augustus. 

Stratos,  a  city  of  ^Eolia of  Acar- 

nania. 

Strenua,  a  goddess  of  Rome  who  gave 
vigor  and  energy  to  the  weak  and  indo- 
lent. 

Strongfle,  now  Strombolo,  one  of  the 
islands  called  iEolides  in  the  Tyrrhene 
sea,  near  the  coast  of  Sicily.  It  has  a  vol- 
cano, ten  miles  in  circumference. 

Strophades,  two  islands  in  the  Ionian 
sea,  on  the  western  coasts  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. The  fleet  of  jEneas  stopped  near 
the  Strophades.  The  largest  of  these  two 
islands  is  not  above  five  miles  in  circum- 
ference. 

Strophius,  a  son  of  Crisus,  king  of 
Phocis.  He  married  a  sister  of  Agamem- 
non, called  Anaxibia,  or  Astyochia,  or,  ac- 
cording to  others,  Cyndragora,  by  whom 
he  had  Pylades,  celebrated  for  his  friend- 
ship with  Orestes.  Orestes  was  enabled 
by  means   of   Strophius,   to  revenge  the 

death  of  his  father. A  son  of  Pylades 

by  Electra  the  sister  of  Orestes. 

Struthophagi,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia, 
who  feed  on  sparrows. 

Struthus,  a  general  of  Artaxerxes 
against  the  Lacedaemonians,  B.  C.  393. 

Stryma,  a  town  of  Thrace,  founded  by 
a  Thracian  colony. 

Strymno,  a  daughter  of  the  Scamander, 
who  married  Laomedon. 

Strymon,  a  river  which  separates 
Thrace  from  Macedonia,  and  falls  into  a 
part  of  the  ^Egean  sea,  which  has  been 
called  Stry?nonicus  sinus.  A  number  of 
cranes,  as  the  poets  say,  resorted  on  its 
banks  in  the  summer  time.  Its  eels  were 
excellent. 

Stubera,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  be- 
tween the  Axius  and  Erigon. 

Stura,  a  river  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  falling 
into  the  Po. 

Sturm,  a  town  of  Calabria. 

Stymphalia,  Stymphalis,  a  part  of 
Macedonia. A  surname  of  Diana. 

Stymphalu9,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  son  of 
Elatus  and  Laodice.   He  made  war  against 


su 


377 


SU 


Pelops,  and  was  killed  in  a  truce. —  A 

town,  river,  lake,  and  fountain  of  Arcadia, 
which  receive  their  name  from  king  Stym- 
phalus.  The  neighborhood  of  the  lake 
Stymphalus  was  infested  with  a  number 
of  voracious  birds,  like  cranes  or  storks, 
which  fed  upon  human  flesh,  and  which 
were  called  Stymphalides.  They  were  at 
last  destroyed  by  Hercules,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Minerva. A  lofty  mountain 

of  Peloponnesus  in  Arcadia. 

Stynge,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Styra,  a  town  of  Euboea. 

Styrus,  a  king  of  Albania,  to  whom 
^Eetes  promised  his  daughter  Medea  in 
marriage,  to  obtain  his  assistance  against 
the  Argonauts. 

Styx,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Te- 
thys.  She  married  Pallas,  by  whom  she 
had  three  daughters,  Victory,  Strength, 

and  Valor. A  celebrated  river  of  hell, 

round  which  it  flows  nine  times.  Accord- 
ing to  some  writers  the  Styx  was  a  small 
river  of  Nonacris  in  Arcadia,  whose  wa- 
ters were  so  cold  and  venomous,  that  they 
proved  fatal  to  such  as  tasted  them.  They 
even  consumed  iron,  and  broke  all  vessels. 
The  wonderful  properties  of  this  water 
suggested  the  idea,  that  it  was  a  river  of 
hell,  especially,  when  it  disappeared  in  the 
earth  a  little  below  its  fountain  head. 
The  gods  held  the  waters  of  the  Styx  in 
such  veneration,  that  they  always  swore 
by  them  ;  an  oath  which  was  inviolable. 

Suada,  the  goddess  of  persuasion,  called 
Pitho  by  the  Greeks.  She  had  a  form  of 
worship  established  to  her  honor  first  by 
Theseus. 

Suana,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Suardones,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Suasa,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Subatrii,  a  people  of  Germany,  over 
whom  Drusus  triumphed 

Subi,  a  small  river  of  Catalonia. 

Sublicius,  the  first  bridge  erected  at 
Rome  over  the  Tiber. 

Submontorium,  a  town  of  Vindelicia. 

Subota,  small  islands  at  the  east  of 
Athos. 

Subur,  a  river  of  Mauritania. A 

town  of  Spain. 

Soburra,  a  street  in  Rome  where  all  the 
licentious,  dissolute,  and  lascivious  Ro- 
mans resorted. 

Sucro,  now  Xucar,  a  river  of  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  celebrated  for  a  battle 
fought  there  between  Sertorius  and  Pom- 
pey  in  which  the  former  obtained  the  vic- 
tory.  A  Rutulian  killed  by  Mneaa. 

Sudertum,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Suessa,  a  town  of  Campania,  called  also 
Aurunca,  to  distinguish  it  from  Suessa  Po- 
metia,  the  capital  of  the  Volsci. 

Suessitani,  a  people  of  Spain. 

Suessones,  a  powerful  nation  of  Belgic 
Gaul,  reduced  by  J.  Caesar. 

Suessula,  a  town  of  Campania. 
32* 


Suetonius,  C.  Paulinus,  the  first  Ro- 
man general  who  crossed  mount  Atlas 
with  an   army,  of  which    expedition   he 

wrote  an  account. C.  Tranquillus,  a 

Latin  historian,  son  of  a  Roman  knight  of 
the  same  name.  He  was  favored  by  Adri- 
an, and  became  his  secretary,  but  he  was 
afterwards  banished  from  the  court  for 
want  of  attention  and  respect  to  the  em- 
press Sabina.  In  his  retirement  Suetonius 
enjoyed  the  friendship  and  correspondence 
of  Pliny  the  younger,  and  dedicated  his 
time  to  study.  He  wrote  an  history  of  the 
Roman  kings,  divided  into  three  books  5  a 
catalogue  of  all  the  illustrious  men  of 
Rome,  a  book  on  the  games  and  spectacles 
of  the  Greeks,  &c,  which  are  all  now  lost. 
The  only  one  of  his  compositions  extant  is 
the  lives  of  the  twelve  first  Cresars,  and 
some  fragments  of  his  catalogue  of  cele- 
brated grammarians. 

Suetri,  a  people  of  Gaul  near  the  Alps. 

Sue  vi,  a  people  of  Germany,  between 
the  Elbe  and  the  Vistula,  who  made  fre- 
quent excursions  upon  the  territories  of 
Rome  under  the  emperors. 

Suevius,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of  Eu- 
nius. 

Sufetala,  an  inland  town  of  Maurita- 
nia. 

Suffenus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of 
Catullus.  He  was  but  of  moderate  abili- 
ties, but  puffed  up  with  a  high  idea  of  his 
own  excellence,  and  therefore  deservedly 
exposed  to  the  ridicule  of  his  contempo- 
raries. 

SuFFETius,or  Sufetius.     Vid.  Metius. 

Suidas,  a  Greek  writer  who  flourished 
A.  D.  1100. 

Pub.  Suilius,  an  informer  in  the  court 
of  Claudius,  banished  under  Nero,  by 
means  of  Seneca,  and  sent  to  the  Balea- 

res. Cajsorinus,  a  guilty  favorite  of 

Messalina. 

Suiones,  a  nation  of  Germany,  suppos- 
ed the  modern  Swedes. 

Sulchi,  a  town  at  the  south  of  Sar- 
dinia. 

Sulcius,  an  informer  whom  Horace  de- 
scribes as  hoarse  with  the  number  of  de- 
famations he  daily  gave. 

Sulga,  now  Sorgue,  a  small  river  of 
Gaul,  falling  into  the  Rhone. 

Sulla.     Vid.  Sylla. 

Sulmo,  now  Sulmona,  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Peligni,  at  the  distance  of  about 

ninety  miles  from  Rome. A  Latin  chief 

killed  in  the  night  by  Nisus,  as  he  was  go- 
ing with  his  companions  to  destroy  Eurya- 
lus. 

Sulpitia,  a  daughter  of  Paterculus,  who 
married  Fulvius  Flaccus.  She  was  so  fa- 
mous for  her  chastity,  that  she  consecrated 
a  temple  to  Venus  Verticordia,  a  goddess 
who  was  implored  to  turn  the  hearts  of 
the  Roman  women  to  virtue. A  po- 
etess in  the  age  of  Domitian,  against  whom 


su 


378 


SU 


she  wrote  a  poem,  because  he  had  banish- 
ed the  philosophers  from  Rome. A 

daughter  of  Serv.  Sulpitius. 

Sulpitta  lex,  militaris,  by  C.  Sulpicius 
the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  665,  invested  Marius 
with  the  full  power  of  the  war  against 
Mithridates,  of  which  Sylla  was  to  be  de- 
prived.  Another,  de  senatu,  by  Servius 

Sulpicius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  665.  It 
required  that  no  senator  should  owe  more 

than  two  thousand  drachmas. Another, 

de  civitate,  by  P.  Sulpicius  the  tribune,  A. 
U.  C.  665.  It  ordered  that  the  new  citi- 
zens who  composed  the  eight  tribes  lately 
created,  should  be  divided  among  the 
thirty-five  old  tribes,  as  a  greater  honor. 

Another,  called  also  Sempronia  de 

religione,  by  P.  Sulpiciu3  Saverrio  and  P. 
Sempronius  Sophus,  consuls,  A.  U.  C. 
449.  It  forbade  any  person  to  consecrate 
a  temple  or  altar  without  the  permission 
of  the  senate  and  the  majority  of  the  tri- 
bunes.  Another  to  empower  the  Ro- 
mans to  make  war  against  Philip  of  Mace- 
donia. 

Sulpitius,  or  Sulpicius,  an  illustrious 
family  at  Rome,  of  whom  the  most  cele- 
brated are Peticus,  a  man  chosen  dic- 
tator against  the  Gauls.  His  troops  muti- 
nied when  first  he  took  the  field,  but  soon 
after  he  engaged  the  enemy  and  totally 

defeated  them. Severrio,  a  consul  who 

gained  a  victory  over  the  iEqui. C.  Pa- 

terculus,  a  consul  sent  against  the  Cartha- 
ginians.  Spurius,  one  of  the  three  com- 
missioners whom  the  Romans  sent  to  col- 
lect the  best  laws  which  could  be  found 
in  the  different  cities  and  republics  of 

Greece. One  of  the  first  consuls  who 

received  intelligence  that  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  in  Rome  to  restore  the  Tarquins  to 

power. A  priest  who  died  of  the  plague 

in  the  first  ages  of  the  republic  at  Rome. 
P.  Galba,  a  Roman  consul  who  signal- 
ized himself  greatly  during  the  war  which 
his  countrymen  waged  against  the  Achae- 

ans  and  the  Macedonians. Severus,  a 

writer.     Vid.  Severus. Publius,  one  of 

the  associates  of  Marius,  well  known  for 
his  intrigues  and  cruelty.  He  became  at 
last  so  seditious,  that  he  was  proscribed 
by  Sylla's    adherents,  and    immediately 

murdered. A  Roman  consul  who  fought 

against  Pyrrhus  and  defeated  him. C. 

Longus,  a  Roman  consul,  who  defeated  the 
Samnites  and   killed  thirty  thousand  of 

their  men. Rufus,  a  lieutenant  of  Ctesar 

in  Gaul. One  of  Messalina's  favorites, 

put  to  death  by  Claudius. P.  duirinus, 

a  consul  in  the  age  of  Augustus. Ca- 

tnerinus,  a  proconsul    of   Africa,   under 

Nero,  accused  of  cruelty. Gallus,  a 

celebrated  astrologer  in  the  age  of  Paulus. 
He  accompanied  the  consul  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  Perseus,  and  told  the  Roman 
army  that  the  night  before  the  dav  on 
which  they  were  to  give  the  enemv  battle, 


there  would  be  an  eclipse  of  the  moon. 
This  explanation  encouraged  the  soldiers, 
which  on  the  contrary  would  have  intimi- 
dated them,  if  not  previously  acquainted 

with  the  causes  of  it. Apollinaris,  a 

grammarian  in  the  age  of  the  emperor  M. 
Aurelius. 

Summanus,  a  surname  of  Pluto,  as  prince 
of  the  dead,  summus  manium. 

Sunici,  a  people  of  Germany  on  the 
shores  of  the  Rhine. 

Sunides,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army  of 
Eumenes. 

Sunium,  a  promontory  of  Attica  about 
forty-five  miles  distant  from  the  Piraeus. 

Suovetaurilia,  a  sacrifice  among  the 
Romans,  which  consisted  of  the  immola- 
tion of  a  sow,  a  sheep,  and  a  bull. 

Supekum  mare,  a  name  of  the  Adriatic 
sea,  because  it  was  situate  above  Italy. 
The  name  of  Mare,  Inferum  was  applied 
for  the  opposite  reasons  to  the  sea  below 
Italy. 

Sura,  ^Emylius,  a  Latin  wiiter. L. 

Licinius,  a  favorite  of  Trajan,   honored 

with  the  consulship. A  writer  in  the 

age  of  the  emperor  Gallienus. A  city 

on  the  Euphrates. Another  in  Iberia. 

A  river  of  Germany,  whose  waters 

fall  into  the  Moselle. 

SuRENA,a  powerful  officer  in  the  armies 
of  Orodes  king  of  Parthia.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  conduct  the  war  against  the 
Romans,  and  to  protect  the  kingdom  of 
Parthia  against  Crassus,  who  wished  to 
conquer  it.  He  defeated  the  Reman  tri- 
umvir, and  after  he  had  drawn  him  perfi- 
diously to  a  conference,  he  ordered  his 
head  to  be  cut  off.  He  afterwards  return- 
ed to  Parthia,  mimicking  the  triumphs  of 
the  Romans.  Orodes  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death,  B.  C.  52. 

Surium,  a  town  at  the  south  of  Colchis. 

Surrentum,  a  town  of  Campania,  on 
the  bay  of  Naples,  famous  for  the  wine 
which  was  made  in  the  neighborhood. 

Surus,  one  of  the  iEdui,  who  made  war 
against  Cassar. 

Susa,  now  Suster,  a  celebrated  city  of 
Asia,  the  chief  town  of  Susiana,  and  the 
capital  of  the  Persian  empire,  built  by  Ti- 
thonus  the  father  of  Memnon.  The  trea- 
sures of  the  kings  of  Persia  were  generally 
kept  there,  and  the  royal  palace  was  built 
with  white  marble,  and  its  pillars  were 
covered  with  gold  and  precious  stones.  It 
had  been  called  Memnonia,  or  the  palace 
of  Memnon,  because  that  prince  reigned 
there. 

Susana,  a  town  of  Hispania  Tarracon- 
ensis. 

Susarion,  a  Greek  poet  of  Megara,  who 
is  supposed  with  Dolon  to  be  the  inventor 
of  comedy,  and  to  have  first  introduced  it 
at  Athens  on  a  moveable  stage,  B.  C.  562. 

Susiana,  or  Susis,  a  country  of  Asia,  of 
which  the  capital  was  called  Susa,  situate 


SY 


sn 


SY 


at  the  east  of  Assyria.  Lilies  grow  in 
great  abundauce  in  Susiana. 

Susidje  FTLiE,  narrow  passes  over  moun- 
tains, from  Susiana  into  Persia. 

Suthul,  a  town  of  Numidia,  where  the 
king's  treasures  were  kept. 

Sutrium,  a  town  of  Etruria,  about 
twenty-four  miles  north-west  of  Rome. 

Syagrus,  an  ancient  poet,  the  first  who 
wrote  on  the  Trojan  war. 

Sybaris,  a  river  of  Lucania  in  Italy, 
whose  waters  were  said  to  render  men 

more  strong  and  robust. There  was  a 

town  of  the  same  name  on  its  banks,  on 
the  bay  of  Tarentum,  which  had  been 
founded  by  a  colony  of  Achaeans.  Sybaris 
became  very  powerful,  and  in  its  most 
flourishing  situation  it  had  the  command  of 
four  neighboring  nations,  of  twenty-five 
towns,  and  could  send  an  army  of  three 
hundred  thousand  men  into  the  field.  Sy- 
baris was  destroyed  no  less  than  five 
times,  and  always  repaired.  In  a  more 
recent  age  the  inhabitants  became  so  effe- 
minate, that  the  word  Sybarite  became  pro- 
verbial to  intimate  a  man  devoted  to  plea- 
sure.  A  friend  of  zEneas  killed  byTur- 

Uus. A  youth  enamored  of  Lydia. 

Sybarita,  an  inhabitant  of  Sybaris. 
Vid.  Sybaris.) 

Sybota,  a  harbor  of  Epirus. 

Sybotas,  a  king  of  the  Messenians  in 
the  age  of  Lycurgus,  the  Spartan  legisla- 
tor. 

Sycinnus,  a  slave  of  Themistocles,  sent 
by  his  master  to  engage  Xerxes  to  fight 
against  the  fleet  of  the  Peloponnesians. 

Sycurium,  a  town  of  Thessaly  at  the 
foot  of  Ossa. 

Syedra,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Syene,  now  Assuan,  a  town  of  Thebais, 
on  the  extremities  of  Egypt.  It  was  fa- 
mous for  its  quarries  of  marble. 

Synesius,  a  Cilician  who,  with  Labine- 
tus  of  Babylon,  concluded  a  peace  be- 
tween Alyattes,  king  of  Lydia,  and  Cy- 
axares,  king  of  Media,  while  both  armies 
were  terrified  by  a  sudden  eclipse  of  the 
sun,  B.  C.  585. 

Syennesis,  a  satrap  of  Cilicia,  when 
Cyrus  made  war  against  his  brother  Ar- 
taxerxes. 

Sylea,  a  daughter  of  Corinthus 

Syleum,  a  town  of  Pamphylia. 

Syleus,  a  king  of  Aulis." 

Sylla,  (L.  Cornelius,)  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man of  a  noble  family.  The  poverty  of 
his  early  years  was  relieved  by  the  lib- 
erality of  Nicopolis,  who  left  him  heir  to  a 
large  fortune  ;  and  with  the  addition  of 
the  immense  wealth  of  his  mother-in-law, 
he  soon  appeared  one  of  the  most  opulent 
of  the  Romans.  He  first  entered  the  ar- 
my under  the  great  Marius,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  Numidia,  in  the  capacity  of 
questor.  The  rising  fame  of  Sylla  gave 
wmbrage  to  Marius,  who  was  always  jea- 


lous of  an  equal,  as  well  as  of  a  superior ; 
but  the  ill  language  which  he  might  use, 
rather  inflamed  than  extinguished  the  am- 
bition of  Sylla.  He  left  the  conqueror  of 
Jugurtha,and  carried  arms  under  Catullus. 
Sometime  after  he  obtained  the  praetorship, 
and  was  appointed  by  the  Roman  senate 
to  place  Ariobarzanes  on  the  throne  of 
Cappadocia,  against  the  views  and  interest 
of  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus.  This  he 
easily  effected,  one  battle  left  him  victori- 
ous ;  and  before  he  quitted  the  plains  of 
Asia,  the  Roman  praetor  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  receive  in  his  camp  the  ambassa- 
dors of  the  king  of  Parthia,  who  wished 
to  make  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  Ro- 
mans. At  his  return  to  Rome,  he  was 
commissioned  to  finish  the  war  with  the 
Marsi,  and  when  this  was  successfully 
ended,  he  was  rewarded  with  the  consul- 
ship, in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  age.  In 
this  capacity  he  wished  to  have  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Mithridatic  war ;  but 
he  found  an  obstinate  adversary  in  Mari- 
us, and  he  attained  the  summit  of  his 
wishes  only  when  he  had  entered  Rome 
sword  in  hand.  After  he  had  slaughtered 
all  his  enemies,  set  a  price  upon  the  head 
of  Marius,  and  put  to  death  the  tribune 
Sulpitius,  who  had  continually  opposed 
his  views,  he  marched  towards  Asia,  and 
disregarded  the  flames  of  discord  which 
he  left  behind  him  unextinguished.  Mi- 
thridates was  already  master  of  the  great- 
est part  of  Greece ;  and  Sylla,  when  he 
reached  the  coast  of  Peloponnesus,  was 
delayed  by  the  siege  of  Athens,  and  of  the 
Piraeus.  His  boldness  succeeded,  the  Pir- 
ams  surrendered  ;  and  the  conqueror,  as 
if  struck  with  reverence  at  the  beautiful 
porticoes  where  the  philosophic  followers 
of  Socrates  and  Plato  had  often  disputed, 
spared  the  city  of  Athens,  which  he  had 
devoted  to  destruction,  and  forgave  the 
living  for  the  sake  of  the  dead.  Two  ce- 
lebrated battles  at  Cheronasa  and  Orcho- 
menos,  rendered  him  master  of  Greece. 
He  crossed  the  Hellespont,  and  attack- 
ed Mithridates  in  the  very  heart  of  his 
kingdom.  The  artful  monarch,  who  well 
knew  the  valor  and  perseverance  of  his 
adversary,  made  proposals  of  peace  ;  and 
Sylla,  whose  interest  at  home  was  then 
decreasing,  did  not  hesitate  to  put  an  end 
to  a  war  which  had  rendered  bim  master 
of  so  much  territory,  and  which  enabled 
him  to  return  to  Rome  like  a  conqueror, 
and  to  dispute  with  his  rival  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  republic  with  a  victorious  ar- 
my. Muraena  was  left  at  the  head  of  the 
Roman  forces  in  Asia,  and  Sylla  hastened 
to  Italy.  In  the  plains  of  Campania  he 
was  met  by  a  few  of  his  adherents,  whom 
the  success  of  his  rivals  had  banished 
from  the  capital,  and  he  was  soon  inform- 
ed, that  if  he  wished  to  contend  with  Ma- 
rius, he  must  encounter  fifteen  generals, 


S¥ 


380 


SY 


followed  by  twenty-five  well  disciplined 
legions.  In  these  critical  circumstances 
he  had  recourse  to  artifice,  and  while  he 
proposed  terms  of  accommodation  to  his 
adversaries,  he  secretly  strengthened  him- 
self, and  saw,  with  pleasure,  his  armies 
daily  increase  by  the  revolt  of  soldiers 
whom  his  bribes  or  promises  had  corrupt- 
ed. Pompey,who  afterwards  merited  the 
surname  of  Great,  embraced  his  cause, 
and  inarched  to  his  camp  with  three  le- 
gions. Soon  after  he  appeared  in  the  field 
with  advantage ;  the  confidence  of  Mari- 
us  decayed  with  his  power,  and  Sylla  en- 
tered Rome  like  a  tyrant  and  a  conqueror. 
The  streets  were  daily  filled  with  dead 
bodies,  and  seven  thousand  citizens,  to 
whom  the  conqueror  had  promised  pardon, 
were  suddenly  massacred  in  the  circus. 
Each  succeeding  day  exhibited  a  greater 
number  of  slaughtered  bodies,  and  when 
one  of  the  senators  had  the  boldness  to 
ask  the  tyrant  when  he  meant  to  stop  his 
cruelties,  Sylla,  with  an  air  of  unconcern, 
answered,  that  he  had  not  yet  determined, 
but  that  he  would  take  it  into  his  consid- 
eration. The  slaughter  was  continued,  a 
list  of  such  as  were  proscribed  was  daily 
stuck  in  the  public  streets.  No  less  than 
four  thousand  seven  hundred  of  the  most 
powerful  and  opulent  were  slain,  and  Syl- 
la wished  the  Romans  to  forget  his  cruel- 
ties in  aspiring  to  the  title  of  perpetual  dic- 
tator. In  this  capacity  he  made  new  laws, 
abrogated  such  as  were  inimical  to  his 
views  and  changed  every  regulation  where 
his  ambition  was  obstructed.  After  he  had 
finished  whatever  the  most  absolute  sove- 
reign may  do,  from  his  own  will  and  au- 
thority, Sylla  abdicated  the  dictatorial  pow  - 
er,  and  retired  to  a  solitary  retreat  at  Pu- 
teoli,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  days. 
The  companions  of  his  retirement  were 
the  most  base  and  licentious  of  the  popu- 
lace, and  Sylla  took  pleasure  still  to  wal- 
low in  voluptuousness,  though  on  the 
verge  of  life,  and  covered  with  infirmi- 
ties. His  intemperance  hastened  his  end, 
his  blood  was  corrupted,  and  an  impos- 
thume  was  bred  in  his  bowels.  He  at  last 
died  in  the  greatest  torments  about  seven- 
ty-eight years  before  Christ,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  age. A  nephew  of  the  dic- 
tator, who  conspired  against  his  country, 
because  he  had  been  deprived  of  his  con- 
sulship for  bribery. Another  relation 

who  also  joined  in  the  same  conspiracy. 
A  man  put  to  death  by  Nero  at  Mar- 
seilles, where  he  had  been  banished. 

A  friend  of  Cato,  defeated  and  killed  by 

one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants. A  senator 

banished  from  the  senate  for  his  prodigali- 
ty by  Tiberius. 

Syllis,  a  nymph,  mother  of  Zeuxippus 
by  Apollo. 

Syloes,  a  promontory  of  Africa. 

Syloson,  a  man  who  gave  a  splendid 


garment  to  Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes,  when 
a  private  man. 

Sylvanus,  a  god  of  the  woods.  (  Vid. 
Silvanus.) 

Sylvia,  or  Ilia,  the  mother  of  Romulus. 

( Vid.  Rhea.l A  daughter  of  Tyrrhenus, 

whose  favorite  stag  was  wounded  by  As- 
canius. 

Sylvius,  a  son  of  JEnea.s  by  Lavinia; 
from  whom  afterwards  all  the  kings  of 
Alba  were  called  Sylvii. 

Syma,  or  Syme,  a  town  of  Asia. A 

nymph,  mother  of  Chthonius  by  Neptune. 

Symbolum,  a  place  of  Macedonia,  near 
Philippi  on  the  confines  of  Thrace. 

Symmachus,  an  officer  in  the  army  of 

Agesilaus. A  celebrated  orator  in  the 

age  of  Theodosius  the  Great.     His  father 

w-as  prefect  of  Rome. A  writer  in  the 

second  century.  He  translated  the  bible 
into  Greek,  of  which  few  fragments  re- 
main. 

Symplegades,  or  Cyan.*:,  two  islands 
or  rocks  at  the  entrance  of  the  Euxine 
sea. 

Symus,  a  mountain  of  Armenia,  from 
which  the  Araxes  flows. 

Syncellus,  one  of  the  Byzantine  histo- 
rians. 

Syisesius,  a  bishop  of  Cyrene  in  the  age 
of  Theodosius  the  younger,  as  conspicuous 
for  his  learning  as  his  piety.  He  wrote 
one  hundred  and  fifty- five  epistles  besides 
other  treatises  in  Greek,  in  a  style  pure  and 
elegant,  and  bordering  much  upon  the 
poetic. 

Synnas,  or  Synnada,  a  town  of  Phry- 
gia,  famous  for  its  marble  quarries. 

Synnalaxis,  a  nymph  of  Ionia,  who 
had  a  temple  at  Heraclea,  in  Elis. 

Symvis,  a  famous  robber  of  Attica. 
(Vid.  Scinis.) 

Synope,  a  town  on  the  borders  of  the 
Euxine.     (Vid.  Sinope.) 

Syphjeum,  a  town  of  the  Brutii  in  Italy. 

Syphax,  a  king  of  the  Masaesyllii  in  Li- 
bya, who  married  Sophonisba,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Asdrubal,  and  forsook  the  alliance 
of  the  Romans  to  join  himself  to  the  inter- 
est of  his  father-in-law,  and  of  Carthagp. 
He  was  conquered  in  a  battle  by  Masinis- 
sa,  the  ally  of  Rome,  and  given  to  Scipio 
the  Roman  general.  The  conqueror  car- 
ried him  to  Rome,  where  he  adorned  his 
triumph.  Syphax  died  in  prison  two  hun- 
dred and  one  years  before  Christ,  and  his 
possessions  were  given  to  Masinissa. 

Syraces,  one  of  the  Saca?,  who  muti- 
lated himself,  and  by  pretending  to  be  a 
deserter,  brought  Darius,  who  made  war 
against  his  country,  into  many  difficulties. 

Syracosia,  festivals  at  Syracuse,  cele- 
brated during  ten  days,  in  which  women 
were  busily  employed  in  offering  sacrifices. 

—Another,  yearly  observed  near  the 

lake  of  Syracuse,  where  as  they  supposed, 
Pluto  had  disappeared  with  Proserpine. 


SY 


381 


SY 


Syracusje,  a  celebrated  city  of  Sicily, 
founded  about  732  years  before  the  Christ- 
ian era,  by  Archias,  a  Corinthian,  and 
one  of  the  Heraclidre.  In  its  flourishing 
state  it  extended  twenty-two  and  a  half 
English  miles  in  circumference,  and  was 
divided  into  four  districts,  Ortygia,  Acra- 
dina,  Tycha,  and  Neapolis,  to  which  some 
add  a  fifth  division,  Epipolae,  a  district  lit- 
tle inhabited.  These  were  of  themselves 
separate  cities,  and  were  fortified  with 
three  citadels,  and  three-folded  walls. 
Syracuse  had  two  capacious  harbors  sep- 
arated from  one  another  by  the  island  of 
Ortygia.  The  greatest  harbor  was  above 
five  thousand  paces  in  circumference,  and 
its  entrance  five  hundred  paces  wide.  The 
people  of  Syracuse  were  very  opulent  and 
powerful,  and  though  subject  to  tyrants, 
they  were  masters  of  vast  possessions  and 
dependent  states.  The  city  of  Syracuse 
was  well  built,  its  houses  were  stately 
and  magnificent ;  and  it  has  been  said, 
that  it  produced  the  best  and  most  excel- 
lent of  men  when  they  were  virtuous,  but 
the  most  wicked  and  depraved  when  ad- 
dicted to  vicious  pursuits. 

Syria,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  whose 
boundaries  are  not  accurately  ascertained 
by  the  ancients.  Syria,  generally  speak- 
ing, was  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Eu- 
phrates, north  by  mount  Taurus,  west  by 
the  Mediterranean,  and  south  by  Arabia. 
It  was  divided  into  several  districts  and 
provinces,  among  which  were  Phoenicia, 
Seleucis,  Judaea  or  Palestine,  Mesopota- 
mia, Babylon,  and  Assyria. 

Syriacum  mare,  that  part  of  the  Me- 
diterranean sea  which  is  on  the  coast  of 
Phoenicia  and  Syria. 


Syrinx,  a  nymph  of  Arcadia,  daughter 
of  the  river  Ladon,  at  her  own  request 
changed  by  the  gods  into  a  reed  called  Sy- 
rinx by  the  Greeks. 

Syrophcenix,  a  name  of  an  inhabitant 
of  the  maritime  coast  of  Syria. 

Syros,  one  of  the  Cyclades  in  the  iEge- 
an  sea,  at  the  east  of  Delos,  about  twenty 
miles  in  circumference,  very  fruitful  in 
wine  and  corn  of  all  sorts.  The  inhabit- 
ants lived  to  a  great  old  age,  because  the 
air  was  wholesome. A  town  of  Syria. 

Syrtes,  two  large  sand  banks  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  one 
of  which  was  near  Leptis,  and  the  other 
near  Carthage.  As  they  often  changed 
places,  and  were  sometimes  very  high  or 
very  low  under  the  water,  they  were 
deemed  most  dangerous  in  navigation, 
and  proved  fatal  to  whatever  ships  touch- 
ed upon  them.  From  this  circumstance, 
therefore,  the  word  has  been  used  to  de- 
note any  part  of  the  sea  of  which  the  na- 
vigation was  attended  with  danger  either 
from  whirlpools  or  hidden  rocks. 

SYRus,an  island.  (Vid.  Syros.) A 

son  of  Apollo,  by  Sinope,  the  daughter  of 
the  Asopns,  who  gave  his  name  to  Syria. 
A  writer.  ( Vid.  Publius.) 

Sysigambis,  the  mother  of  Darius.  {Vid. 
Sisygambis.) 

Sysimetbres,  a  Persian  satrap.  He 
opposed  Alexander  with  two  thousand 
men,  but  soon  surrendered.  He  was 
greatly  honored  by  the  conqueror. 

Sysinas,  the  elder  son  of  Datames,  who 
revolted  from  his  father  to  Artaxerxes. 

Sythas,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus,  flow- 
ing through  Sicyonia  into  the  bay  of  Co- 
rinth 


TA 


TA 


TAAUTES,  a  Phoenician  deity,  the 
same  as  the  Saturn  of  the  Latins,  and 
probably  theThoth  or  Thaut,  the  Mercury 
of  the  Egyptians. 

TABiE,  a  town  of  Pisidia. 

Tabellari.e  leges,  laws  made  by  suf- 
frages delivered  upon  tables  (tabellce)  and 
not  viva  voce. 

Tabernje    xovm,    a    street    in    Rome 

where  shops  were  built. Rhenanfe,  a 

town  of  Germany  on  the  confluence  of  the 
Felbach  and  the  Rhine,  now  Rhin-Zabern. 
Riguse,  now  Bem-Castel,  on  the  Mo- 
selle.  Triboccorum,  a  town  of  Alsace 

in  France,  now  Saverne. 

Tabor,  a  mountain  of  Palestine. 

Tabraca,  a  maritime  town  of  Africa, 
near  Hippo,  made  a  Roman  colony.     The 


neighboring  forests  abounded  with  mon- 
keys. 

Tabuda,  a  river  of  Germany,  now  the 
Scheldt. 

Taburnus,  a  mountain  of  Campania, 
which  abounded  with  olives. 

Tacape,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Tacatua,  a  maritime  town  of  Numi- 
dia. 

Tacfarinas,  a  Numidian  who  com- 
manded an  army  against  the  Romans  in 
the  reign  of  Tiberius.  After  he  had  seve- 
rally defeated  the  officers  of  Tiberius, 
he  was  at  last  routed  and  killed  in  the 
field  of  battle,  fighting  with  uncommon 
fury,  by  Dolabella. 

Tachampso,  an  island  in  the  Nile,  near 
Thebais.    The  Egyptians  held  one  half  of 


TA 


382 


TA 


this  island,  and  the  rest  was  in  the  hands 
of  the  ^Ethiopians. 

Tachos,  or  Tachus,  a  king  of  Egypt, 
in  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes  Ochus,  against 
whom  he  sustained  a  long  war.  He  was 
assisted  by  the  Greeks,  but  his  confidence 
in  Agesilaus  king  of  Lacedsemon,  proved 
fatal  to  him. 

Tacina,  a  river  of  the  Brutii. 

Tacit 4,  a  goddess  who  presided  over 
silence.  Numa,  as  some  say,  paid  partic- 
ular veneration  to  this  divinity. 

Tacitus,  (C.  Cornelius,)  a  celebrated 
Latin  historian,  born  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
His  father  was  a  Roman  knight,  who  had 
been  appointed  governor  of  Belgic  Gaul. 
The  native  genius,  and  the  rising  talents 
of  Tacitus,  were  beheld  with  rapture  by 
the  emperor  Vespasian,  and  as  he  wished 
to  protect  and  patronise  merit,  he  raised 
the  young  historian  to  places  of  trust  and 
honor.  The  succeeding  emperors  were 
not  less  partial  to  Tacitus,  and  Domitian 
seemed  to  forget  his  cruelties,  when  vir- 
tue and  innocence  claimed  his  patronage. 
Tacitus  was  honored  with  the  consulship, 
and  he  gave  proofs  of  his  eloquence  at  the 
bar,  by  supporting  the  cause  of  the  injured 
Africans  against  the  proconsul  Marius 
Priscus,  and  in  causing  him  to  be  con- 
demned for  his  avarice  and  extortion. 
The  friendly  intercourse  of  Pliny  and  Ta- 
citus has  often  been  admired,  and  many 
have  observed  that  the  familiarity  of  these 
two  great  men  arose  from  similar  princi- 
ples, and  a  perfect  conformity  of  manners 
and  opinions.  Yet  Tacitus  was  as  much  the 
friend  of  a  republican  government,  as  Pliny 
was  an  admirer  of  the  imperial  power,  and 
of  the  short-lived  virtues  of  his  patron  Tra- 
jan. Pliny  gained  the  heart  of  his  ad- 
herents by  affability,  and  all  the  elegant 
graces  which  became  the  courtier  and  the 
favorite,  while  Tacitus  conciliated  the  es- 
teem of  the  world  by  his  virtuous  conduct, 
which  prudence  and  love  of  honor  ever 
guided.  The  time  of  Tacitus  was  not  em- 
ployed in  trivial  pursuits,  the  orator  might 
have  been  now  forgotten  if  the  historian 
had  not  flourished.  Tacitus  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  manners  of  the  Germans,  a 
composition  admired  for  the  fidelity  and 
exactness  with  which  it  is  executed, 
though  some  have  declared  that  the  his- 
torian delineated  manners  and  customs 
with  which  he  was  not  acquainted,  and 
which  never  existed.  His  life  of  Cn.  Ju- 
lius Agricola,  whose  daughter  he  had  mar- 
ried, is  celebrated  for  its  purity,  elegance, 
and  the  many  excellent  instructions  and 
important  truths  which  it  relates.  His 
history  of  the  Roman  emperors  is  imper- 
fect ;  of  the  twenty-eight  years  of  which 
it  treated,  that  is  from  the  sixty  ninth  to 
the  ninety-sixth  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
nothing  remains  but  the  year  sixty-nine 
and  part  of  the  seventieth.     His  annals 


were  the  most  extensive  and  complete  of 
his  works.  The  style  of  Tacitus  has  al- 
ways been  admired  for  peculiar  beauties  ; 
the  thoughts  are  great,  there  is  sublimity, 
force,  weight  and  energy,  every  thing  is 
treated  with  precision  and  dignity,  yet 
many  have  called  him  obscure,  because 
he  was  fond  of  expressing  his  ideas  in 
few  words.    His  Latin  is  remarkable  for 

being  pure  and  classical. M.  Claudius, 

a  Roman,  chosen  emperor  by  the  senate, 
after  the  death  of  Aurelian.  He  would 
have  refused  this  important  and  dangerous 
office,  but  the  pressing  solicitations  of  the 
senate  prevailed,  and  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  age,  he  complied  with  the  wish- 
es of  his  countymen,  and  accepted  the 
purple.  The  time  of  his  administration 
was  very  popular,  the  good  of  the  people 
was  his  care,  and  as  a  pattern  of  moder- 
ation, economy,  temperance,  regularity, 
and  impartiality,  Tacitus  found  no  equal. 
As  a  warrior,  Tacitus  is  inferior  to  few 
of  the  Romans,  and  during  a  short  reign 
of  about  six  months,  he  not  only  repelled 
the  barbarians  who  had  invaded  the  terri- 
tories of  Rome  in  Asia,  but  he  prepared 
to  make  war  against  the  Persians  and  Scy- 
thians. He  died  in  Cilicia  as  he  was  on 
his  expedition,  of  a  violent  distemper,  or, 
according  to  some,  he  was  destroyed  by 
the  secret  dagger  of  an  assassin,  on  the 
thirteenth  of  April,  in  the  two  hundred 
and  seventy-sixth  year  of  the  Christian 
era.  Tacitus  has  been  commended  for 
his  love  of  learning,  and  it  has  been  ob- 
served, that  he  never  passed  a  day  with- 
out consecrating  some  part  of  his  time  to 
reading  or  writing. 

Tader,  a  river  of  Spain,  near  New  Car- 
thage. 

TiEDiA,  a  courtezan  at  Rome. 

T^narus,  now  Matapan,  a  promontory 
of  Laconia,  the  most  southern  point  of 
Europe,  where  Neptune  had  a  temple. 
There  was  there  a  large  and  deep  cavern, 
whence  issued  a  black  and  unwholesome 
vapor,  from  which  circumstance  the  poets 
have  imagined  that  it  was  one  of  the  en- 
trances of  hell,  through  which  Hercules 
dragged  Cerberus  from  the  infernal  re- 
gions. 

Tjenias,  a  part  of  the  lake  Moeotis. 

Tagaste,  a  town  of  Numidia. 

Tages,  a  son  of  Genius,  grandson  of 
Jupiter,  was  the  first  who  taught  the 
twelve  nations  of  the  Etrurians  the  science 
of  augury  and  divination. 

Tagonius,  a  river  of  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis. 

Tagus,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  after  it  has  crossed  Lusitania 
or  Portugal,  and  now  bears  the  name  of 
Tajo.  The  sands  of  the  Tagus,  accord- 
ing to  the  poets,  were  covered  with  gold. 

A  Latian  chief,  killed  by  Nisus. 

A  Trojan  killed  by  Turnus. 


TA 


383 


TA 


Talasius.    ( Vid.  Thalasius.) 

Talaus,  a  son  of  Bias  and  Pero,  father 
of  Adrastus  by  Lysimache.  He  was  one 
of  the  Argonauts. 

Talayra,  the  sister  of  Phoebe.  She  is 
also  called  Hilaira. 

Taletum,  a  temple  sacred  to  the  sun 
on  mount  Taygetus  in  Laconia.  Horses 
were  generally  offered  there  for  sacrifice. 

Talthybius,  a  herald  in  the  Grecian 
camp  during  the  Trojan  war,  the  particu- 
lar minister  and  friend  of  Agamemnon. 

Talus,  a  youth,  son  of  the  sister  of  Dae- 
dalus, who  invented  the  saw,  compasses, 
and  other  mechanical  instruments.  His 
uncle  became  jealous  of  his  growing  fame, 

and  murdered  him  privately. A  son  of 

CEnopion. A  son  of  Cres,  the  founder 

of  the  Cretan   nation. A  friend  of 

J3neas  killed  by  Turnus. 

Tamaris,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Tamarus,  a  mountain  of  Epirus,  called 
also  Tmarus  and  Tumarus. 

Tamasea,  a  beautiful  plain  of  Cyprus, 
sacred  to  the  goddess  of  beauty. 

Tamesis,  a  river  of  Britain,  now  the 
Thames. 

Tamos,  a  native  of  Memphis,  made  gov- 
ernor of  Ionia,  by  young  Cyrus.  After  the 
death  of  Cyrus,  Tamos  fled  into  Egypt, 
where  he   was   murdered  on  account  of 

his  immense  treasures. A  promontory 

of  India  near  the  Ganges. 

Tampius,  a  Roman  historian. 

Tamyras,  a  river  of  Phoenicia,  between 
Tyre  and  Sidon. 

Tamyris,  a  queen.   ( Vid.  Thomyris.) 

Tanagra,  a  town  of  Bceotia,  near  the 
Euripus,  between  the  Asopus  and  Ther- 
modon,  famous  for  fighting  cocks. 

Tanagrus,  or  Tanager,  now  Negro,  a 
river  of  Lucania  in  Italy,  remarkable  for 
its  cascades,  and  the  beautiful  meanders 
of  its  streams,  through  a  fine  picturesque 
country. 

Tanais,  an  eunuch,  freedman  to  Mae- 
cenas.  A  river  of  Scythia,  now  the  Don. 

A  deity  among  the  Persians  and  Ar- 
menians, who  patronised  slaves  ;  suppos- 
ed to  be  the  same  as  Venus. 

Tanaq_uil,  called  also  Caia  Cmcilia,  was 
the  wife  of  Tarquin  the  fifth  king  of  Rome. 
She  was  a  native  of  Tarquinia,  where  she 
married  Lucumon,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Tarquin,  which  he  assumed  after 
he  had  come  to  Rome  at  the  representa- 
tion of  his  wife,  whose  knowledge  of  aug- 
ury promised  him  something  uncommon. 
Her  expectations  were  not  frustrated  ;  her 
husband  was  raised  to  the  throne,  and  she 
shared  with  him  the  honors  of  royalty. 
After  the  murder  of  Tarquin,  Tanaquil 
raised  her  son-in-law  Servius  Tullius  to 
the  throne,  and  ensured  him  the  succes- 
sion. She  distinguished  herself  by  her 
liberality. 

Tanas,  a  river  of  Numidia. 


Tanetum,  a  town  of  Italy,  now  Tonedo, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Modena. 

Tanfanje  lucus,  a  sacred  grove  in 
Germany,  in  the  country  of  the  Marsi,  be- 
tween the  Ems  and  Lippe. 

Tanis,  a  city  of  Egypt,  on  one  of  the 
eastern  mouths  of  the  Nile. 

Tantalides,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
the  descendants  of  Tantalus. 

Tantalus,  a  king  of  Lydia,  son  of  Ju- 
piter, by  a  nymph  called  Pluto.  He  was 
father  of  Niobe,  Pelops,  &c,  by  Dione, 
one  of  the  Atlantides,  called  by  some  Eu- 
ryanassa.  Tantalus  is  represented  by  the 
poets  as  punished  in  hell,  with  an  insatia- 
ble thirst,  and  placed  up  to  the  chin  in  the 
midst  of  a  pool  of  water,  which,  however, 
flows  away  as  soon  as  he  attempts  to 
taste  it.  There  hangs  also  above  his  head 
a  bough,  richly  loaded  with  delicious 
fruit ;  which,  as  soon  as  he  attempts  to 
seize,  is  carried  away  from  his  reach  by  a 
sudden  blast  of  wind.  The  causes  of  this 
eternal  punishment  are  variously  explain- 
ed.  A  son  of  Thyestes,  the  first  hus- 
band of  Clytemnestra. One  of  Niobe's 

children. 

Tanusius  Germinus,  a  Latin  historian 
intimate  with  Cicero. 

Taphle,  islands  in  the  Ionian  sea,  be- 
tween Achaia  and  Leucadia,  They  were 
also  called  Teleboides.  They  received 
these  names  from  Taphius  and  Telebous, 
the  sons  of  Neptune  who  reigned  there. 

Taphius,  a  son  of  Neptune  by  Hippo- 
thoe  the  daughter  of  Nestor.  He  was  king 
of  the  Taphite,  to  which  he  gave  his  name. 

Taphius,  or  Taphiassus,  a  mountain 
of  Locris  on  the  confines  of  ^Etolia. 

Taphiusa,  a  place  near  Leucas,  where 
a  stone  is  found  called  Taphiusius. 

Taphrje,  a  town  on  the  Isthmus  of  the 
Taurica  Chersonesus,  now  Precop. 

Taphros,  the  strait  between  Corsica 
and  Sardinia,  now  Bonifacio. 

Taprobane,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  now  called  Ceylon.  Its  inhabit- 
ants were  very  rich  and  lived  to  a  great 
age. 

Tapsus,  a  maritime  town  of  Africa. 

A  small  and  lowly  situated  peninsula  on 

the  eastern  coast  of  Sicily. A  man  of 

Cyzicus,  killed  by  Pollux. 

Tapyri,  a  people  near  Hyrcania. 

Taranis,  a  name  of  Jupiter  among  the 
Gauls,  to  whom  human  sacrifices  were 


Taras,  a  son  of  Neptune,  who  built  Ta- 
rentum  as  some  suppose. 

Tarasco,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Taras- 
con  in  Provence. 

Taraxippus,  a  deity  worshipped  at  Elis. 

Tarbelli,  a  people  of  Gaul,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees. 

Tarchetius,  an  impious  king  of  Alba. 

Tarchon,  an  Etrurian  chief,  who  as- 
sisted yEneas  against  the  Rutuli.     Some 


TA 


384 


TA 


suppose  that  he  founded  Mantua. A 

prince  of  Cilicia. 

Tarchondimotus,  a  prince  of  Cilicia. 

Tarentum,  Tarenttjs,  or  Taras,  a 
town  of  Calabria,  situate  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Galesus.  It  was  founded,  or  rather  re- 
paired, by  a  Lacedaemonian  colony,  about 
seven  hundred  and  seven  years  before 
Christ,  under  the  conduct  of  Phalanthus. 
The  large,  beautiful,  aud  capacious  har- 
bour of  Tarentum  is  greatly  commended 
by  ancient  historians,  Tarentum,  now 
called  Tarento,  is  inhabited  by  about 
eighteen  thousand  souls,  who  still  main- 
tain the  character  of  their  forefathers  in 
idleness  and  effeminacy,  and  live  chiefly 
by  fishing. 

Tarichjeum,  a  fortified  town  of  Judaea. 

Several  towns  on  the  coast  of  Egypt 

bore  this  name  from  their  pickling  fish. 

Tarnje,  a  town  mentioned  by  Homer. 
— A  fountain  of  Lydia,  near  Tmolus. — 
A  river  of  Aquitania, 

Tarpa,  (Spurius  Maetius,)  a  critic  at 
Rome  in  the  age  of  Augustus.  He  was 
appointed  with  four  others  in  the  temple 
of  Apollo,  to  examine  the  merit  of  every 
poetical  composition  which  was  to  be  de- 
posited in  the  temple  of  the  Muses. 

Tarpeia,  the  daughter  of  Tarpeius,  the 
governor  of  the  citadel  of  Rome,  promised 
to  open  the  gates  of  the  city  to  the  Sabines, 
provided  they  gave  her  their  gold  brace- 
lets, or,  as  she  expressed  it,  what  they 
carried  on  their  left  hands.  Tatius,  the 
king  of  the  Sabines,  consented,  and  as  he 
entered  the  gates,  to  punish  her  perfidy, 
he  threw  not  only  his  bracelet  but  his 
shield  upon  Tarpeia.  His  followers  imi- 
tated his  example,  and  Tarpeia  was  crush- 
ed under  the  weight  of  the  bracelets  and 

shields  of  the  Sabine  array. A  vestal 

virgin  in  the  reign  of  Numa. One  of 

the  warlike  female  attendants  of  Camilla 
in  the  Rutulian  war. 

Tarpeia  lex  was  enacted  A.  U.  C.  269, 
by  Sp.  Tarpeius,  to  empower  all  the  ma- 
gistrates of  the  republic  to  lay  fines  on  of- 
fenders. 

Sp.  Tarpeius,  the  governor  of  the  cit- 
adel of  Rome,  under  Romulus.  His  de- 
scendants were  called  Montani  and  Capi- 
tolini. 

Tarpeius  mons,  a  hill  at  Rome  about 
eighty  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  from 
whence  the  Romans  threw  down  their 
condemned  criminals.  It  received  its 
name  from  Tarpeia,  who  was  buried  there, 
and  is  the  same  as  the  Capitoline  hill. 

Tarquinii,  now  Turchina,  a  town  of 
Etruria,  built  by  Tarchon,  who  assisted 
^Eneas  against  Tuinus.  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus  was  born  or  educated  there,  and  he 
made  it  a  Roman  colony  when  he  ascend- 
ed the  throne. 

Tarquinia,  a  daughter  of  Tarquinius 


Priscus,  who  married  Servius  Tullius. 
When  her  husband  was  murdered  by 
Tarquinius  Superbus,  she  privately  con- 
veyed away  his  body  by  night,  and  buried 
it.     This  preyed  upon  her  mind,  and  the 

following  night  she  died. A  vestal 

virgin,  who,  as  some  suppose,  gave  the 
Roman  people  a  large  piece  of  land,  which 
was  afterwards  called  the  Campus  Mar- 
tius. 

Tarquinius  Priscus,  the  fifth  king  of 
Rome,  was  son  of  Demaratus,  a  native  of 
Greece.  He  called  himself  Lucius,  and 
assumed  the  surname  of  Tarquinius,  be- 
cause horn  in  the  town  of  Tarquinii  in 
Etruria.  At  Rome  he  distinguished  him- 
self so  much  by  Iris  liberality  and  enga- 
ging manners,  that  Ancus  Martius,  the 
reigning  monarch,  nominated  him  at  his 
death,  the  guardian  of  his  children.  This 
was  insufficient  to  gratify  the  ambition 
of  Tarquin  ;  the  princes  were  young,  and 
an  artful  oration  delivered  to  the  people 
immediately  transferred  the  crown  of  the 
deceased  monarch  to  the  head  of  Lucu- 
Bion.  The  people  had  every  reason  to  be 
satisfied  with  their  choice.  Tarquin 
reigned  with  moderation  and  popularity 
He  increased  the  number  of  the  senate, 
and  made  himself  friends  by  electing  one 
hundred  new  senators  from  the  plebeians, 
whom  he  distinguished  by  the  appellation 
of  Patres  minorum  gentium,  fronrthose  of 
the  patrician  body,  who  were  called  Pa- 
tres majorum  gentium.  Tarquin  was  the 
first  who  introduced  among  the  Romans 
the  custom  to  canvass  for  offices  of  trust 
and  honor ;  he  distinguished  the  monarch, 
the  senators,  and  other  inferior  magis- 
trates with  particular  robes  and  orna- 
ments, with  ivory  chairs  at  spectacles, 
and  the  hatchets  carried  before  the  public 
magistrates,  were  by  his  order  surround- 
ed with  bundles  of  sticks,  to  strike  more 
terror,  and  to  be  viewed  with  greater 
reverence.  Tarquin  was  assassinated  by 
the  two  sons  of  his  predecessor,  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age,  thirty-eight  of 
which  he  had  sat  on  the  throne,  five  hun- 
dred and  seventy-eight  years  before  Christ. 
The  second  Tarquin,  surnamed  Su- 
perbus, from  his  pride  and  insolence,  was 
grandson  of  Tarquinius  Priscus.  He  as- 
cended the  throne  of  Rome  after  his  fa- 
ther-in-law Servius  Tullius,  and  was  the 
seventh  and  last  king  of  Rome.  He  mar- 
ried Tullia,  the  daughter  of  Tullius,  and 
it  was  at  her  instigation  that  he  murdered 
his  father-in-law,  and  seized  the  kingdom. 
The  crown  which  he  had  obtained  with 
violence,  he  endeavored!  to  keep  by  a 
continuation  of  tyranny,.  Unlike  his-reyal 
predecessors,  he  paid  as  regard  to  the  de- 
cisions of  the  senate,  er  the  approbation 
of  the  public  assemblies,  and  by  wishing 
to  disregard  both,  lie  incurred  the  |ea- 
lousy  of  the  one  ar*i  t<he  qcFjiun.  of.  Ihe 


TA 


385 


TA 


other.  The  public  treasury  was  soon 
exhausted  by  the  continual  extravagance 
of  Tarquin,  and  to  silence  the  murmurs 
of  his  subjects,  he  resolved  to  call  their 
attention  to  war.  He  was  successful  in 
his  military  operations,  the  neighboring 
cities  submitted  ;  but.  while  the  siege  of 
Ardea  was  continued,  the  wantonness  of 
the  son  of  Tarquin  at  Rome,  forever  stop- 
ped the  progress  of  his  arms;  and  the  Ro- 
mans, whom  a  series  of  barbarity  and  op- 
pression had  hitherto  provoked,  no  sooner 
saw  the  virtuous  Lucretia  stab  herself, 
not  to  survive  the  loss  of  her  honor,  (Vid. 
Lucretia)  than  the  whole  city  and  camp 
arose  with  indignation  against  the  mo- 
narch. The  gates  of  Rome  were  shut 
against  him,  and  Tarquin  was  forever 
banished  from  his  throne,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  244.  Unable  to  find  support  from 
even  one  of  his  subjects,  Tarquin  retired 
among  the  Etrurians,  who  attempted  in 
vain  to  replace  him  on  his  throne.  The 
republican  government  was  established  at 
Rome,  and  all  Italy  refused  any  longer  to 
support  the  cause  of  an  exiled  monarch 
against  a  nation,  who  heard  the  name  of 
Tarquin,  of  king,  and  tyrant,  mentioned 
with  equal  horror  and  indignation.  Tar- 
quin died  in  the  ninetieth  year  of  his  age, 
about  fourteen  years  after  his  expulsion 

from  Rome. (Collatinus)  one  of  the 

relations  of  Tarquin  the  proud,  who  mar- 
ried Lucretia. Sextius,  the  eldest  of 

the  sons  of  Tarquin  the  proud,  rendered 
himself  known  by  a  variety  of  adventures. 
When  his  father  besieged  Gabii,  young 
Tarquin  publicly  declared  that  he  was  at 
variance  with  the  monarch,  and  the  re- 

Sort  was  the  more  easily  believed  when 
e  came  before  Gabii  with  his  body  all 
mangled  and  bloody  with  stripes.  This 
was  an  agreement  between  the  father  and 
the  son,  and  Tarquin  had  no  socner  de- 
clared that  this  proceeded  from  the  ty- 
ranny and  oppression  of  his  father,  than 
the  people  of  Gabii  intrusted  him  with 
the  command  of  their  armies,  fully  con- 
vinced that  Rome  could  never  have  a 
more  inveterate  enemy.  When  he  had 
thus  succeeded,  he  dispatched  a  private 
messenger  to  his  father,  but  the  monarch 
gave  no  answer  to  be  returned  to  his  son. 
Sextius  inquired  more  particularly  about 
his  father,  and  when  he  heard  from  the 
messenger  that  when  the  message  was 
delivered,  Tarquin  cut  off  with  a  stick 
the  tallest  poppies  in  his  garden,  the  son 
followed  the  example  by  putting  to  death 
the  most  noble  and  powerful  citizens  of 
Gabii.  The  town  soon  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Romans.  The  violence  which 
sometime  after  Tarquinius  offered  to  Lu- 
cretia, was  the  cause  of  his  father's  ex- 
ile, and  the  total  expulsion  of  his  fami- 
ly from  Rome.  {Vid.  Lucretia.)  Sextius 
was  at  last  killed,  bravely  fighting  in  a 
33 


battle  during  the  war  which  the  Latins 
sustained  against  Rome  in  the  attempt 
of  reestablishing  the  Tarquins  on    their 

throne. A  Roman  senator  who  was 

accessary  to  Catiline's  conspiracy. 

Tarquitius  Crescens,  a  centurion  un- 
der  Caesennius   Paetus. Priscus,   an 

officer  in  Africa,  who  accused  the  procon- 
sul. 

Tarquitus,  a  son  of  Faunus  and  Dry- 
ope,  who  assisted  Turnus  against  ^Eneas. 
He  was  killed  by  ^Eneas. 

Tarracina,  a  town  of  the  Volsci  in 
Latiuin,  between  Rome  and  Neapolis.  It 
was  also  called  Anxur. 

Tarraco,  now  Tarragona^  a  city  of 
Spain,  situate  on  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, founded  by  the  two  Scipios, 
who  planted  a  Roman  colony  there.  The 
province  of  which  it  was  the  capital  was 
called  Tarraconensis,  and  was  famous  for 
its  wines. 

Tarsa,  a  Thracian,  who  rebelled  under 
Tiberius. 

Tarsius,  a  river  of  Troas. 

Tarsus,  now  Tarasso,  a  town  of  Cili- 
cia,  on  the  Cydnus,  founded  by  Triptole- 
mus  and  a  colony  of  Argives,  or,  as  others 
say,  by  Sardanapalus,  or  by  Perseus.  Tar- 
sus was  celebrated  for  the  great  men  it 
produced. 

Tartarus,  one  of  the  regions  of  hell, 
where,  according  to  the  ancients,  the 
most  impious  and  guilty  among  mankind 
were  punished.  It  was  surrounded  with 
a  brazen  wall,  and  its  entrance  was  con- 
tinually hidden  from  the  sight  by  a  cloud 
of  darkness,  which  is  represented  three 
times  more  gloomy  than  the  obscurest 
night.  The  entrance  is  by  a  large  and 
lofty  tower,  whose  gates  are  supported  by 
columns  of  adamant,  which  neither  gods 

nor  men  can  cpen. A  small  river  of 

Italy,  near  Verona. 

Tartessus,  a  town  in  Spain  near  the 
columns  of  Hercules,  on  the  Mediterrane- 
an. Some  suppose  that  it  was  afterwards 
called  Carteia,  and  it  was  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Oades,  when  Hercules 
had  set  up  his  columns  on  the  extremity 
of  Spain  and  Africa. A  town  in  an  is- 
land near  Gades  in  Iberia. 

Taruana,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Ter- 
rouen  in  Artois. 

L.  Taruntius  Spurina,  a  mathemati- 
cian who  flourished  sixty-one  years  B.  C. 

Tarus,  a  river  of  Gaul,  falling  into  the 
Po. 

Tarusates,  a  people  of  Gaul,  now  Tur- 
san. 

Taruscum,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Tarvisium,  a  town  of  Italy,  now  Tre- 
viso,  in  the  Venetian  states. 

Tasgetius  Cornutus,  a  prince  of 
Gaul,  assassinated  in  the  age  of  Cresar. 

Tatian,  one  of  the  Greek  fathers,  A.  D 
172. 

R 


TA 


386 


TE 


Tatienses,  a  name  given  to  one  of  the 
tribes  of  the  Roman  people  by  Romulus, 
in  honor  of  Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabines. 

Tatius,  (Titus,)  king  of  Cures  among 
the  Sabines,  made  war  against  the  Ro- 
mans after  the  rape  of  the  Sabines.  The 
gates  of  the  city  were  betrayed  into  his 
hands  by  Tarpeia,  and  the  army  of  the 
Sabines  advanced  as  far  as  the"  Roman 
forum,  where  a  bloody  battle  was  fought. 
The  cries  of  the  Sabine  virgins  at  last 
stopped  the  fury  of  the  combatants,  and 
an  agreement  was  made  between  the  two 
nations.  Tatius  consented  to  leave  his 
ancient  possessions,  and  with  his  subjects 
of  Cures,  to  come  and  live  in  Rome, 
which,  as  stipulated,  was  permitted  still 
to  bear  the  name  of  its  founder,  whilst  the 
inhabitants  adopted  the  name  of  duirites 
in  compliment  to  the  new  citizens.  After 
he  had  for  six  years  shared  the  royal  au- 
thority with  Romulus,  in  the  greatest 
union,  he  was  murdered  at  Lanuvium, 
B.  C.  742,  for  an  act  of  cruelty  to  the  am- 
bassadors of  the  Laurentes. 

Tatta,  a  large  lake  of  Phrygia,  on  the 
confines  of  Pisidia. 

Tavola,  a  river  of  Corsica. 

Taua,  a  town  of  the  Delta  in  Egypt. 

Taulantii,  a  people  of  Illyricum  on  the 
Adriatic. 

Taunus,  a  mountain  in  Germany,  now 
Heyrlch  or  Hoche,  opposite  Mentz.  " 

Taurania,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Brutii. 

Taurantes,  a  people  of  Armenia,  be- 
tween Artaxata  and  Tigranocerta. 

Tauri,  a  people  of  European  Sarmatia, 
who  inhabited  Taurica  Chersonesus,  and 
sacrificed  all  strangers  to  Diana. 

Taurica  Chersonesus,  a  large  penin- 
sula of  Europe,  at  the  south-west  of  the 
Pal  us  McBotis,  now  called  the  Crimea. 
The  inhabitants  were  a  savage  and  unciv- 
ilized nation. 

Taurica,  a  surname  of  Diana,  because 
she  was  worshipped  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Taurica  Chersonesus. 

Tauri ni,  the  inhabitants  of  Taurinum, 
a  town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  now  called  Tu- 
rin, in  Piedmont. 

Taurisci,  a  people  of  Noricum,  among 
the  Alps of  Mysia. 

Tauriscus,  a  sculptor.  (Via".  Apolloni- 
us.) 

Taurium,  a  town  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Taurominium,  a  town  of  Sicily,  be- 
tween Messana  and  Catana.  The  hills 
in  the  neighborhood  were  famous  for  the 
fine  grapes  which  they  produced,  and 
they  surpassed  almost  the  whole  world 
for  the  extent  and  beauty  of  their  pros- 
pects. There  is  a  small  river  near  it  call- 
ed Tmirominius. 

Taurus,  the  largest  mountain  of  Asia, 
as  to  extent.  One  of  its  extremities  is  in 
Caria,  and  it  extends  not  onlv  as  far  as 


the  most  eastern  extremities  of  Asia,  but 
it  also  branches  in  several  parts,  and  runs 
far  into  the  north.  Mount  Taurus  was 
known  by  several  names,  particularly  in 

different  countries. A  mountain   in 

Germany of  Sicily. Titus  Statilius, 

a  consul  distinguished  by  his  intimacy 
with  Augustus,  as  well  as  by  a  theatre 
which  he  built,  and  the  triumph  he  ob- 
tained  after    a  prosperous   campaign   in 

Africa. A  proconsul  of  Africa,  accused 

by  Agrippina,  who  wished  him  to  be  con- 
demned, that  she  might  become  mistress 

of  his  gardens. An  officer  of  Minos, 

king  of  Crete. 

Taxila,  a  large  country  in  India,  be- 
tween the  Indus  and  the  Hydaspes. 

Taxilus,  or  Taxiles,  a  king  of  Taxila, 
in  the  age  of  Alexander,  called  also  Om- 
phis.  He  submitted  to  the  conqueror, 
who  rewarded  him  with  great  liberality. 

A  general  of  Mithridates,  who  assist 

ed  Archelaus  against  the  Romans  in 
Greece.  He  was  afterwards  conquered 
by  Murana,  the  lieutenant  of  Sylla. 

Taximaquilus,  a  king  in  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Britain  when  Ctesar  invaded 
it. 

Taygete,  or  Taygeta,  a  daughter  of 
Atlas  and  Pleione,  mother  of  Lacedasmon 
by  Jupiter.  She  became  one  of  the  Pleia- 
des, after  death. 

Taygetus,  or  Taygeta,  a  mountain  of 
Laconia,  in  Peloponnesus,  at  the  west  of 
the  river  Eurotas.  It  hung  over  the  city 
of  Lacedsemon,  and  it  is  said  that  once  a 
part  of  it  fell  down  by  an  earthquake,  and 
destroyed  the  suburbs. 

Teanum,  a  town  of  Campania,  on  the 
Appian  road,  at  the  east  of  the  Liris,  call- 
ed also  Sidicinum,  to  be  distinguished  from 
another  town  of  the  same  name  at  the 
west  of  Apulia,  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  coast  of  the  Adriatic. 

Tearus,  a  river  of  Thrace,  rising  in 
the  same  rock  from  thirty  eight  differ- 
ent sources,  some  of  which  are  hot,  and 
others  cold. 

Teatea,  Teate,  or  Tegeate,  a  town 
of  Latium. 

Teches,  a  mountain  of  Pontus,  from 
which  the  10,000  Greeks  had  first  a  view 
of  the  sea. 

Techmessa,  the  daughter  of  a  Phrygian 
prince  called  by  some  Teuthras,  and  by 
others  Teleutas. 

Tecmon,  a  town  of  Epirus. 

Tecnatis,  a  king  of  Egypt. 

Tectamus,  son  of  Dorus,  grandson  of 
Hellen,  the  son  of  Deucalion,  went  to 
Crete  with  the  ^Etolians  and  Pelasgians, 
and  reigned  there. 

Tectosages,  or  Tectosag^e,  a  people 
of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  whose  capital  was 
the  modern  Toulouse.  They  received 
the  name  of  Tectosagse  quod  sagis  tcgeren- 
tur. 


TE 


387 


TE 


Tecum,  a  river  of  Gaul  falling  from  the 
Pyrenees  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Tedanius,  a  river  of  Liburnia. 

Tegea,  or  Tegj;a,  now  Moklia,  a  town 
of  Arcadia  in  the  Peloponnesus,  founded 
by  Tegeates,  a  son  of  Lycaon.  The  gi- 
gantic bones  of  Orestes  were  found  buried 
there  and  removed  to  Sparta.  Apollo 
and  Pan  were  worshipped  there,  and 
there  also  Ceres,  Proserpine,  and  Venus, 
had  each  a  temple. 

Tegula,  P.  Licin.  a  comic  poet  who 
flourished  B.  C.  198. 

Tegyra,  a  town  of  Boeotia  where  Apol- 
lo Tegyraus  was  worshipped. 

Teios.     Vid.  Teos. 

Teium,  a  town  of  Paphlagonia  on  the 
Euxine  sea. 

Tela,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Telamon,  a  king  of  the  island  of  Sala- 
mis,  son  of  ^Eacus  and  Endeis.  He  ac- 
companied Jason  in  his  expedition  to  Col- 
chis, and  was  arm-bearer  to  Hercules, 
when  that  hero  took  Laomedon  prisoner, 
and  destroyed  Troy.  Telamon  was  re- 
warded by  Hercules  for  his  services  with 
the  hand  of  Hesione,  whom  the  conquer- 
or had  obtained  among  the  spoils  of  Troy, 

and  with  her  he  returned  to  Greece. 

A  seaport  town  of  Etruria. 

Telamoniades,  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  descendants  of  Telamon. 

Telchines,  a  people  of  Rhodes,  said  to 
have  been  originally  from  Crete.  They 
were  the  inventors  of  many  useful  arts, 
and  according  to  Diodorus,  passed  for  the 
sons  of  the  sea. 

Telchinia,  a  surname  of  Minerva  at 
Teumessa  in  Boeotia,  where  she  had  a 

temple. Also  a  surname  of  Juno  in 

Rhodes,  where  she  had  a  statue  at  Ialy- 
sus  raised  by  the  Telchinians,  who  settled 
there. Also  an  ancient  name  of  Crete. 

Telchinius,  a  surname  of  Apollo 
among  the  Rhodians. 

Telchis,  a  son  of  Europs,  the  son  of 
^Egialeus.  He  was  one  of  the  first  kings 
of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Tele  a,  a  surname  of  Juno  in  Breotia. 

Teleboas,  a  son  of  Ixion  and  the  cloud. 
A  son  of  Lycaon. 

Teleeo^:,  or  Teleboes,  a  people  of 
iEtolia,  called  also  Taphians. 

Teleboides,  islands  opposite  Leucadia. 

Telecles,  or  Teleclus,  a  Lacedaemo- 
nian king,  of  the  family  of  the  Agidae,  who 
reigned  forty  years,  B.  C.  813. A  phi- 
losopher, disciple  of  Lacidas,  B.  C.  214. 
A  Milesian. 

Teleclides,  an  Athenian  comic  poet 
in  the  age  of  Pericles. 

Telegonus,  a  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe, 
born  in  the  island  of  Mvea,  where  he 
was  educated.  When  arrived  to  the  years 
of  manhood,  he  went  to  Ithaca  to  make 
himself  known  to  his  father,  but  he  was 
Shipwrecked  on  the  coast,  and  being  des- 


titute of  provisions  he  plundered  some  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  island.  Ulysses 
and  Telemaclms  came  to  defend  the  pro- 
perty of  their  subjects  against  this  un- 
known invader  ;  a  quarrel  arose,  and  Te- 
legonus  killed  his  father  without  know- 
ing who  he  was.  He  afterwards  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and  according  to 
Hyginus  he  carried  thither  his  father's 
body,  where  it  was  buried.  Telemachus 
and  Penelope  also  accompanied  him  in 
his  return,  and  soon  after  the  nuptials  of 
Telegonus  and  Penelope  were  celebrated 

by  order  of  Minerva. A  son  of  Proteus 

killed  by  Hercules. A  king  of  Egypt 

who  married  Io  after  she  had  been  restor- 
ed to  her  original  form  by  Jupiter. 

Telemachus,  a  son  of  Ulysses  and  Pe- 
nelope. He  was  still  in  the  cradle  when 
his  father  went  with  the  rest  of  the  Greeks 
to  the  Trojan  war.  At  the  end  of  this 
celebrated  war,  Telemachus,  anxious  to 
see  his  father,  went  to  seek  him,  and  as 
the  place  of  his  residence,  and  the  cause 
of  his  long  absence  were  then  unknown, 
he  visited  the  court  of  Menelaus  and  Nes- 
tor to  obtain  information.  He  afterwards 
returned  to  Ithaca,  where  the  suitors  of 
his  mother  Penelope  had  conspired  to 
murder  him,  but  he  avoided  their  snares, 
and  by  means  of  Minerva,  he  discovered 
his  father,  who  had  arrived  in  the  island 
two  days  before  him,  and  was  then  in  the 
house  of  Eumaeus.  After  the  death  of  his 
father,  Telemachus  went  to  the  island  of 
iEcea,  where  he  married  Circe,  or  accord- 
ing to  others  Cassiphone,  the  daughter  of 
Circe,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  called  Lati- 
nus.  It  is  said,  that  when  a  child,  Tele- 
machus fell  into  the  sea,  and  that  a  dol- 
phin brought  him  safe  to  shore,  after 
he  had  remained  sometime  under  water. 
From  this  circumstance  Ulysses  had  the 
figure  of  a  dolphin  engraved  on  the  seal 
which  he  wore  on  his  ring. 

Telemus,  a  Cyclops  who  was  acquaint- 
ed with  futurity. 

Telephassa,  the  mother  of  Cadmus, 
Phoenix,  and  Cilix,  by  Agenor. 

Telephus,  a  king  of  Mysia,  son  of  Her- 
cules and  Auge,  the  daughter  of  Aleus. 
He  was  exposed  as  soon  as  born  on  mount 
Parthenius,  but  his  life  was  preserved  by 
a  goat,  and  by  some  shepherds.  Tele- 
phus, according  to  the  more  received 
opinions,  was  ignorant  of  his  origin,  and 
he  was  ordered  by  the  oracle,  if  he  wish- 
ed to  know  his  parents,  to  go  to  Mysia. 
Obedient  to  this  injunction,  he  came  to 
Mysia,  and  after  various  surprising  ad- 
ventures, married  one  of  the  daughters  of 
king  Priam.  As  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
Trojan  monarch,  Telephus  prepared  to 
assist  Priam  against  the  Greeks,  and  with 
heroic  valor  he  attacked  them  when  they 
had  landed  on  his  coasts.  The  carnage 
was  great,  and  Telephus  was  victorious, 


TE 


388 


TE 


had  not  Bacchus,  who  protected  the 
Greeks,  suddenly  raised  a  vine  from  the 
earth,  which  entangled  the  feet  of  the 
monarch,  and  laid  him  flat  on  the  ground. 
Achilles  immediately  rushed  upon  him, 
and  wounded  him  so  severely,  that  he 
was  carried  away  from  the  battle.  The 
wound  was  mortal,  and  Telephus  was 
informed  by  the  oracle,  that  he  alone  who 
had  inflicted  it,  could  totally  cure  it. — 
Achilles  consented,  and  as  the  weapon 
which  had  given  the  wound  could  alone 
cure  it,  the  hero  scraped  the  rust  from  the 
point  of  his  spear,  and,  by  applying  it  to 

the  sore,  gave  it  immediate  relief. A 

friend  of  Horace,  remarkable  for  his  beau- 
ty and  the  elegance  of  his  person.  He 
was  the  favorite  of  Lydia,  the  mistress  of 

Horace. A  slave  who  conspired  against 

Augustus. L.  Verus  wrote  a  book  on 

the  rhetoric  of  Homer,  as  also  a  compari- 
son of  that  poet  with  Plato,  and  other 
treatises,  all  lost. 

Telesia,  a  town  of  Campania,  taken  by 
Annibal. 

Telesicles,  a  Parian,  father  to  the  poet 
Archilochus,  by  a  slave  called  Enippo. 

Telesilla,  a  lyric  poetess  of  Argos,  who 
bravely  defended  her  country  against  the 
Lacedaemonians,  and  obliged  them  to  raise 
the  siege. 

Telesinicus,  a  Corinthian  auxiliary  at 
Syracuse. 

Telesinus,  a  general  of  the  Samnites, 
who  joined  the  interest  of  Marius,  and 

fought  against  the  generals  of  Sylla. A 

poet  of  considerable  merit  in  Domitian's 
reign. 

Telesippus,  a  poor  man  of  Pliers,  fa- 
ther to  the  tyrant  Dinias. 

Telestagoras,  a  man  of  Naxos,  whose 
daughters  were  ravished  by  some  of  the 
nobles  of  the  island,  in  consequence  of 
which  they  were  expelled  by  the  direction 
of  Lygdamis. 

Telestas,  a  son  of  Priam. An  ath- 
lete of  Messenia. A  king  of  Corinth, 

who  died  779  B.  C. 

Telestes,  a  dithyrambic  poet,  who 
flourished  B.  C.  40-2. 

Telesto,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Telethus,  a  mountain  in  Eubcea. 

Telethusa,  the  wife  of  Lygdus  or  Lyc- 
tus,  a  native  of  Crete. 

Teleurias,  a  prince  of  Macedonia. 

Teleutias,  the  brother  of  Agesilaus 
who  was  killed  by  the  Olynthians. 

Teleute,  a  surname  of  Venus  among 
the  Egyptians. 

Tellenje,  a  town  of  Latium,  now  de- 
stroyed. 

Telles,  a  king  of  Achaia,  son  of  Tisa- 
menes. 

Tellias,  a  famous  soothsayer  of  Elis, 
in  the  age  of  Xerxes. 

Tellis,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  the  father 
of  Brasidaa. 


Telmts,  a  divinity,  the  same  as  the 
earth,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  gods  af- 
ter Chaos.  She  appeared  crowned  with 
turrets,  holding  a  sceptre  in  one  hand, 
and  a  key  in  the  other  ;  while  at  her  feet 
was  lying  a  tame  lion  without  chains,  as 
if  to  intimate  that  every  part  of  the  earth 
can  be  made  fruitful  by  means  of  cultiva- 
tion.  A  poor  man,  whom  Solon  called 

happier  than  Croesus  the  rich  and  ambi- 
tious king  of  Lydia. 

Telmessus,  or  Telmis9us,  a  town  of 
Caria,  whose  inhabitants  were  skilled  in 
augury  and  the  interpretation  of  dreams. 

Another  in  Lycia. A  third  in  Pi- 

sidia. 

Telo  Martius,  a  town  at  the  south  of 
Gaul,  now  Toulon. 

Telon,  a  skilful  pilot  of  Massilia,  killed 

during  the  siege  of  that  city  by  Caesar. 

A  king  of  the  Teleboee,  who  married  Se- 
bethis,  by  whom  he  had  CEbalus. 

Telos,  a  small  island  near  Rhodes. 

Telphusa,  a  nymph  of  Arcadia,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Ladon,  who  gave  her  name  to  a 
town  and  fountain  of  that  place. 

Telxiope,  one  of  the  muses. 

Telys,  a  tyrant  of  Sybaris. 

Temathea,  a  mountain  of  Messenia. 

Temenium,  a  place  in  Messene,  where 
Temenus  was  buried. 

Temenites,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Temenos,  a  place  of  Syracuse,  where 
Apollo,  called  Temenites,  had  a  statue. 

Temenus,  the  son  of  Aristomachus,  was 
the  first  of  the  Heraclidas  who  returned 
to  Peloponnesus  with  his  brother  Ctesi- 
phontes  in  the  reign  of  Tisamenes,  king 

of  Argos. -A  son   of  Pelasgus,  who 

was  intrusted  with  the  care  of  Juno's  in- 
fancy. 

Temerinda,  the  name  of  the  Falus 
Maeotis  among  the  natives. 

Temesa,  a  town  of  Cyprus. Another 

in  Calabria  in  Italy,  famous  for  its  mines 
of  copper,  which  were  exhausted  in  the 
age  of  Strabo. 

Temnes,  a  king  of  Sidon. 

Temnos,  a  town  of  ^Eolia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hermus. 

Tempe,  (plur.)  a  valley  in  Thessaly, 
between  mount  Olympus  at  the  north, 
and  Ossa  at  the  south,  through  which  the 
river  Peneus  flows  into  the  ^Egean.  The 
poets  have  described  it  as  the  most  de- 
lightful spot  on  the  earth,  with  continual- 
ly cool  shades,  and  verdant  walks,  which 
the  warbling  of  birds  rendered  more  plea- 
sant and  romantic,  and  which  the  gods 
often  honored  with  iheir  presence. 

Teschtheri,  a  nation  of  Germany, 
who  frequently  changed  the  place  of  their 
habitation. 

Tendeba,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Tenea,  a  part  of  Corinth. 

Tenedia  securis.    Fid.  Tenes. 

Tenedos,  a  6mall  and  fertile  island  of 


TE 


389 


TE 


the  iEgean  sea,  opposite  Troy,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  about  twelve  miles  from  Sigaeum, 
and  fifty-six  miles  north  from  Lesbos.  It 
became  famous  during  the  Trojan  war. 

Tenerus,  son  of  Apollo  and  Melia,  re- 
ceived from  his  father  the  knowledge  of 
futurity. 

Tene8,  a  son  of  Cycnus  and  Proclea.  He 
was  exposed  on  the  sea  on  the  coast  of 
Troas,  by  his  father,  who  credulously  be- 
lieved his  wife  Philonome,  who  had  fallen 
in  love  with  Cycnus,  and  accused  him  of 
attempts  upon  her  virtue,  when  he  refused 
to  gratify  her  passion.  Tenes  arrived  safe 
in  Leucophrys,  which  he  called  Tenedos, 
and  of  which  he  became  the  sovereign. 
Sometime  after,  Cycnus  discovered  the 
guilt  of  his  wife  Philonome,  and  as  he 
wished  to  be  reconciled  to  his  son  whom 
he  had  so  grossly  injured,  he  went  to  Te- 
nedos. But  when  he  had  tied  his  ship  to 
the  shore,  Tenes  cut  off  the  cable  with  a 
hatchet,  and  suffered  his  father's  ship  to 
be  tossed  about  in  the  sea.  From  this 
circumstance  the  hatchet  of  Tenes  is  be- 
come proverbial  to  intimate  a  resentment 

that  cannot  be  pacified. A  general  of 

three  thousand  mercenary  Greeks  sent  by 
the  Egyptians  to  assist  the  Phoenicians. 

Tenesis,  a  part  of  Ethiopia. 

Tenmes,  a  king  of  Sidon,  who  when 
his  country  was  besieged  by  the  Persians, 
burnt  himself  and  the  city  together,  B.  C. 
351. 

Tennum,  a  town  of  ^Eolia. 

Tenos,  a  small  island  in  the  ^Egean, 
near  Andros,  called  Ophiussa,  and  also 
Hydrussa,  from  the  number  of  its  foun- 
tains. It  was  very  mountainous,  but  it 
produced  excellent  wines,  universally  es- 
teemed by  the  ancients. 

Tentyra,  (plur.)  and  Tentyris,  a  small 
town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  whose  inhab- 
itants were  at  enmity  with  the  crocodiles, 
and  made  war  against  those  who  paid 
them  adoration. 

Tentyra,  a  place  of  Thrace,  opposite 
Samothrace. 

Teos,  or  Teios,  now  Sigag-ik,  a  mari- 
time town  on  the  coast  of  Ionia  in  Asia 
Minor,  opposite  Samos.  It  was  one  of  the 
twelve  cities  of  the  Ionian  confederacy, 
and  gave  birth  to  Anacreon  and  Hecatsus, 
who  is  by  some  deemed  a  native  of  Mile- 
tus. 

Teredo  n,  a  town  on  the  Arabian  gulf. 

Terentia,  the  wife  of  Cicero.  She  be- 
came mother  of  M.  Cicero,  and  of  a  daugh- 
ter called  Tulliola.  Cicero  repudiated  her, 
because  she  had  been  faithless  to  his  bed. 
She  lived  to  her  one  hundred  and  third, 
or  according  to  Pliny  to  her  one  hundred 

and  seventeenth  year. The  wife  of 

Scipio  Africanus. The  wife  of  Me- 

caenas. 

Terentia  lex,  called  also  Cassia,  fru- 
mentaria,  by  M.  Terentius  Varro  Lucullus,  i 
33* 


and  C.  Cassius,  A.  U.  C.  680.  It  ordered 
that  the  same  price  should  be  given  for  all 
corn  bought  in  the  provinces,  to  hinder  the 

exactions  of  the  quaestors. Another  by 

Terentius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  291,  to 
elect  five  persons  to  define  the  power  of 
the  consuls,  lest  they  should  abuse  the 
public  confidence  by  violence  or  rapine. 

Terentianus,  a  Roman,  to  whom  Lon- 
ginus  dedicated  his  treatise  on  the  sub- 
lime.  Maurus,  a  writer  who  flourished 

A.  D.  240. 

Terentius  Publius,  a  native  of  Car- 
thage in  Africa,  celebrated  for  the  come . 
dies  he  wrote.  He  was  sold  as  a  slave  to 
Terentius  Lucanus,  a  Roman  senator, 
who  educated  him  with  great  care,  and 
manumitted  him  for  the  brilliancy  of  his 
genius.  He  bore  the  name  of  his  master 
and  benefactor,  and  was  called  Terentius. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  Greek 
comedy  with  uncommon  assiduity,  and 
merited  the  friendship  and  patronage  of 
the  learned  and  powerful.  Terence  was 
in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  when 
his  first  play  appeared  on  the  Roman 
stage.  All  his  compositions  were  received 
with  great  applause.  The  talents  of  Te- 
rence were  employed  rather  in  translation 
than  in  the  effusions  of  originality.  It  is 
said  that  he  translated  one  hundred  and 
eight  of  the  comedies  of  the  poet  Menan- 
der,  six  of  which  only  are  extant,  his 
Andria,  Eunuch,  Heautontimorumenos, 
Adelphi,  Phormio,  and  Hecyra.  Terence 
is  admired  for  the  purity  of  his  language, 
and  the  artless  elegance  and  simplicity  of 
his  diction,  and  for  a  continued  delicacy 
of  sentiment.  The  time  and  the  manner 
of  his  death  are  unknown.  He  left  Rome 
in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  never 

after  appeared  there. Culeo,  a  Roman 

senator,  taken  by  the  Carthaginians,  and 

redeemed  by  Africanus. A  tribune 

who  wished  the  number  of  the  citizens  of 

Rome  to  be  increased. Evocatus,  a 

man  who,  as  it  was  supposed,  murdered 
Galba. Lentinus,  a  Roman  knight  con- 
demned for  perjury. Varro,  a  writer. 

A  consul  with  ^Emilius  Paulus  at  the 

battle  of  Cannes.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
butcher,  and  had  followed  for  sometime 
the  profession  of  his  father.  He  placed 
himself  totally  in  the  power  of  Hannibal, 
by  making  an  improper  disposition  of  his 
army.  After  he  had  been  defeated,  and 
his  colleague  slain,  he  retired  to  Canu- 
sium,  with  the  remains  of  his  slaughtered 
countrymen,  and  sent  word  to  the  Roman 
senate  of  his  defeat.  He  received  the 
thanks  of  this  venerable  body,  because  he 
had  engaged  the  enemy,  however  impro- 
perly, and  not  despaired  of  the  affairs  of 

the  republic. An  ambassador  sent  to 

Philip  king  of  Macedonia. Massaliora, 

an   edile   of  the   people. Marcus,   a 

friend  of  Sejanus,  accused  before  the  sen- 


TE 


390 


TE 


ate  for  his  intimacy  with  that  discarded 
favorite. 

Terentus,  a  place  in  the  Campus  Mar- 
tins near  the  capitol,  where  the  infernal 
deities  had  an  altar. 

Tereus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  son  of  Mars 
and  Bistonis.  He  married  Progne,  the 
daughter  of  Pandion  king  of  Athens,  whom 
he  had  assisted  in  a  war  against  Megara. 
A  friend  of  iEneas,  killed  by  Ca- 
milla. 

Tergeste  and  Tergestum,  now  Trieste, 
a  town  of  Italy  on  the  Adriatic  sea,  made 
a  Roman  colony. 

Terias,  a  river  of  Sicily  near  Catana. 

Teribazus,  a  nobleman  of  Persia,  sent 
with  a  fleet  against  Evagoras,  king  of  Cy- 
prus. 

Teridae,  a  concubine  of  Menelaus. 

Teridates,  a  favorite  eunuch  at  the 
eourt  of  Artaxerxes. 

Terigum,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Terina,  a  town  of  the  Brutii. 

Terioli,  now  Tirol,  a  fortified  town  at 
Ihe  north  of  Italy,  in  the  country  of  the 
Grisons. 

Termentia,  or  Termes,  a  town  of  His- 
pania  Tarraconensis. 

Termera,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Termerus,  a  robber  of  Peloponnesus, 
who  killed  people  by  crushing  their  head 
against  his  own.  He  was  slain  by  Her- 
cules. 

Termesus,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Termilje,  a  name  given  to  the  Ly- 
cians. 

Terminalia,  annual  festivals  at  Rome, 
observed  in  honor  of  the  god  Terminus, 
in  the  month  of  February.  It  was  then 
usual  for  peasants  to  assemble  near  the 
principal  landmarks  which  separated  their 
fields,  and  after  they  had  crowned  them 
with  garlands  and  flowers,  to  make  liba- 
tions of  milk  and  wine,  and  to  sacrifice  a 
lamb  or  a  young  pig. 

Terminalis,  a  surname  of  Jupiter,  be- 
cause he  presided  over  the  boundaries  and 
lands  of  individuals,  before  the  worship 
of  the  god  Terminus  was  introduced. 

Terminus,  a  divinity  at  Rome  who  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  bounds  and  lim- 
its, and  to  punish  all  unlawful  usurpation 
of  land.  His  worship  was  first  introduced 
at  Rome  by  Numa,  who  persuaded  his 
subjects  that  the  limits  of  their  lands  and 
estates  were  under  the  immediate  inspec- 
tion of  heaven.  His  temple  was  on  the 
Tarpeian  rock,  and  he  was  represented 
with  an  human  head  without  feet  or  arms, 
to  intimate  that  he  never  moved,  wherever 
he  was  placed. 

Termissus,  or  Termessus,  a  town  of 
Pisidia. 

Terpander,  a  lyric  poet  and  musician 
of  Lesbos,  675  B.  C.  It  is  said  that  he 
appeased  a  tumult  at  Sparta  by  the  melody 
and  sweetness  of  his  note*. 


Terpsichore,  one  of  the  muses,  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  She  pre- 
sided over  dancing,  of  which  she  was 
reckoned  the  inventress,  as  her  name  in- 
timates, and  with  which  she  delighted 
her  sisters. 

Terpsicrate,  a  daughter  of  Thespiua. 

Terra,  one  of  the  most  ancient  deities 
in  mythology,  wife  of  Uranus,  and  mother 
of  Oceanus,  the  Titans,  Cyclops,  Giants, 
Thea,  Rhea,  Themis,  Phoebe,  Thetys,  and 
Mnemosyne. 

Terracina.    Vid.  Tarracina. 

Terrasidius,  a  Roman  knight  in  Ce- 
sar's army  in  Gaul. 

Terror,  an  emotion  of  the  mind  which 
the  ancients  have  made  a  deity,  and  one 
of  the  attendants  of  the  god  Mars,  and  of 
Bellona. 

Tertia,  a  sister  of  Clodius  the  tribune, 
&c. A  daughter  of  Paulus,  the  con- 
queror of  Perseus. A  daughter  of  Isi- 

dorus. A  sister  of  Brutus  who  married 

Cassius. 

Tertius  Julianus,  a  lieutenant  in  Cae- 
sar's legions. 

Tertullianus,  (J.  Septimius  Florens,) 
a  celebrated  Christian  writer  of  Carthage, 
who  flourished  A.  D.  198. 

Tethys,  the  greatest  of  the  sea-deities, 
was  wife  of  Oceanus,  and  daughter  of 
Uranus  and  Terra.  She  was  mother  of 
the  chiefest  rivers  of  the  universe. 

Tetis,  a  river  of  Gaul  flowing  from  the 
Pyrenees. 

Tetrapolis,  a  name  given  to  the  city 
of  Antioch,  the  capital  of  Syria,  because  it 
was  divided  into  four  separate  districts, 

each  of  which  resembled  a  city. The 

name  of  four  towns  at  the  north  of  Attica. 

Tetrica,  a  rugged  mountain  of  the  Sa- 
bines  near  the  river  Fabarie. 

Tetrious,  a  Roman  senator,  saluted 
emperor  in  the  reign  of  Aurelian.  He  was 
led  in  triumph  by  his  successful  adversary, 
who  afterwards  heaped  the  most  unbound- 
ed honors  upon  him  and  his  son  of  the 
same  name. 

Teucer,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  the 
Scamander  by  Idea.  According  to  some 
authors,  he  was  the  first  who  introduced 
among  his  subjects  the  worship  of  Cybele, 
and  the  dances  of  the  Corybantes.  The 
country  where  he  reigned  was  from  him 
called   Teucria,  and   his  subjects  Teucri. 

A  son  of  Telamon,  king  of  Salamis, 

by  Hesione  the  daughter  of  Laomedon. 
He  was  one  of  Helen's  suitors,  and  ac- 
cordingly accompanied  the  Greeks  to  the 
Trojan  war,  where  he  signalized  himself 
by  his  valor  and  intrepidity.  On  account 
of  some  difficulty  with  his  father,  he  re- 
tired to  Cyprus,  where  he  built  a  new 
Salamis.  He  attempted  to  no  purpose  to 
recover  the  island  of  Salamis,  after  his  fa- 
ther's death. One  of  the  servants  of 

Phalarie  of  Agrigentum. 


TH 


391 


TH 


Teucri,  a  name  given  to  the  Trojans, 
from  Teucer  their  king. 

Teucria,  a  name  given  to  Troy,  from 
Teucer  one  of  its  kings. 

Teucteri,  a  people  of  Germany,  at  the 
east  of  the  Rhine. 

Teumessus,  a  mountain  of  Boeotia  with 
a  village  of  the  same  name,  where  Her- 
cules, when  young,  killed  an  enormous 
lion. 

Teuta,  a  queen  of  Illyricum,  B.  C.  231, 
who  ordered  some  Roman  ambassadors 
to  be  put  to  death.  This  unprecedented 
murder  was  the  cause  of  a  war,  which 
ended  in  her  disgrace. 

Teutamias,  or  Teutamis,  a  king  of 
Larissa.  He  instituted  games  in  honor  of 
his  father,  where  Perseus  killed  his  grand- 
father Acrisius  with  a  quoit. 

Teutamus,  a  king  of  Assyria,  the  same 
as  Tithonus,  the  father  of  Memnon. 

Teutas,  or  Teutates,  a  name  of  Mer- 
cury among  the  Gauls. 

Tecthrania,  a  part  of  Mysia  where  the 
Caycus  rises. 

Teuthras,  a  king  of  Mysia  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Caycus.  He  adopted  as  his 
daughter,  or  according  to  others,  married 
Auge  the  daughter  of  Aleus,  when  she 
fled  away  into  Asia  from  her  father.  The 
fifty  daughters  of  Teuthras,  who  became 
mothers  by  Hercules,  are  called  Teuthran- 

tia  turba. A  river's  name. One  of 

the  companions  of  JEneas  in  Italy. 

Teutoburgiensis  Saltus,  a  forest  of 
Germany,  between  the  Ems  and  Lippa, 
where  Varus  and  his  legions  were  cut  to 
pieces. 

Teutomatus,  a  prince  of  Gaul,  among 
the  allies  of  Rome. 

Teuton^  and  Teutones,  a  people  of 
Germany. 

Thabenna,  an  inland  town  of  Africa. 

Thabusium,  a  fortified  place  of  Phry- 
gia. 

Thais,  a  famous  courtezan  of  Athens, 
who  accompanied  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic 
conquests,  and  gained  such  an  ascendant 
over  him,  that  she  made  him  burn  the 
royal  palace  of  Persepolis.  After  Alex- 
ander's death,  she  married  Ptolemy  king 
of  Egypt. 

Thala,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Thalame,  a  town  of  Messenia  famous 
for  a  temple  and  oracle  of  Pasiphae. 

Thalassius,  a  beautiful  young  Roman 
in  the  reign  of  Romulus.  At  the  rape  of 
the  Sabines,  one  of  these  virgins  appear- 
ed remarkable  for  beauty  and  elegance, 
and  her  ravisher,  afraid  of  many  competi- 
tors, exclaimed  as  he  carried  her  away, 
that  it  was  for  Thalassius.  The  name  of 
Thalassius  was  no  sooner  mentioned,  than 
all  were  eager  to  preserve  so  beautiful  a 
prize  for  him.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to 
be  the  same  as  Hymen,  as  he  was  made  a 
deity. 


Th.jles,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  born  at  Miletus  in  Ionia.  Like 
the  rest  of  the  ancients,  he  travelled  in 
quest  of  knowledge,  and  for  sometime 
resided  in  Crete,  Phoenicia,  and  Egypt, 
Under  the  priests  of  Memphis  he  was 
taught  geometry,  astronomy,  and  philoso- 
phy, and  enabled  to  measure  with  exact- 
ness the  vast  height  and  extent  of  a  pyra- 
mid, merely  by  its  shadow.  His  disco- 
veries in  astronomy  were  great  and  ingen- 
ious ;  he  was  the  first  who  calculated  with 
accuracy  a  solar  eclipse.  Thales  was 
never  married ;  and  when  his  mother 
pressed  him  to  choose  a  wife,  he  said  ha 
was  too  young.  The  same  exhortations 
were  afterwards  repeated,  but  the  philo- 
sopher eluded  them  by  observing,  that  he 
was  then  too  old  to  enter  the  matrimonial 
state.  He  died  in  the  ninety-sixth  year 
of  his  age,  about  five  hundred  and  forty- 
eight  years  before  the  Christian  era.  His 
compositions    on    philosophical    subjects 

are  lost.-= A  lyric  poet  of  Crete,  intimate 

with  Lycurgus." 

Thalestria,  or  Thalestris,  a  queen 
of  the  Amazons. 

Thaletes,  a  Greek  poet  of  Crete,  900 
B.  C. 

Thalia,  one  of  the  muses,  who  presided 
over  festivals,  and  over  pastoral  and  comic 
poetry.  She  is  represented  leaning  on  a 
column,  holding  a  mask  in  her  right  hand, 
by  which  she  is  distinguished  from  her 

sisters,  as  also  by  a  shepherd's  crook. 

One  of  the  Nereides. An  island  in  ths 

Tyrrhene  sea. 

Thallo,  one  of  the  Horae  or  Seasons. 

Thalpius,  a  son  of  Eurytus,  one  of 
Helen's  suitors. 

Thalyissia,  Greek  festivals  celebrated 
in  honor  of  Ceres. 

Thamiras,  a  Cilician  who  first  introduc- 
ed the  art  of  augury  in  Cyprus. 

Thamuda,  a  part  of  Arabia  Felix. 

Thamyras,  or  Thamyris,  a  celebrated 
musician  of  Thrace.  He  became  ena- 
mored of  the  Muses,  and  challenged  them 
to  a  trial  of  skill.  He  was  conquered,  and 
the  Muses  deprived  him  of  his  eye-sight 
and  his  melodious  voice,  and  broke  his 
lyre. 

Thamyris,  a  petty  prince  of  the  Dacse, 
A  queen  of  the  Massagetffi. A  Tro- 
jan killed  by  Turnus. 

Thapsacus,  a  city  on  the  Euphrates. 

Thapsus,  a  town  of  Africa  Propria.-: — 
A  town  at  the  north  of  Syracuse  in  Si- 
cily. 

Thargelia,  festivals  in  Greece,  in  ho- 
nor of  Apollo  and  Diana.  They  lasted 
two  days. 

Thariades,  one  of  the  generals  of  Au- 
tiochus. 

Tharops,  the  father  of  Onager,  to  whom 
Bacchus  gave  the  kingdom  of  Thrace. 

Thabius,  or  TuRAsiui,  a  famous  sooth- 


TH 


392 


TH 


eayer  of  Cyprus,  whom  Busins,  king  of 
Egypt,  ordered  to  be  seized  and  sacrificed 
to  Jupiter. A  surname  of  Hercules. 

Thasos,  or  Thasus,  a  small  island  in 
the  ^Egean,  on  the  coast  of  Thrace.  Its 
wine  was  universally  esteemed,  and  its 
marble  quarries  were  also  in  great  repute, 
as  well  as  its  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

Thasus,  a  son  of  Neptune,  who  built 
the  town  of  Thasus  in  Thrace. 

Thaumaci,  a  town  ofThessalyon  the 
Maliac  gulf. 

Thaumantias  and  Thaumantis,  a  name 
given  to  Iris,  the  messenger  of  Juno. 

Thaumas,  a  son  of  Neptune  and  Terra, 
who  married  Electra,  one  of  the  Ocean- 
ides. 

Thaumasius,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Thea,  a  daughter  of  Uranus  and  Terra. 
She  married  her  brother  Hyperion,  by 
whom  she  had  the  sun,  the  moon,  Auro- 
ra, &c. One  of  the  Sporades. 

Theagenes,  a  man  who  made  himself 

master  of  Megara. An  athlete  of  Tha- 

sos,  famous  for  his  strength. A  Theban 

officer,  at  the  battle  of  Cheronasa. A 

writer  who  published  commentaries  on 
Homer's  works. 

Theages,  a  Greek  philosopher,  disciple 
of  Socrates. 

Theangela,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Theano,  the  wife  of  Metapontus  son 

of  Sisyphus. A  daughter  of  Cisseus, 

sister  to  Hecuba. One  of  the  Danaides. 

The  wife  of  the  philosopher  Pythago- 
ras.  The  daughter  of  Pythagoras. 

A  poetess  of  Locris. A  priestess  of 

Athens. A  daughter  of  Scedasus,  to 

whom  some  of  the  Lacedaemonians  offered 

violence  at  Leuctra. A  Trojan  matron, 

who  became  mother  of  Mimas  by  Amy- 
ous, the  same  night  that  Paris  was  born. 

Theanum,  a  town  of  Italy. 

Thearidas,  a  brother  of  Dionysius  the 
elder.    He  was  made  admiral  of  his  fleet. 

Thearius,  a  surname  of  Apollo  at  Trce- 
zene. 

Theatetes,  a  Greek  epigrammatist. 

Theba,  or  Thebe,  a  town  of  Cilicia. 

Theb^:,  a  celebrated  city,  the  capital  of 
Bceotia,  situate  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Ismenua.  The  manner  of  its  foundation 
is  not  precisely  known.  Cadmus  is  sup- 
posed to  have  first  begun  to  found  it  by 
building  the  citadel  Cadmea.  The  The- 
bans  were  looked  upon  as  an  indolent  and 
sluggish  nation,  and  the  words  of  Theban 
pig  became  proverbial  to  express  a  man 
remarkable  for  stupidity  and  inattention. 
The  monarchical  government  was  abolish- 
ed there  at  the  death  of  Xanthus,  about 
one  thousand  one  hundred  and  ninety 
years  before  Christ,  and  Thebes  became  a 

republic. A  town  at  the  south  ofTroas, 

built  by  Hercules,  and  also  called  Placia 

and  Hypoplacia. An  ancient  celebrated 

city  of  "Thebais  in  Egypt,  called  also  Heca- 


tompylos,  on  account  of  its  hundred  gates, 
and  Diospolis,  as  being  sacred  to  Jupiter. 
In  the  time  of  its  splendor,  it  extended 
above  twenty-three  miles,  and  could  send 
into  the  field  by  each  of  its  hundred  gates 
twenty  thousand   fighting  men  and  two 

hundred  chariots. A  town  of  Africa 

built  by  Bacchus. Another  in  Thessa- 

ly. Another  in  Phthiotis. 

Thebais,  a  country  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Egypt,  of  which  Thebes  was  the 

capital. There  have  been  some  poems 

which  have  borne  the  name  of  Thebais, 
but  of  these  the  only  one  extant  is  the 
Thebais  of  Statius.    The  poet  was  twelve 

years  in  composing  it. A  river  of 

Lydia. A  name  given  to  a  native  of 

Thebes. 

Thebe,  a  daughter  of  the  Asopus,  who 
married  Zethus. The  wife  of  Alexan- 
der, tyrant  of  Pherae.  She  was  persuaded 
by  Pelopidas  to  murder  her  husband. 

Theia,  a  goddess. 

Theias,  a  son  of  Belus. 

Thelephassa,  the  second  wife  of  Age- 
nor,  called  also  Telaphassa. 

Thelpusa,  a  nymph  of  Arcadia. 

Thelxion,  a  son  of  Apis,  who  conspir- 
ed against  his  father  who  was  king  of 
Peloponnesus. 

Thelxiope,  one  of  the  Muses,  accord- 
ing to  some  writers. 

Themenus,  a  son  of  Aristomachus,  bet- 
ter known  by  the  name  of  Temenus. 

Themesion,  a  tyrant  of  Eretria. 

Themillas,  a  Trojan. 

Themis,  a  daughter  of  Coelus  and  Terra 
who  married  Jupiter  against  her  own  in- 
clination. Her  oracle  was  famous  in  At- 
tica in  the  age  of  Deucalion.  Among  the 
moderns  she  is  represented  as  holding  a 
sword  in  one  hand,  and  a  pair  of  scales  in 

the  other. A  daughter  of  Ilus  who 

married  Capys,  and  became  mother  of 
Anchises. 

Themiscyra,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Themison,  a  famous  physician  of  Lao- 

dicea,  disciple  to  Asclepiades. One  of 

the  generals  and  ministers  of  Antiochus 
the  Great. 

Themista,  or  Themistis,  a  goddess,  the 
same  as  Themis. 

Themistius,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Paphlagonia  in  the  age  of  Constantius, 
greatly  esteemed  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
and  called  Euphrades,  the  fine  speaker, 
from  his  eloquent  and  commanding  deliv- 
ery.   His  school  was  greatly  frequented. 

Themisto,  daughter  of  Hypseus,  was 
the  third  wife  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thebes, 
by  whom  she  had  four  sons,  called  Ptous, 

Leucon,  Schceneus,  and  Erythroes. A 

woman  mentioned  by  Polyaenus. The 

mother  of  the  poet  Homer. 

Themistocles,  a  celebrated  general 
born  at  Athens.  When  Xerxes  invaded 
Greece,  Themistocles  was  at  the  head  of 


TH 


393 


TH 


the  Athenian  republic,  and  in  this  capa- 
city the  fleet  was  intrusted  to  his  care.  A 
battle  was  fought  near  the  island  of  Sala- 
mis,  B.  C.  480,  in  which  the  Greeks  ob- 
tained the  victory,  and  Themistocles  the 
honor  of  having  destroyed  the  formidable 
navy  of  Xerxes.  The  conqueror  of  Xerx- 
es however  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
his  countrymen,  which  had  proved  so  fatal 
to  many  of  his  illustrious  predecessors. 
He  was  banished  from  the  city,  and  after 
he  had  sought  in  vain  a  safe  retreat  among 
the  republics  of  Greece,  and  the  barbari- 
ans of  Thrace,  he  threw  himself  into  the 
arms  of  a  monarch,  whose  fleets  he  had 
defeated,  and  whose  father  he  had  ruined. 
Artaxerxes,  the  successor  of  Xerxes,  re- 
ceived the  illustrious  Athenian  with  kind- 
ness ;  and  though  he  had  formerly  set  a 
price  upon  his  head,  yet  he  made  him  one 
of  his  greatest  favorites,  and  bestowed 
three  rich  cities  upon  him,  to  provide  him 
with  bread,  wine,  and  meat.  Such  kind- 
nesses from  a  monarch,  from  whom  he, 
perhaps,  expected  the  most  hostile  treat- 
ment, did  not  alter  the  sentiments  of  The- 
mistocles. He  still  remembered  that 
Athens  gave  him  birth,  and  according  to 
some  writers,  the  wish  of  not  injuring  his 
country,  and  therefore  his  inability  of  car- 
rying on  war  against  Greece,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Artaxerxes,  obliged  him  to  des- 
troy himself  by  drinking  bull's  blood.  His 
bones  were  conveyed  to  Attica  and  honor- 
ed with  a  magnificent  tomb  by  the  Athe- 
nians, who  began  to  repent  too  late  of 
their  cruelty  to  the  saviour  of  his  coun- 
try. Themistocles  died  in  the  sixty -fifth 
year  of  his  age,  about  four  hundred  and 
forty-nine  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

A  writer,  some  of  whose  letters  are 

extant. 

Themistogenes,  an  historian  of  Syra- 
cuse, in  the  age  of  Artaxerxes  Memnon. 

Theocles,  an  opulent  citizen  of  Co- 
rinth, who  liberally  divided  his  riches 
among  the  poor. A  Greek  statuary. 

Theoclus,  a  Messenian  poet  and  sooth- 
sayer, who  died  B.  C.  671. 

Theocltmenus,  a  soothsayer  of  Argo- 
is,  descended  from  Melampus. 

Theocritus,  a  Greek  poet  who  flourish- 
ed at  Syracuse  in  Sicily,  282  B.  C.  He 
lived  in  the  age  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
whose  praises  he  sung  and  whose  favors 
he  enjoyed.  Theocritus  distinguished 
himself  by  his  poetical  compositions,  of 
which  thirty  idyllia  and  some  epigrams 
are  extant,  written  in  the  Doric  dialect, 
and  admired  for  their  beauty,  elegance, 
and   simplicity.     Virgil,  in  his  eclogues, 

has  imitated  and  often  copied  him. A 

Greek  historian  of  Chios,  who  wrote  an 
account  of  Libya. 

Theodamas,  or  Thiodamas,  a  king  of 
Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor.  He  was  killed  by 
Hercules. 


Theodectes,  a  Greek  orator  and  poet 
of  Phaselis  in  Pamphylia.  He  wrote  fifty 
tragedies  besides  other  works  now  lost. 
He  had  such  a  happy  memory  that  he 
could  repeat  with  ease  whatever  verses 
were  spoken  in  his  presence. 

Theodonis,  a  town  of  Germany,  now 
Thionville,  on  the  Moselle. 

Theodora,  a  daughter-in-law  of  the 
emperor  Maximian,  who  married  Constan- 

tius. A  daughter  of  Constantine. 

The  name  of  Theodora  is  common  to  the 
empresses  of  the  east  in  a  later  period. 

Theodoretus,  one  of  the  Greek  fathers 
who  flourished  A.  D.  425. 

Theodoritus,  a  Greek  ecclesiastical 
historian. 

Theodorus,  a  Syracusan  of  great  au- 
thority among  his  countrymen,  who  se- 
verely inveighed  against  the  tyranny  of 

Dionysius. A  philosopher,   disciple  to 

Aristippus.  He  denied  the  existence  of  a 
god.    Some  suppose  that  he  was  at  last 

condemned  to  death  for  his  impiety. A 

preceptor  to  one  of  the  sons  of  Antony, 
whom  he  betrayed  to  Augustus. A  con- 
sul in  the  reign  of  Honorius. A  secre- 
tary of  Valens.     He  conspired  against  the 

emperor,  and  was  beheaded. A  man 

who  compiled  an  history  of  Rome. A 

comic  actor. A  player  on  the  flute  in 

the  age  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes. A 

Greek  poet  of  Colophon,  whose  composi- 
tions are  lost. A  sophist  of  Byzantium 

called  Logodailon  by  Plato. A  Greek 

poet  in  the  age  of  Cleopatra^  An  artist  of 
Samos  about  seven  hundred  years  B.  C 

A  priest,  father  of  Isocrates. A 

Greek  writer,  called  also  Prodromus. 

Theodosia,  now  Caffa,  a  town  in  the 
Cimmerian  Bosphorus. 

Theodosiopolis,  a  town  of  Armenia. 

Theodosius  Flavius,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror surnamed  Magnus,  from  the  greatness 
of  his  exploits.  He  was  invested  with 
the  imperial  purple  by  Gratian,  and  ap- 
pointed over  Thrace  and  the  eastern  pro- 
vinces, which  had  been  in  the  possession 
of  Valentinian.  The  first  years  of  his 
reign  were  marked  by  different  conquests 
over  the  barbarians.  His  reception  at 
Rome  was  that  of  a  conqueror ;  he  tri- 
umphed over  the  barbarians,  and  restored 
peace  in  every  part  of  the  empire.  He 
died  of  a  dropsy  at  Milan,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of  sixteen 
years,  the  seventeenth  of  January,  A.  D. 
395.  Theodosius  was  the  last  of  the  em- 
perors who  was  the  sole  master  of  the 
whole  Roman  empire.  He  has  been  com- 
mended by  ancient  writers  as  a  prince 
blessed  with  every  virtue,  and  debased  by 
no  vicious  propensity.  His  zeal  as  a  fol- 
lower of  Christianity  has  been  applauded 

by  all  the  ecclesiastical  writers. The 

second  Theodosius  succeeded   his   father 

Arcadius  as  emperor  of  the  western  Ro- 

R* 


TH 


394 


TH 


man  empire,  though  only  in  the  eighth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  warm  advo- 
cate for  the  Christian  religion  ;  and  the 
laws  and  regulations  which  were  promul- 
gated under  him,  selected  from  the  most 
useful  and  salutary  institutions  of  his  im- 
perial predecessors,  have  been  called  the 

Theodosian  Code,  B.  C.  450. A  lover 

of  Antonina  the  wife  of  Belisarius. 

A  mathematician  of  Tripoli,  who  flourish- 
ed 75  B.  C. A  Roman  general,  father 

of  Theodosiusthe  Great ;  he  died  A.  D.376. 

Theodota,  a  beautiful  courtezan  of 
Elis. A  Roman  empress,  &c. 

Theodotian,  an  interpreter,  in  the  reign 
of  Commodus. 

Theodotus,  an  admiral  of  the  Rhodi- 
ans,  sent  by  his  countrymen  to  make  a 

treaty  with  the  Romans. A  native  of 

Chios,  who  as  preceptor  and  counsellor  of 
Ptolemy  advised  the  feeble  monarch  to 

murder  Pompey. A  Syracusan,  accused 

of  a  conspiracy  against  Hieronymus  the 

tyrant  of  Syracuse. A  governor  of  Bac- 

triana  in  the  age  of  Antiochus. A  friend 

of  the  emperor  Julian. A  Phoenician 

historian. One  of  the  generals  of  Alex- 
ander. 

Theognetes,  a  Greek  tragic  poet. 

Theognis,  a  Greek  poet  of  Megara,  who 
flourished  about  five  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  years  before  Christ. There  was 

also  a  tragic  poet  of  the  same  name,  whose 
compositions  were  so  lifeless  and  inani- 
mated,  that  they  procured  him  the  name 
of  Chion  or  snow. 

Theomnestus,  a  rival  of  Nicias  in  the 
administration  of  public  affairs  at  Athens. 
A  statuary  of  Sardinia. An  Athe- 
nian philosopher. A  painter. 

The  on,  a  philosopher,  who  used  fre- 
quently to  walk  in  his  sleep. An  astro- 
nomer of  Smyrna,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian. 
A  painter  of  Samos. Another  philoso- 
pher.  An  infamous  reviler. 

Theonoe,  a  daughter  of  Thestor,  sister 
to  Calchas.  She  was  carried  away  by  sea 
pirates,  and  sold  to  Icarus,  king  of  Caria. 
A  daughter  of  Proteus  and  a  Nereid. 

Theope,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Leos. 

Theophane,  a  daughter  of  Bisaltus, 
whom  Neptune  changed  into  a  sheep,  to 
remove  her  from  her  numerous  suitors, 
and  conveyed  to  the  island  Crumissa. 

THEOPHANES,aGreek  historian,  born  at 

Mitylene. His  son  M.  Pompeius  Theo- 

phanes  was  made  governor  of  Asia. A 

Byzantine  historian. 

Theophania,  festivals  celebrated  at 
Delphi  in  honor  of  Apollo. 

Theophilus,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens. 
A  governor  of  Syria  in  the  age  of  Ju- 
lian.  A  friend  of  Piso. A  physician. 

One  of  the  Greek  fathers. The 

name  of  Theophilus  is  common  among  the 
primitive  Christians. 

Theophrastus,  a  native  of  Eresus.  in 


Lesbos,  son  of  a  fuller.  He  studied  under 
Plato,  and  afterwards  under  Aristotle, 
whose  friendship  he  gained,  and  whose 
warmest  commendations  he  deserved. 
Theophrastus  composed  many  books,  and 
Diogenes  has  enumerated  the  titles  of 
above  two  hundred  treatises,  which  he 
wrote  with  great  elegance  and  copious- 
ness. About  twenty  of  these  are  extant. 
He  died  loaded  with  years  and  infirmities 
in  the  one  hundred  and  seventh  year  of 

his  age,  B.  C.  288. An  officer  intrusted 

with  the  care  of  the  citadel  of  Corinth  by 
Antigonus. 

Theopolemus,  a  man  who,  with  his 
brother  Hiero,  plundered  Apollo's  temple 
at  Delphi. 

Theopolis,  a  name  given  to  Antioch 
because  the  Christians  first  received  their 
name  there. 

Theopompus,  a  king  of  Sparta.  He 
created  the  Ephori,  and  died  after  a  long 
and  peaceful  reign,  B.  C.  723. A  fa- 
mous Greek  historian  of  Chios,  disciple  of 
Isocrates,  who  flourished  B.  C.  354.  All 
his  compositions  are  lost,  except  a  few 

fragments  quoted  by  ancient  writers. 

An  Athenian,  who  attempted  to  deliver  his 
countrymen  from  the  tyranny  of  Demetri 

us. A  comic  poet  in  the  age  of  Menan  ■ 

der.    He  wrote  twenty-four  plays,  all  lost 

A  son  of  Demaratus,  who  obtained  se 

veral  crowns  at  the  Olympic  games. 

An  orator  and  historian  of  Cnidus. A 

Spartan  general. A  philosopher  of  Che- 

ronaea,  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Philip 

Theophvlactus  Simocatta,  a  Byzan- 
tine historian. One  of  the  Greek  fa- 
thers who  flourished,  A.  D.  1070. 

Theorius,  a  surname  of  Apollo  at  Trce- 
zene  where  he  had  a  very  ancient  temple. 
It  signifies  clear-sighted. 

Theotimus,  a  wrestler  of  Elis,  in  the 

age  of  Alexander. A  Greek  who  wrote 

an  history  of  Italy. 

Theoxena,  a  noble  lady  of  Thessaly 
who  threw  herself  into  the  seal 

Theoxenia,  a  festival  celebrated  in  ho- 
nor of  all  the  gods  in  every  city  of  Greece, 
but  especially  at  Athens. 

Theoxenius,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Thera,  a  daughter  of  Amphion  and  Ni- 

obe. One  of  the  Sporades  in  the^Egean 

sea,  anciently  called  Callista,  now  Santo- 
rin. A  town  of  Caria. 

Therambus,  a  town  near  Pallene. 

Theramenes,  an  Athenian  philosopher 
and  general  in  the  age  of  Alcibiades.  He 
was  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  of  Athens, 
but  he  had  no  share  in  the  cruelties  and 
oppression  which  disgraced  their  adminis- 
tration. He  was  accused  by  Critias,  one 
of  his  colleagues,  because  he  opposed  their 
views,  and  he  was  condemned  to  drink 
hemlock,  about  four  hundred  and  four 
years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Therapne,  or  Terapne,  a  town  of  La- 


TH 


395 


TH 


conia,  where  Apollo  had  a  temple  called 
Phcebeum.  It  was  at  a  very  short  distance 
from  Lacedoemon. 

Theras,  a  son  of  Autesion  of  Lacedee- 
mon,  who  conducted  a  colony  to  Calista. 

Therimachus,  a  son  of  Hercules  by  Me- 
gara. 

Therippidas,  a  Lacedaemonian. 

Theritas,  a  surname  of  Mars  in  Laco- 
nia. 

Therma,  a  town  of  Africa. A  town 

of  the  Macedonia. 

Therms,  a  town  of  Sicily,  now  Sciacca. 

Another  near  Panormus,  now  Ther- 

mini. 

Thermodon,  now  Termah,  a  famous  ri- 
ver of  Cappadocia.  There  was  also  a 
small  river  of  the  same  name  in  Bceotia, 
near  Tanagra. 

Thermoptlj:,  a  small  pass  leading  from 
Thessaly  into  Locris  and  Phocis.  Ther- 
mopylce  receives  its  name  from  the  hot 
baths  which  are  in  the  neighborhood.  It 
is  celebrated  for  a  battle  which  was  fought 
there  B.  C.  480,  on  the  seventh  of  August, 
between  Xerxes  and  the  three  hundred 
Greeks. 

Thermum,  a  town  of  iEtolia,  on  the 
Eveuus. 

Thermus,  a  man  accused  in  the  reign 
of  Tiberius. A  man  put  to  death  by  Ne- 
ro.  The  capital  of  iEtolia. 

Therodamas,  a  king  of  Scythia. 

Theron,  a  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  who 

died  472  B.  C. One  of  Action's  dogs. 

A  Rutulian  who  attempted  to  kill 

jEneas.    He  perished  in  the  attempt. 

A  priest  in  the  temple  of  Hercules  at  Sa- 

guntum. A  Theban  descended  from 

the   Sparta?. A  daughter  of  Phylas 

beloved  by  Apollo. 

Therpander,  a  celebrated  poet  and 
musician  of  Lesbos. 

Thersander  accompanied  the  Greeks 
to  the  Trojan  war,  but  was  killed  in  My- 

sia  by  Telephus. A  son  of  Sisyphus, 

king  of  Corinth. A  musician  of  Ionia. 

Thersilochus,  a  leader  of  the  Paeoni- 
ans  in  the  Trojan  war,  killed  by  Achilles. 

A  friend  of  ^Eneas  killed  by  Turnus. 

An  athlete  at  Corcyra,  crowned  at  the 

Olympic  games. 

Thersippds,  a  son  of  Agrius,  who  drove 

CEneus  from  the  throne  of  Calydon. 

An  Athenian  author  who  died  954  B.  C. 

Thersites,  an  officer  the  most  deform- 
ed and  illiberal  of  the  Greeks,  during  the 
Trojan  war.  He  was  fond  of  ridiculing 
his  fellow  soldiers,  particularly  Achil- 
les, Agamemnon,  and  Ulysses.  Achilles 
killed  him  with  one  blow  of  his  fist,  be- 
cause he  laughed  at  his  mourning  the 
death  of  Penthesilea. 

Theseid^:,  a  patronymic  given  to  the 
Athenians  from  Theseus,  one  of  their 
kings. 

Theseis,  a  poem  written  by  Codrus, 


containing  an  account  of  the  life  and  ac- 
tions of  Theseus,  and  now  lost. 

Theseus,  king  of  Athens,  and  son  of 
iEgeus.  He  was  educated  at  Trcezene  in 
the  house  of  Pittheus,  and  as  he  was  not 
publicly  acknowledged  to  be  the  son  of 
the  king  of  Athens,  he  passed  for  the  son 
of  Neptune.  When  he  came  to  years  of 
maturity,  he  was  sent  by  his  mother  to 
his  father,  and  a  sword  was  given  him, 
by  which  he  might  make  himself  known 
to  ^Egeus  in  a  private  manner.  At  Ath- 
ens, however,  his  reception  was  not  cor- 
dial, Medea  lived  there  with  Mgeus,  and 
as  she  knew  that  her  influence  would  fall 
to  the  ground  if  Theseus  was  received  in 
his  father's  house,  she  attempted  to  de- 
stroy him  before  his  arrival  was  made 
public.  iEgeus  was  himself  to  give  the 
cup  of  poison  to  this  unknown  stranger  at 
a  feast,  but  the  sight  of  his  sword  on  the 
side  of  Theseus  reminded  him  of  his 
amours  with  iEthra.  He  knew  him  to  be 
his  son.  The  Pallantides,  who  expected 
to  succeed  their  uncle  JSgeus  on  the 
throne,  as  he  apparently  had  no  children, 
attempted  to  assassinate  Theseus,  but 
they  fell  a  prey  to  their  own  barbarity, 
and  were  all  put  to  death  by  the  young 
prince.  The  bull  of  Marathon  next  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  Theseus.  The 
labor  seemed  arduous,  but  he  caught  the 
animal  alive,  and  after  he  had  led  it 
through  the  streets  of  Athens,  he  sacri- 
ficed it  to  Minerva,  or  the  god  of  Delphi. 
After  this  Theseus  went  to  Crete  among 
the  seven  chosen  youths  whom  the  Athe- 
nians yearly  sent  to  be  devoured  by  the 
Minotaur.  The  wish  to  deliver  his  coun- 
try from  so  dreadful  a  tribute,  engaged 
him  to  undertake  this  expedition.  He 
was  successful  by  means  of  Ariadne,  the 
daughter  of  Minos,  who  was  enamored  of 
him,  and  after  he  had  escaped  from  the 
labyrinth  with  a  clue  of  thread,  and  kill- 
ed the  Minotaur,  he  sailed  from  Crete 
with  the  six  boys  and  seven  maidens, 
whom  his  victory  had  equally  redeemed 
from  death.  In  the  island  of  Naxos, 
where  he  was  driven  by  the  winds,  he 
had  the  meanness  to  abandon  Ariadne,  to 
whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  safety. 
The  rejoicings  which  his  return  might 
have  occasioned  at  Athens,  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  death  of  ^Egeus,  who  threw 
himself  into  the  sea  when  he  saw  his 
son's  ship  return  with  black  sails,  which 
was  the  signal  of  ill  success.  His  ascen- 
sion on  his  father's  throne  was  universal- 
ly applauded,  B.  C.  1235.  The  Athenians 
were  governed  with  mildness,  and  The- 
seus made  new  regulations,  and  enacted 
new  laws.  The  fame  which  he  had  gain- 
ed by  his  victories  and  policy  made  his 
alliance  courted  ;  but  Pirithoiis,  king  of 
the  Lapithas,  alone  wished  to  gain  his 
friendship,  by  meeting  him  in  the  field  of 


TH 


396 


TH 


battle.  He  invaded  the  territories  of  At- 
tica, and  when  Theseus  had  marched  out 
to  meet  him,  the  two  enemies,  struck  at 
the  sight  of  each  other,  rushed  between 
their  two  armies,  to  embrace  one  another 
in  the  most  cordial  and  affectionate  man- 
ner, and  from  that  time  began  the  most 
sincere  and  admired  friendship  which  has 
become  proverbial.  Sometime  after  The- 
seus assisted  his  friend  in  procuring  a 
wife,  and  they  both  descended  into  the 
infernal  regions  to  carry  away  Proserpine. 
Pluto,  apprised  of  their  intentions,  stop- 
ped them.  Pirithous  was  placed  on  his 
father's  wheel,  and  Theseus  was  tied  to  a 
huge  stone,  on  which  he  had  sat  to  rest 
himself.  During  the  captivity  of  Theseus 
in  the  kingdom  of  Pluto,  Mnestheus,  one 
of  the  descendants  of  Erechtheus,  ingra- 
tiated himself  into  the  favor  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Athens,  and  obtained  the  crown  in 
preference  to  the  children  of  the  absent 
monarch.  At  his  return  Theseus  attempt- 
ed to  eject  the  usurper,  but  to  no  purpose. 
The  Athenians  had  forgotten  his  many 
services,  and  he  retired  with  great  morti- 
fication to  the  court  of  Lycomedes,  king 
of  the  island  ofScyros.  After  paying  him 
much  attention,  Lycomedes,  either  jea- 
lous of  his  fame,  or  bribed  by  the  presents 
of  Mnestheus,  carried  him  to  a  high  rock, 
on  pretence  of  showing  him  the  extent  of 
his  dominions,  and  threw  him  down  a 
deep  precipice.  Some  suppose  that  The- 
seus inadvertently  fell  down  this  preci- 
pice, and  that  he  was  crushed  to  death 
without  receiving  any  violence  from  Ly- 
comedes. The  children  of  Theseus,  after 
the  death  of  Mnestheus,  recovered  the 
Athenian  throne,  and  that  the  memory  of 
their  father  might  not  be  without  the 
honors  due  to  a  hero,  they  brought  his 
remains  from  Scyros,  and  gave  them  a 
magnificent  burial.  They  also  raised 
him  statues  and  a  temple,  and  festivals 
and  games  were  publicly  instituted  to 
commemorate  the  actions  of  a  hero,  who 
had  rendered  such  services  to  the  people 
of  Athens.  These  festivals  were  still  ce- 
lebrated with  original  solemnity  in  the 
age  of  Pausanias  and  Plutarch,  about 
twelve  hundred  years  after  the  death  of 
Theseus. 

Thesid-e,  a  name  given  to  the  people 
of  Athens,  because  they  were  governed 
by  Theseus. 

Thesides,  a  patronymic  applied  to  the 
children  of  Theseus. 

Thesmophora,  a  surname  of  Ceres,  as 
law-giver,  in  whose  honor  festivals  were 
instituted  called  Thesmophoria.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  Grecian  cities,  especially 
Athens,  observed  them  with  great  solem- 
nity. The  worshippers  were  free  born 
women,  whose  husbands  were  obliged  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  the  festival.  There 
were  also  certain  virgins  who  officiated, 


and  were  maintained  at  the  public  ex- 
pense. 

Thesmothetj:,  a  name  given  to  the 
last  six  archons  among  the  Athenians. 

Thespia,  now  JVeocorio,  a  town  of  Bce- 
otia,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon. 

Thespiadje,  the  sons  of  the  Thespiadea. 

Thespiades,  a  name  given  to  the  fifty 
daughters  of  Thespius. Also  a  sur- 
name of  the  nine  muses,  because  they 
were  held  in  great  veneration  in  Thespia. 

Thespis,  a  Greek  poet  of  Attica,  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  inventor  of  trage- 
dy, five  hundred  and  thirty-six  years  be- 
fore Christ.  He  went  from  town  to  town 
upon  a  cart,  on  which  was  erected  a  tem- 
porary stage,  where  two  actors,  whose 
faces  were  daubed  with  the  lees  of  wine, 
entertained  the  audience  with  choral 
songs. 

Thespius,  a  king  of  Thespia,  in  Bceo- 
tia,  son  of  Erechtheus. 

Thesprotia,  a  country  of  Epirus,  bound- 
ed on  the  south  by  the  sea.  It  is  watered 
by  the  rivers  Acheron  and  Cocytus. 

Thesprotus,  a  son  of  Lycaon,  king  of 
Arcadia. 

Thessalia,  a  country  of  Greece,  whose 
boundaries  have  been  different  at  differ- 
ent periods.  Properly  speaking,  Thessaly 
was  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  southern 
parts  of  Greece,  or  Grecia  propria  ;  east, 
by  the  ^Egean  ;  north,  by  Macedonia  and 
Mygdonia  ;  and  west,  by  Illyricum  and 
Epirus.  Thessaly  is  famous  for  a  deluge 
which  happened  there  in  the  age  of  Deu- 
calion. 

Thessalion,  a  servant  of  Mentor,  of 
Sidon,  in  the  age  of  Artaxerxes  Ochus. 

Thessaliotis,  a  part  of  Thessaly  at  the 
south  of  the  river  Peneus. 

Thessalonica,    an   ancient    town  of 

Macedonia,  first  called   Therma. A 

daughter  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia, 
sister  to  Alexander  the  Great. 

Thessalus,  a  son  of  iEmon. A  son 

of  Hercules  and  Calliope,  daughter  of  Eu- 

ryphilus. A  physician  who  invited 

Alexander  to  a  feast  at  Babylon  to  give 

him  poison. A  physician  of  Lydiain 

the  age  of  Nero. A  son  of  Cimon,  who 

accused  Alcibiades  because  he  imitated 

the  mysteries  of  Ceres. A  son  of  Pisis- 

tratus. A  player  in  the  age  of  Alexan- 
der. 

Thestalus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  Epi- 
caste. 

Theste,  a  sister  of  Dionysius  the  elder, 
tyrant  of  Syracuse. 

Thestia,  a  town  of  iEtolia,  between 
the  Evenus  and  Achelous. 

Thestias,  a  patronymic  of  Althaea, 
daughter  of  Thestius. 

Thestiad*,  the  sons  of  Thestius,  Tox- 
eus  and  Plexippus. 

Thestis,  a  fountain  in  the  country  of 
Cyrene. 


TH 


397 


TH 


Thestius,  a  king  of  Pleuron. A 

king  of  Thespia. The  sons  of  Thesti- 

us,  called  Thestiada,  were  killed  by  Mele- 
ager  at  the  chase  of  the  Calydonian  boar. 

Thestor,  a  son  of  Idmon  and  Laothoe, 
father  to  Calchas.  From  him  Calchas  is 
often  called  Thestorides. 

Thestylis,  a  country  woman  mention- 
ed in  Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

Thetis,  one  of  the  sea-deities,  daughter 
of  Nereus  and  Doris,  often  confounded 
with  Tethys,  her  grandmother.  She  was 
courted  by  Neptune  and  Jupiter ;  but  when 
the  gods  were  informed  that  the  son  she 
should  bring  forth  must  become  great- 
er than  his  father,  their  addresses  were 
stopped,  and  Peleus,  the  son  of  ^Eacus, 
was  permitted  to  solicit  her  hand.  Their 
nuptials  were  celebrated  on  mount  Pelion, 
with  great  pomp  ;  all  the  deities  attended 
except  the  goddess  of  discord,  who  pun- 
ched the  negligence  of  Peleus,  by  throw- 
Big  into  the  midst  of  the  assembly  a  gold- 
en apple,  to  be  given  to  the  fairest  of  all 
the  goddesses.  Thetis  became  mother  of 
several  children  by  Peleus,  but  all  these 
ehe  destroyed  by  fire  in  attempting  to  see 
whether  they  were  immortal.  Achilles 
must  have  shared  the  same  fate,  if  Peleus 
had  not  snatched  him  from  her  hand  as 
she  was  going  to  repeat  the  cruel  opera- 
tion. She  afterwards  rendered  him  in- 
vulnerable by  plunging  him  in  the  waters 
of  the  Styx,  except  that  part  of  the  heel 
by  which  she  held  him. 

Theutis,  or  Teuthis,  a  prince  of  a  town 
of  the  same  name  in  Arcadia,  who  went 
to  the  Trojan  war. 

Thia,  the  mother  of  the  sun,  moon,  and 

Aurora,  by  Hyperion. One  of  the  Spo- 

rades. 

Thias,  a  king  of  Assyria. 

Thimbron,  a  Lacedaemonian  chosen 
general  to  conduct  a  war  against  Persia. 

He  died  B.  C.  391. A  friend  of  Harpa- 

lus. 

Thiodamas,  the  father  of  Hylas. 

Thirmida,  a  town  of  Numidia,  where 
Hiempsal  was  slain. 

Thisbe,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Babylon. 
A  town  of  Boeotia. 

Thisias,  a  Sicilian  writer. 

Thisoa,  one  of  the  three  nymphs  who 
fed  Jupiter  in  Arcadia. 

Thistie,  a  town  of  Boeotia. 

Thoantium,  a  place  on  the  seacoast  at 
Rhodes. 

Thoas,  a  king  of  Taurica  Chersonesus, 
in  the  age  of  Orestes  and  Pylades.  He 
would  have  immolated  these  two  celebrat- 
ed strangers  on  Diana's  altars,  according 
to  the  barbarous  customs  of  the  country, 
had  they  not  been  delivered  by  Iphigenia. 

A  king  of  Lemnos,  son  of  Bacchus 

and  Ariadne  the  daughter  of  Minos,  and 

husband  to  Myrine. A  son  of  Andre- 

mon  and  Gorge,  who  went  to  the  Trojan 
34 


war  with  fifteen  or  rather  forty  ships. 

A  famous  huntsman. A  son  of  Icarius. 

A  son  of  Jason  and  Hipsipyle  queen 

of  Lemnos. A  son  of  Ornytion,  grand- 
son of  Sisyphus. A  king  of  Assyria, 

father  of  Adonis  and  Myrrha. A  man 

who  made  himself  master  of  Miletus. 

One  of  the  friends  of  iEneas. An 

officer  of  ^Etolia. 

Thoe,  one  of  the  Nereides. One  of 

the  horses  of  Admetus. One  of  the 

Amazons. 

Tholus,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Thomyris,  called  also  Tamyris,  and 
Tameris,  was  queen  of  the  Massagetre. 
After  her  husband's  death  she  marched 
against  Cyrus,  who  wished  to  invade  her 
territories,  cut  his  army  to  pieces,  and 
killed  him  on  the  spot. 

Thon,  an  Egyptian  physician. 

Thonis,  a  courtezan  of  Egypt. 

Thoon,  a  Trojan  chief  killed  by  Ulys- 
ses.  One  of  the  giants  who  made  war 

against  Jupiter. 

Thoosa,  a  sea  nymph,  daughter  of 
Phorcys. 

Thootes,  one  of  the  Grecian  heralds. 

Thoranius,  a  general  of  Metellus,  kill- 
ed by  Sertorius. 

Thorax,  a  mountain  near  Magnesia  in 
Ionia,  where  the  grammarian  Daphitas 
was  suspended  on  a  cross. A  Lacedae- 
monian officer  who  was  put  to  death  by 

the  Ephori. A  man  of  Larissa,  who 

paid  much  attention  to  the  dead  body  of 
Antigonus. 

Thoria  lex,  agraria,  by  Sp.  Thorius, 
the  tribune.  It  ordained  that  no  person 
should  pay  any  rent  for  the  land  which 
he  possessed. 

Thornax,  a  mountain  of  Argolis. 

Thorsus,  a  river  of  Sardinia. 

Thoth,  an  Egyptian  deity,  the  same  aa 
Mercury. 

Thous,  a  Trojan  chief. One  of  Ac- 
tion's dogs. 

Thrace,  a  daughter  of  Titan. A 

name  of  Thrace. 

Thraces,  the  inhabitants  of  Thrace. 

Thracia,  a  large  country  of  Europe,  at 
the  south  of  Scythia,  bounded  by  mount 
Hasmus.  The  Thracians  were  looked 
upon  as  a  cruel  and  barbarous  nation, 
naturally  brave  and  warlike,  addicted  to 
drinking  and  venereal  pleasures. 

Thracidje,  an  illustrious  family  at  Del- 
phi. 

Thracis,  a  town  of  Phocis. 

Thraseas,  or  Thrasius,  a  soothsayer. 

Partus,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Patavi- 

um,  in  the  age  of  Nero. 

Thrasideus  succeeded  his  father  The- 
ron  as  tyrant  of  Agrigentum.  He  was 
conquered  by  Hiero,  and  soon  after  put  to 
death. 

Thrasius),  a  general  of  a  mercenary 
band  in  Sicily. A  spendthrift  at  Rome. 


TH 


398 


TH 


Thraso,  a  painter. A  favorite  of 

Hieronymus.     He  was  put  to  death  by  the 

tyrant. The  character  of  a  captain  in 

Terence. 

Thrasybtjlus,  a  famous  general  of  Ath- 
ens who  began  the  expulsion  of  the  thirty 
tyrants  of  his  country  though  he  was  only 
assisted  by  thirty  of  his  friends.  His 
efforts  were  attended  with  success,  B.  C. 
401,  and  the  only  reward  he  received  for 
this  patriotic  action  was  a  crown  made 
with  two  twigs  of  an  olive  branch.  After 
he  had  gained  many  advantages,  this 
great  man  was  killed  in  his  camp  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Aspendus,  whom  his  sol- 
diers had  plundered  without  his  know- 
ledge, B.  C.  391. A  tyrant,  of  Miletus, 

B.  C.  634. A  soothsayer  descended 

from  Apollo. A  son  of  Gelon,  banished 

from  Syracuse,  B.  C.  466. An  Atheni- 
an in  the  army  of  the  Persians. 

Thrasyd^eus,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  &c. 

Thrasyllus,  a  man  of  Attica,  so  disor- 
dered in  his  mind  that  he  believed  all  the 
ships  which  entered  the  Pira?us  to  be  his 

own.- A  general  of  the  Athenians. 

A  Greek  Pythagorean  mathematician  and 
philosopher. 

Thrasymachus,  a  native  of  Carthage. 
Though  he  was  a  public  teacher  at  Ath- 
ens, he  starved  for  want  of  bread,  and  at 
last  hanged  himself. A  man  who  abol- 
ished democracy  at  Cumae. 

Thrastmed.es,  a  son  of  Nestor.  He 
was  one  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  during  the 

Trojan  war. A  son  of  Philomelus,  who 

married  a  daughter  of  Pisistratus. 

Thrasymenus,  a  lake  of  Itaiy  near  Pe- 
rusium.  This  lake  is  now  called  the  lake 
of  Perugia. 

Threicius,  of  Thrace.  Orpheus  is 
called  by  way  of  eminence  Threicius  Sa- 
cerdos. 

Threissa,  an  epithet  applied  to  Harpa- 
lyce,  a  native  of  Thrace. 

Threpsippas,  a  eon  of  Hercules  and 
Pan ope. 

Thriambus,  one  of  the  surnames  of 
Bacchus. 

Thronium,  a  town  of  Phocis. An- 
other of  Thesprotia. 

Thryon,  a  town  of  Messenia. 

Thryus,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus  near 
Elis. 

Thucydides,  a  celebrated  Greek  histo- 
rian, born  at  Athens.  He  wrote  an  im- 
partial history  of  the  important  events 
which  had  happened  during  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war  and  which  still  continued  to 
agitate  the  several  states  of  Greece.  Thu- 
cydides wrote  in  the  Attic  dialect,  as  pos- 
sessed of  more  vigor,  purity,  elegance,  and 
energy.  He  spared  neither  time  nor  mon- 
ey to  procure  authentic  materials  ;  and 
the  Athenians,  as  well  as  their  enemies, 
furnished  him  with  many  valuable  com- 
munications, which  contributed  to  throw 


great  light  on  the  different  transactions  of 
the  war.  His  relations  are  authentic,  as  he 
himself  was  interested  in  the  events  he 
mentions  and  his  impartiality  is  indubita- 
ble. The  history  of  Thucydides  was  so  ad- 
mired, that  Demosthenes,  to  perfect  him- 
self as  an  orator,  transcribed  it  eight  differ- 
ent times,  and  read  it  with  such  attention, 
that  he  could  almost  repeat  it  by  heart. 
Thucydides  died  at  Athens,  where  he  had 
been  recalled  from  his  exile,  in  hia 
eightieth  year,  three  hundred  and  ninety- 
one  years  before  Christ. A  son  of  Mi- 

lesias,  in  the  age  of  Pericles  ;  banished  foi 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  Pericles 

Thoisto,  one  of  the  deities  of  the  Ger- 
mans. 

Thule,  an  island  in  the  most  northern 
parts  of  the  German  ocean,  to  which  the 
ancients  gave  the  epithet  of  ultima.  Some 
suppose  that  it  is  the  island  now  called 
Iceland  or  part  of  Greenland. 

Thuri.se, — ii,  or  ium,  a  town  of  Luca- 
nia  in  Italy,  built  by  a  colony  of  Atheni- 
ans, near  the  ruins  of  Sybaris,  B.C.  444. 
A  town  of  Messenia. 

Thurinus,  a  name  given  to  Augustus 
when  he  was  young. 

Thuscia,  a  country  of  Italy,  the  same 
as  Etruria. 

Thya,  a  daughter  of  the  Cephisus. 

A  place  near  Delphi. 

Thyades,  a  name  of  the  Bacchanals. 
They  received  it  from  Thyas,  daughter  of 
Castalius,  and  mother  of  Delphus  by  Apol- 
lo. 

Thyamis,  a  river  of  Epirus  falling  into 
the  Ionian  sea. 

Thtasa,  a  town  of  Cappadocia. 

Thyatira,  a  town  of  Lydia,  now  Jlki- 
sar. 

Thybarni,  a  people  near  Sardes. 

Thyesta,  a  sister  of  Dionysius,  the  ty- 
rant of  Syracuse. 

Thyestes,  a  son  of  Pelops  and  Hippo- 
damia,  and  grandson  of  Tantalus,  de- 
bauched ^Erope,  the  wife  of  his  brother 
Atreus,  because  he  refused  to  take  him 
as  his  colleague  on  the  throne  of  Argos. 
This  was  no  sooner  known,  than  Atreus 
divorced  ^Erope,  and  banished  Thyestes 
from  his  kingdom ;  but  soon  after  the 
more  effectually  to  punish  his  infidelity, 
he  expressed  a  wish  to  be  reconciled  to 
him,  and  recalled  him  to  Argos.  Thyes- 
tes was  received  by  his  brother  at  an  ele- 
gant entertainment,  but  he  was  soon  in- 
formed that  he  had  been  feeding  upon  the 
flesh  of  one  of  his  own  children.  This 
Atreus  took  care  to  communicate  to  him 
by  showing  him  the  remains  of  his  son's 
body.  This  action  appeared  so  barbarous, 
that,  according  to  the  ancient  mytholo- 
gists,  the  sun  changed  his  usual  course, 
not  to  be  a  spectator  of  so  bloody  a  scene. 
Thyestes  escaped  from  his  brother  and 
fled  to  Epirus.    He  died  at  Cythera. 


Tl 


399 


TI 


Thymbra,  a  small  town  of  Lydia,  near  | 
Sardes,  celebrated  for  a  battle  which  was 
fought  there  between  Cyrus  and  Croesus, 

in  which  the  latter  was  defeated. A 

plain  in  Troas,  through  which  a  small 
river,  called  Thymbrius,  falls  in  its  course 
to  the  Scamander. 

Thtmbrsus,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

Thvmbris,  a  concubine  of  Jupiter,  said 

to  be  mother  of  Pan. A  fountain  and 

river  of  Sicily. 

Thymele,  a  celebrated  female  dancer, 
favored  by  Domitian. 

Thymiathis,  a  river  of  Epirus. 

Thymochares,  an  Athenian  defeated  in 
a  battle  by  the  Lacedaemonians. 

Thymcetes,  a  king  of  Athens.  He  was 
deposed  because  he  refused  to  accept  a 
challenge  sent  by  Xanthus  king  of  Boeotia, 
and  was  succeeded  by  a  Messenian,  B.  C. 

1128. A  Trojan  prince,  whose  wife  and 

son  were  put  to  death  by  order  of  Priam. 

A  son  of  Hicetaon,  who  accompanied 

-(Eneas  into  Italy. 

Thyiti,  or  Bithyn-i,  a  people  of  Bithy- 
nia,  hence  the  word  Thyna  merz  applied 
to  their  commodities. 

Thyo.he,  a  name  given  to  Semele. 

Thyoneus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus  from 
his  mother  Semele,  who  was  called  Thy- 
one. 

Thyotes,  a  priest  of  the  Cabiri,  in  Samo- 
thrace. 

Thyre,  a  town  of  the  Messenians,  fa- 
mous for  a  battle  fought  there  between  the 
Argives  and  the  Lacedaemonians. 

Thyrea,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Thyreum,  a  town  of  Acarnania. 

Thyreus,  a  son  of  Lycaon,  king  of  Ar- 
cadia.  A  son  of  CEneus,  king  of  Caly- 

don. 

Tkyrides,  three  small  islands  at  the 
point  of  Taenarus. 

Thtrsaget-e,  a  people  of  Sarmatia,  who 
live  upon  hunting. 

Thyrsus,  a  river  of  Sardinia. 

Thyssos,  a  town  near  mount  Athos. 

Thyus,  a  satrap  of  Paphlagonia. 

Tiasa,  a  daughter  of  the  Eurotas. 

Tibareni,  a  people  of  Cappadocia. 

A  people  of  Pontus. 

Tiberias,  a  town  of  Galilee,  built  by 
Herod.    - 

Tiberinus,  son  of  Capetas,  and  king  of 
Alba,  was  drowned  in  the  river  Albula, 
which  on  that  account  assumed  the  name 
of  Tiberis. 

.  Tiberis,  Tyberi3,  Tiber,  or  Tibris,  a 
river  of  Italy,  on  whose  banks  the  city  of 
Rome  was  built.  It  rises  in  the  Appen- 
nines,  and  falls  into  the  Tyrrhene  sea,  six- 
teen miles  below  Rome,  after  dividing  La- 
tin m  from  Etruria. 

Tiberius,  Claudius  Drusus  Nero,  a 
Roman  emperor,  successor  to  Augustus. 
The    beginning  of  his  reign  seemed  to 


promise  tranquillity  to  the  world  ;  but  the 
real  character  of  Tiberius  soon  manifested 
itself.  His  ingratitude  to  his  mother  Li- 
via,  to  whose  intrigues  he  was  indebted 
for  the  purple,  his  cruelty  to  his  wife  Julia, 
and  his  tyrannical  oppression  and  murder 
of  many  noble  senators,  rendered  him 
odious  and  disgusting  to  the  people.  Not 
only  his  relations  and  friends,  but  the 
great  and  opulent,  were  sacrificed  to  his 
ambition  or  caprice  ;  and  there  was  scarce- 
ly one  family  in  Rome  that  did  not  re- 
proach Tiberius  for  the  loss  of  a  brother, 
a  father,  or  a  husband.  He  at  last  retired 
to  the  island  of  Capreae,  on  the  coast  of 
Campania,  where  he  buried  himself  in 
unlawful  pleasures.  The  care  of  the  em- 
pire was  intrusted  to  favorites,  among 
whom  Sejanus  shone  with  great  splendor. 
Tiberius  nominated  Caius  Caligula  as  hia 
successor,  and  died,  after  a  reign  of  twen- 
ty-two years,  A.  D.  37.  The  character  of 
Tiberius  has  been  examined  with  particu- 
lar attention  by  historians,  and  his  reign 
is  the  subject  of  the  most  perfect  and  ele- 
gant of  all  the  compositions  of  Tacitus. 
Like  the  rest  of  the  emperors,  he  received 
divine  honors  after  death,  and  even  during 
his  life.  It  has  been  wittily  observed 
by  Seneca,  that  he  never  was  intoxicated 
but  once  all  his  life,  for  he  continued  in  a 
perpetual  state  of  intoxication  from  the 
time  he  gave  himself  to  drinking  till  the 
last  moment  of  his  life. A  friend  of  Ju- 
lius Caesar,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
war  of  Alexandria.  Tiberius  forgot  the 
favors  he  had  received  from  his  friend  ; 
and  when  he  was  assassinated,  he  wished 
all  his  murderers  to  be  publicly  rewarded. 

One  of  the  Gracchi. Sempronius,  a 

son  of  Drusus  and  Livia,  the  sister  ofGer- 

manicus,  put  to  death  by  Caligula. A 

son  of  Brutus,  put  death  by  his  father. 

A  Thracian  made  emperor  of  Rome  in  the 
latter  ages  of  the  empire. 

Tibesis,  a  river  of  Scythia. 

Tibiscus,  now  Teisse,  a  river  of  Dacia. 

Tibula,  a  town  of  Sardinia. 

Tibullus,  (Aulus  Albius,)  a  Roman 
knight  celebrated  for  his  poetical  compo- 
sitions. As  he  had  espoused  the  cause  of 
Brutus,  he  lost  his  possessions  when  the 
soldiers  of  the  triumvirate  were  rewarded 
with  lands  ;  but  he  might  have  recovered 
them  if  he  had  condescended,  like  Virgil, 
to  make  his  court  to  Augustus.  Four 
books  of  elegies  are  the  only  remaining 
pieces  of  his  composition.  They  are  un- 
commonly elegant  and  beautiful. 

Tibur,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Sabines, 
about  twenty  miles  north  of  Rome,  built 
as  some  say  by  Tibur  the  son  of  Amphia- 
raus.  It  was  watered  by  the  Anio,  and 
Hercules  was  the  chief  deity  of  the  place, 
from  which  circumstance  it  has  been  call- 
ed Herculni  muri.  It  was  the  seat  of  seve- 
ral of  the  Roman  villas. 


TI 


400 


TI 


L.  Tiburtius,  a  centurion  in  Cesar's 
army. 

Tiburtus,  the  founder  of  Tibur. 

Tichis,  now  Tech,  a  river  of  Spain. 

Tichius,  a  name  given  to  the  top  of 
mount  CEta. 

Ticida,  a  Roman  poet  a  few  years  be- 
fore the  age  of  Cicero. 

Ticinus,  now  Tesino,  a  river  near  Tici- 
num,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  where  the  Ro- 
mans were  defeated  by  Annibal. 

Tidius,  a  man  who  joined  Pompey. 

Tiessa,  a  river  of  Laconia. 

Tifata,  a  mountain  of  Campania,  near 
Capua. 

Tifernum,  a  name  common  to  three 
towns  of  Italy. 

Tifernus,  a  mountain  and  river  in  the 
country  of  the  Samnites. 

Ti  oasis,  a  son  of  Hercules. 

Tigellinus,  a  Roman  celebrated  for  his 
intrigues  and  perfidy  in  the  court  of  Nero. 
He  betrayed  the  emperor,  and  was  order- 
ed to  destroy  himself,  68  A.  D. 

Tigellius,  a  native  of  Sardinia,  who 
became  the  favorite  of  J.  Caesar,  of  Cleo- 
patra, and  Augustus,  by  his  mimicry  and 
iacetiousness. 

Tigranes,  a  king  of  Armenia,  who 
made  himself  master  of  Assyria  and  Cap- 
padocia.  He  married  Cleopatra,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Mithridates,  and  by  the  advice  of  his 
father-in-law,  he  declared  war  against  the 
Romans.  He  despised  these  distant  ene- 
mies, and  even  ordered  the  head  of  the 
messenger  to  be  cut  off  who  first  told  him 
that  the  Roman  general  was  boldly  ad- 
vancing towards  his  capital.  His  pride, 
however,  was  soon  abated,  and  though 
he  ordered  the  Roman  consul  Lucullus  to 
be  brought  alive  into  his  presence,  he  fled 
with  precipitation  from  his  capital,  and 
was  soon  after  defeated  near  mount  Tau- 
rus. His  mean  submission  to  Pompey, 
the  successor  of  Lucullus  in  Asia,  and  a 
bribe  of  sixty  thousand  talents,  insured 
him  on  his  throne,  and  he  received  a  gar- 
rison in  his  capital,  and  continued  at 
peace  with  the  Romans.  His  second  son 
of  the  same  name  revolted  against  him, 
and  attempted  to  dethrone  him  with  the 
assistance  of  the  king  of  Parthia,  whose 

daughter  he  had  married. A  king  of 

Armenia  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  He 
was  put  to  death. One  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily of  the  Cappadocians,  chosen  by  Tiberi- 
us to  ascend  the  throne  of  Armenia. A 

general  of  the  Medes. A  man  appoint- 
ed king  of  Armenia  by  Nero. A  prince 

of  Armenia  in  the  age  of  Theodosius. 

Tigranocerta,  now  Sered,  the  capital 
of  Armenia. 

Tigres,  a  river  of  Peloponnesus,  called 
also  Harpys. 

Tigris,  now  Basilensa,  a  river  of  Asia, 
and  the  eastern  boundary  of  Mesopota- 
mia. 


Tigurini,  a  warlike  people  among  the 
Helvetii,  now  forming  the  modern  cantons 
of  Swilz,  Zurich,  St.  Gall,  and  Schaffhau- 
sen. 

TiLATiEi,  a  people  of  Thrace. 

Tilavemptus,  a  river  of  Italy 

Tilfossius,  a  mountain  of  Bceotia. 

Also  a  fountain  at  the  tomb  of  Tiresias. 

Tilium,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  now  Ar- 
gentara. 

Tilox,  a  northwest  cape  of  Corsica. 

Tilfhussus,  a  mountain  of  Boeotia. 

Timacus,  a  river  of  Moesia  falling  into 
the  Danube. 

Timjea,  the  wife  of  Agis,  king  of  Spar- 
ta. 

Timjeus,  a  friend  of  Alexander. An 

historian  of  Sicily,  who  flourished  about 

262  B.  C.  All  his  compositions  are  lost. 

A  writer  who  published  some  treatises  con- 
cerning ancient  philosophers. A  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher,  born  at  Locris. An 

Athenian  in  the  age  of  Alcibiades. A 

sophist,  who  wrote  a  book  called  Lexicon 
vocum  Platonicarum. 

Timagenes,  a  Greek  historian  of  Alex- 
andria, 54  B.  C,  brought  to  Rome  by  Ga- 
binius,  and  sold  as  a  slave  to  the  son  of 
Sylla.  His  great  abilities  procured  him 
his  liberty,  and  gained  the  favors  of  the 

great,  and  of  Augustus. An  historian 

and  rhetorician  of  Miletus. A  man 

who  wrote  an  account  of  the  life  of  Al- 
exander.  A  general,  killed  at  Che- 

ronsea. 

Timagoras,  an  Athenian,  capitally  pun- 
ished for  paying  homage  to  Darius. 

Another.    Fid.  Meles. 

Timandra,  a  daughter  of  Leda,  sister 
to  Helen. A  mistress  of  Alcibiades. 

Timandrides,  a  Spartan,  celebrated  for 
his  virtues. 

Timanthes,  a  painter  of  Sicyon,  in  the 
reign  of  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander 
the  Great.  In  his  celebrated  painting  of 
Iphigenia  going  to  be  immolated  he  re- 
presented all  the  attendants  overwhelmed 
with  grief;  but  his  superior  genius,  by 
covering  the  face  of  Agamemnon,  left  to 
the  conception  of  the    imagination   the 

deep  sorrows  of  the  father. An  athlete 

of  Cleone,  who  burnt  himself  when  he 
perceived  that  his  strength  began  to  fail. 

Timarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Alexan- 
dria.  A  rhetorician,  who  hung  him- 
self.  A  Cretan,  accused  before  Nero  of 

oppression. An  officer  in  ^Etolia,  who 

burnt  his  ships  to  prevent  the  flight  of  his 

companions. A  king  of  Salamis. 

A  tyrant  of  Miletus,  in  the  age  of  Antio- 
chus. 

Timareta,  a  priestess  of  the  oracle  of 
Dodona. 

Timasion,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  ten 
thousand  Greeks,  &c. 

Timasitheus,  a  prince  of  Lipara. 

Timavus,  a  broad  river  of  Italy. 


TI 


401 


TI 


TiME3ius,  a  native  of  Clazomeuae,  who 
began  to  build  Abdera. 

Timocharis,  an  astronomer  of  Alexan- 
dria,  294  B.  C. 

Timoclea  ,  a  Theban  lady,  sister  to  The- 
agenes,  who  was  killed  at  Cheronaaa.  One 
of  Alexander's  soldiers  offered  her  vio- 
lence, after  which  she  led  her  ravisher  to 
a  well,  and  while  he  believed  that  im- 
mense treasures  were  concealed  there, 
Timoclea  threw  him  into  it. 

Timocles,  two  Greek  poets  of  Athens. 
A  statuary  of  Athens. 

Timocrates,  a  Greek    philosopher  of 

uncommon  austerity. A  Syracusan, 

who  married  Arete  when  Dion  had  been 
banished  into  Greece  by  Dionysius. 

Timocreox,  a  comic  poet  of  Rhodes, 
who  obtained  poetical  as  well  as  gymnas- 
tic prizes  at  Olympia.  He  lived  about 
four  hundred  and  seventy-six  years  before 
Christ. 

Timodemus,  the  father  of  Timoleon. 

Timolaus,   a   Spartan,    intimate   with 

Philopoemen. A  son  of  the  celebrated 

Zenobia. A  general  of  Alexander. 

Timoleon,  a  celebrated  Corinthian,  son 
of  Timodemus  and  Demariste.  He  was 
such  an  enemy  to  tyranny,  that  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  murder  his  own  brother  Timo- 
phanes,  when  he  attempted,  against  his 
representations,  to  make  himself  absolute 
in  Corinth.  When  the  Syracusans,  op- 
pressed with  the  tyranny  of  Dionysius  the 
younger,  and  of  the  Carthaginians,  had 
solicited  the  assistance  of  the  Corinthians, 
all  looked  upon  Timoleon  as  a  proper  de- 
liverer, but  all  applications  would  have 
been  disregarded,  if  one  of  the  magistrates 
had  not  awakened  in  him  the  sense  of 
natural  liberty.  Timoleon,  says  he,  if  you 
accept  of  the  command  of  this  expedition,  we 
will  believe  that  you  have  killed  a  tyrant ;  but 
if  not,  we  cannot  but  call  you  your  brothers 
murderer.  This  had  due  effect,  and  Ti- 
moleon sailed  for  Syracuse  in  ten  ships, 
accompanied  by  about  one  thousand  men. 
The  Carthaginians  attempted  to  oppose 
him,  but  Timoleon  eluded  their  vigilance. 
Icetas,  who  had  the  possession  of  the  city, 
was  defeated,  and  Dionysius,  who  de- 
spaired of  success,  gave  himself  up  into 
the  hands  of  the  Corinthian  general.  Ti- 
moleon thus  became  master  of  Syracuse. 
When  the  city  was  thus  delivered  from 
tyranny,  the  conqueror  extended  his  be- 
nevolence to  the  other  states  of  Sicily, 
and  all  the  petty  tyrants  were  reduced 
and  banished  from  the  island.  The  gra- 
titude of  the  Sicilians  was  showji  every 
where  to  their  deliverer.  Timoleon  was 
received  with  repeated  applause  in  the  . 
public  assemblies,  and  though  a  private 
man,  unconnected  with  the  government, 
he  continued  to  enjoy  his  former  influence 
at  Syracuse  ;  his  advice  was  consulted  on 
matters  of  importance,  and  his  authority 
34* 


respected.      Timoleon   died   at  Syracuse 
about    three    hundred    and    thirty-seven 
years  before  the  Christian  era. 
Timomachcjs,  a  painter  of  Byzantium, 

in  the  age  of  Sylla  and  Marius. A 

general  of  Athens. 

Timon,  a  native  of  Athens,  called  Mis- 
anthrope, for  his  unconquerable  aversion 

to  mankind  and  all  society. A  Greek 

poet  in  the  age  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 
He  wrote  several  dramatic  pieces,  all  now 

lost. An  athlete  of  Elis. 

Timofhanes,  a  Corinthian,  brother  to 
Timoleon.  He  attempted  to  make  nim-. 
self  tyrant  of  his  country,  by  means  of  the 
mercenary  soldiers  with  whom  he  had 
fought  against  the  Argives  and  Cleomenes. 
Timoleon  wished  to  convince  him  of  the 
impropriety  of  his  measures,  and  when  he 
found  him  unmoved,  he  caused  him  to  be 
assassinated. A  man  of  Mitylene,  cele- 
brated for  his  riches,  &c. 

Timotheus,  a  poet  and  musician  of  Mi- 
letus. He  died  about  the  ninetieth  year 
of  his  age,  two  years  before  the  birth  of 

Alexander  the  Great. An  Athenian 

general,  son  of  Conon.  He  signalized 
himself  by  his  valor  and  magnanimity, 
but  hi3  ill  success  in  one  of  his  expedi- 
tions disgusted  the  Athenians,  and  Timo- 
theus, like  the  rest  of  his  noble  predeces- 
sors, was  fined  a  large  sum  of  money.    He 

retired  to  Chalcis,  where  he  died. — A 

Greek  statuary. A  tyrant  of  Heraclea, 

who  murdered  his  father. A  king  of 

the  Sapaei. 
Timoxenus,  a  governor  of  Sicyon,  who 

betrayed  his  trust. A  general  of  tha 

Achaeans. 

Tingis,  now  Tangier,  a  maritime  town 
of  Africa  in  Mauritania,  built  by  the  giant 
Antasus. 
Tin i a,  a  river  of  Umbria. 
Tipha,  a  town  of  Boeotia. 
Tiphys,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  of  th«  Ar- 
gonauts. 
Tiphy9a,  a  daughter  of  Thestius. 
Tiresias,    a    celebrated     prophet    of 
Thebes,  son  of  Everus  and  Chariclo.     He 
lived  to  a  great  age,  which  some  authors 
have  called  as  long  as  seven  generation* 
of  men,  others  six,  and  others  nine,  dur- 
ing the  time  that  Polydorus,   Labdacua, 
Laius,  CEdipus,  and  his  sons,  sat  on  the 
throne  of  Thebes.     He  was  struck  with 
blindness  by  Juno,  whom  he  had  offend- 
ed.    During  his  lifetime,  Tiresias  was  an 
infallible  oracle  to  all  Greece.    The  gen- 
erals, during  the  Theban  war,  consulted 
him,  and  found  his  predictions  verified. 
He  at  last  died,  after  drinking  the  waters 
of  a  cold  fountain,  which  froze  his  blood. 
He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  by  the 
Thebans  on  mount  Tilphussus,  and  ho- 
nored as  a  god.    His  oracle  at  Orchome- 
nos  was  in  universal  esteem. 
Tiribases,  an  officer  of  Artaxerxes. 


TI 


402 


TI 


Tirjda,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Tiridates,  a  king  of  Parthia,  after  the 

expulsion  of  Phraates  by  his  subjects. 

A  man  made  king  of  Parthia  by  Tiberius, 

after  the  death  of  Phraates. A  keeper 

of  the  royal  treasures  at  Persepolis.- A 

king  of  Armenia,  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 

A  son  of  Phraates. 

Tiris,  a  general  of  the  Thracians,  who 
opposed  Antiochus. 

Tiro,  Tullius,  a  freedman  of  Cicero, 
greatly  esteemed  by  his  master  for  his 
learning  and  good  qualities. 

Tirynthia,  a  name  given  to  Alcmena. 

Tirynthus,  a  town  of  Argolis  in  the 
Peloponnesus. 

Tis-etjm,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly. 

Tisagoras,  a  brother  of  Miltiades. 

TlSAMENES,     Or    TlSAMENUS,    B.    SOU    of 

Orestes  and  Hermione,  the  daughter  of 
Menelaus,  who  succeeded  on  the  throne 

of  Argos  and  Lacedeemon. A  king  of 

Thebes,  son  of  Thersander,  and  grandson 
of  Polynices. A  native  of  Elis,  crown- 
ed twice  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Tisandrus,  one  of  the  Greeks  concealed 
with  Ulysses  in  the  wooden  horse. 

Tisarchus,  a  friend  of  Agathocles,  by 
whom  he  was  murdered. 

Tisdra,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Tisiarus,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Tisias,  an  ancient  philosopher  of  Sicily, 
considered  by  some  as  the  inventor  of 
rhetoric. 

Tisiphone,  one  of  the  Furies,  daughter 
of  Nox  and  Acheron,  who  was  the  minis- 
ter of  divine  vengeance  upon  mankind, 
who  visited  them  with  plagues  and  dis- 
eases, and  punished  the  wicked  in  Tar- 
tarus. She  was  represented  with  a  whip 
in  her  hand ;  serpents  hung  from  her  head, 
and  were  wreathed  round  her  arms  in- 
stead of  bracelets. A  daughter  of  Alc- 

mafion  and  Manto. 

Tisiphonus,  a  man  who  conspired 
against  Alexander,  tyrant  of  Pherse,  and 
■eized  the  sovereign  power. 

Tissa,  now  Randazzo,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

TissArHERXEs,  an  officer  of  Darius. 

A  satrap  of  Persia.  The  king  ordered 
him  to  be  put  to  death  when  he  had  been 

conquered  by  Agesilaus,  395  B.  C. An 

officer  in  the  army  of  Cyrus. 

Tit2ea,  the  mother  of  the  Titans. 

Titan,  or  Titanus,  a  son  of  Coelus  and 
Terra,  brother  to  Saturn  and  Hyperion. 
He  was  the  eldest  of  the  children  of  Coe- 
lus ;  but  he  gave  his  brother  Saturn  the 
kingdom  of  the  world,  provided  he  raised 
no  male  children.  Titan  is  a  name  applied 
to  Saturn  by  Orpheus  and  Lucian  ;  to  the 
sun  by  Virgil  and  Ovid  ;  and  to  Prome- 
theus by  Juvenal. 

Titana,  a  town  of  Sicyonia  in  Pelopon- 
nesus.   Titanus  reigned  there A  man 

skilled  in  astronomy. 

Ti  tanks,  a  name  given  to  the  sons  of 


Cualus  and  Terra.  They  were  forty-fiv 
in  number,  according  to  the  Egyptians 
The  most  known  of  the  Titans  are  Saturn 
Hyperion,  Oceanus,  Japetus,  Cottus,  and 
Briareus.  They  were  all  of  a  gigantic 
stature  and  with  proportionable  strength. 
The  wars  of  the  Titans  against  the  gods 
are  very  celebrated  in  mythology. 

Titania,  a  patronymic  applied  to  Pyr- 
rha. 

Titanide8,  the  daughters  of  Ccelus  and 
Terra. 

Titanus,  a  river  in  Peloponnesus,  with 
a  town  and  mountain  of  the  same  name. 

Titaresus,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  called 
also  Eurotas,  flowing  into  the  Peneus. 

Titenus,  a  river  of  Colchis,  falling  into 
the  Euxine  sea. 

Tithenidia,  a  festival  of  Sparta,  in 
which  nurses  conveyed  male  infants  in- 
trusted to  their  charge,  to  the  temple  of 
Diana,  where  they  sacrificed  young  pigs. 
During  the  time  of  the  solemnity,  they 
generally  danced  and  exposed  themselves 
in  ridiculous  postures. 

Tithonus,  a  son  of  Laomedon,  king  of 
Troy,  by  Strymo,  the  daughter  of  the  Sca- 
mander.  He  was  so  beautiful  that  Auro- 
ra became  enamored  of  him,  and  carried 
him  away.  He  begged  of  Aurora  to  be 
immortal,  and  the  goddess  granted  it ;  but 
as  he  had  forgotten  to  ask  the  vigor,  youth, 
and  beauty,  which  he  then  enjoyed,  he 
soon  grew  old,  infirm,  and  decrepid  ;  and 
as  life  became  insupportable  to  him,  he 
prayed  Aurora  to  remove  him  from  the 
world.  As  he  could  not  die,  the  goddess 
changed  him  into  a  cicada,  or  grasshop- 
per. 

Tithorea,  one  of  the  tops  of  Parnas- 
sus. 

Tithraustes,  a  Persian  satrap,  B.  C. 
395,  ordered  to  murder  Tissapherneg  by 

Artaxerxes. The  name  was  common  to 

some  of  the  superior  officers  of  state  in  the 
court  of  Artaxerxes. 

Titia,  a  deity  among  the  Milesians. 

Titia  lex  de  mavistratibus,  by  P.  Titius, 
the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  710.  It  ordained 
that  a  triumvirate  of  magistrates  should 
be  invested  with  consular  power  to  pre- 
side over  the  republic  for  five  years. 

Another,  de  provinciis,  which  required 
that  the  provincial  questors  should  receive 
their  provinces  by  lot. 

TrTiANA  Flavia,  the  wife  of  the  empe- 
ror Pertinax,  disgraced  herself  by  her  in- 
continence. 

Titianus,  Attil.  a  noble  Roman,  put  to 
death  A.  D.  156,  by  the  senate,  for  aspir- 
ing to  the  purple. A  brother  of  Otho. 

Titii,  priests  of  Apollo  at  Rome. 

Titinius,  a  tribune  of  the  people  in  the 

first  ages  of  the  republic. A  friend  of 

Cassius,  who  killed  himself. One  of 

the  slaves  who  revolted  at  Capua. 

Titius  Proculus,  a  Roman  knijht,  ap- 


TI 


403 


TO 


pointed  to  watch  MessaHna. A  tribune 

of  the  people  who  enacted  the  Titian  law. 

Septiminus,  a  poet  in  the  Augustan 

age. 

Titormus,  a  shepherd  of  iEtolia  called 
another  Hercules,  on  account  of  his  prodi- 
gious strength. 

Titurius,  a  friend  of  Julia  Silana,  who 
informed  against  Agrippina. A  lieuten- 
ant of  Caesar  in  Gaul. 

Titus  Vespasianus,  son  of  Vespasian 
and  Flavia  Domitilla,  became  known  by 
his  valor  in  the  Roman  armies,  particular- 
ly at  the  siege  of  Jerusalem.  In  the 
seventy-niuth  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
he  was  invested  with  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, and  the  Roman  people  had  every 
reason  to  expect  in  him  the  barbarities 
of  a  Tiberius,  and  the  debaucheries  of  a 
Nero.  When  raised  to  the  throne,  how- 
ever, he  thought  himself  bound  to  be  the 
father  of  his  people,  the  guardian  of  vir- 
tue, and  the  patron  of  liberty  ;  and  Titus 
is,  perhaps,  the  only  monarch  who,  when 
invested  with  uncontrollable  power,  bade 
adieu  to  those  vices,  those  luxuries  and 
indulgences,  which  as  a  private  man  he 
never  ceased  to  gratify.  To  do  good  to  his 
subjects  was  the  ambition  of  Titus,  and  it 
was  at  the  recollection  that  he  had  done  no 
service,  or  granted  no  favor  one  day,  that 
he  exclaimed  in  the  memorable  words  of 
My  friends,  I  have  lost  a  day !  Two  of  the 
eenators  conspired  against  his  life,  but  the 
emperor  disregarded  their  attempts,  he 
made  them  his  friends  by  kindness,  and 
like  another  Nerva,  presented  them  with 
a  sword  to  destroy  him.  He  died  the  thir- 
teenth of  September,  A.  D.  81,  in  the  for- 
ty-first year  of  his  age,  after  a  reign  of 
two  years,  two  months,  and  twenty  days. 
The  news  of  his  death  was  received  with 
lamentations ;  Rome  was  filled  with  tears, 
and  all  looked  upon  themselves  as  depriv- 
ed of  the  most  benevolent  of  fathers. 
Titus  Tatius,  a  king  of  the  Sabines. 

Livius,  a  celebrated  historian. A 

son  of  Junius  Brutus,  put  to  death  by  order 
of  his  father,  for  conspiring  to  restore  the 

Tarquins. A  friend  of  Coriolanus. 

A  native  of  Crotona,  engaged  in  Catiline's 
conspiracy. 

Tityrus,  a  shepherd  introduced  in  Vir- 
gil's eclogues. A  large  mountain  of 

Crete. 

Tityus,  a  celebrated  giant,  son  of  Ter- 
ra; or,  according  to  others  of  Jupiter,  by 
Elara,  the  daughter  of  Orchomenos.  Ti- 
tyus attempted  to  offer  violence  to  Latona, 
but  the  goddess  delivered  herself  from  his 
importunities,  by  calling  to  her  assistance 
her  children,  who  killed  the  giant  with 
their  arrows.  He  was  placed  in  hell, 
where  a  serpent  continually  devoured  his 
liver ;  or,  according  to  others,  where  vul- 
tures perpetually  fed  upon  his  entrails, 
which  grew  again  as  soon  as  devoured. 


Tium,  or  Tion,  a  maritime  town  of 
Paphlagonia. 

Tlefolemus,  a  son  of  Hercules  and  As- 
tyochia,  born  at  Argos.  He  went  to  the 
Trojan  war  with  nine  ships,  and  was  kill- 
ed by  Sarpedon.  There  were  some  festi- 
vals established  at  Rhodes  in  his  honor, 

called  Tlepolemia. One  of  Alexander's 

generals. An  Egyptian  general,  who 

nourished  B.  C.  207. 
Tmarus,  a    Rutulian  in  the  wars  of 

iEneas. A  mountain  of  Thesprotia. 

TiMolus,  a  king  of  Lydia.  The  moun- 
tain on  which  he  was  buried   bore  his 

name. A  town  of  Asia  Minor. A 

mountain  of  Lydia.  The  neighbouring 
country  was  very  fertile,  and  produced 
plenty  of  vines,  saffron,  and  odoriferous 
flowers. 

To  gat  a,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  certain 
part  of  Gaul. 

Togonius  Gallus,  a  senator  of  ignoble 
birth,  devoted  to  the  interest  of  Tiberius. 
Tolbiacum,  a  town  of  Gallia  Belgica, 
south  of  Juliers. 
Tolenus,  a  river  of  Latium. 
Toletum,  now  Toledo,  a  town  of  Spain. 
Tolistoboh,  a   people  of  Galatia    in 
Asia. 
Tollentinum,  a  town  of  Picenum. 
Tolmides,  an  Athenian  officer,  defeat- 
ed and  killed  in  a  battle  in  Bceotia,  447 
B.C. 

Tolosa,  now  Toulouse,  the  capital  of 
Languedoc,  a  town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis, 
which  became  a  Roman  colony  under  Au- 
gustus, and  was  afterwards  celebrated  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  sciences. 
Tolumnus,  an  augur  in  the  army  of 

Turn  us  against  ^Eneas. A   king  of 

Veii. 

Tolus,  a  man  whose  head  was  found 

in  digging  for  the  foundation  of  the  capi- 

tol,  in  the  rejgn  of  Tarquin. 

Tomjeum,  a  mountain  of  Peloponnesus. 

Tomisa,  a  country  between  Cappadocia 

and  Taurus. 

Tomos,  or  Tomis,  a  town  situate  on  the 
western  shores  of  the  Euxine  sea,  about 
thirty-six  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube. 

Tonea,  a  solemnity  observed  at  Samos. 
It  was  usual  to  carry  Juno's  statue  to  the 
seashore,  and  to  offer  cakes  before  it,  and 
afterwards  to  replace  it  again  in  the  tem- 
ple. 
Tongillius,  an  avaricious  lawyer. 
Topazos,  an  island  in  the  Arabian  gulf. 
The  valuable  stone  called  topaz  is  found 
there. 
Topiri9,  or  Toprus,  a  town  of  Thrace. 
Torini,  a  people  of  Scythia. 
Torone,  a  town  of  Macedonia— of  Epi- 
rus. 
Torguata,  one  of  the  vestal  virgins. 
Torquatus,  a  surname  of  Titus  Man- 
lius. Silanus,  an  officer  put  to  death  by 


TR 


404 


TR 


Nero. A  governor  of  Oricum. An 

officer  in  Sylla's  army. A  Eoman  sent 

ambassador  to  the  court  of  Ptolemy  Phil'" 
inetor  of  Egypt. 
Tortor,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 
Torus,  a  mountain  of  Sicily. 
Torvne,  a  small  town  near  Actium. 
Toxandri,  a  people  of  Gallia  Belgica. 
Toxaridia,  a  festival  at  Athens. 
Toxeus,  a  son  of  CEneus,  killed  by  his 
father. 
Toxicrate,  a  daughter  of  Thespius. 
Q..  Trabea,  a  comic  poet  at  Rome  in 
the  age  of  Regulus. 

Trachalus,  M.  Galerius,  a  consul  in 
the  reign  of  Nero,  celebrated  for  his  elo- 
quence as  an  orator,  and  for  a  majestic 

and  commanding  aspect. One  of  the 

friends  and  ministers  of  Otho. 
TRAckAs,  a  town  of  Latium. 
Trachinia,  a  small  country  of  Phthio- 
tis,  on  the  bay  of  Malea,  near  mount  CEta. 
Trachonitis,  a  part  of  Judaea. 
Tragurium,  a  town  of  Dalmatia. 
Tragus,  a  river  of  Arcadia. 

Trajanopolis,  a  town  of  Thrace. A 

name  given  to  Selinus  of  Cilicia. 

Trajanus,  (M.  Ulpius  Crinitus,)  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  born  at  Italica  in  Spain. 
When  Nerva  died,  the  election  of  Trajan 
fo  the  vacant  throne  was  confirmed  by 
the  unanimous  rejoicings  of  the  people, 
and  the  free  concurrence  of  the  armies  on 
the  confines  of  Germany,  and  the  banks 
of  the  Danube.  All  the  actions  of  Trajan 
showed  a  good  and  benevolent  prince, 
whose  virtues  truly  merited  the  encomi- 
ums which  the  pen  of  an  elegant  and 
courteous  panegyrist  has  paid.  The  bar- 
barians continued  quiet,  and  the  hostili- 
ties which  they  generally  displayed  at  the 
election  of  a  new  emperor  whose  military 
abilities  they  distrusted,  were  now  few, 
and  even  Dacia  became  a  province  of 
Rome.  Trajan  passed  through  the  sub- 
missive kingdom  of  Armenia,  and  by  his 
well-directed  operations,  made  himself 
master  of  the  provinces  of  Assyria  and 
Mesopotamia.  He  extended  his  conquests 
in  the  east,  he  obtained  victories  over  un- 
known nations,  and  when  on  the  extremi- 
ties of  India,  he  lamented  that  he  pos- 
sessed not  the  vigor  and  youth  of  an  Al- 
exander, that  he  might  add  unexplored 
provinces  and  kingdoms  to  the  Roman 
empire.  This,  however,  was  but  the 
blaze  of  transient  glory.  Trajan  had  no 
sooner  signified  his  intention  of  return- 
ing to  Italy,  than  the  conquered  barba- 
rians appeared  again  in  arms,  and  the  Ro- 
man empire  did  not  acquire  one  single 
acre  of  territory  from  the  conquests  of 
her  sovereign  in  the  east.  The  return  of 
the  emperor  towards  Rome  was  hastened 
by  indisposition,  he  stopped  in  Cilicia,  and 
in  the  town  of  Selinus,  which  afterwards 
was  called  Trajanopolis,  he  was  seized 


with  a  flux,  and  a  few  days  after  ex- 
pired, in  the  beginning  of  August,  A.  D. 
117,  after  a  reign  of  nineteen  years,  six 
months,  and  fifteen  days,  in  the  sixty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age.  The  ashes  of  Tra- 
jan were  carried  to  Rome,  and  deposited 
under  the  stately  column  which  he  had 

erected  a  few  years  before. The  father 

of  the  emperor. A  general  of  the  empe- 
ror Valens. A  son  of  the  emperor  De- 

cius. 

Trajectus   Rheni,   now   Utrecht,  the 

capital  of  one  of  the  provinces  of  Holland. 

Tralles,  a  town  of  Lydia,  now  Sultan- 

hisar. A  people  of  Illyricum. 

Transtieerina,  a  part  of  the  city  of 
Rome  one  side  of  the  Tiber. 

Trapezus,  a  city  of  Pontus,  built  by  the 
people  of  Sinope,  now  called  Trebizond. 

A  town  of  Arcadia  near  the  Alpbeus. 

Trasullus,  a  man  who  taught  Tiberius 
astrology  at  Rhodes. 

Traulus  Mostakcs,  a  Roman  knight, 
put  to  death  by  Claudius. 
Treba,  a  town  of  the  iEqui. 
C.  Trebatius  Testas,  a  Roman  not 
less  distinguished  for  his  learning  than  for 
his  integrity,  his  military  experience,  and 
knowledge  of  law. 

Trebellianus,  (C.  Annius,)  a  pirate 
who  proclaimed  himself  emperor  of  Rome, 
A.  D.  264. 

Treeellients  Rufus,  a  prstor  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  children  of  king 

Cotys,  by  Tiberius. A  tribune  whc 

opposed  the  Gabinian  law. A  Roman 

who  numbered  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul. 

Trebellius  Pollio,  a  Latin  historian, 
who  wrote  an  account  of  the  lives  of  the 
emperors.     He  flourished  A.  D.  305. 

Trebia,  a  river  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

A  town  of  Latium of  Campania 

of  Unibria. 
TREBius,an  officer  in  Cesar's  army  in 

Gaul. A  parasite  in  Domitian's  reign. 

Trebonia  lex,  de  provinciis,  by  L.  Tre- 
bonius  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  698. An- 
other by  the  same  in  the  same  year,  con- 
ferred the  command  of  the  provinces  of 
Syria  and  Spain  on  Cassius  and  Pompey, 

for  five  years.- Another  by  L.  Treboni- 

us,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  30.5,  which  con- 
firmed the  election  of  the  tribunes  in  the 
hands  of  the  Eoman  people. 

Trebonius,  a  soldier  remarkable  for 
his  continence. Garucianus,  a  govern- 
or of  Africa. A  tribune  who  proposed 

a  law  at  Rome,  and  imprisoned  Cato,  be- 
cause be  opposed  it. One  of  the  adher- 
ents of  Marius. 

Trebula,  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  cele- 
brated for  cheese. Another  in  Campa 

nia. 
Trerus,  a  river  of  Latium. 
Tre9  tabekn-e,  a  place  on  the  Appi- 
an   road,  where  travellers   took  refresh- 
ment. 


TR 


405 


TR 


Treveri,  a  town  and  people  of  Bel- 
gium. 

Triaria,  a  woman  well  known  for  her 
cruelty. 

C.  Triarius,  an  orator,  commended  by 

Cicero. A  friend  of  Pompey.    He  was 

killed  in  the  civil  wars  of  Pompey  and 
Cffisar. 

Triballi,  a  people  of  Thrace  ;  or,  ac- 
cording to  some,  of  Lower  Moesia. 

Triboci,  a  people  of  Alsace  in  Gaul. 

Tribdlium,  a  town  of  Dalmatia. 

Tribuni  Plebis,  magistrates  at  Rome, 
created  in  the  year  U.  C.  261,  when  the 
people  after  a  quarrel  with  the  senators 
had  retired  to  Mons  Sacer.  The  two  first 
were  C.  Licinius,  and  L.  Albinus,  but 
their  number  was  soon  after  raised  to 
five,  and  thirty-seven  years  after  to  ten, 
which  remained  fixed.  Their  office  was 
annual,  and  as  the  first  had  been  created 
on  the  fourth  of  the  ides  of  December, 
that  day  was  ever  after  chosen  for  the 
election.  Their  power,  though  at  first 
small,  and  granted  by  the  patricians  to 
appease  the  momentary  seditions  of  the 
populace,  soon  became  formidable,  and 
the  senators  repented  too  late  of  having 
consented  to  elect  magistrates,  who  not 
only  preserved  the  rights  of  the  people, 
but  could  summon  assemblies,  propose 
laws,  stop  the  consultations  of  the  senate, 
and  even  abolish  their  decrees  by  the 
word  Veto.  Their  approbation  was  also 
necessary  to  confirm  the  senatus  consulta, 
and  this  was  done  by  affixing  the  letter 
T.  un  der  it.  If  any  irregularity  happened 
in  the  state,  their  power  was  almost  ab- 
solute ;  they  criticised  the  conduct  of  all 
the  public  magistrates,  and  even  dragged 
a  consul  to  prison,  if  the  measures  he 
pursued  were  hostile  to  the  peace  of 
Rome.  The  dictator  alone  was  their 
superior,  but  when  that  magistrate  was 
elected,  the  office  of  tribune  was  not,  like 
that  of  all  other  inferior  magistrates,  abol- 
ished while  he  continued  at  the  head  of 
the  state.  The  people  paid  them  so  much 
deference,  that  their  person  was  held  sa- 
cred, and  thence  they  were  always  called 
Sacrosancti.  To  strike  them  was  a  capi- 
tal crime,  and  to  interrupt  them  while 
they  spoke  in  the  assemblies,  called  for 
the  immediate  interference  of  power. 
Their  authority  was  not  extended  beyond 

the  walls  of  the  city. There  were  also 

other  officers  who  bore  the  name  of  tri- 
bunes, such  as  the  tribuni  militum  or  mili- 
tares,  who  commanded  a  division  of  the 
legions.  They  were  empowered  to  de- 
cide all  quarrels  that  might  arise  in  the 
army,  they  took  care  of  the  camp,  and 
gave  the  watch-word.  They  wore  a  gold- 
en ring,  and  were  in  office  no  longer  than 
six  months.  When  the  consuls  were 
elected,  it  was  usual  to  choose  fourteen 
tribunes  from  the  knights,  who  had  serv- 


ed five  years  in  the  army,  and  who  were 
called  juniores,  and  ten  from  the  people 
who  had  been   in   ten  campaigns,  who 

were  called  seniores. There  were  also 

some  officers  called  tribuni  militum  consu- 
lari  potestate,  elected  instead  of  consuls, 

A.  U.  C.  310. The  tribuni  cohortium 

prcetorianarum,  were  intrusted  with  the 
person  of  the  emperor,  which  they  guard- 
ed and  protected. The  tribuni  ararii, 

were  officers  chosen  from  among  the  peo- 
ple, who  kept  the  money  which  was  to 
be  applied  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the 

army. The  tribuni  celerum  had  the 

command  of  the  guard  which  Romulus 

chose  for  the  safety  of  his  person. 

The  tribuni  voluptatum  were  commission- 
ed to  take  care  of  the  amusements  which 
were  prepared  for  the  people,  and  that 
nothing  might  be  wanting  in  the  exhibi- 
tions.   This  office  was  also  honorable. 

Tricala,  a  fortified  place  at  the  south 
of  Sicily. 

Tricasses,  a  people  of  Champagne  in 
Gaul. 

Tricastini,  a  people  of  Gallia  Narbo- 
nensis. 

Tricon,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  where 
iEsculapius  had  a  temple. 

Trichonium,  a  town  of  ^Etolia. 

Triclaria,  a  yearly  festival  celebrated 
by  the  inhabitants  of  three  cities  in  Ionia, 
Aroe,  Messatis,  and  Anthea. 

Tricorii,  a  people  of  Gaul,  now  Dau- 
phine. 

Tricortthus,  a  town  of  Attica. 

Tricrena,  a  place  of  Arcadia,  where, 
according  to  some,  Mercury  was  born. 

Tridentum,  a  town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
now  called  Trent. 

Trieterica,  festivals  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus celebrated  every  three  years. 

Trifanum,  a  place  of  Latium  near  Si- 
nuessa. 

Trifolinus,  a  mountain  of  Campania 
famous  for  wine. 

Trigemina,  one  of  the  Roman  gates. 

Trinacria,  or  Trinacris,  one  of  the 
ancient  names  of  Sicily. 

Trinium,  a  river  of  Italy  falling  into 
the  Adriatic. 

Trinobantes,  a  people  of  Britain. 

Triocala,  or  Triocla,  a  town  in  the 
southern  parts  of  Sicily. 

Triopas,  or  Triops,  a  son  of  Neptune 

by  Canace,  the  daughter  of  iEolus. 

A  son  of  Phorbas,  father  to  Agenor,  Jasus, 
and  Messene. A  son  of  Piranthus. 

Triopium,  a  town  of  Caria. 

Triphylia,  one  of  the  ancient  names 

of  Elis. A  mountain  where  Jupiter 

had  a  temple  in  the  island  Panchaia. 

Tripolis,  an  ancient  town  of  Phoeni- 
cia.  A  town  of  Pontus. A  district 

of  Arcadia of  Laconia of  Thessa- 
ly.  A  town  of  Lydia  or  Caria. A 

district  of  Africa  between  the  Syrtes. 


TR 


406 


TR 


Triftolemus,  a  son  of  Oceanus  and 
Terra,  or,  according  to  some,  of  Trochi- 
lus,  a  priest  of  Argos.  He  was  born  at 
Eleusis  in  Attica,  and  was  cured  in  his 
youth  of  a  severe  illness  by  the  care  of 
Ceres,  who  had  been  invited  into  the 
house  of  Celeus  by  the  monarch's  chil- 
dren, as  she  travelled  over  the  country  in 
quest  of  her  daughter.  Ceres,  unable  to 
make  him  immortal,  taught  him  agricul- 
ture, and  rendered  him  serviceable  to 
mankind,  by  instructing  him  how  to  sow 
corn,  and  make  bread. 

Triquetra,  a  name  given  to  Sicily. 

Trismeqistcs,  a  famous  Egyptian. 

Tritia,  a  daughter  of  the  river  Triton. 
A  town  in  Achaia. 

Tritogenia,  a  surname  of  Pallas. 

Triton,  a  sea-deity,  son  of  Neptune, 
by  Amphitrite.  He  was  very  powerful 
among  the  sea-deities,  and  could  calm  the 
ocean  and  abate  storms  at  pleasure.  He 
is  generally  represented  as  blowing  a 
shell,  his  body  above  the  waist  is  like 

that  of  a  man,  and  below  a  dolphin. 

A  river  of  Africa  falling  into  the  lake  Tri- 

tonis. One  of  the  names  of  the  Nile. 

A  small  river  of  Bceotia,  or  Thessaly. 

Tritonis,  a  lake  and  river  of  Africa, 
near  which  Minerva  had  a  temple,  whence 
she  is  surnamed  Tritonis,  or  Tritonia. — — 
Athens  is  also  called  Tritonis,  because 
dedicated  to  Minerva. 

Tritonon,  a  town  of  Doris. 

Triventum,  a  town  of  the  Samnites. 

Trivia,  a  surname  given  to  Diana,  be- 
cause she  presided  over  all  places  where 
three  roads  met. 

Trivia  antrum,  a  place  in  the  valley 
of  Aricia,  where  the  nymph  Egeria  resided. 

Trivia  lucus,  a  place  of  Campania,  in 
the  bay  of  Cumas. 

Trivicum,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the 
Hirpini  in  Italy. 

Triumviri  reipublicce  constituencies,  were 
three  magistrates  appointed  equally  to 
govern  the  Roman  state  with  absolute 
power.  The  first  triumvirate,  B.  C.  60, 
was  in  the  hands  of  J.  Ceesar,  Pompey, 
and  Crassus,  who  at  the  expiration  of 
their  office  kindled  a  civil  war.  The  se- 
cond and  last  triumvirate,  B.  C.  43,  was 
under  Augustus,  M.  Antony,  and  Lepidus, 
and  through  them  the  Romans  totally  lost 
their  liberty.  The  triumvirate  was  in  full 
force  at  Rome  for  the  space  of  about  twelve 

years. There  were  also  officers  who 

were  called  triumviri  capitales,  created  A. 
U.  C.  464.  They  took  cognizance  of  mur- 
ders and  robberies,   and  every  thing  in 

which  slaves  were  concerned. The 

triumviri  nocturni  watched  over  the  safety 
of  Rome  in  the  night  time,  and  in  case  of 
fire  were  ever  ready  to  give  orders,  and 
to  take  the   most  effectual   measures   to 

extinguish  it. The  triumviri  agrarii 

bad  the  care  of  colonies  that  were  sent  to 


settle  in  different  parts  of  the  empire 
The  triumviri  monctales  were  masters  of 
the  mint,  and  had  the  care  of  the  coin, 
hence  their  office  was  generally  intimated 
by  the  following  letters,  often  seen  on  an- 
cient coins  and  medals  ;   IIIVIR.  A.  A. 

A.  F.  F.  i.  e.  Triumviri  auro,  argento,  mre 

flando,feriendo. The  triumviri  valetudi- 

nis  were  chosen  when  Rome  was  visited 
by  a  plague  or  some  pestiferous  distemper, 
and  they  took  particular  care  of  the  tem- 
ples of  health  and  virtue. The  trium- 
viri senatus  legendi,  were  appointed  to 
name  those  that  were  most  worthy  to  be 
made  senators  from  among  the  plebeians. 

The  triumviri  mensarii  were  chosen 

in  the  second  Punic  war,  to  take  care  of 
the  coin  and  prices  of  exchange. 

Triumvirorum  insula,  a  place  on  the 
Rhine  which  falls  into  the  Po,  where  the 
triumvirs  Antony,  Lepidus,  and  Augus- 
tus, met  to  divide  the  Roman  empire  after 
the  battle  of  Mutina. 

Troades,  the  inhabitants  of  Troas. 

Troas,  a  country  of  Phrygia  in  Asia 
Minor,  of  which  Troy  was  the  capital. 
Troas  was  anciently  called  Dardania. 

Trochois,  a  lake  in  the  island  of  Deloa, 
near  which  Apollo  and  Diana  were  born. 

Trocmi,  a  people  of  Galatia. 

Troszene,  a  town  of  Argolis,  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus, near  the  Saronicus  Sinus. 

Another  town  at  the  south  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Trogilije,  three  small  islands  near  Sa- 
mos. 

Trogilium,  a  part  of  mount  Mycale, 
projecting  into  the  sea. 

Trogilus,  a  harbor  of  Sicily. 

Troglodyte,  a  people  of  ^Ethiopia, 
who  dwelt  in  caves. 

Trogus  Pompeius,  a  Latin  historian, 

B.  C.  41,  born  in  Gaul.  Trogus  wrote  an 
universal  history  of  all  the  most  important 
events  that  had  happened  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  world  to  the  age  of  Augustus, 
divided  into  forty-four  books. 

Troja,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Troas,  or 
according  tp  others,  a  country  of  which 
Illium  was  the  capital.  It  was  built  on  a 
small  eminence  near  mount  Ida,  and  the 
promontory  of  Sigseum,  at  the  distance  of 
about  four  miles  from  the  seashore.  Dar- 
danus  the  first  king  of  the  country  built 
it,  and  called  it  Dardania,  and  from  Tros 
one  of  his  successors  it  was  called  Troja, 
and  from  Ilus  Jlion.  This  city  has  been 
celebrated  by  the  poems  of  Homer  and 
Virgil,  and  of  all  the  wars  which  have 
been  carried  on  among  the  ancients,  that 
of  Troy  is  the  most  famous.  The  Trojan 
war  was  undertaken  by  the  Greeks,  to 
recover  Helen,  whom  Paris  the  son  of 
Priam  king  of  Troy  had  carried  away 
from  the  house  of  Menelaus.  All  Greece 
united  to  avenge  the  cause  of  Menelaus, 
and  every  prince  furnished  a  certain  num- 


J 


TR 


407 


TU 


ber  of  ships  and  soldiers.  After  the  siege 
had  been  carried  on  for  ten  years,  some 
of  the  Trojans  betrayed  the  city  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy,  and  Troy  was  reduc- 
ed to  ashes.  The  poets,  however,  sup- 
port, that  the  Greeks  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  place  by  artifice.  They 
secretly  filled  a  large  wooden  horse  with 
armed  men,  and  led  away  their  army  from 
the  plains,  as  if  to  return  home.  The  Tro- 
jans brought  the  wooden  horse  into  their 
city,  and  in  the  night  the  Greeks  that 
were  confined  within  the  sides  of  the  ani- 
mal, rushed  out  and  opened  the  gates  to 
their  companions,  who  had  returned  from 
the  place  of  their  concealment.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  inhabitants  were  put  to 
the  sword,  and  the  others  carried  away 
by  the  conquerors.  This  happened,  ac- 
cording to  the  Arundelian  marbles,  about 
1184  years  before  the  Christian  era,  in  the 
3530th  year  of  the  Julian  period,  on  the 
night  between  the  11th  and  12th  of  June, 
408  years  before  the  first  olympiad.  Some- 
time after,  a  new  city  was  raised,  about 
thirty  stadia  from  the  ruins  of  the  old 
Troy :  but  though  it  bore  the  ancient 
name,  and  received  ample  donations  from 
Alexander  the  Great,  when  he  visited  it 
in  his  Asiatic  expedition,  yet  it  continued 
to  be  small,  and  in  the  age  of  Strabo  it 
was  nearly  in  ruins. 

Trojani  andTROJUGEN.E,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Troy. 

Trojani  ludi,  games  instituted  by 
.<Eneas  or  his  son  Ascanius,  to  commem- 
orate the  death  of  Anchises,  and  celebrat- 
ed in  the  circus  at  Rome.  Boys  of  the 
best  families,  dressed  in  a  neat  manner, 
and  accoutred  with  suitable  arms  and 
weapons,  were  permitted  to  enter  the  list. 

Troilus,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
killed  by  Achilles  during  tlie  Trojan  war. 

Tromentina,  one  of  the  Roman  tribes. 

Trop^a,  a  town  of  the  Brutii. A 

stone  monument  on  the  Pyrenees,  erected 
by  Poinpey. Drusi,  a  town  of  Germa- 
ny where  Drusus  died,  and  Tiberius  was 
saluted  emperor  by  the  army. 

Trophonius,  a  celebrated  architect  son 
of  Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenos  in  Boeo- 
tia.  He  built  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi, 
with  the  assistance  of  his  brother  Agame- 
des,  and  when  he  demanded  of  the  god  a 
reward  for  his  trouble,  he  was  told  by  the 
priestess  to  wait  eight  days,  and  to  live 
during  that  time  with  all  cheerfulness  and 
pleasure.  When  the  days  were  passed, 
Trophonius  and  his  brother  were  found 
dead  in  their  bed.  Trophonius  was  ho- 
nored as  a  god,  he  passed  for  the  son  of 
Apollo,  a  chapel  and  a  statue  were  erect- 
ed to  him,  and  sacrifices  were  offered  to 
his  divinity  when  consulted  to  give  ora- 
cles. There  were  annually  exhibited 
games  in  honor  of  Trophonius  at  Lebadea. 

Tros,  a  son  of  Ericthonius,   king  of 


Troy,  who  married  Callirhoe,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  Scamander.  The  capital  of 
Phrygia  was  called  Troja  from  him,  and 
the  country  itself  Troas. 

Trossulum,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Trotilum,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Truentum,  or  Truentinum,  a  river  of 
Picenum,  falling  into  the  Adriatic.  There 
is  also  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  the 
neighborhood. 

Trypherus,  a  celebrated  cook. 

Tryphiodorus,  a  Greek  poet  and  gram- 
marian of  Egypt,  in  the  sixth  century, 
who  wrote  a  poem  in  twenty-four  books 
on  the  destruction  of  Troy,  from  which 
he  excluded  the  a  in  the  first  book,  the  p 
in  the  second,  and  the  y  in  the  third,  &c. 

TnypHON,  a  tyrant  of  Apamea  in  Syria, 

put  to  death  by  Antiochus. A  surname 

of  one  of  the  Ptolemies. A  grammarian 

of  Alexandria,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Tub  antes,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Tubero,  (&.  iElius,)  a  Roman  consul, 
son-in-law  of  Paul  us  the  conqueror  of 
Perseus.  He  is  celebrated  for  his  poverty, 
in  which  he  seemed  to  glory  as  well  as 
the  rest  of  his  family.  Sixteen  of  the  Tu- 
beros,  with  their  wives  and  children,  lived 
in  a  small  house,  and  maintained  them- 
selves with  the  produce  of  a  little  field, 
which  they  cultivated  with  their  own 
hands.  The  first  piece  of  silver  plate  that 
entered  the  house  of  Tubero  was  a  small 
cup  which  his  father-in  law  presented  to 
him,  after  he  had  conquered  the  king  of 
Macedonia. A  learned  man. A  go- 
vernor of  Africa. A  Roman  general 

who  marched  against  the  Germans  under 
the  emperors.  He  was  accused  of  treason, 
and  acquitted. 

Tuburbo,  two  towns  of  Africa,  called 
Major  and  Minor. 

Tucca,  Plautius,  a  friend  of  Horace  and 
Virgil. A  town  of  Mauritania. 

Tuccia,  an  immodest  woman  in  Juve- 
nal's age. 

Tucia,  a  river  near  Rome. 

Tuder,  or  Tcjdertia,  an  ancient  town 
of  Umbria.  The  inhabitants  were  called 
Tudertes. 

Tudbi,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Tugia,  now  Toia,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Tugini,  or  Tugeni,  a  people  of  Ger- 
many. 

Tuourinus,  Jul.  a  Roman  knight  who 
conspired  against  Nero. 

Tuisto,  a  deity  of  the  Germans,  son  of 
Terra,  and  the  founder  of  the  nation. 

Tulcjs,  a  river  of  Spain  falling  into  the 
Mediterranean,  now  Francoli. 

Tulingi,  a  people  of  Germany  between 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube. 

Tulla,  one  of  Camilla's  attendants  in 
the  Rutulian  war. 

Tullia,  a  daughter  of  Servius  Tullius, 
king  of  Rome.  She  married  Tarquin  the 
proud,  after  she  had  murdered  her  first 


TU 


408 


TY 


husband  Arunx,  and  consented  to  see  Tul- 
lius  assassinated,  that  Tarquin  might  be 
raised  to  the  throne.  It  is  said  that  she 
ordered  her  chariot  to  be  driven  over  the 
body  of  her  aged  father,  which  had  been 
thrown  all  mangled  and  bloody  in  one  of 

the  streets  of  Rome. Another  daughter 

of  Servius  Tullius,  who  married  Tarquin 
the  proud.  She  was  murdered  by  her  own 
husband,  that  he  might  marry  her  ambi- 
tious sister  of  the  same  name. A 

daughter  of  Cicero.    ( Vid.  Tulliola.) 

A  debauched  woman. 

Tullia  lex,  de  senatu,  by  M.  Tullius 
Cicero,  A.  U.  C.  689,  enacted  that  those 
who  had  a  libera  legatio  granted  them  by 
the  senate,  should  "hold  it  no  more  than 

one  year. Another  de  ambitu,  by  the 

same  the  same  year.  It  forbade  any  person, 
two  years  before  he  canvassed  for  an  of- 
fice, to  exhibit  a  show  of  gladiators,  un- 
less that  case  had  devolved  upon  him  by 
will. 

Tullianum,  a  subterraneous  prison  in 
Rome,  built  by  Servius  Tullius. 

Tulliola,  or  Tullia,  a  daughter  of  Ci- 
cero by  Terentia.  She  married  Caius  Pi- 
bo,  and  afterwards  Eurius  Crassipes,  and 
astly  P.  Corn.  Dolabella.  With  this  last 
nusband  she  had  every  reason  to  be  dis- 
satisfied. Dolabella  was  turbulent,  and 
consequently  the  cause  of  much  grief  to 
Tullia  and  her  father.  Tullia  died  in 
childbed,  about  44  years  B.  C. 

Tullius  Cimber,  the  son  of  a  freed- 
man,  rose  to  great  honors  and  followed  the 
interest  of  Pompey.  He  was  one  of  the 
murderers  of  Caesar. Cicero,  a  cele- 
brated orator. The  son  of  the  orator 

Cicero. Servius,  a  king  of  Rome.  ( Vid. 

Servius.) Senecio,  a  man  accused  of 

conspiracy  against  Nero  with  Piso. A 

friend  of  Otliio. One  of  the  kings  of 

Rome. 

Tullus  Hostilius,  the  third  king  of 
Rome  after  the  death  of  Numa.  He  was 
of  a  warlike  and  active  disposition,  and 
signalized  himself  by  his  expedition 
against  the  people  of  Alba,  whom  he  con- 
quered, and  whose  city  he  destroyed,  af- 
ter the  famous  battle  of  the  Horatii  and 
Curiatii.  He  afterwards  carried  his  arms 
against  the  Latins  and  the  neighboring 
states  with  success,  and  enforced  rever- 
ence for  majesty  among  his  subjects.  He 
died  with  all  his  family  about  six  hun- 
dred and  forty  years  before  the  Christian 
era,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-two  years.  The 
manner  of  his  death  is  not  precisely 
known. A  consul,  A.  U.  C.  686. 

Tuneta,  or  Tunis,  a  town  of  Africa, 
near  which  Regulus  was  defeated  and 
taken  by  Xanthippus. 

Tungri,  a  name  given  to  some  of  the 
Germans,  supposed  to  live  on  the  banks 
of  the  Maese. The  river  of  the  coun- 
try is  dow  the  Spaw. 


C.  Turanius,  a  Latin  tragic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

Turba,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Turbo,  a  gladiator,  of  a  small  stature, 
but  uncommonly  courageous. A  gov- 
ernor of  Pannonia,  under  the  emperors. 

Turdetani,  or  Turduti,  a  people  of 
Spain,  inhabiting  both  sides  of  the  Baetis. 

Turesis,  a  Thracian,  who  revolted  from 
Tiberius. 

Turias,  a  river  of  Spain  falling  into  the 
Mediterranean,  now  Guadalaviar. 

Turicum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Zurich, 
in  Switzerland. 

Turiosa,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Turius,  a  corrupt  judge  in  the  Augus- 
tan age. 

Turnus,  a  king  of  the  Rutuli,  son  of 
Daunus  and  Venilia.  He  made  war 
against  ./Eneas,  and  attempted  to  drive 
him  away  from  Italy,  that  he  might  not 
marry  the  daughter  of  Latinus,  who  had 
been  previously  engaged  to  him.  He  was 
conquered  and  at  last  killed  in  a  single 
combat  by  iEneas. 

Turones,  a  people  of  Gaul,  whose  cap- 
ital, Cffisarodunum,  is  the  modern  Tours. 

Turrus,  a  river  of  Italy  falling  into  the 
Adriatic. 

Turullius,  one  of  Caesar's  murderers. 

Turuntus,  a  river  of  Sarmatia,  suppos- 
ed to  be  the  Dwina,  or  Duna. 

Tuscan i a  and  Tuscia,  a  large  country 
at  the  west  of  Rome,  the  same  as  Etru- 
ria. 

Tusci,  the  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

The  villa  of  Pliny  the  younger  near  the 
sources  of  the  Tiber. 

Tusculanum,  a  country  house  of  Cice- 
ro, near  Tusculum. 

Tusculum,  a  town  of  Latium  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  about  twelve  miles  from 
Rome.  It  is  now  called  Frescati,  and  is 
famous  for  the  magnificent  villas  in  its 
neighborhood. 

Tuscus,  belonging  to  Etruria.  The  Ti- 
ber is  called  Tusctis  amnis,  from  its  situa- 
tion. 

Tuscus  vicus,  a  small  village  near 
Rome. 

Tuscum  mare,  a  part  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean on  the  coast  of  Etruria. 

Tuta,  a  queen  of  Illyricum. 

Tutia,  a  vestal  virgin  accused  of  in- 
continence. She  proved  herself  to  be  in- 
nocent.  A  small  river  six  miles  from 

Rome,  where  Annibal  pitched  his  camp, 
when  he  retreated  from  the  city. 

Tuticum,  a  town  of  the  Hirpini. 

Tyana,  a  town  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Taurus  in  Cappadocia,  where  Apollonius 
was  born. 

Tyanitis,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor, 
near  Cappadocia. 

Tybris.    (  Vid.  Tiberis.) A  Trojan 

who  fought  in  Italy  with  ^Eneas  against 
Turnus. 


TY 


409 


TY 


Tybur,  a  town  of  Latium  on  the  Anio. 
(Fid.  Tibur.) 

Ttche,  one  of  the  Oceanides. A 

part  of  the  town  of  Syracuse. 

Tychius,  a  celebrated  artist  of  Hyle  in 
Bceotia,  who  made  Hector's  shield. 

Tyde,  a  town  of  Hispania  Tarraconen- 
sis. 

Tydeus,  a  son  of  QEneus,  king  of  Caly- 
don  and  Peribcea.  He  fled  from  his  coun- 
try after  the  accidental  murder  of  one  of 
his  friends,  and  found  a  safe  asylum  in 
the  court  of  Adrastus,  king  of  Argos, 
whose  daughter  Deiphyle  he  married.  He 
was  one  of  the  seven  chiefs  of  the  army 
of  Adrastus,  and  during  the  Theban  war 
he  behaved  with  great  courage.  Many  of 
the  enemies  expired  under  his  blows,  till 
he  was  at  last  wounded  by  Melanippus. 
Though  the  blow  was  fatal,  Tydeus  had 
the  strength  to  dart  at  his  enemy,  and  to 
bring  him  to  the  ground,  before  he  was 
carried  away  from  the  fight  by  his  com- 
panions. He  was  buried  at  Argos,  where 
his  monument  was  still  to  be  seen  in  the 
age  of  Pausanias.  He  was  father  to  Dio- 
medes. 

Tydides,  a  patronymic  of  Diomedes,  as 
son  of  Tydeus. 

Tylos,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus  near 
Tcenarus,  now  Bahrain. 

Ti'mbkh,  a  son  of  Daunus,  who  assisted 
Turn  us.  His  head  was  cut  off  in  an  en- 
gagement by  Pallas. 

Tymolus,  a  mountain. 

Tympania,  an  inland  town  of  Elis. 

Tymph^i,  a  people  between  Epirus  and 
Thessaly. 

Tyndarid m,  a  patronymic  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Tyndarus. A  people  of  Col- 
chis. 

Tyndaris,    a    patronymic    of    Helen, 

daughter  of  Tyndarus. A  town   of 

Sicily  near  Pelorus,  founded  by  a  Mes- 

senian  colony. Horace  gave  this  name 

to  one  of  his  mistresses,  as  best  expressive 

of   all    female    accomplishments. A 

name  given  to  Cassandra. A  town 

of  Colchis  on  the  Phasis. 

Tyndarus,  son  of  CEbalus  and  Gorgo- 
phone,  or,  according  to  some,  of  Perieres. 
He  was  king  of  Lacedaemon,  and  married 
the  celebrated  Leda. 

Tynnichus,  a  general  of  Heraclea. 

Typhosus,  or  Typhox,  a  famous  giant, 
son  of  Tartarus  and  Terra,  who  had  a 
hundred  heads  like  those  of  a  serpent  or  a 
dragon.  He  was  no  sooner  born,  than,  to 
avenge  the  death  of  his  brothers  the  gi- 
ants, he  made  war  against  heaven,  and  so 
frightened  the  gods,  that  they  fled  away 
and  assumed  different  shapes.  Jupiter 
became  a  ram,  Mercury  an  ibis,  Apollo  a 
crow,  Juno  a  cow,  Bacchus  a  goat,  Diana 
a  cat,  Venus  a  fish,  &c.  The  father  of 
the  gods  at  last  resumed  courage,  and 
put  Typhoeus  to  flisrht  with  his  thunder- 
35 


bolts,  and  crushed  him  under  mount 
^Etna,  in  the  island  of  Sicily. 

Typhon,  a  giant  whom  Juno  produced 
by  striking  the  earth. A  brother  of  Osi- 
ris, who  married  Nepthys.  He  laid  snares 
for  his  brother  during  his  expedition,  and 
murdered  him  at  his  return.  He  was 
reckoned  among  the  Egyptians  to  be  the 
cause  of  every  evil,  and  on  that  account 
generally  represented  as  a  wolf  and  a 
crocodile. 

Tyrannion,  a  grammarian  of  Pontus, 
intimate  with  Cicero.  He  was  taken  by 
Lucullus,  and  restored  to  his  liberty  by 
Muraena.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  books, 
and  collected  a  library  of  about  thirty 
thousand  volumes.  To  his  care  and  in- 
dustry the  world  is  indebted  for  the  pre- 
servation of  Aristotle's  works. There 

was  also  one  of  his  disciples  called  Dio- 
des, who  bore  hisname.  He  wrote  sixty- 
eight  different  volumes,  in  one  of  which 
he  proved  that  the  Latin  tongue  was  de- 
rived from  the  Greek ;  and  another  in 
which  Homer's  poems  were  corrected. 

Tyrannus,  a  son  of  Pterelaus. 

Tyras,  or  Tyra,  a  river  of  European 
Sarmatia,  falling  into  the  Euxine  sea,  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Borysthenes, 
now  called  the  JSTiester. 

Tyres,  one  of  the  companions  of  vEneas 
in  his  wars  against  Turnus.  He  was 
brother  to  Teuthras. 

Tyri  dates,  a  rich  man  in  the  age  of  Al- 
exander, 

Tyrii,  or  TYRus,atown  of  Magna  Grae- 
cia. 

Tyriotes,  an  eunuch  of  Darius,  who 
fled  from  Alexander's  camp,  to  inform  his 
master  of  the  queen's  death. 

Tyro,  a  beautiful  nymph,  daughter  of 
Salmoneus,  king  of  Elis  and  Alcidice. 
She  married  her  uncle  Cretheus,  by  whom 
she  had  Amythaon,  Pheres,  and  iEson. 

Tyros,  an  island  of  Arabia. — A  city  of 
Phoenicia. 

Tyrrheid^:,  a  patronymic  given  to  the 
sons  of  Tyrrheus,  who  kept  the  flocks  of 
Latinus. 

Tyrrheni,  the  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

Tyrrhenum  mare,  that  part  of  the  Me- 
diterranean which  lies  on  the  coast  of 
Etruria. 

Tyrrhenus,  a  son  of  Atys  king  6f  Ly- 
dia,  who  came  to  Italy,  where  part  of  the 

country  was  called  after  him. A  friend 

of  ^Eneas. 

Tyrrheus,  a  shepherd  of  king  Latinus, 
whose  stag  being  killed  by  the  companions 
of  Ascanius,  was  the  first  cause  of  war  be- 
tween iEneas  and  the  inhabitants  of  La- 
tium.  An  Egyptian  general,  B.  C.  91. 

Tyrsis,  a  place  in  the  Balearides,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  palace  of  Saturn. 

Tyrtjeus,  a  Greek  elegiac  poet,  born  in 
Attica,  son  of  Archimbrotus.  In  the  se- 
cond Messenian  war,  the  Lacedaemonians 


TY 


410 


TY 


were  directed  by  the  oracle  to  apply  to  the 
Athenians  for  a  general,  if  they  wished  to 
finish  their  expedition  with  saccess,  and 
they  were  contemptuously  presented  with 
Tyrtaeus.  The  poet,  though  ridiculed  for 
his  many  deformities,  and  his  ignorance  of 
military  affairs,  animated  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians with  martial  songs,  just  as  they 
wished  to  raise  the  siege  of  Ithome,  and 
inspired  them  with  so  much  courage,  that 
they  defeated  the  Messenians.  For  his 
services,  he  was  made  a  citizen  of  Lace- 
daemon,  and  treated  with  great  attention. 
Of  the  compositions  of  Tyrtsus,  nothing 
is  extant  but  the  fragments  of  four  or  five 
elegies.  He  flourished  about  684  years  be- 
fore Christ. 

Tyrus,  or  Tyros,  a  very  ancient  city  of 
Phoenicia,  built  by  the  Sidonians,  on  a 
small  island  at  the  south  of  Sidon,  about 
two  hundred  stadia  from  the  shore,  and 
now  called  Sur.     It  maintained  its  inde- 


pendence till  the  age  of  Alexander,  who 
took  it  with  much  difficulty,  and  only  af- 
ter he  had  joined  the  island  to  the  conti- 
nent by  a  mole,  after  a  siege  of  seven 
months,  on  the  twentieth  of  August,  B.  C. 
332.  The  Tyrians  were  naturally  indus- 
trious; their  city  was  the  emporium  of 
commerce,  and  they  were  deemed  the 
inventors  of  scarlet  and  purple  colors. 
They  founded  many  cities  in  different 
parts  of  the  world.  The  buildings  of  Tyre 
were  very  splendid  and  magnificent ;  the 
walls  were  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
high,  with  a  proportionable  breadth.  Her- 
cules was  the  chief  deity  of  the  place.  It 
had  two  large  and  capacious  harbors,  and 
a  powerful  fleet ;  and  was  built,  according 
to  some  writers,  about  two  thousand  se- 
ven hundred  and  sixty  years  before  the 
Christian  era. A  nymph,  mother  of  Ve- 
nus, according  to  some. 
Tysias,  a  man  celebrated  by  Cicero. 


UL 


UL 


UBII,  a  people  of  Germany  near  the 
Rhine,  transported  across  the  river 
by  Agrippa.  Their  chief  town,  Ubiorum 
oppidum,  is  now  Cologne. 

Ucalegon,  a  Trojan  chief,  remarkable 
for  his  great  age  and  praised  for  the  sound- 
ness of  his  counsels  and  his  good  inten- 
tions, though  accused  by  some  of  betray- 
ing his  country  to  the  enemy. 

Ucetia,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Ucubis,  now  Lucubi,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Udina,  or  Vedinum,  now  Udino,  a 
town  of  Italy. 

Ufepts,  a  river  of  Italy  near  Tarracina. 

Another  river  of  Picenum. A 

prince  who  assisted  Turnus  against  iEne- 
as.     He  was  afterwards  killed  by  Gyas. 

Ufentina,  a  Roman  tribe  first  created 
A  U.  C.  435,  with  the  tribe  Falerina. 

L  lpia  Trajana,  a  Roman  colony  plant- 
ed in  Sarmatia  by  Trajan. 

Ulpianus  Domitius,  a  lawyer  in  the 
reign  of  Alexander  Severus,  of  whom  he 
became  the  secretary  and  principal  minis- 
ter. He  raised  a  persecution  against  the 
Christians,  and  was  at  last  murdered  by 
the  praetorian  guards,  of  which  he  had  the 
command,  A.  D.  226.  There  are  some 
fragments   of  his  compositions  on    civil 

law  still  extant. Marcellus,  an  officer 

in  the  age  of  Commodus. Julianus,  a 

man  sent  to  oppose  Heliogabalus. 

Ulubr.e,  a  small  town  of  Latium, 
where  Augustus  was  educated. 

Ulysses,  a  king  of  the  islands  of  Ithaca 
and  Dulichium,  son  of  Anticlea  and  Laer- 


tes, or  according  to  some  of  Sisyphus. 
He  became,  like  the  other  princes  of 
Greece,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Helen,  but  as 
he  despaired  of  success  in  his  applications, 
on  account  of  the  great  number  of  his 
competitors,  he  solicited  the  hand  of  Pe- 
nelope, the  daughter  of  Icarius.  Ulysses 
had  no  sooner  obtained  the  hand  of  Pene- 
lope, than  he  returned  to  Ithaca,  where 
his  father  resigned  him  the  crown,  and  re- 
tired to  peace  and  rural  solitude.  The 
rape  of  Helen,  however,  by  Paris,  did  not 
long  permit  him  to  remain  in  his  kingdom, 
and  as  he  was  bound  to  defend  her  against 
every  intruder,  he  was  summoned  to  the 
war  with  the  other  princes  of  Greece. 
Pretending  to  be  insane,  not  to  leave  his 
beloved  Penelope,  he  yoked  a  horse  and  a 
bull  together,  and  ploughed  the  seashore, 
where  he  sowed  salt  instead  of  corn. 
This  dissimulation  was  soon  discovered, 
and  Palamedes,  by  placing  before  the 
plough  of  Ulysses  his  infant  son  Telema- 
chus,  convinced  the  world  that  the  father 
was  not  mad  who  had  the  providence  to 
turn  away  the  plough  from  the  furrow, 
not  to  hurt  his  child.  Ulysses  was  there- 
fore obliged  to  go  to  the  war,  but  he  did 
not  forget  him  who  had  discovered  his  pre- 
tended insanity.  During  the  Trojan  war 
the  king  of  Ithaca  was  courted  for  his  su- 
perior prudence  and  sagacity,  and  he  was 
not  less  distinguished  for  his  activity  and 
valor.  For  his  eminent  services  he  was 
universally  applauded  by  the  Greeks,  and 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  arms  of  Achil- 


UN 


411 


UT 


les,  which  Ajax  had  disputed  with  him. 
After  the  Trojan  war  Ulysses  embarked 
on  board  his  ships,  to  return  to  Greece, 
but  he  was  exposed  to  a  number  of  mis- 
fortunes before  he  reached  his  native 
country.  He  at  length  after  a  variety  of 
adventures  and  misfortunes  found  himself 
safely  restored  to  his  country,  after  a  long 
absence  of  twenty  years.  He  was  well 
informed  that  his  palace  was  besieged  by 
a  number  of  suitors,  who  continually  dis- 
turbed the  peace  of  Penelope,  and  there- 
fore he  assumed  the  habit  of  a  beggar,  by 
the  advice  of  Minerva,  and  made  himself 
known  to  his  son,  and  his  faithful  shep- 
herd Eumsus.  With  them  he  took  mea- 
sures to  reestablish  himself  on  his  throne, 
he  went  to  the  palace,  and  was  personally 
convinced  of  the  virtues  and  of  the  fideli- 
ty of  Peneolpe.  Before  his  arrival  was 
publicly  known,  all  the  importuning  suit- 
ors were  put  to  death,  and  Ulysses  restor- 
ed to  the  peace  and  bosom  of  his  family. 
He  lived  about  sixteen  years  after  his  re- 
turn, and  was  at  last  killed  by  his  son 
Telegonus,  who  had  landed  in  Ithaca, 
with  the  hopes  of  making  himself  known 
to  his  father.  According  to  some  authors, 
Ulysses  went  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Apol- 
10  after  his  return  to  Ithaca,  and  he  had  the 
leanness  to  seduce  Erippe,  the  daughter 
Of  a  king  of  Epirus,  who  had  treated  him 
Jvith  great  kindness.  Erippe  had  a  son 
by  him  whom  she  called  Euryalus.  When 
cr-me  to  years  of  puberty,  Euryalus  was 
sent  to  Ithaca  by  his  mother,  but  Pene- 
iope  no  sooner  knew  who  he  was  than 
she  resolved  to  destroy  him.  Therefore 
when  Ulysses  returned,  he  put  to  imme- 
diate death  his  unknown  son,  on  the  crim- 
ination of  Penelope  his  wife,  who  accused 
him  of  attempts  upon  her  virtue.  The 
adventures  of  Ulysses  in  his  return  to  Itha- 
ca from  the  Trojan  war  are  the  subject  of 
Homer's  Odyssey. 

Ulysseum,  a  promontory  of  Sicily,  west 
of  Pachinus. 

Umber,  a  lake  of  Umbria  near  the  Ti- 
ber. 

Umbra.  Pompeia,  a  portico  of  Pompey  at 
Rome. 

Umbria,  a  country  of  Italy,  separated 
frca  Etruria  by  the  Tiber,  bounded  on  the 
north  liy'the  Adriatic  sea,  east  by  Pice- 
num,  and  the  country  of  the  Sabines,  and 
south  by  the  river  Nar.  Umbria  had  many 
cities  of  note.  The  Umbrians  opposed  the 
Romans  in  the  infancy  of  their  empire, 
but  afterwards  they  became  their  allies, 
about  the  year  U.  C.  434. 

Umbrigius,  a  soothsayer,  who  foretold 
approaching  calamities  to  Galba. 

Umbro,  a  navigable  river  of  Italy. 

A  general  who  assisted  Turnus  against 
iEneas,  and  was  killed  during  the  war. 

Unca,  a  surname  of  Minerva  among  the 
Phoenicians  and  Thebans, 


Usch^e,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia. 

Undecemviri,  magistrates  at  Athens, 
to  whom  such  as  were  publicly  condemn- 
ed were  delivered  to  be  executed. 

Unelli,  a  people  of  Cotantin  in  Gaul, 
conquered  by  Cresar. 

Unigena,  a  surname  of  Minerva,  as 
sprung  of  Jupiter  alone. 

Unxi  a,  a  surname  of  Juno,  derived  from 
ungere,  to  anoint,  because  it  was  usual 
among  the  Romans  for  the  bride  to  anoint 
the  threshold  of  her  husband. 

Upis,  the  father  of  one  of  the  Dianas 
mentioned  by  the  ancients,  from  which 
circumstance  Diana  herself  is  called  Upis. 

Urania,  one  of  the  Muses,  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne,  who  presided 
over  astronomy.  She  was  represented  as 
a  young  virgin  dressed  in  an  azure  colored 
robe,  crowned  with  stars,  and  holding  a 
globe  in  her  hands,  and  having  many  ma- 
thematical instruments  placed  round. 

A  surname  of  Venus,  the  same  as  Celestial. 
Her  temples  in  Asia,  Africa,  Greece,  and 
Italy  were  numerous. A  town  of  Cy- 
prus. 

Uranu,  or  Urii,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Uranopoli3,  a  town  at  the  top  of 
Athos. 

Uranus,  or  Ouranus,  a  deity,  the  same 
as  Coelus,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the 
gods.  He  married  Tithea,  or  the  Earth, 
by  whom  he  had  several  children,  called 
from  their  mother  Titans.  His  children 
conspired  against  him,  because  he  con- 
fined them  in  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  and 
his  son  Saturn  mutilated  him,  and  drove 
him  from  his  throne. 

Urba,  now  Orbe,  a  town  of  the  Helve- 
tii,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Urbicua,  a  town  of  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis. 

Urbicus,  an  actor  at  Rome,  in  Domi- 
tian's  reign. 

Urbinum,  now  Urbino,  a  town  of  Um- 
bria. 

Urgo,  now  Oorgona,  an  island  in  the 
bay  of  Pisa,  twenty-five  miles  west  of 
Leghorn. 

Uria,  a  town  of  Calabria,  built  by  a 
Cretan  colony,  and  called  also  Hyria. 

Urites,  a  people  of  Italy. 

Ursentum,  a  town  of  the  Brutii,  now 
Orso. 

Ursidius,  an  adulterer. 

Uscana,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Usceta,  a  town  of  Africa  Propria. 

Uscudama,  a  town  of  Thrace. 

Usipetes,  or  Usipii,  a  people  of  Ger- 
many. 

Ustica,  a  town  in  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Sicily,  near  Panormum. 

Utens,  a  river  of  Gaul,  now  Montone 
falling  into  the  Adriatic  by  Ravenna. 

Utica,  now  Satcor,  a  celebrated  city  of 
Africa,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
on  the  same  bay  as  Carthage,  founded  by 


ux 


412 


VZ 


a  Tyrian  colony  above  two  hundred  and 
eighty-seven  years  before  Carthage. 

Uxama,  a  town  of  Spain  on  the  Iberus. 

Uxantis,  now  Ushant,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Britany. 

Uxellodunum,  a  town  of  Gaul  defend- 
ed by  steep  rocks,  now  Puech  d'  Jssolu. 

Uxentum,  a  town  of  Calabria,  now 
Ugento. 


Uxn,  mountains  of  Armenia,  with  a  na- 
tion of  the  same  name,  conquered  by  Al- 
exander. The  Tigris  rises  in  their  coun- 
try. 

Uxisama,  an  island  in  the  western 
ocean. 

Uzita,  an  inland  town  of  Africa,  de- 
stroyed by  Caesar. 


VA 


VA 


VACATIONE  (lex  de)  was  enacted  con- 
cerning the  exemption  from  military 
service,  and  contained  this  very  remarka- 
ble clause,  nisi  bellum  Gallicum  exoriatur, 
in  which  case  the  priests  themselves  were 
not  exempted  from  service. 

Vacca,  a  town  of  Numidia. A  river 

of  Spain. 

Vaccjei,  a  people  at  the  north  of  Spain. 

Vaccus,  a  general,  &c. 

Vacuna,  a  goddess  at  Rome,  who  pre- 
sided over  repose  and  leisure.  Her  festi- 
vals were  observed  in  the  month  of  De- 
cember. 

Vadimonis  Lacus,  now  Bassano,  a  lake 
of  Etruria,  whose  waters  were  sulphur- 
eous. 

Vaga,  a  town  of  Africa. 

Vagedrusa,  a  river  of  Sicily  between 
the  towns  of  Camarina  and  Gela. 

Vagellius,  an  obscene  lawyer  of  Mu- 
tina. 

Vageni,  or  Vagienni,  a  people  of  Li- 
guria,  at  the  sources  of  the  Po,  whose  cap- 
ital was  called  Augusta  Vagiennorum. 

Vahalis,  a  river  of  modern  Holland, 
now  called  the  Waal. 

Vala,  (C.  Numonius,)  a  friend  of  Ho- 
race. 

Valens,  (Flavius,)  a  son  of  Gratian  born 
in  Pannonia.  His  brother  Valentinian 
took  him  as  his  colleague  on  the  throne, 
and  appointed  him  over  the  eastern  parts 
of  the  Roman  empire.  He  suffered  the 
Goths  to  make  depredations  upon  his  sub- 
jects, and  he  was  slain  in  a  battle  against 
them,  A.  D.  378,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of 
his  age,  after  a  reign  of  fifteen  years. 
Valens  did  not  possess  any  of  the  great 
qualities  which  distinguish  a  great  and 
powerful  monarch.  He  was  illiterate,  and 
of  a  disposition  naturally  indolent  and  in- 
active.  Valerius,  a  proconsul  of  Acha- 

ia,  who  proclaimed  himself  emperor  of 
Rome,  when  Marcian,  who  had  been  in- 
vested with  the  purple  in  the  east,  at- 
tempted to  assassinate  him.  He  reigned 
only  six   months,  and  was  murdered  by 

his  soldiers,    A.   D.  261. Fabius,   a 

friend  of  Vitellius,  whom  he  saluted  em- 


peror, in  opposition  to  Otho. A  general 

of  the  emperor  Honorius. The  name 

of  the  second  Mercury,  but  considered  as 
more  properly  belonging  to  Jupiter. 

Valentia,  one  of  the  ancient  names 
of  Rome. A  town  of  Spain,  a  little  be- 
low Saguntum. A  town  of  Italy. 

Another  in  Sardinia. 

Valentinianus  I.,  brother  of  Valens, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  for  his 
merit  and  bravery.  He  governed  the 
western  part  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  sig- 
nalized himself  by  the  victories  he  obtain- 
ed over  the  barbarians  in  the  provinces  of 
Gaul,  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube.  He 
broke  a  blood-vessel  while  in  the  act  of 
speaking  with  much  warmth  against  the 
insolence  of  the  Quadi,  an  ancient  nation 
of  Germany,  and  expired  in  great  agonies, 

A.  D.  575.- His  son,    Valentinian  II., 

was  proclaimed  emperor  after  his  death, 
though  only  five  years  of  age.  After  a 
peaceful  reign  of  nine  years,  he  was  stran- 
gled by  one  of  his  officers,  at  Vienna,  a 

modern  town  in  France. Valentinian 

III.,  was  the  son  of  Constantius  and  Pla- 
cidia,  the  daughter  of  Theodosius  the 
Great.  He  was  created  emperor  when 
very  young,  and  governed  by  his  mother, 
and  the  intrigues  of  his  generals  and  court- 
iers ;  and  when  he  came  to  years  of  dis- 
cretion, he  disgraced  himself  by  violence, 
oppression,  and  incontinence ;  and  was 
murdered  in  the  midst  of  his  capital,  A.  D. 
454.     Valentinian  III.  was  the  las,yrfUhe 

family  of  Theodosius.- A  soByW  in* 

emperor  Gratian,  who  died  when  very 
young. 

Valeria,  a  sister  of  Publicola,  who  ad- 
vised the  Roman  matrons  to  go  and  depre- 
cate the  resentment  of  Coriolanus. A 

daughter  of  Publicola,  given  as  an  hostage 
to  Porsenna  by  the  Romans. A  daugh- 
ter of  Messala,  sister  to  Hortensius,  who 
married  Sylla. The  wife  of  the  empe- 
ror Valentinian. The  wife  of  the  empe- 
ror Galerius. A  road  in  Sicily,  which 

led  from   Messana  to  Lilybeeum. —A 

town  of  Spain. 


VA 


413 


VA 


Valeria  lex,  dc provocatione,  by  P.  Va- 
lerius Poplicola,  the  sole  consul,  A.  U.  C. 
243.  It  permitted  the  appeal  from  a  ma- 
gistrate to  the  peopie,  and  forbade  the  ma- 
gistrate to  punish  a  citizen  for  making  the 
appeal. Another,  dc  debitoribus,  by  Va- 
lerius Flaccus.  It  required  that  all  cred- 
itors should  discharge  their  debtors,  on  re- 
ceiving a  fourth  part  of  the  whole  sum. 

Another,  by  M.  Valerius  Corvinus, 

A.  U.  C.  453,  which  confirmed  the  first 

Valerian  law,  enacted  by  Poplicola. 

Another,  called  also  Horatia,  by  L.  Vale- 
rius and  M.  Horatius  the  consuls,  A.  U.  C. 
304.  It  revived  the  first  Valerian  law. 
Another,  de  Magistrati.bus3by  P.  Vale- 
rius Poplicola,  sole  consul,  A.  U.  C.  243. 
It  created  two  quaestors  to  take  care  of  the 
public  treasure. 

Valerianic,  (Publius  Licinius,)  a  Ro- 
man, proclaimed  emperor  by  the  armies 
in  Rhaetia,  A.  D.  254.  The  virtues  which 
shone  in  him  when  a  private  man,  were 
lost  when  he  ascended  the  throne.  He 
was  cowardly  in  his  operations,  and 
though  acquainted  with  war,  and  the  pa- 
tron of  science,  he  seidom  acted  with  pru- 
dence, or  favored  men  of  true  genius  and 
Bierit.  He  took  his  son  Gallienus,  as  his 
colleague  in  the  empire,  and  showed  the 
malevolence  of  his  heart  by  persecuting 
Ihe  Christians  whom  he  had  for  a  while 
tolerated.  He  also  made  war  against  the 
Goths  and  Scythians  ;  but  in  an  expedi- 
tion which  he  undertook  against  Sapor, 
king  of  Persia,  his  arms  were  attended 
with  ill  success.  He  was  conquered  in 
Mesopotamia,  and  flayed  alive  by  order  of 
the  victor.  His  skin  was  tanned,  and 
painted  in  red  ;  and  that  the  ignominy  of 
the  Roman  empire  might  be  lasting,  it 
was  nailed  in  one  of  the  temples  of  Persia. 
Valerian  died  in  the  seventy-first  year  of 
his  age,  A.  D.  260,  after  a  reign  of  seven 
years. A  grandson  of  Valerian  the  em- 
peror. He  was  put  to  death  when  his 
father,  the  emperor  Gallienus,  was  killed. 

One  of  the  generals  of  the  usurper 

Niger. A  worthy  senator,  put  to  death 

by  Heliogabalus. 

Valerius  Publius,  a  celebrated  Roman, 
surnamed  Poplicola,  for  his  popularity. 
He  was  very  active  in  assisting  Brutus  to 
expel  the  Tarquins,  and  he  was  the  first 
that  took  an  oath  to  support  the  liberty 
and  independence  of  his  country.  He 
was  afterwards  honored  with  the  consul- 
ship, on  the  expulsion  of  Collatinus,  and 
he  triumphed  over  the  Etrurians,  after  he 
had  gained  the  victory  in  the  battle  in 
which  Brutus  and  the  sons  of  Tarquin  had 
fallen.  Valerius  died  after  he  had  been 
four  times  consul,  and  enjoyed  great  pop- 
ularity. He  was  so  poor,  that  his  body 
was  buried  at  the  public  expense. Cor- 
vinus, a  tribune  of  the  soldiers  under  Ca- 
millus.  When  the  Roman  army  were 
'  35* 


challenged  by  one  of  the  Senones,  remark- 
able for  his  strength  and  stature,  Valerius 
undertook  to  engage  him,  and  obtained 
an  easy  victory,  by  means  of  a  crow  that 
assisted  him,  and  attacked  the  face  of  the 
Gaul,  whence  his  surname  of  Corvinus. 
Valerius  triumphed  over  the  Etrurians, 
and  the  neighboring  states  that  made  war 
against  Rome,  and  was  six  times  honored 
with  the  consulship.  He  died  in  the  100th 
year  of  his  age,  admired  and  regretted  for 

many  private  and  public  virtues. An- 

tias,  an  excellent  Roman  historian  often 
quoted,  and  particularly  by  Livy. Flac- 
cus, a  consul  with  Cato,  whose  friend- 
ship he  honorably  shared. Marcus  Cor- 
vinus Messala,  a  Roman,  made  consul 
with  Augustus.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  learning  as  well  as  military  vir- 
tues.  Soranus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age 

of  Julius  Cffisar,  put  to  death  for  betraying 
a  secret. Maximus,  a  brother  of  Popli- 
cola.  A  Latin  historian  who  carried 

arms  under  the  sons  of  Pompey.  He  dedi- 
cated his  time  to  study,  and  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  all  the  most  celebrated  sayings 
and  actions  of  the  Romans,  and  other 
illustrious  persons,  which  is  still  extant, 
and  divided  into  nine  books.  It  is  dedi- 
cated to  Tiberius. Marcus,  a  brother  of 

Poplicola,  who  defeated  the  army  of  the 
Sabines  in  two  battles. Potitiis,  a  ge- 
neral who  stirred  uplhe  people  and  army 
against  the  decemvin^  and  Appius  Clau- 
dius in  particular.  He  was  chosen  con- 
sul, and  conquered  the  Volsci  and  ^Equi. 

Flaccus,  a  Roman,  intimate  with  Cato 

the  censor.  He  was  consul  with  him, 
and  cut  off  an  army  of  10,000  Gauls  in  one 

battle. A  Latin  poet  who  flourished 

under  Vespasian.  He  wrote  a  poem  in 
eight  books  on  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
but  it  remained  unfinished  on  account  of 
his  premature  death. Asiaticus,  a  cele- 
brated Roman,  accused  of  having  murder- 
ed one  of  the  relations  of  the  emperor 
Claudius.  He  was  condemned  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Messalina,  though  innocent,  and 
he  opened  his  veins  and  bled  to  death. 

A  friend  of  Vitellius. Fabianus,  a 

youth  condemned  under  Nero,  for  coun- 
terfeiting the  will  of  one  of  his  friends. 

Lasvinus,  a  consul  who  fought  against 

Pyrrhus  during  the  Tarentine  war. 

Praconinus,  a  lieutenant  of  Caesar's  army 

in  Gaul,  slain  in  a  skirmish. Paulinus, 

a  friend  of  Vespasian. 

Valerus,  a  friend  of  Turnus  against 
iEneas. 

Valgius  Rufus,  a  Roman  poet  in  the 
Augustan  age,  celebrated  for  his  writings. 

Vandalii,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Vangiones,  a  people  of  Germany.; 
Their  capital,  Borbetomagus,  is  now  call-! 
ed  Worms. 

Vannia,  a  town  of  Italy,  north  of  th 
Po,  now  called  Civita. 


VA 


414 


VE 


Vannius,  a  king  of  the  Suevi,  banished 
under  Claudius. 

Vafineum,  a  town  of  Gaul. 

Varanes,  a  name  common  to  some  of 
the  Persian  monarchs,  in  the  age  of  the 
Roman  emperors. 

Vard^i,  a  people  of  Dalmatia. 

Varia,  a  town  of  Latium. 

Varia  lex,  de  maj estate,  by  the  tribune 
L.  Varius,  A.U.C.  662.  It  ordained  that 
all  such  as  had  assisted  the  confederates 
in  their  war  against  Rome,  should  be  pub- 
licly tried. Another  de  civitate,  by  Q,. 

Varius  Hybrida.  It  punished  all  such  as 
were  suspected  of  having  assisted  or  sup- 
ported the  people  of  Italy  in  their  petition 
to  become  free  citizens  of  Rome. 

Varini,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Varisti,  a  people  of  Germany. 

Lucius  Varius,  or  Varus,  a  tragic  poet 
intimate  with  Horace  and  Virgil.  He  was 
one  of  those  whom  Augustus  appointed  to 

revise  Virgil's  iEneid. A  man  who 

raised  his  reputation  by  the  power  of  his 

oratory. One  of  the  friends  of  Antony, 

surnamed  Cotylon. 

Varro,  M.  Terentius,  a  Roman  consul 
defeated  at  Cannae,  by  Annibal. A  La- 
tin writer,  celebrated  for  his  great  learning. 
He  wrote  no  less  than  five  hundred  differ- 
ent volumes  which  are  all  now  lost,  except 
a  treatise  de  Re  Rustica,  and  another  de 
Lingua  Latinu,  in  five  books,  written  in 
his  eightieth  year,  and  dedicated  to  the 
orator  Cicero.  He  was  Pompey's  lieuten- 
ant in  his  piratical  wars,  and  obtained  a 
naval  crown.  In  the  civil  wars  he  was 
taken  by  Caesar,  and  proscribed,  but  he 
escaped.  He  died  B.  C.  28,  in  the  eighty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age. Attacinus,  a  na- 
tive of  Gaul,  in  the  age  of  J.  Caesar.  He 
translated  into  Latin  verse  the  Argonau- 
tica  of  Apollonius  Rhodius,  with  great 
correctness  and  elegance. 

Varronis  villa,  now  Vicovaro,  was 
situate  on  the  Anio,  in  the  country  of  the 
Sabines. 

Varus,  (Ciuintilius,)  a  Roman  proconsul, 
descended  from  an  illustrious  family.  He 
was  appointed  governor  of  Syria  and  after- 
wards made  commander  of  the  armies  in 
Germany.  He  was  surprised  by  the  ene- 
my, under  Arminius,  a  crafty  and  dissim- 
ulating chief,  and  his  army  was  cut  to 
pieces.  When  he  saw  that  every  thing 
was  lost,  he  killed  himself,  A.  D.  10,  and 
his  example  was  followed  by  some  of  his 

officers. A  son  of  Varus,  who  married 

a  daughter  of  Germanicus. The  father 

and  grandfather  of  Varus,  who  was  killed 
in  Germany,  slew  themselves  with  their 

own  swords. Ciuintilius,  a  friend  of 

Horace,  and  other  great  men  in  the  Au- 
gustan age.  Some  suppose  this  Varus  to 
be  the  person  killed  in  Germany,  while 
others  believe  him  to  be  a  man  who  de- 
voted his  time  more  to  the  muses  than  to 


war. Lucius,  an  epicurean  philosopher 

intimate  with  J.  Caesar. Alfrenus, 

Roman,  who  though  originally  a  shoe, 
maker,  became  consul,  and  distinguished 

himself  by  his  abilities  as  an  orator. . 

Accius,  one  of  the  friends  of  Cato  in  AM 

ca,  &c. A  river  which  falls  into  the 

Mediterranean,  to  the  west  of  Nice,  after 
separating  Liguria  from  Gallia  Narbonen- 
sis. 

Vasates,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Vascones,  a  people  of  Spain,  on  the  Py- 
renees. They  were  so  reduced  by  a  fam- 
ine by  Metellus,  that  they  fed  on  human 
flesh. 

Vasio,  a  town  of  Gaul  in  modern  Pro- 
vence. 

Vaticanus,  a  hill  at  Rome,  near  the 
Tiber  and  the  Janiculum,  which  produced 
wine  of  no  great  esteem.  It  was  disre- 
garded by  the  Romans  on  account  of  the 
unwholesomeness  of  the  air.  Heliogaba- 
lus  was  the  first  who  cleared  it  of  all  dis- 
agreeable nuisances.  It  is  now  admired 
for  ancient  monuments  and  pillars,  for  a 
celebrated  public  library,  and  for  the  pal- 
ace of  the  pope. 

Vatienus,  now  Satcrno,  a  river  rising 
in  the  Alps  and  falling  into  the  Po. 

Vatinia  lex,  de  provinciis,  by  the  tri- 
bune P.  Vatinius,  A.  U.  C.  694.  It  ap- 
pointed Caesar  governor  of  Gallia  Cisalpi- 
na  and  Illyricum,  for  five  years,  without 
a  decree  of  the  senate,  or  the  usual  cus- 
tom of  casting  lots. Another  by  P.  Va- 
tinius the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  694, ' de  repe- 
tundis,  for  the  better  management  of  the 
trial  of  those  who  were  accused  of  extor- 
tion. 

Vatinius,  an  intimate  friend  of  Cicero, 
once  distinguished  for  his  enmity  to  the 
orator.  He  hated  the  people  of  Rome  for 
their  great  vices  and  corruption,  whence 
excessive  hatred  became  proverbial  in  the 
words  Vatinianum  odium. A  shoe-mak- 
er, ridiculed  for  his  deformities,  and  the 
oddity  of  his  character.  He  was  one  of 
Nero's  favorites. 

Vectis,  the  isle  of  Wight,  south  of  Bri- 
tain. 

Vectius,  a  rhetorician. 

Vectones.  ( Vid.  Vettones.) 

Vedius  Pollio,  a  friend  of  Augustus, 

very  cruel  to  his  servants. Aquila,  an 

officer  at  the  battle  of  Bebriacum. 

Vegetius,  a  Latin  writer,  who  flourish- 
ed B. C.  386. 

Vegia,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Dalma- 
tia. 

Veia,  a  sorceress,  in  the  age  of  Ho- 
race. 

Veianus,  a  gladiator,  in  the  age  of  Ho- 
race. 

Veientes,  the  inhabitants  of  Veii. 

Veiento,  Fabr.,  a  Roman,  as  arrogant 
as  he  was  satirical.  Nero  banished  him 
for  bis  libellous  writings. 


VE 


415 


VE 


Veii,  a  powerful  city  of  Etruria,  at  the 
distance  of  about  twelve  miles  from  Borne. 
It  sustained  many  long  wars  against  the 
Romans,  and  was  at  last  taken  and  de- 
stroyed by  Camillus,  after  a  siege  of  ten 
years.  At  the  time  of  its  destruction,  Veii 
was  larger  and  far  more  magnificent  than 
the  city  of  Rome. 

Vejovis,  or  Vejupiter,  a  deity  of  ill 
omen  at  Rome.  He  had  a  temple  on  the 
Capitoline  hill  built  by  Romulus. 

Velabrum,  a  marshy  piece  of  ground 
on  the  side  of  the  Tiber,  between  the 
Aventine,  Palatine,  and  Capitoline  hills, 
which  Augustus  drained,  and  where  he 
built  houses.  The  place  was  frequented 
as  a  market. 

Velanius,  one  of  Caasar's  officers  in 
Gaul. 

Velauni,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Velia,  a  maritime  town  of  Lucania, 
founded  by  a  colony  of  Phoceans,  about 
six  hundred  years  after  the  coming  of 
^Eneas  into  Italy.  The  port  in  its  neigh- 
borhood was  called  Velinus  portus. An 

eminence  near  the  Roman  forum,  where 
Poplicola  built  himself  a  house. 

Velica,  or  Vellica,  a  town  of  the  Can- 
tabri. 

Velina,  a  part  of  the  city  of  Rome,  ad- 
joining mount  Palatine.  It  was  also  one 
of  the  Roman  tribes. 

Velinus,  a  lake  in  the  country  of  the 
Sabines,  formed  by  the  stagnant  waters 
of  the  Velinus,  between  some  hills  near 
Reate. 

Veliocassi,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Veliterna,  or  Velitr-e,  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium  on  the  Appian  road,  twen- 
ty miles  at  the  east  of  Rome. 

Vellari,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Vellaunodunum,  a  town  of  the  Se- 
nones,  now  Beaune. 

Velleda,  a  woman  famous  among  the 
Germans,  in  the  age  of  Vespasian,  and 
worshipped  as  a  deity. 

Velleius  Paterculus,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, descended  from  an  equestrian  family 
of  Campania.  He  was  at  first  a  military 
tribune  in  the  Roman  armies,  and  for  nine 
years  served  under  Tiberius  in  the  various 
expeditions  which  he  undertook  in  Gaul 
and  Germany.  Velleius  wrote  an  epitome 
of  the  history  of  Greece,  and  of  Rome, 
and  of  other  nations  of  the  most  remote 
antiquity,  but  of  this  authentic  composi- 
tion there  remain  only  fragments  of  the 
history  of  Greece  and  Rome  from  the  con- 
quest of  Perseus,  by  Paulus,  to  the  seven- 
teenth year  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius,   in 

two  books. Caius,the  grandfather  of 

the  historian  of  that  name,  was  one  of  the 
friends  of  Livia.  He  killed  himself  when 
old  and  unable  to  accompany  Livia  in  her 
flight. 

Velocasses,  a  people  of  Vezin,  in  Nor- 
mandy. 


Venafrum,  a  town  of  Campania  near 
Arpinum,  abounding  in  olive  trees. 

Venedi,  a  people  of  Germany,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Vistula,  or  gulf  of  Dantzic. 

Veneli,  a  people  of  Gallia  Celtica. 

Veneti,  a  people  of  Italy  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  near  the  mouths  of  the  Po.  They 
were  descended  from  a  nation  of  Paphla- 
gonia,  who  settled  there  under  Antenor 
sometime  after  the  Trojan  war. A  na- 
tion of  Gaul,  at  the  south  of  Armorica,  on 
the  western  coast,  powerful  by  sea.  Their 
chief  city  is  now  called  Vannes. 

Venetia,  a  part  of  Gaul,  on  the  mouths 
ofthePo.  ( Vid.  Veneti.) 

Venetus  Paulus,  a  centurion  who  con- 
spired against  Nero  with  Piso,  &c. A 

lake  through  which  the  Rhine  passe*,  now 
Bodensee,  or  Constance. 

Venilia,  a  nymph,  sister  to  Amata, 
and  mother  of  Turnus,  by  Daunus.  Am- 
phitrite  the  sea-goddess  is  also  called  Ve- 
nilia. 

Vennones,  a  people  of  the  Rluetian 
Alps. 

Venonius,  an  historian  mentioned  by 
Cicero. 

Venta  Belgarum,  a  town  of  Britain, 

now  Winchester. Silurum,  a  town  of 

Britain,  now  Caerwent,  in  Monmouthshire. 
Icenorum,  now  Norwich. 

Venti.  The  ancients,  and  especially 
the  Athenians,  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  winds,  and  offered  them  sacrifices  as 
to  deities,  intent  upon  the  destruction  of 
mankind,  by  continually  causing  storms, 
tempests,  and  earthquakes.  The  winds 
were  represented  in  different  attitudes 
and  forms.  The  four  principal  winds 
were  Eurus,  the  south-east ;  Auster,  the 
south  wind  ;  Zephyrus,  the  mildest  of  all 
the  winds  ;  and  Boreas,  or  the  north  wind. 
The  winds,  according  to  some  mycolo- 
gists, were  confined  in  a  large  cave,  of 
which  iEolus  had  the  management  and 
without  this  necessary  precaution,  they 
would  have  overturned  the  earth,  and  re- 
duced every  thing  to  its  original  chaos. 

Ventidius  bassus,  a  native  of  Picenum, 
born  of  an  obscure  family.  He  displayed 
valor  in  the  Roman  armies,  and  gradually 
arose  to  the  offices  of  tribune,  praetor,  high 
priest,  and  consul.  He  made  war  against 
the  Parthians,  and  conquered  them  in 
three  great  battles,  B.  C:  39.  He  was  the 
first  Roman  ever  honored  with  a  triumph 
over  Parthia.  He  died  greatly  lamented 
by  all  the  Roman  people,  and  was  buried 

at  the  public  expense. Cumanus,  a 

governor  of  Palestine. Two  brothers  in 

the  age  of  Pompey  who  favored  Carbo's 
interest. 

Venuleius,  a  writer  in  the  age  of  the 
emperor  Alexander. A  friend  of  Verres. 

Venulus,  one  of  the  Latin  elders  sent 
into  Magna  Gracia,  to  demand  the  assist- 
ance of  Diomedes. 


VE 


416 


VE 


Venus,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  dei- 
ties of  the  ancients.  She  was  the  goddess 
of  beauty,  the  mother  of  love,  the  queen  of 
laughter,  and  the  mistress  of  the  graces  and 
of  pleasures.  Some  mythologists  speak 
of  more  than  one  Venus.  Plato  mentions 
two,  Venus  Urania,  the  daughter  of  Ura- 
nus, and  Venus  Popularia,  the  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and  Dione.  Cicero  speaks  of 
four,  a  daughter  of  Coelus  and  Light,  one 
sprung  from  the  froth  of  the  sea,  a  third, 
daughter  of  Jupiter  and  the  Nereid  Dione, 
and  a  fourth  born  at  Tyre,  and  the  same 
as  the  Astarte  of  the  Syrians.  Of  these, 
however,  the  Venus  sprung  from  the  froth 
of  the  sea  is  the  most  known,  and  of  her  in 
particular  ancient  mythologists  as  well  as 
painters  make  mention.  She  arose  from 
the  sea  near  the  island  of  Cyprus,  or  ac- 
cording to  Hesiod,  of  Cythera,"  whither  she 
was  wafted  by  the  zephyrs,  and  received 
on  the  seashore  by  the  seasons,  daughters 
of  Jupiter  and  Themis.  She  was  soon 
after  carried  to  heaven,  where  all  the 
gods  admired  her  beauty,  and  all  the  god- 
desses became  jealous  of  her  personal 
charms.  Jupiter  attempted  to  gain  her 
affections  and  even  wished  to  oiler- her 
violence,  but  Venus  refused,  and  the  god, 
to  punish  her  obstinacy,  gave  her  in  mar- 
riage to  his  ugly  and  deformed  son  Vulcan. 
This  marriage  did  not  prevent  the  goddess 
of  Love  from  gratifying  her  favorite  pas- 
sions, and  she  defiled  her  husband's  bed, 
by  her  amours  with  the  gods.  The  power 
of  Venus  over  the  heart,  was  supported 
and  assisted  by  a  celebrated  girdle,  called 
zone  by  the  Greeks,  and  cestus  by  the  La- 
tins. This  mysterious  girdle  gave  beauty, 
grace,  and  elegance,  when  worn  even  by 
the  most  deformed  ;  it  excited  love  and 
rekindled  extinguished  flames.  Juno  her- 
self was  indebted  to  this  powerful  orna- 
ment, to  gain  the  favors  of  Jupiter,  and 
Venus,  though  herself  possessed  of  every 
charm,  no  sooner  put  on  her  cestus,  than 
Vulcan,  unable  to  resist  the  influence  of 
love,  forgot  all  the  intrigues  and  infideli- 
ties of  his  wife,  and  fabricated  arms  even 
for  her  illegitimate  children.  The  contest 
of  Venus  for  the  golden  apple  of  Discoid  is 
well  known.  She  gained  the  prize  over 
Pallas  and  Juno,  ( Vid.  Paris,  Discordia,) 
and  rewarded  her  impartial  judge  with  the 
hand  of  the  fairest  woman  in  the  world. 
The  worship  of  Venus  was  universally 
established  :  statues  and  temples  were 
erected  to  her  in  every  kingdom,  and  the 
ancients  were  fond  of  paying  homage  to  a 
divinity  who  presided  over  generation, 
and  by  whose  influence  alone  mankind 
existed.  Victims  were  seldom  offered  to 
her,  or  her  altars  stained  with  blood, 
though  we  find  Aspasia  making  repeated 
sacrifices.  No  pigs  however,  or  male  ani- 
mals were  deemed  acceptable.  The  rose, 
the  myrtle,  and  the  apple,  were  sacred  to 


Venus,  and  among  birds,  the  dove,  the 
swan,  and  the  sparrow,  were  her  favor- 
ites ;  and  among  fishes,  those  called  the 
aphya  and  the  lycostomus.  The  god- 
dess of  beauty  was  represented  among  the 
ancients  in  different  forms.  At  Elis  she 
appeared  seated  on  a  goat,  with  one  foot 
resting  on  a  tortoise.  At  Sparta  and  Cy- 
thera, she  Avas  represented  armed  like 
Minerva,  and  sometimes  wearing  chains 
on  her  feet.  In  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Olympius,  she  was  represented  by  Phidi- 
as, as  rising  from  the  sea,  received  by  love, 
and  crowned  by  the  goddess  of  persuasion. 
In  Sicyon  she  held  a  poppy  in  one  hand, 
and  in  the  other  an  apple,  while  on  her 
head  she  had  a  crown,  which  terminated 
in  a  point,  to  intimate  the  pole.  She  ia 
generally  represented  with  her  son  Cupid, 
on  a  chariot  drawn  by  doves,  or  at  other 
times  by  swans  or  sparrows.  The  sur- 
names of  the  goddess  are  numerous,  and 
only  serve  to  show  how  well  established 
her  worship  was  all  over  the  earth.  She 
was  called  Cypria,  because  particularly 
worshipped  in* the  island  of  Cyprus.  She 
received  the  name  of  Paphia,  because  wor- 
shipped at  Paphos,  where  she  had  a  tem- 
ple with  an  altar,  on  which  rain  never 
fell,  though  exposed  in  the  open  air.  The 
Cnidians  raised  her  temples  under  the 
name  of  Venus  Acrma,  of  Deris,  and  of 
Euploea.  In  her  temple  under  the  name 
of  Euploea,  at  Cnidos,  was  the  most  cele- 
brated of  her  statues,  being  the  most  per- 
fect piece  of  Praxiteles.  As  goddess  of 
the  sea,  because  born  in  the  bosom  of  the 
waters,  Venus  was  called  Pontia,  Marina, 
Limnesia,  Pelagia,  Jiligena,  Tlialassia,  &c. 
and  as  rising  from  the  sea,  the  name  of 
Anadijomcne  is  applied  to  her,  and  render- 
ed immortal  by  the  celebrated  paintings  of 
Apelles,  which  represented  her  as  issuing 
from  the  bosom  of  the  waves,  and  wring- 
ing her  tresses  on  her  shoulder. A 

planet  called  by  the  Greeks  Phosphorus, 
and  by  the  Latins  Lucifer,  when  it  rises 
before  the  sun,  but  when  it  follows  it, 
Hesperus  or  Vesper. 

Venus  Pyren^a,  a  town  of  Spain  near 
the  borders  of  Gaul. 

Venusia,  or  Venusium,  a  town  of  Apu- 
lia, where  Horace  was  born.  Part  of  the 
Roman  army  fled  thither  after  the  defeat 
at  Cannae.  The  town,  though  in  ruins, 
contains  still  many  pieces  of  antiquity, 
especially  a  marble  bust  preserved  in  the 
great  square,  and  said  falsely  to  be  an 
original  representation  of  Horace. 

Veragri,  a  people  between  the  Alps 
and  the  Allobroges. 

Verania,  the  wife  of  Piso  Licinianus. 

Veranius,  a  governor  of  Britain  under 
Nero.     He  succeeded  Didius  Gallus. 

Verbanus  Lacus,  now  Majora,  a  lake 
of  Italy,  from  which  the  Ticirius  flows.  It 
is  in  the  modern  dutchy  of  Milan. 


VE 


417 


VE 


Verbigenus,  a  village  in  the  country  of 
fee  Celtae. 

Verbinum,  a  town  at  the  north  of  Gaul. 

Vercelljc,  a  town  on  the  borders  of 
Jnsubria,  where  Marius  defeated  the  Cim- 
bri. 

Vercingetorix,  a  chief  of  the  Gauls, 
in  the  time  of  Caesar.  He  was  conquered 
and  led  in  triumph. 

Veresis,  a  small  river  of  Latium  falling 
into  the  Anio. 

Vergasillaunus,  one  of  the  generals 
and  friends  of  Vercingetorix. 

Verges:,  a  town  of  the  Brutii. 

Vergellus,  a  small  river  near  Cannae, 
falling  into  the  Aufidus. 

Vergilia,  the  wife  of  Coriolanus. 

Vergiha,  a  town  of  Spain  supposed  to 
be  Murcia. 

Vergili-e,  seven  stars  called  also  Pleia- 
des. When  they  set  the  ancients  began  to 
sow  their  corn. 

Verginius,  one  of  the  officers  of  the 
Roman  troops  in  Germany. A  rhetori- 
cian in  the  age  of  Nero,  banished  on  ac- 
count of  his  great  fame. 

Vergium,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Vergobretus,  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
M&m,  in  the  age  of  Caesar. 

Veritas,  {truth,)  was  not  only  personi- 
fied by  the  ancients,  but  also  made  a  deity, 
and  called  the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  the 
mother  of  Virtue.  She  was  represented 
like  a  young  virgin,  dressed  in  white  ap- 
parel. 

Verodoctius,  one  of  the  Helvetii. 

Veromandui,  a  people  of  Gaul,  the  mo- 
dern Vermandois.  The  capital  is  now 
St.  Gtuintin. 

Verona,  a  town  of  Venetia,  on  the 
Athesis,  in  Italy,  founded  as  some  sup- 
pose, by  Brennus,  the  leader  of  the  Gauls. 

Ve rones,  a  people  of  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis. 

Verreginum,  a  town  in  the  country  of 
the  Volsci. 

C.  Verres,  a  Roman  who  governed  the 
province  of  Sicily  as  praetor.  The  oppres- 
sion and  rapine  of  which  he  was  guilty 
while  in  office,  so  offended  the  Sicilians, 
that  they  brought  an  accusation  against 
him  before  the  Roman  senate.  He  was  at 
last  killed  by  the  soldiers  of  Anthony  the 
triumvir,  about  twenty-six  years  after  his 
voluntary  exile  from  the  capital. 

Verritus,  a  general  of  the  Frisii  in  the 
age  of  Nero. 

Verrius  Flaccus,  a  freedman  and 
grammarian  famous  for  his  powers  in  in- 
structing. He  was  appointed  over  the 
grand-children  of  Augustus,  and  also  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  writings. 

Verrius  Flaccus,  a  Latin  critic,  B.  C.  4. 

Verrugo,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the 
Volsci. 

Vertico,  one  of  the  Nervii,  who  de- 
serted to  Caesar's  army. 


Verticordia,  one  of  the  surnames  of 
Venus. 

V£RTiscus,one  of  the  Rhemi,  who  com- 
manded a  troop  of  horse  in  Caesar's  army. 

Vertumnus,  a  deity  among  the  Romans, 
who  presided  over  the  spring  and  over  or- 
chards. He  endeavored  to  gain  the  affec- 
tions of  the  goddess  Pomona ;  and  to  ef- 
fect this,  he  assumed  the  shape  and  dress 
of  a  fisherman,  of  a  soldier,  a  peasant,  a 
reaper,  &c,  but  all  to  no  purpose,  till  un- 
der the  form  of  an  old  woman,  he  prevail- 
ed upon  his  mistress  and  married  her. 

Verul-e,  a  town  of  the  Hernici. 

Verulanus,  a  lieutenant  under  Corbu- 
lo,  who  drove  away  Tiridates  from  Me- 
dia. 

Verus,  (Lucius  Ceionius  Commodus,) 
a  Roman  emperor,  son  of  iElius  and  Do- 
mitia  Lucilla.  He  was  adopted  by  M.  Au- 
relius  and  married  his  daughter  Lucilia. 
He  was  sent  by  M.  Aurelius  to  oppose  the 
barbarians  in  the  east.  His  arms  were  at- 
tended with  success,  and  he  obtained  a 
victory  over  the  Parthians.  He  was  hon- 
ored with  a  triumph  at  his  return  home, 
and  soon  after  he  marched  with  his  impe- 
rial colleague  against  the  Marcomanni  in 
Germany.  He  died  in  this  expedition  of 
an  apoplexy,  in  the  thirty-ninth  year  of  his 
age,  after  a  reign  of  eight  years  and  some 
months.  His  body  was  brought  back  to 
Rome,  and  buried  by  M.  Aurelius  with 
great  pomp  and  solemnity.  Verus  has 
been  greatly  censured  for  his  debauche- 
ries, which  appeared  more  enormous  and 
disgusting,  when  compared  to  the  temper- 
ance, meekness,  and  popularity  of  Aure- 
lius. At  one  entertainment  alone,  where 
there  were  no  more  than  twelve  guests, 
the  emperor  spent  no  less  than  six  millions 
of  sesterces,  or  about  32,200Z.  sterling. 
His  fondness  for  a  horse  has  been  faith- 
fully recoided.  The  animal  had  a  statue 
of  gold,  he  was  fed  with  almonds  and  rai- 
sins by  the  hand  of  the  emperor,  he  was 
clad  in  purple,  and  kept  in  the  most  splen- 
did of  the  halls  of  the  palace,  and  when 
dead,  the  emperor,  to  express  his  sorrow, 
raised  him  a  magnificent  monument  on 

mount  Vatican. L.  Annaeus,  a  son  of 

the  emperor  Aurelius,  who  died  in  Pales- 
tine.  The  father  of  the  emperor  Verus. 

He  was  adopted  by  the  emperor  Adrian, 
but  like  his  son  he  disgraced  himself  by 
his  debaucheries  and  extravagance. 

Vesbius,  or  Vesuvius.     Vid.  Vesuvius. 

Vescia,  a  town  of  Campania. 

Vescianum,  a  country  house  of  Cicero 
in  Campania. 

Fl.  Vescularius,  a  Roman  knight  in- 
timate with  Tiberius. 

Vesentio,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Besan- 
con. 

Vesentium,  a  town  of  Tuscany. 

Veseris,  a  place  or  river  near  mount 
Vesuvius. 

S* 


VE 


418 


VE 


Vesuvius  and  Vesevus.  Vid.  Vesu- 
vius. 

Vesidia,  a  river  of  Tuscany. 

Vesonna,  a  town  of  Gaul,  now  Peri- 
gueux. 

Vespacije,  a  small  village  of  Umbria 
near  Nursia. 

Vespasianus,  Titus  Flavius,  a  Roman 
emperor  descended  from  an  obscure  fami- 
ly at  Reate.  He  was  honored  with  the 
consulship  when  young,  and  accompanied 
Nero  into  Greece.  Vespasian  was  next 
sent  to  carry  on  a  war  with  the  Jews; 
many  of  the  cities  of  Palestine  surrender- 
ed, and  he  began  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
which  was  afterwards  achieved  by  his  son 
Titus.  Vespasian  was  crowned  at  Alex- 
andria by  the  unanimous  approval  of  the 
army,  and  by  every  province  in  the  em- 
pire ;  and,  although  originally  a  horse- 
doctor,  so  fitted  had  he  become  for  an  ex- 
alted station,  that  he  behaved,  when  in- 
vested with  the  imperial  purple,  with  all 
the  dignity  and  greatness  which  became  a 
successor  of  Augustus.  He  reformed  the 
manners  of  the  Romans,  repaired  the  pub- 
lic buildings,  embellished  the  city,  and 
made  the  great  roads  more  spacious  and 
convenient.  To  men  of  learning  and 
merit  he  was  a  great  friend  and  patron  ; 
one  hundred  thousand  sesterces  were  an- 
nually paid  from  the  public  treasury  to  the 
different  professors  that  were  appointed 
to  encourage  and  promote  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences. Vespasian  died  of  a  disorder  in 
his  bowels,  aged  seventy,  and  was  the 
first  of  the  Roman  emperors  that  died  a 
natural  death. 

Vesper,  or  Vesperus,  a  name  applied 
to  the  planet  Venus  when  it  was  the  eve- 
ning star. 

Vessa,  a  town  of  Sicily. 

Vesta,  a  goddess,  daughter  of  Rhea 
and  Saturn,  sister  to  Ceres  and  Juno.  She 
i3  often  confounded  by  the  mythologists 
with  Rhea,  Ceres,  Cybele,  Proserpine, 
Hecate,  and  Tellus.  JEneas  was  the  first 
who  introduced  her  mysteries  into  Italy, 
and  Numa  built  her  a  temple  where  no 
males  were  permitted  to  go.  The  Palla- 
dium of  Troy  was  supposed  to  be  preserv- 
ed within  her  sanctuary  and  a  fire  was 
continually  kept  lighted  by  a  certain  num- 
ber of  virgins,  who  had  dedicated  them- 
selves to  the  service  of  the  goddess.  If 
the  fire  of  Vesta  was  ever  extinguished,  it 
was  supposed  to  threaten  the  republic 
with  some  sudden  calamity.  The  virgin 
by  whose  negligence  it  had  been  extin- 
guished was  severely  punished,  and  it  was 
kindled  again  by  the  rays  of  the  sun.  The 
temple  of  Vesta  was  of  a  round  form,  and 
the  goddess  was  represented  in  a  long 
flowing  robe  with  a  veil  on  her  head,  hold- 
ing in  one  hand  a  lamp,  and  in  the  other 
a  javelin,  or  sometimes  a  Palladium. 

Vestales,  priestesses   among  the  Ro- 


mans, consecrated  to  the  service  of  Vesta, 
as  their  name  indicates.  This  office  waa 
very  ancient,  as  the  mother  of  Romulus 
was  one  of  the  vestals.  Plebeians  as  well 
as  patricians  were  permitted  to  propose 
themselves,  but  it  was  required  that  they 
should  be  born  of  a  good  family,  and  be 
without  blemish  or  deformity,  in  every 
part  of  their  body.  For  thirty  years  they 
were  to  remain  in  the  greatest  continence ; 
the  ten  first  years  were  spent  in  learning 
the  duties  of  the  order,  the  ten  following 
were  employed  in  discharging  them  with 
fidelity  and  sanctity,  and  the  ten  last  in 
instructing  such  as  had  entered  the  novi- 
ciate. When  the  thirty  years  were  elaps- 
ed they  were  permitted  to  marry,  or  if 
they  still  preferred  celibacy,  they  waited 
upon  the  rest  of  the  vestals.  The  employ- 
ment of  the  vestals  was  to  take  care  that 
the  sacred  fire  of  Vesta  was  not  extin- 
guished, for  if  it  ever  happened,  it  was 
deemed  the  prognostic  of  great  calamities 
to  the  state  ;  the  offender  was  punished 
for  her  negligence,  and  severely  scourged 
by  the  high  priest.  In  such  a  case  all  was 
consternation  at  Rome,  and  the  fire  was 
again  kindled  by  glasses  with  the  rays  of 
the  sun.  Another  equally  particular  charge 
of  the  vestals  was  to  keep  a  sacred  pledge, 
on  which  depended  the  very  existence  of 
Rome,  which,  according  to  some,  was  the 
palladium  of  Troy,  or  some  of  the  myste- 
ries of  the  gods  of  Samothrace.  The  pri- 
vileges of  the  vestals  were  great,  they  had 
the  most  honorable  seats  at  public  games 
and  festivals,  a  lictor  with  the  fasces  al- 
ways preceded  them  when  they  walked 
in  public,  they  were  carried  in  chariots 
when  they  pleased,  and  they  had  the 
power  of  pardoning  criminals  when  led  to 
execution,  if  they  declared  that  their  meet- 
ing was  accidental.  If  any  of  them  died 
while  in  office,  their  body  was  buried 
within  the  walls  of  the  city,  an  honor 
granted  to  few.  Such  of  the  vestals  as 
proved  incontinent  were  punished  in  the 
most  rigorous  manner.  Numa  ordered 
them  to  "be  stoned,  but  Tarquin  the  elder 
dug  a  large  hole  under  the  earth,  where  a 
bed  was  placed  with  a  little  bread,  wine, 
water,  and  oil,  and  a  lighted  lamp,  and 
the  guilty  vestal  was  stripped  of  the  habit 
of  her  order,  and  compelled  to  descend 
into  the  subterraneous  cavity,  which  was 
immediately  shut,  and  she  was  left  to  die 
through  hunger.  Few  of  the  vestals  were 
guilty  of  incontinence,  and  for  the  space 
of  one  thousand  years,  during  which  the 
order  continued  established,  from  the  reign 
of  Numa,  only  eighteen  were  punished  for 
the  violation  of  their  vow.  The  vestals 
were  abolished  by  Theodosius  the  Great, 
and  the  fire  of  Vesta  extinguished. 

Vestalia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Vesta, 
observed  at  Rome  on  the  ninth  of  June. 
Banquets  were  then  prepared  before  the 


VE 


419 


VI 


houses,  and  meat  was  sent  to  the  vestals 
to  be  offered  to  the  gods,  millstones  were 
decked  with  garlands,  and  the  asses  that 
turned  them  were  led  round  the  city  cov- 
ered with  garlands. 

Vestalium  Mater,  a  title  given  by  the 
senate  to  Livia  the  mother  of  Tiberius, 
with  the  permission  to  sit  among  the  ves- 
tal virgins  at  plays. 

Vestia  Oppia,  a  common  prostitute  of 
Capua. 

Vesticius  Spurina,  an  officer  sent  by 
Otho  to  the  borders  of  the  Po. 

Vestilius  SEXTus,apretorian  disgraced 
by  Tiberius.     He  killed  himself. 

Vestilla,  an  infamous  matron  of  a  pa- 
trician family. 

Vestini,  "a  people  of  Italy  near  the  Sa- 
bines,  famous  for  the  making  of  cheese. 

L.  Vestinus,  a  Roman  knight  appoint- 
by  Vespasian  to  repair  the  capitol. A 

consul  put  to  death  by  Nero  in  the  time  of 
Piso's  conspiracy. 

Vesvius.     (Fid.  Vesuvius.) 

Vesulus,  now  Fiso,  a  large  mountain 
of  Liguria  near  the  Alps,  where  the  Po 
iakes  its  rise. 

Vesuvius,  a  mountain  of  Campania, 
tfoout  six  miles  at  the  east  of  Naples,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  volcano,  and  now  called 
Mount  Soma.  The  first  eruption  of  this 
volcano  was  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of 
zhe  Christian  era  under  Titus.  It  was  ac- 
companied by  an  earthquake,  which  over- 
turned several  cities  of  Campania,  partic- 
ularly Pompeii  and  FJerculaneum. 

Vetera  castra,  a  Roman  encamp- 
ment in  Germany,  which  became  a  town, 
now  Santen,  near  Cleves. 

Vettius  Sp.  a  Roman  senator  who  was 
made  interrex  at  the  death  of  Romulus, 

till  the  election  of  another  king. -A 

man  who  accused  Csesar  of  being  concern- 
ed in  Catiline's  conspiracy. Cato,  one 

of  the  officers  of  the  allies  in  the  Marsian 
war.  He  defeated  the  Romans,  and  was 
at  last  betrayed  and  murdered. A  Ro- 
man knight  who  became  enamored  of  a 
young  female  at  Capua,  and  raised  a  tu- 
mult amongst  the  slaves  who  proclaimed 
him  king.  He  was  betrayed  by  one  of  his 
adherents,  upon  which  he  laid  violent 
hands  on  himself. 

Vettona,  a  town  of  Umbria. 

Vettones,  Vet-ones,  or  Vectones,  an 
ancient  nation  of  Spain. 

Vetulonia,  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Etruria,  whose  hot  waters  were  famous. 

Veturia,  one  of  the  Roman  tribes,  di- 
vided into  the  two  branches  of  the  Junii 
and  Senii.  It  received  its  name  from  the 
Veturian    family,    which    was    originally 

called  Fetusian. The  mother  of  Corio- 

lanus. 

Veturius,  a  Roman  artist,  who  made 
shields  for  Numa. Caius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, accused  before  the  people,  and  fined 


because  he  had  acted  with  imprudence 
while  in  office. A  Roman  who  con- 
spired against  Galba. A  consul,  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  decemvirs. Another 

consul  defeated  by  the  Samnites,  and 
obliged  to  pass  under  the  yoke  with  great 
ignominy. A  tribune  of  the  people,  &c. 

L.  Vetus,  a  Roman  who  proposed  to 
open  a  communication  between  the  Me- 
diterranean and  the  German  ocean,  by 
means  of  a  canal.    He  was  put  to  death 

by  order  of  Nero. A  man  accused  of 

adultery. 

Via  ^Emylia,  a  celebrated  road,  made 
by  the  consul  M.  iEmylius  Lepidus,  A.  U. 
C.  567.     There  was  also  another  of  the 

same  name  in  Etruria. Appia,   was 

made  by  the  censor  Appius,  and  led 
from  Rome  to  Capua,  and  from  Capua 
to  Brundusium,  at  the  distance  of  three 
hundred  and  fifty  miles,  which  the  Ro- 
mans call  a  five  days'  journey.  It  was 
called  by  way  of  eminence  regina  viarum, 
made  so  strong,  and  the  stones  so  well  ce- 
mented together,  that  it  remained  entire 
for  many  hundred  years.  Some  parts  of 
it  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  neighborhood 

of  Naples. There  was  also  another 

road  called   Minucia  or  Numicia,  which 

led    to   Brundusium. Flaminia  was 

made  by  the  censor  Flaminius,  A.  U.  C. 
533.  It  led  from  the  Campus  Martius  to 
the  modern  town  of  Rimini,  on  the  Adri- 
atic.  Lata,  one  of  the  ancient  streets 

of  Rome. Valeria,  led  from  Rome  to 

the  country  of  the  Marsi,  through  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  Sabines.  There  were  be- 
sides many  streets  and  roads  of  inferior 
note,  such  as  the  Aurelia,  Cassia,  Campa- 
nia, Ardetina,  Labicana,  Domitiana,  Osti- 
ensis,  Pramestina,  &c,  all  of  which  were 
made  and  constantly  kept  in  repair  at  the 
public  expense. 

Viadrus,  the  classical  name  of  the  Oder, 
which  rises  in  Moravia,  and  falls  by  three 
mouths  into  the  Baltic. 

ViEiDiA,oneof  the  vestal  virgins  in  the 
favor  of  Messalina. 

Vibidius,  a  friend  of  Maecenas. 

Vibius,  a  Roman  who  refused  to  pay 
any  attention  to  Cicero  when  banished, 
though   he   had    received   from   him   the 

most  unbounded  favors. Siculus.  ( Fid. 

Sica.) A  proconsul  of  Spain,  banished 

for  ill  conduct. A  Roman  knight  ac- 
cused of  extortion  in  Africa,  and  banish- 
ed.  A  man  who  poisoned  himself  at 

Capua. Sequester,  a  Latin  writer. 

Vibo,  a  town  of  Lucania,  anciently  call- 
ed Hipponium  and  Hippo. A  town  of 

Spain of  the  Brutii. 

Vibulenus  Agrippa,  a  Roman  knight 
accused  of  treason.  He  attempted  to  poi- 
son himself,  and  was  strangled  in  prison, 
though  almost  dead. A  mutinous  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of  Germanicus. 

Vibulliu3  Rufus,  a  friend  of  Pompey, 


VI 


420 


VI 


taken  by  Ceeaar. A  pretor  in  Nero's 

reign. 

Vica  Pota,  a  goddess  at  Rome  who  pre- 
sided over  victory. 

Vicellius,  a  friend  of  Galba,  who 
brought  him  news  of  Nero's  death. 

Vicentia,  or  Vicetia,  a  town  of  Ci- 
salpine Gaul,  at  the  north-west  of  the 
Adriatic. 

Vicus  Longus,  a  street  at  Rome,  where 
an  altar  was  raised  to  the  goddess  Pudici- 

tia,  or  the  modesty  of  the  plebeians. 

Cyprius,  a  place  on  the  Esquiline  hill, 
where  the  Sabines  dwelt. 

Victor  Sext.  Aurelics,  a  writer  in 
the  age  of  Constantius.  He  gave  the 
world  a  concise  history  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors, from  the  age  of  Augustus  to  his 
own  time,  or  A.  D.  360. 

Victoria,  one  of  the  deities  of  the  Ro- 
mans, supposed  to  be  the  daughter  of  the 
giant  Pallas,  or  Titan  and  Styx.  She  was 
greatly  honored  by  the  Greeks,  particular- 
ly at  Athens.  Sylla  raised  her  a  temple 
at  Rome,  and  instituted  festivals  in  her 
honor.  She  was  represented  with  wings, 
crowned  with  laurel,  and  holding  the 
branch  of  a  palm-tree  in  her  hand. 

Victoria  mons,  a  place  of  Spain  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Iberus. 

Victorius,  a  man  of  Aquitain,  who,  A. 
D.  463,  invented  the  paschal  cycle  of  532 
years. 

Victorina,  a  celebrated  matron  who 
placed  herself  at  the  head  of  the  Roman 
armies,  and  made  war  against  the  empe- 
ror Gallienus.  She  was  poisoned,  A.  D. 
269. 

Victorinus,  a  Christian  writer,  who 
composed  a  worthless  epic  poem,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  active  part  he 
took  in  his  writings  against  the  Arians. 

Victumvks:,  a  small  town  of  Insubria. 

Viducasses,  a  people  of  Normandy. 

Vienna,  a  town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis 
on  the  Rhone,  below  Lyons. 

Villia  Lex,  annalis  or  armaria,  by  L. 
Villius,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  574,  defined 
the  proper  age  required  for  exercising  the 
office  of  a  magistrate,  twenty-five  years 
for  the  quaestorship,  twenty-seven  or 
twenty-eight  for  the  edileship  or  tribune- 
ship,  for  the  office  of  pretor  thirty,  and 
for  that  of  consul  forty-three. 

Villius,  a  tribune  of  the  people,  author 
of  the  Villian  law,  and  thence  called  An- 
nalis.  Publius,  a  Roman  ambassador 

sent  to  Antiochus.  He  held  a  conference 
with  Annibal,  who  was  at  the  monarch's 
court. 

Viminalis,  one  of  the  seven  hills  on 
which  Rome  was  built,  so  called  from  the 
number  of  osiers  (vimines)  which  grew 
there.  Servius  Tullius  first  made  it  part 
of  the  city. 

Vinalia,  festivals  at  Rome  in  honor  of 
Jupiter  and  Venus. 


Vincentils,  one  of  the  Christian  fa 
thers. 

Vi.vcius,  a  Roman  knight,  condemned 
under  Nero. An  officer  in  Germany. 

Vindalius,  a  writer  in  the  reign  of 
Constantius,  who  wrote  ten  books  on  ag- 
riculture. 

ViNDELrci,  an  ancient  people  of  Ger- 
many, between  the  heads  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.  Their  country,  which 
was  called  Vindelicia,  forms  now  part  of 
Swabia  and  Bavaria,  and  their  chief  town 
Augusta  Vindelicorum,  is  now  Ausburg. 

Vindemiator,  a  constellation  that  rose 
about  the  nones  of  March. 

Vindex  Julius,  a  governor  of  Gaul, 
who  revolted  against  Nero,  and  determin- 
ed to  deliver  the  Roman  empire  from  his 
tyranny.  When  he  perceived  that  all  was 
lost,  be  laid  violent  hands  upon  himself, 
68  A.  D. 

Vindicius,  a  slave  who  discovered  the 
conspiracy  which  some  of  the  most  noble 
of  the  Roman  citizens  had  formed  to  re- 
store Tarquin  to  his  throne.  He  wa< 
amply  rewarded,  and  made  a  citizen  o« 
Rome. 

Vindili,  a  nation  of  Germany. 

Vindonissa,  now  Wendish,  a  town  of 
the  Helvetii  on  the  Aar. 

Vinicius,  a  Roman  consul  poisoned  by 

Messalina. A    man   who    conspired 

against  Nero. 

Vinidius,  a  miser  mentioned  by  Ho- 
race. 

T.  Vinius,  a  commander  in  the  preto- 
rian  guards,  intimate  with  Galba,  of  whom 

he  became  the  first  minister. A  man 

who  revolted  from  Nero. 

Vinnius,  Asella,  a  servant  of  Horace. 

Vipsania,  a  daughter  of  M.  Agrippa, 
mother  of  Drusus.  She  was  the  only  one 
of  Agrippa's  daughters  who  died  a  natural 
death. 

Virbius,  a  name  given  to  Hippolytus, 
after  he  had  been  brought  back  to  life  by 
iEsculapius  at  the  instance  of  Diana,  who 
pitied  his  unfortunate  end. 

Publ.  Virgilius  Maro,  called  theprince 
of  the  Latin  poets,  was  born  at  Andes,  a 
village  near  Mantua,  about  seventy  years 
before  Christ,  on  the  fifteenth  of  October. 
His  first  years  were  spent  at  Cremo- 
na, where  his  taste  was  formed,  and 
his  rising  talents  first  exercised.  The  dis- 
tribution of  the  lands  of  Cremona  to  the 
soldiers  of  Augustus,  after  the  battle  of 
Philippi,  nearly  proved  fatal  to  the  poet, 
and  when  he  attempted  to  dispute  the  pos- 
session of  his  fields  with  a  soldier,  Vir- 
gil was  obliged  to  save  his  life  from  the 
resentment  of  the  lawless  veteran,  by 
swimming  across  a  river.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  his  greatness,  he  with  his 
father  repaired  to  Rome,  where  he  soon 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  MecaRnas, 
and  recommended  himself  to  the  favors  of 


VI 


421 


VI 


Augustus.  The  emperor  restored  his  lands 
to  the  poet,  whose  modest  muse  knew 
so  well  how  to  pay  the  tribute  of  grati- 
tude, and  his  first  bucolic  was  written  to 
thank  the  patron,  as  well  as  to  tell  the 
world  that  his  favors  were  not  unworthily 
bestowed.  The  ten  bucolics  were  written 
in  about  three  years.  Sometime  after, 
Virgil  undertook  the  Oeorgics,  a  poem  the 
Inost  perfect  and  finished  of  all  Latin 
compositions.  The  JEneid  was  begun  as 
some  suppose,  at  the  particular  request  of 
Augustus,  and  the  poet,  while  he  attempt- 
ed to  prove  that  the  Julian  family  was 
lineally  descended  from  the  founder  of 
Lavinium,  visibly  described  in  the  pious 
and  benevolent  character  of  his  hero,  the 
amiable  qualities  of  his  imperial  patron. 
The  great  merit  of  this  poem  is  well 
known,  and  it  will  ever  remain  undecid- 
ed, which  of  the  two  poets,  either  Homer 
or  Virgil,  is  more  entitled  to  our  praise, 
our  applause,  and  our  admiration.  The 
poet  died  before  he  had  revised  this  im- 
mortal work,  which  had  already  engaged 
his  time  for  eleven  successive  years.  He 
had  attempted  to  attend  his  patron  in  the 
east,  but  he  was  detained  at  Naples  on 
account  of  his  ill  health.  He,  however, 
went  to  Athens,  where  he  met  Augustus 
in  his  return,  but  he  soon  after  fell  sick  at 
Megara,  and  though  indisposed,  he  order- 
ed himself  to  be  removed  to  Italy.  He 
landed  at  Brundusium,  where  a  few  days 
after  he  expired,  the  twenty-second  of 
"September,  in  the  fifty-first  year  of  his  age, 
B.  C.  19.  The  body  of  the  poet,  according 
to  his  own  directions,  was  conveyed  to 
Naples,  and  interred  with  much  solemnity 
in  a  monument,  erected  on  the  road  that 
leads  from  Naples  to  Puteoli.  The  follow- 
ing modest  distich  was  engraved  on  the 
tomb,  written  by  the  poet  some  few  mo- 
ments before  he  expired : 

Mantua  me  genuit ;    Calabri  rapuere ;   tenet 
nunc 
Parthenope  .-   cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces. 

— — Caius,  a  pretor  of  Sicily,  who,  when 
Cicero  was  banished,  refused  to  receive 
the  exiled  orator,  though  his  friend,  for 
fear  of  the  resentment  of  Clodius. 

Virginia,  the  daughter  of  the  centuri- 
on, L.  Virginius  ;  of  whom  Appius  Clau- 
dius, the  decemvir,  became  enamored, 
and  claimed  as  the  (laughter  of  a  slave. 
Virginius,  when  informed  of  these  violent 
proceedings,  left  the  camp,  and  demand- 
ed to  see  his  daughter.  His  request  being 
granted,  he  plunged  a  knife  into  the  breast 
of  Virginia,  to  preserve  her  from  the  lust 
and  violence  of  a  tyrant.  Virginius  then 
ran  to  the  camp  with  the  bloody  knife  in 
his  hand  ;  the  soldiers  were  astonished 
and  incensed  against  the  decemvir  who 
was  the  cause  of  Virginia's  death,  and 
immediately  marched  towards  the  capital. 
36 


Appius  was  seized,  but  he  destroyed  him- 
self in  prison ;  Spurius  Oppius,  another 
decemvir,  also  killed  himself;  and  Mar- 
cus Claudius,  the  favorite  of  Appius,  was 
put  to  death,  and  the  decemviral  power 
abolished. 

Virginius,  the  father  of  Virginia,  made 

tribune  of  the  people. A  tribune  of  the 

people  who  accused  d.  Caeso  the  son  of 
Cincinnatus.  He  increased  the  number 
of  the  tribunes  to  ten,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  seditions  against  the  patri- 
cians.  Another  tribune  in  the  age  of 

Camillus,  fined  for  his  opposition  to  alaw 
which  proposed  going  to  Veii. An  au- 
gur who  died  of  the  plague. Caius,  a 

praetor  of  Sicily,  who  opposed  the  entrance 
of  Cicero  into  his  province,  though  under 
many  obligations  to  the  orator. A  tri- 
bune who  encouraged  Cinna  to  criminate 

Sylla. One  of  the  generals  of  Nero  in 

Germany.  He  refused  all  dangerous  sta- 
tions, and  though  twice  offered  the  impe- 
rial purple,  he  rejected  it  with  disdain. 
A  Roman  orator  and  rhetorician. 

Viriathus,  a  mean  shepherd  of  Lusita- 
nia,  who  gradually  rose  to  power,  and  by 
first  heading  a  gang  of  robbers,  saw  him- 
self at  last  followed  by  a  numerous  army. 
He  made  war  against  the  Romans  with 
uncommon  success.  Many  generals  were 
defeated,  and  Pompey  himself  was  asham- 
ed to  find  himself  beaten.  Caepio  was  at 
last  sent  against  him.  But  his  despair  of 
conquering  him  by  force  of  arms,  obliged 
him  to  have  recourse  to  artifice,  and  he 
had  the  meanness  to  bribe  the  servants  of 
Viriathus  to  murder  their  master,  B.  C.  40. 

Viridomarus,  a  young  man  of  great 
power  among  the  ^Edui.  Caesar  greatly 
honored  him,  but  he  fought  at  last  against 
the  Romans. 

Viriplaca,  a  goddess  among  the  Ro- 
mans who  presided  over  the  peace  of  fami- 
lies. 

Virro,  a  fictitious  name  introduced  in 
one  of  Juvenal's  satires. 

Virtus.  All  virtues  were  made  deities 
among  the  Romans.  Marcellus  erected 
two  temples,  one  to  Virtue  and  the  other 
to  Honor.  They  were  built  in  such  a  man- 
ner, that  to  see  the  temple  of  Honor  it 
was  necessary  to  pass  through  that  of  Vir- 
tue ;  a  happy  allegory  among  a  nation  free 
and  independent.  The  principal  virtues 
were  distinguished,  each  by  their  attire. 

Visargis,  a  river  of  Germany  now  call- 
ed the  TYeser,  and  falling  into  the  German 
ocean. 

Viscellje,  now  Welti,  a  town  of  Nori- 
cum,  between  the  Ens  and  Mure. 

Visellia  lex,  was  made  by  Visellius 
Varro,  the  consul,  A.  U.  C.  776,  to  restrain 
the  introduction  of  improper  persons  into 
the  offices  of  the  state. 

L.  Visellius  Varro,  a  lieutenant  in 
Germanv  under  Tiberius. 


vo 


422 


VO 


Vistula,  a  river  falling  into  the  Baltic, 
the  eastern  boundary  of  ancient  Germa- 
ny- 

Vitellia,  a  Roman  colony  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  JEqui. 

Vitellius  Aulus,  a  Roman,  descended 
from  an  illustrious  family,  and  created 
emperor  after  Otho.  He  did  not,  howev- 
er, long  enjoy  his  exalted  station  :  his  con- 
tinual gluttony,  intemperance,  and  de- 
bauchery, disgusted  his  subjects,  and  they 
rose  against  him,  tied  his  hands  behind 
his  back,  and  dragged  him  naked  through 
the  streets.  After  being  for  sometime 
exposed  to  the  reproaches  and  insults  of 
the  populace,  he  was  carried  to  the  place 
of  execution,  and  put  to  death  with  re- 
peated blows  ;  his  head  was  then  cut 
off,  and  fixed  on  a  pole,  and  his  body 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  A.  D.  69. Lu- 
cius, the  father  of  the  emperor  obtained 
great  honors  by  his  flattery  to  the  empe- 
rors. His  adulation  to  Messalina  is  well 
known,  and  he  obtained  as  a  particular 
favor  the  honorable  office  of  pulling  off 

the  shoes  of  the  empress. A  brother  of 

the  emperor,  who  enjoyed  his  favors  by 

encouraging  his  gluttony. Publius,  an 

uncle  of  the  emperor  of  that  name.  He 
was  accused  under  Nero  of  attempts  to 
bribe  the  people  with  money  from  the 
treasury  against  the  emperor.     He  killed 

himself  before  his  trial. One  of  the 

flatterers  of  Tiberius. An  officer  of  the 

pretorians  under  Otho. A  son  of  the  em- 
peror Vitellius,  put  to  death  by  one  of  his 

father's  friends. Some  of  the  family  of 

the  Vitellii  conspired  with  the  Aquiliiand 
other  illustrious  Romans  to  restore  Tar- 
quin  to  his  throne.  Their  conspiracy  was 
discovered  by  the  consuls,  and  they  were 
severely  punished. 

Viterbum,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  where 
Fanum  Voltumnce  stood. 

Vitia,  a  mother  put  to  death  by  Tiberi- 
us, for  weeping  at  the  death  of  her  son. 

Vitricus,  a  surname  of  Mars. 

M.  Vitruvius  Pollio,  a  celebrated  arch- 
itect in  the  age  of  Augustus,  born  at  For- 
miae.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  his  profes- 
sion, which  he  dedicated  to  Augustus,  and 
it  is  the  only  book  on  architecture  now 
extant  written  by  the  ancients. 

Vitula,  a  deity  among  the  Romans  who 
presided  over  festivals  and  rejoicings. 

Vitularia  via,  a  road  in  the  country  of 
Arpinum. 

Vocetius,  part  of  mount  Jura. 

Voconia  lex,  de  testamenlis,  by  Q,.  Vo- 
conius  Saxa,  the  tribune,  A.  U.  C.  584, 
enacted,  that  no  woman  should  be  left 
heiress  to  an  estate,  and  that  no  rich  per- 
son should  leave  by  his  will  more  than  the 
fourth  part  of  his  fortune  to  a  woman. 

Voconii  forum,  a  town  of  Gaul,  be- 
tween Antibes  and  Marseilles. 

Voconius,  Victor,  a  Latin  poet. 


Saxa,  a  tribune  who  made  a  law. An 

officer  of  Lucullus  in  Asia. 

Vocontia,  now  Vasio. 

Vogesus,  now  Vauge,  a  mountain  of 
Belgic  Gaul. 

Volj:,  a  city  of  the  ^Equi. 

Volaginius,  a  soldier  who  assassinated 
one  of  his  officers. 

Volana,  a  town  of  the  Samnites. 

Volandum,  a  fortified  place  of  Arme- 
nia. 

Volaterra,  an  ancient  town  of  Etruria, 
famous  for  hot  baths. 

Volcje,  or  Volg-e,  a  people  of  Gaul  be- 
tween the  Garonne  and  the  Rhone. 

Volci,  an  inland  town  of  Lucania. 

A  town  of  Etruria. 

Vologeses,  a  name  common  to  many 
of  the  kings  of  Parthia. 

Volscens,  a  Latin  chief  who  discovered 
Nisus  and  Euryalus  as  they  returned  from 
the  Rutulian  camp  loaded  with  spoils.  He 
killed  Euryalus,  and  was  himself  immedi- 
ately stabbed  by  Nisus. 

Volsci,  or  Volci,  a  people  of  Latium, 
whose  territories  are  bounded  on  the  south 
by  the  Tyrrhene  sea,  north  by  the  country 
of  the  Hernici  and  Marsi,  west  by  the  La- 
tins and  Rutulians,  and  east  by  Campania. 

Volsinium,  a  town  of  Etruria  in  Italy, 
destroyed,  according  to  Pliny,  by  fire  from 
heaven. 

Voltinia,  one  of  the  Roman  tribes. 

Volubilis,  a  town  of  Africa,  supposed 
Fez,  the  capital  of  Morocco. 

Volumnje  Fanum,  a  temple  in  Etruria, 
sacred  to  the  goddeJs  Volumna.  Viterbo 
now  stands  on  the  spot. 

Volumnia,  the  wife  of  Coriolanus. 

The  freedwoman  of  Volumnius  Eutrape- 
lus. 

Volumnus  and  Volumna,  two  deities 
who  presided  over  the  will.  They  were 
chiefly  invoked  at  marriages,  to  preserve 
concord  between  the  husband  and  wife. 

T.  Volumnius,  a  Roman  famous  for  his 
friendship  towards  M.  Lucullus,  whom 
M.  Antony  had  put  to  death.     He  was  put 

to  death  upon  the  body  of  his  friend. A 

mimic  whom  Brutus  put  to  death. An 

Etrurian  who  wrote  tragedies  in  his  own 
native  language. A  consul  who  defeat- 
ed the  Samnites  and  the  Etrurians. A 

friend  of  M.  Brutus. A  prefect  of  Syria, 

B.  C.  11. A  Roman  knight  put  to  death 

by  Catiline. 

Voluptas  and  Volupia,  the  goddess  of 
sensual  pleasures,  worshipped  at  Rome, 
where  she  had  a  temple. 

C.  Volusenus,  a  military  tribune  in  Cee- 
sar's  army. 

Volusianus,  a  Roman  taken  as  col- 
league on  the  imperial  throne,  by  his  fa- 
ther Gallus.  He  was  killed  by  his  sol- 
diers. 

Volusius,  a  poet  of  Patavia  who  wrote, 
like  Ennius,  the  annals  of  Rome  in  verse. 


vu 


423 


VU 


-— Saturninusj  a  governor  of  Rome,  who 
died  in  the  ninety-third  year  of  his  age, 

beloved  and  respected,  under  Nero. 

Caius,  a  soldier  at  the  siege  of  Cremona. 
One  of  Nero's  officers. 

Volusus,  a  friend  of  Turnus. 

Volux,  a  son  of  Bocchus,  whom  the 
Romans  defeated.  Sylla  suspected  his 
fidelity. 

Vomanus,  a  river  of  Picenum  in  Italy. 

Vonones,  a  king  of  Parthia  expelled  by 
his  subjects,  and  afterwards  placed  on  the 

throne  of  Armenia. Another  king  of 

Armenia. A  man  made  king  of  Parthia 

by  Augustus. 

Vopiscus,  a  native  of  Syracuse,  A.  D. 
303,  who  wrote  the  life  of  Aurelian,  Taci- 
tus, Florianus,  Probus,  Firmus,  Carus, 
&c. 

Voranus,  a  freedman  of  Q,.  Luctatius 
Catulus,  famous  for  his  robberies  as  well 
as  his  cunning. 

Votienus  Montanus,  a  man  of  learn- 
ing, banished  to  one  of  the  Baleares  for  his 
malevolent  reflections  upon  Tiberius. 

Vclcanalia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Vul- 
can, brought  to  Rome  from  Praneste. 

Vulcani  insula,  or  Vulcania,  a  name 
given  to  the  islands  between  Sicily  and 
Italy,  now  called  Lipari. 

Vulcanius,  Terentianus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  an  account  of  the  life  of 
the  three  Gordians. 

Vulcanus,  a  god  of  the  ancients  who 
presided  over  fire,  and  was  the  patron 
of  all  artists  who  worked  iron  and 
metals.  He  was  son  of  Juno  alone,  who 
in  this  wished  to  imitate  Jupiter,  who 
had  produced  Minerva  from  his  brains. 
According  to  the  more  received  opinion, 
Vulcan  was  educated  in  heaven  with  the 
rest  of  the  gods,  but  his  father  kicked  him 
down  from  Olympus,  when  he  attempted 
to  deliver  his  mother,  who  had  been  fas- 
tened by  a  golden  chain  for  her  insolence. 
He  was  nine  days  in  coming  from  heaven 
upon  earth,  and  he  fell  in  the  island  of  Lem- 
nos,  where,  according  to  Lucian,  the  in- 
habitants seeing  him  in  the  air,  caught 
him  in  their  arms.  He  however  broke  his 
leg  by  the  fall,  and  ever  after  remained 
lame  of  one  foot.  He  fixed  his  residence 
in  Lemnos,  where  he  built  himself  a  pal- 
ace, and  raised  forges  to  work  metals. 
Vulcan  has  been  celebrated  by  the  an- 
cient poets  for  the  ingenious  works  and 
automatical  figures  which  he  made,  and 
many  speak  of  two  golden  statues,  which 
not  only  seemed  animated,  but  which 
walked  by  his  side,  and  even  assisted 
him  in  the  working  of  metals.  It  is  said, 
that  at  the  request  of  Jupiter  he  made  the 
first  woman  that  ever  appeared  on  earth, 
well  known  under  the  name  of  Pandora 


The  Cyclops  of  Sicily  were  his  ministers 
and  attendants,  and  with  him  they  fabri- 
cated, not  only  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupi- 
ter, but  also  arms  for  the  gods  and  the 
most  celebrated  heroes.  His  forges  were 
supposed  to  be  under  mount  ^Etna,  in  the 
island  of  Sicily,  as  well  as  in  every  part 
of  the  earth  where  there  were  volcanoes. 
The  most  known  of  the  works  of  Vulcan 
which  were  presented  to  mortals  are  the 
arms  of  Achilles,  those  of  ^Eneas,  the 
shield  of  Hercules,  a  collar  given  to  Her- 
mione  the  wife  of  Cadmus,  and  a  sceptre, 
which  was  in  the  possession  of  Agamem- 
non king  of  Argos  and  Mycenae.  Venus 
is  universally  acknowledged  to  have  been 
the  wife  of  Vulcan  ;  her  infidelity  is  well 
known,  as  well  as  her  amours  with  Mars, 
which  were  discovered  by  Phoebus,  and 
exposed  to  the  gods  by  her  own  husband. 
The  worship  of  Vulcan  was  well  estab- 
lished, particularly  in  Egypt,  at  Athens, 
and  at  Rome.  Vulcan  was  represented 
as  covered  with  sweat,  blowing  with  his 
nervous  arm  the  fires  of  his  forges.  His 
breast  was  hairy,  and  his  forehead  was 
blackened  with  smoke.  Some  represent 
him  lame  and  deformed,  holding  a  ham 
mer  raised  in  the  air,  ready  to  strike 
while  with  the  other  hand  he  turns,  witli 
pincers,  a  thunderbolt  on  his  anvil,  for 
which  an  eagle  waits  by  his  side  to  carry 
it  to  Jupiter.  The  Egyptians  represented 
him  under  the  figure  of  a  monkey. 

Vulcatius,  a  Roman  knight,  who  con- 
spired with  Piso  against  Nero,  &c. 

A  senator  in  the  reign  of  Dioclesian, 
who  attempted  to  write  an  history  of  all 
such  as  had  reigned  at  Rome,  either  as 
lawful  sovereigns  or  by  usurpation. 

Vulsinum,  a  town  of  Etruria.  (Vid. 
Volsinium.) 

Vulso,  a  Roman  consul  who  invaded 

Africa  with  Regulus. Another  consul. 

He  had  the  provinces  of  Asia  while  in 
office,  and  triumphed  over  the  Galatians. 

Vultura,  or  Vulturaria,  a  mountain 
on  the  borders  of  Apulia. 

Vultureius,  a  man  who  conspired 
against  his  country  with  Catiline. 

Vulturius,  a  surname  of  Apollo.  {Vid. 
Vulturnus.) 

Vulturnum,  a  town  of  Campania,  near 

the  mouth  of  the  Vulturnus. Also  an 

ancient  name  of  Capua. 

Vulturnus,  a  river  of  Campania  rising 
in  the  Apennines,  and  falling  into  the 
Tyrrhene  sea,  after  passing  by  the  town 

of  Capua. The  god  of  the  Tiber  was 

also  known  by  that  name A  surname 

of  Apollo  on  mount  Lissus  in  Ionia,  near 
Ephesus. 

Vulsinum,  a  town  of  Etruria,  where 
Sejanus  was  born, 


XA 


424 


XE 


X, 


-ANTHE,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Xanthi,  a  people  of  Thrace. The 

inhabitants  of  Xanthus  in  Asia. 

Xanthia  Phoceus,  a  Roman  whom 
Horace  addresses,  and  of  whom  he  speaks 
as  enamored  of  a  servant  maid. 

Xanthica,  a  festival  observed  by  the 
Macedonians  in  the  month  called  Xanthi- 
cus,  the  same  as  April.  It  was  then  usual 
to  make  a  lustration  of  the  army  with  great 
solemnity. 

Xanthiffus,  a  son  of  Melas  killed  by 
Tydeus.  ( Vid.  Xantippus.) 

Xantho,  one  of  Cyrene's  attendant 
nymphs. 

Xanthus,  or  Xanthos,  a  river  of  Troas, 
in  Asia  Minor.     It  is  the  same  as  the 

Scamander. A  river  of  Lycia,  anciently 

called   Sirbes.    It  was  sacred  to  Apollo, 

and  fell  into  the  sea,  near  Patara. One 

of  the  horses  of  Achilles,  who  spoke  to 
his  master  when  chid  with  severity,  and 

told  him  that  he  must  soon  be  killed. 

One  of  the  horses  given  to  Juno  by  Nep- 
tune, and  afterwards  to  the  sons  of  Leda. 

An  historian  of  Sardes  in  the  reign  of 

Darius. A  Greek  historian  of  Lydia. 

A  king  of  Lesbos. A  king  of  Bceo- 

tia,  who  made  war  against  the  Athenians. 
He  was  killed  by  the  artifice  of  Melan- 

thus. A  Greek  poet. A  philosopher 

of  Samus,  in  whose  house  iEsop  lived 
sometime  as  a  servant. A  town  of  Ly- 
cia on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
distance  of  about  fifteen  miles  from  the 
seashore.  The  inhabitants  are  celebrated 
for  their  love  of  liberty  and  national  inde- 
pendence. 

Xanticles,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
ten  thousand  Greeks,  after  the  battle  of 
Cunaxa 

Xantifpe,  a  daughter  of  Dorus  who 
married  Pleuron,  by  whom  she  had  Age- 

nor. The  wife  of  Socrates,  remarkable 

for  her  ill  humor  and  peevish  disposition, 
which  are  become  proverbial.  Some  sup- 
pose that  the  philosopher  was  acquainted 
with  her  moroseness  and  insolence  before 
he  married  her,  and  that  he  took  her  for 
his  wife  to  try  his  patience,  and  inure 
himself  to  the  malevolent  reflections  of 
mankind. 

Xantippus,  a  Lacedaemonian  general 
who  assisted  the  Carthaginians  in  the  first 
Punic  war.  He  defeated  the  Romans, 
256  B.  C,  and  took  the  celebrated  Regulus 
prisoner.  Such  signal  services  deserved 
to  be  rewarded,  but  the  Carthaginians 
looked  with  envious  jealousy  upon  Xan- 
tippus, and  he  retired  to  Corinth  after  he 

had  saved  them  from  destruction. An 

Athenian  general  who  defeated  the  Per- 
sian fleet  at  Mycale  with  Leotychides.  A 
statue  was  erected  to  his   honor  in   the 

citadel  of  Athens. A  son  of  Pericles 

who  disgraced  his  father  by  his  disobe- 


dience, his  ingratitude,  and  his  extrava- 
gance. He  died  of  the  plague  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war. 

Xenagoeas,  an  historian. A  philos- 
opher who  measured  the  height  of  mount 
Olympus. 

Xenarchus,  a  comic  poet. A  peripa- 
tetic philosopher  of  Seleusia,  who  taught 
at  Alexandria  and  at  Rome,  and  was  inti- 
mate with  Augustus. A  prastor  of  the 

Achaean  league  who  wished  to  favor  the 
interest  of  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia, 
against  the  Romans. 

Xenares,  an  intimate  friend  of  Cleome- 
nes  king  of  Sparta. 

Xenetus,  a  rich  Locrian,  whose  daugh- 
ter Doris  married  Dionysius  of  Sicily. 

Xeneus,  a  Chian  writer  who  composed 
an  history  of  his  country. 

Xeniades,  a  Corinthian  who  went  to 
buy  Diogenes  the  Cynic,  when  sold  as  a 
slave.  He  asked  him  what  he  could  do  ? 
upon  which  the  Cynic  answered,  command 
freemen. 

Xenius,  a  surname  given  to  Jupiter  as 
the  god  of  hospitality. 

Xenoclea,  a  priestess  of  Apollo's  tem- 
ple at  Delphi,  from  whom  Hercules  ex- 
torted an  oracle  by  force. 

Xenocles,  a  tragic  writer,  who  obtain- 
ed four  times  a  poetical  prize  in  a  conten- 
tion in  which  Euripides  was  competitor, 
either  through  the  ignorance  or  by  the  bri- 
bery of  his  judges.  His  grandson  bore 
also  the  name  of  Xenocles,  and  excelled 

in  tragical  compositions. A  Spartan 

officer  in  the  expedition  which  Agesilaus 

undertook  against  the  Persians. An 

architect  of  Eleusis. A  friend  of  Ara- 

tus. One  of  the  friends  of  Cicero. A 

celebrated  rhetorician  of  Adramyttium. 

Xenocrates,  an  ancient  philosopher 
born  at  Calchedonia,  and  educated  in  the 
school  of  Plato,  whose  friendship  he  gain- 
ed, and  whose  approbation  he  merited 
Though  of  a  dull  and  sluggish  disposition, 
he  supplied  the  defects  of  nature  by  un- 
wearied attention  and  industry,  and  was 
at  last  found  capable  of  succeeding  in  the 
school  of  Plato  after  Speusippus,  about 
three  hundred  and  thirty-nine  years  before 
Christ.  He  was  remarkable  as  a  discipli- 
narian, and  he  required  that  his  pupils 
should  be  acquainted  with  mathematics 
before  they  came  under  his  care,  and  he 
even  rejected  some  who  had  not  the  ne- 
cessary qualification,  saying  that  they  had 
not  yet  found  the  key  of  philosophy.  He 
did  not  only  recommend  himself  to  his 
pupils  by  precepts,  but  more  powerfully  by 
example,  and  since  the  wonderful  change 
he  had  made  upon  the  conduct  of  one  of 
his  auditors,  (Vid.  Polemon,)  his  compa- 
ny was  as  much  shunned  by  the  dissolute 
and  extravagant,  as  it  was  courted  by  the 
virtuous  and  the  benevolent.  Philip  of 
Macedon  attempted  to  gain  his  confidence 


XE 


425 


XE 


with  money,  but  with  no  success.  Alex- 
ander in  this  imitated  his  father,  and  sent 
some  of  his  friends  with  fifty  talents  for  the 
philosopher.  They  were  introduced,  and 
supped  with  Xenocrates.  The  repast  was 
small,  frugal,  and  elegant,  without  osten- 
tation. On  the  morrow,  the  officers  of 
Alexander  wished  to  pay  down  the  fifty 
talents,  but  the  philosopher  asked  them 
whether  they  had  not  perceived  from  the 
entertainment  of  the  preceding  day,  that 
he  was  not  in  want  of  money  :  Tell  your 
master,  said  he,  to  keep  his  money,  he  has 
more  people  to  maintain  than  I  have.  Yet 
not  to  offend  the  monarch,  he  accepted  a 
small  sum,  about  the  two  hundredth  part 
of  one  talent.  His  integrity  was  so  well 
known  that  when  he  appeared  in  the 
court  as  a  witness,  the  judges  dispensed 
with  his  oath.  He  died  B.  C.  314,  in  his 
eighty-second  year,  after  he  had  presided 
in  the  academy  for  above  twenty-five 
years.  It  is  said  that  he  fell  in  the  night 
with  his  head  into  a  bason  of  water,  and 
that  he  was  suffocated.  He  had  written 
above  sixty  treatises  on  different  subjects, 
all  now  lost.  He  acknowledged  no  other 
deity  but  heaven,  and  the  seven  planets. 

A  physician  in  the  age  of  Nero,  not 

in  great  esteem. An  excellent  paint- 
er. 
Xe.vodamus,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Me- 

nelaus,  by  Gnossia. An  athlete  of  An- 

ticyra. 
Xenodice,  a  daughter  of  Syleus,  killed 

by  Hercules. A  daughter  of  Minos  and 

Pasiphae. 
Xenodochus,  a  Messenian  crowned  at 

the  Olympic  games. A  native  of  Car- 

dia,  &c. 

Xenophanes,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Colophon,  disciple  of  Archelaus,  B.  C. 
535.  He  wrote  several  poems  and  trea- 
tises, and  founded  a  sect  which  wa3  call- 
ed the  Eleatic,  in  Sicily.  Wild  in  his 
opinions  about  astronomy,  he  supposed 
that  the  stars  were  extinguished  every 
morning,  and  rekindled  at  night ;  that 
eclipses  were  occasioned  by  the  tempora- 
ry extinction  of  the  sun  ;  that  the  moon 
was  inhabited,  and  eighteen  times  bigger 
than  the  earth  ;  and  that  there  were  seve- 
ral suns  and  moons  for  the  convenience 
of  the  different  climates  of  the  earth.  He 
further  imagined  that  God  and  the  world 
were  the  same,  and  he  credited  the  eterni- 
ty of  the  universe,  but  his  incoherent  opin- 
ion about  the  divinity,  raised  the  indigna- 
tion of  his  countrymen,  and  he  was  ban- 
ished.    He  died  very  poor  when  about  one 

hundred  years  old. A  governor  of  Ol- 

bus,  in  the  age  of  M.  Antony. One  of 

the  ministers  of  Philip,  who  went  to  An- 
nibal's  camp  and  made  a  treaty  of  alliance 
between  Macedonia  and  Carthage. 

Xenophilus,    a    Pythagorean    philoso- 
pher, who  lived  to  his  one  hundred  and 
36* 


seventieth  year,  and  enjoyed  all  his  facul- 
ties to  the  last.  He  wrote  upon  music, 
and  thence  he  was  called  the  musician. 

One  of  Alexander's  generals. 

A  robber  of  whom  Aratus  hired  some 
troops. 

Xenophon,  an  Athenian,  celebrated  as 
a  general,  an  historian,  and  a  philosopher. 
In  the  school  of  Socrates  he  received  those 
instructions  and    precepts   which    after- 
wards so  eminently  distinguished  him. 
He  joined  the  army  of  Cyrus  the  younger 
in  an  expedition  against  his  brother  Artax- 
erxes,  king  of  Persia,  and  showed  he  was 
a  true  disciple  of  Socrates,  and  that  he  had 
been  educated    in   the  warlike    city  of 
Athens.     After  the  decisive  battle  in  the 
plains  of  Cunaxa,  and  the  fall  of  Cyrus, 
the  prudence  and  vigor  of  his  mind  were 
called  into  action.      The    ten  thousand 
Greeks,  who  had  followed  the  standard 
of  an  ambitious  prince,  were  now  at  the 
distance  of  six  hundred  leagues  from  their 
native  home,  in  a  country  surrounded  on 
every  side  by  a  victorious  enemy,  without 
money,  without  provisions,  and  without 
a  leader.     Xenophon  was  selected  from 
among  the  officers  to  superintend  the  re- 
treat of  his  countrymen  ;  and,  although  he 
was  opposed  by  malevolence  and  envy,  he 
rose  superior  to  every  danger.     Notwith- 
standing he  was  under  continual  alarm* 
from  the  sudden  attacks  of  the  Persians 
he  was  still  enabled  to  cross  rapid  rivers, 
penetrate  through  vast  deserts,  and  gain 
the  tops  of  mountains,  where  he  rested 
secure  for  a  while,  and  refreshed  his  fa- 
tigued companions.      This  celebrated  re- 
treat was  at  length  happily  effected  ;  and 
the  Greeks  returned  home,  after  a  march 
of  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifteen 
leagues,  which  was  performed  in  two  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  days  ;  the  whole  particu- 
lars of  which  had  now,  perhaps,  been  for- 
gotten, had  not  the  great  philosopher  who 
planned  it  employed  his  pen  in  describing 
the  dangers  he  had  escaped,  and  the  diffi- 
culties he  had  surmounted.     Xenophon 
afterwards    gained    new    honors,    under 
Agesilaus,  in  Asia  ;   but  his  fame  did  not 
escape  the  aspersions  of  jealousy,  and  he 
was  banished  from  Athens  for  accompany- 
ing Cyrus  against  his  brother.    He  retired 
to  Scillus,  a  small  town  of  the  Lacede- 
monians, and  dedicated  his  time  to  liter- 
ary pursuits,  and  to  the  composition   of 
those  works  which  gained  him  such  re- 
nown in  after  ages.     The  sentiments  of 
Xenophon  as  to  religion  and  the  divinity 
were  the  same  as  those  of  the  venerable 
Socrates  :  he  supported  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  and,  with  all  the  zeal  and  "fer- 
vour   of   a   Christian,    he    exhorted    his 
friends  to   cultivate  those  virtues  which 
alone  insure  the  happiness  of  mankind. 
Xenophon  died   at  the  age  of  ninety,  B. 
C.  359. A  writer  in  the  beginning  of 


XE 


426 


XY 


the  fourth  century,  known  by  his  Greek 
romance  in  five  books,  De  Amoribus  An- 
thias  Abrocomm. A  physician  of  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
and  said  to  be  descended  from  the  Ascle- 
piades.  He  enjoyed  the  emperor's  favors, 
and  through  him  the  people  of  Cos  were 
exempt  from  all  taxes.  He  had  the  mean- 
ness to  poison  his  benefactor  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Agrippina. An  officer  under 

Adrian. 

Xera,  a  town  of  Spain,  now  Xerex, 
where  the  Moors  gained  a  battle  over  Ro- 
deric  king  of  the  Goths,  and  became  mas- 
ters of  the  country. 

Xerolibya,  a  part  of  Africa  between 
Egypt  and  Cyrene. 

Xerxena,  a  part  of  Armenia. 

Xerxes,  the  second  son  of  Darius,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  Persia. 
He  continued  the  warlike  preparations  of 
his  predecessor,  and  added  the  revolted 
kingdom  of  Egypt  to  his  extensive  posses- 
sions. Xerxes  afterwards  invaded  Eu- 
rope, and  entered  Greece  with  an  army 
which,  with  the  numerous  retinue  of  ser- 
vants, eunuchs,  and  women,  that  attend- 
ed it,  amounted  to  five  million  two  hun- 
dred and  eighty-three  thousand  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  souls.  This  multitude 
was  stopped  at  Thermopylae  by  the  intre- 
pidity and  valor  of  three  hundred  Spar- 
tans, under  king  Leonidas.  The  Persian 
monarch,  astonished  that  such  a  handful 
of  men  should  dare  to  oppose  his  pro- 
gress, ordered  some  of  his  soldiers  to  bring 
them  alive  into  his  presence  ;  but,  for  three 
successive  days  the  most  valiant  of  the 
Persian  troops  were  repeatedly  defeated 
in  endeavoring  to  execute  the  monarch's 
injunctions.  The  heroic  Spartans  would 
have  triumphed  much  longer,  but  for  the 
treachery  of  a  Trachinian,  who  led  a  de- 
tachment of  Persians  by  a  secret  path  up 
the  mountains,  whence  they  suddenly  fell 
upon  the  rear  of  the  Spartans,  and  cut 
them  to  pieces.  The  battle  of  Thermo- 
pylae was  the  commencement  of  the  dis- 
asters which  befell  Xerxes :  the  more  he 
advanced,  the  greater  disappointments  he 
experienced  ;  his  fleet  was  defeated  at 
Artemisium  and  Salamis  ;  and  he  found 
his  millions  unable  to  conquer  a  nation 
that  was  superior  to  his  in  the  knowledge 
of  war  and  maritime  affairs.  He  therefore 
hastened  back  to  Persia,  and  in  thirty 


days  marched  over  all  that  territory  which 
he  had  before  passed  with  such  pomp  and 
magnificence  in  the  space  of  six  months. 
When  he  arrived  in  his  capital,  Xerxes 
forgot  his  dangers,  losses,  and  defeats, 
and  gave  himself  up  to  riot  and  debauche- 
ry. His  indolence  and  luxurious  voluptu- 
ousness at  length  caused  great  discontent 
among  his  subjects,  and  he  was  murdered 
in  his  bed  by  Artabanus,  the  captain  of 
his  guards,  in  the  twenty-first  year  of  his 
reign. The  second,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Artaxerxes  Longimanus  on  the  throne 
of  Persia,  425  B.  C,  and  was  assassinated 
in  the  first  year  of  his  reign  by  his  brother 

Sogdianus. A  painter  of  Heraclea, 

who  made  a  beautiful  representation  of 
Venus. 

Xeuxes,  an  officer  of  Antiochus  the 
Great,  king  of  Syria. 

Xiline,  a  town  of  Colchis. 

Xiphonia,  a  promontory  of  Sicily,  at 

the  north  of  Syracuse,  now  Cruce. Also 

a  town  near  it,  now  Augusta. 

Xois,  an  island  formed  by  the  mouths 
of  the  Nile. 

Xuthia,  the  ancient  name  of  the  plains 
of  Leontium  in  Sicily. 

Xuthds,  a  son  of  Hellen,  grandson  of 
Deucalion.  He  was  banished  from  Thes- 
saly  by  his  brothers,  and  came  to  Athens, 
where  he  married  Creusa,  the  daughter  of 
king  Erechtheus,  by  whom  he  had  Achse- 
us  and  Ion.  He  retired  after  the  death  of 
his  father-in-law  into  Achaia,  where  he 
died.  According  to  some,  he  had  no  chil- 
dren, but  adopted  Ion,  the  son  whom  Cre- 
usa, before  her  marriage,  had  borne  to 
Apollo. 

Xychus,  a  Macedonian  who  told  Philip 
of  his  cruelty  when  he  had  put  his  son 
Demetrius  to  death,  at  the  instigation  of 
Perseus. 

Xylenopoli9,  a  town  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Indus,  built  by  Alexander,  supposed 
to  be  Laheri. 

Xyline,  a  town  of  Pamphylia. 

Xylopolis,  a  town  of  Macedonia. 

Xynia9,  a  lake  of  Thessaly,  or  accord- 
ing to  some,  of  Bceotia. 

Xynoichia,  an  anniversary  day  ob- 
served at  Athens  in  honor  of  Minerva, 
and  in  commemoration  of  the  time  in 
which  the  people  of  Attica  left  their  coun- 
try seats,  and  by  advice  of  Theseus,  all 
united  in  one  body. 


ZA 


427 


ZE 


ZABATUS,  a  river  of  Media,  falling 
into  the  Tigris,  near  which  the  ten 
thousand  Greeks  stopped  in  their  return. 

Zabdicene,  a  province  of  Persia. 

Zabirna,  a  town  of  Libya,  where  Bac- 
chus destroyed  a  large  beast  that  infested 
the  country. 

Zabus,  a  river  of  Assyria,  falling  into 
the  Tigris. 

Zacynthus,  a  native  of  Bceotia,  who 
accompanied  Hercules  when  he  went  into 
Spain  to  destroy  Geryon.  At  the  end  of 
the  expedition  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
care  of  Geryon's  flocks,  by  the  hero,  and 
ordered  to  conduct  them  to  Thebes.  As 
he  went  on  his  journey,  he  was  bit  by  a 
serpent,  and  sometime  after  died.  His 
companions  carried  his  body  away,  and 
buried  it  in  an  island  of  the  Ionian  sea, 
which  from  that  time  was  called  Zacyn- 
thus. The  island  of  Zacynthus,  now  call- 
ed Zante,  is  situate  at  the  south  of  Cepha- 
lenia,  and  at  the  west  of  the  Peloponne- 
sus. It  is  about  sixty  miles  in  cirumfe- 
rence. A  son  of  Dardanus. 

Zadris,  a  town  of  Colchis. 

Zaqr^us,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Proser- 
pine. 

Zagrus,  a  mountain  on  the  confines  of 
Media  and  Babylonia. 

Zalates,  an  effeminate  youth  brought 
io  Rome  from  Armenia  as  an  hostage. 

Zaleucus,  a  lawgiver  of  the  Locrians 
in  Italy,  and  one  of  the  disciples  of  Pyth- 
agoras, 550  B.  C.  He  was  very  humane, 
and  at  the  same  time  very  austere,  and 
he  attempted  to  enforce  his  laws  more  by 
inspiring  shame  than  dread. 

Zama,  or  Zagma,  a  town  of  Numidia, 
three  hundred  miles  from  Carthage,  cele- 
brated for  the  victory  which  Scipio  obtain- 
ed there  over  the  great  Annibal,  B.  C.  202. 
A  town  of  Cappadocia ^-of  Meso- 
potamia. 

Zameis,  a  debauched  king  of  Assyria, 
son  of  Semiramis  and  Ninus,  as  some  re- 
port.   He  reigned  thirty-eight  years. 

Zamolxis,  or  Zalmoxis,  a  slave  and 
disciple  of  Pythagoras.  He  accompanied 
his  master  in  Egypt,  and  afterwards  re- 
tired into  the  country  of  th$  Getae,  which 
had  given  him  birth.  He  began  to  civil- 
ize his  countrymen,  and  the  more  easily  to 
gain  reputation,  he  concealed  himself  for 
three  years  in  a  subterraneous  cave,  and 
afterwards  made  them  believe,  that  he 
was  just  raised  from  the  dead.  Some 
place  him  before  the  age  of  Pythagoras. 
After  death  he  received  divine  honors. 

Zancle,  a  town  of  Sicily,  or  the  straits 
which  separate  that  island  from  Italy. 
It  received  its  name  from  its  appearing 
like  a  sithe,  which  was  called  tavy.Xov, 
in  the  language  of  the  country,  or  as  oth- 
ers say,  because  the  sithe  with  which 
Saturn  mutilated  his  father  fell  there,  or 
because,  as  Diodorus    reports,  a  person 


named  Zanclus  had  either  built  it  or  exer- 
cised its  sovereignty.  Zancle  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Samians,  four  hundred  and 
ninety-seven  years  before  the  Christian 
era,  and  three  years  after  it  was  recovered 
by  Anaxilaus,  the  Messenian  tyrant  of 
Ehegium,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  his  na- 
tive country,  and  called  it  Messana.  It 
was  founded,  as  most  chronologists  sup- 
port, about  one  thousand  and  fifty-eight 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  by  the  pi- 
rates of  Cumce  in  Italy,  and  peopled  by 
Samians,  Ionians  and  Chalcidians. 

Zarax,  a  town  of  Peloponnesus. 

Zarbienus,  a  petty  monarch  of  Asia, 
who  was  gained  to  the  interest  of  the  Ro- 
mans by  one  of  the  officers  of  Lucullus. 
Tigranes  put  him  to  death  for  his  deser- 
tion, and  his  funeral  was  celebrated  with 
great  magnificence  by  the  Roman  general 

Zariaspes,  a  Persian  who  attempted  to 

revolt  from  Alexander. A  river,  now 

Dehash,  on  which  Bactria,  the  capital  of 
Bactriana,  was  built.  It  is  called  Bactrus 
by  Curtius. 

Zathes,  a  river  of  Armenia. 

Zaueces,  a  people  of  Libya. 

Zebina,  Alexander,  an  impostor  who 
usurped  the  throne  of  Syria  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  Ptolemy  Physcon. 

Zela,  or  Zelia,  a  town  of  Pontus  near 
the  river  Lycus,   where  Cassar  defeated 

Pharnaces,  son  of  Mithridates. A  town 

of  Troas  at  the  foot  of  Ida. Another  in 

Lycia. 

Zelasiom,  a  promontory  of  Thessaly. 

Zeles,  a  town  of  Spain. 

Zelus,  a  daughter  of  Pallas. 

Zeno,  a  philosopher  of  Elia  or  Velia  in 
Italy,  the  disciple,  or  according  to  some, 
the  adopted  son  of  Parmenides,  and  the 
supposed  inventor  of  dialectic.  His  opin- 
ions about  the  universe,  the  unity,  incom- 
prehensibility, and  immutability  of  all 
things,  were  the  same  with  those  of  Xen- 
ophanes  and  the  rest  of  the  Elatic  phi- 
losophers. It  is  said,  that  he  attempted  to 
deliver  his  country  from  the  tyranny  of 
Nearchus.  His  plot  was  discovered,  and 
he  was  exposed  to  the  most  excruciating 
torments  to  reveal  the  name  of  his  accom- 
plices, but  this  he  bore  with  unparalleled 
fortitude,  and  not  to  be  at  last  conquered 
by  tortures,  he  cut  off  his  tongue  with  his 
teeth  and  spit  it  into  the  face  of  the  tyrant. 
Some  say  he  was  pounded  alive  in  a  mor- 
tar, and  that  in  the  midst  of  his  torments 
he  called  to  Nearchus,  as  if  to  reveal 
something  of  importance  ;  the  tyrant  ap- 
proached, and  Zeno,  as  if  willing  to  whis- 
per to  him,  caught  his  ear  with  his  teeth 

and  hit  it  off. The  founder  of  the  sect 

of  the  stoics  born  at  Citium,  in  the  island 
of  Cyprus.  The  first  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  commercial  pursuits,  but  he  was 
soon  called  to  more  elevated  employments. 
As  he  was    returning  from  Phoenicia  a 


ZE 


428 


ZE 


storm  drove  his  ship  on  the  coast  of  Attica, 
and  he  was  shipwrecked  near  the  Pirams. 
This  moment  of  calamity  he  regarded  as 
the  beginning  of  his  fame.  He  entered 
the  house  of  a  bookseller,  and  to  dissipate 
his  melancholy  reflections  he  began  to 
read.  The  book  was  written  by  Xeno- 
phon,  and  the  merchant  was  so  pleased 
and  captivated  by  the  eloquence  and  beau- 
ties of  the  philosopher,  that  from  that  time 
he  renounced  the  pursuits  of  a  busy  life, 
and  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  philo- 
sophy. Ten  years  were  spent  in  frequent- 
ing the  school  of  Crates,  and  the  same 
number  under  Stilpo,  Xenocrates,  and  Po- 
lemon.  Perfect  in  every  branch  of  know-  , 
ledge,  and  improved  from  experience  as 
well  as  observation,  Zeno  opened  a  school 
at  Athens,  and  soon  saw  himself  attended 
by  the  great,  the  learned,  and  the  power- 
ful. His  followers  were  called  Stoic.*,  be- 
cause they  received  the  instructions  of 
the  philosopher  in  the  portico  called  zoa. 
He  was  so  respected  dining  his  lifetime, 
that  the  Athenians  publicly  decreed  him 
a  brazen  statue  and  a  crown  of  gold,  and 
engraved  their  decree  to  give  it  more  pub- 
licity on  two  columns  in  the  academy,  and 
in  the  Lyceum.  His  life  was  an  example 
of  soberness  and  moderation,  his  manners 
were  austere,  and  to  his  temperance  and 
regularity  he  was  indebted  for  the  con- 
tinual flow  of  health  which  he  always  en- 
joyed. After  he  had  taught  publicly  for 
forty-eight  years,  he  died  in  the  ninety- 
sixth  year  of  his  age,  B.  C.  264,  a  stranger 
to  diseases,  and  never  incommoded  by  a 
real  indisposition.  He  was  buried  in  that 
part  of  the  city  called  Ceramicus,  where 
the  Athenians  raised  him  a  monument. 
The  founder  of  the  stoic  philosophy  shone 
before  his  followers  as  a  pure  example  of 
imitation.  Virtue  he  perceived  to  be  the 
ultimate  of  his  researches.  He  wished  to 
live  in  the  world  as  if  nothing  was  proper- 
ly Ids  own  ;  he  loved  others,  and  his  af- 
fections were  extended  even  to  his  ene- 
mies. He  felt  a  pleasure  in  being  kind, 
benevolent,  and  attentive,  aud  he  found 
that  these  sentiments  of  pleasure  were  re- 
ciprocal. He  saw  a  connexion  and  de- 
pendence in  the  universe,  and  perceived 
that,  from  thence  arose  the  harmony  of 
civil  society,  the  tenderness  of  parents, 
and  filial  gratitude.  In  the  attainment  of 
virtue  the  goods  of  the  mind  were  to  be 
preferred  to  those  of  the  body,  and  when 
that  point  was  once  gained,  nothing  could 
equal  our  happiness  and  perfection,  and 
the  stoic  could  view  with  indifference 
health  or  sickness,  riches  or  poverty,  pain 
and  pleasure,  which  could  neither  move 
nor  influence  the  serenity  of  his  mind. 
Zeno  recommended  resignation  ;  he  knew 
that  the  laws  of  the  universe  cannot  be 
changed  by  man,  and  therefore  he  wished 
that  his  disciples  should  not  in  prayer  de- 


precate impending  calamities,  but  rather 
beseech  Providence  to  grant  them  forti- 
tude to  bear  the  severest  trials  with  plea- 
sure and  due  resignation  to  the  will  of 
heaven.  An  arbitrary  command  over  the 
passions  was  one  of  the  rules  of  stoicism, 
to  assist  our  friends  in  the  hour  of  calami- 
ty was  our  duty,  but  to  give  way  to  child- 
ish sensations  was  unbecoming  our  na- 
ture. Pity,  therefore,  and  anger  were  to 
be  banished  from  the  heart,  propriety  and 
decorum  were  to  be  the  guides  in  every 
thing,  and  the  external  actions  of  men 
were  the  best  indications  of  their  inward 
feelings,  their  secret  inclinations,  and 
their  character.  It  was  the  duty  of  the 
stoic  to  study  himself ;  in  the  evening  he 
was  enjoined  to  review  with  critical  accu- 
racy the  events  of  the  day,  and  to  regulate 
his  future  conduct  with  more  care,  and  al- 
ways to  find  an  impartial  witness  with- 
in his  own  breast.  Such  were  the  leading 
characters  of  the  stoic  philosophy,  whose 
followers  were  so  illustrious,  so  perfect, 
and  so  numerous,  and  whose  effects  were 
productive  of  such  exemplary  virtues  in 
the  annals  of  the  human  mind.  Zeno  in 
his  maxims  used  to  say,  that  with  virtue 
men  could  live  happy  under  the  most 
pressing  calamities,  ile  said,  that  nature 
had  given  us  two  ears,  and  only  one  mouth, 
to  tell  us  that  we  ought  to  listen  more 
than  speak.  He  compared  those  whose 
actions  were  dissonant  with  their  profes- 
sions to  the  coin  of  Alexandria,  which  ap- 
peared beautiful  to  the  eye,  though  made 
of  the  basest  metals.  He  acknowledged 
only  one  God,  the  soul  of  the  universe, 
which  he  conceived  to  be  the  body,  and 
therefore  believed  that  those  two  together 
united,  the  soul  and  the  body,  formed  one 
perfect  animal,  which  was  the  god  of  the 
stoics.  Amongst  the  most  illustrious  fol- 
lowers of  his  doctrine,  and  as  the  most 
respectable  writers,  may  be  mentioned 
Epictetus,  Senear,  the  emperor  Antoninus, 

&x. An    Epicurean  philosopher    of 

Sidon,  who  numbered  among  his  pupils, 
Cicero,  Pomponius  Atticus,  Cotta,  Pom- 

pey,  &c. A  rhetorician,  father  to  Pole- 

111011,  who  was  made  king  of  Pontus. 
The  son  of  Polemon  who  was  king  of  Ar- 
menia, was  also  called  Zeno. A  native 

of  Lepreos,  son  of  Calliteles,  crowned  at 
the  Olympic  games  and  honored  with  a 
statue  in  the  grove  of  Jupiter  and  at  Olym- 
pia. A  general  of  Antiochus. A  phi- 
losopher of  Tarsus,  B.  C.  207. The 

name  of  Zeno  was  common  to  some  of  the 
Roman  emperors  on  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople, in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centu- 
ries. 

Zei«obia,  a  queen  of  Iberia,  wife  to  Rha- 
damistus.  She  accompanied  her  husband 
when  he  was  banished  from  his  kingdom 
by  the  Armenians,  but  as  she  was  unable 
to  follow  him  on  account  of  her  pregnan- 


ZE 


429 


ZE 


cy,  she  entreated  him  to  murder  her.  Rha- 
damistus  long  hesitated,  but  fearful  of  her 
falling  into  the  hands  of  his  enemy,  he 
obeyed,  and  threw  her  body  into  the  Arax- 
es.  Her  clothes  kept  her  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  where  she  was  found 
by  some  shepherds,  and  as  the  wound  was 
not  mortal,  her  life  was  preserved,  and 
she  was  carried  to  Tiridates,  who  acknow- 
ledged her  as  queen. Septimia,  a  cele- 
brated princess  of  Palmyra,  who  married 
Odenatus,  whom  Gallienus  acknowledged 
as  his  partner  on  the  Roman  throne.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  her  husband,  which  ac- 
cording to  some  authors,  she  is  said  to 
have  hastened,  Zenobia  reigned  in  the 
east  as  regent  of  her  infant  children,  who 
were  honored  with  the  title  of  Caesars. 
She  assumed  the  name  of  Augusta,  and 
she  appeared  in  imperial  robes,  and  order- 
ed herself  to  be  styled  the  queen  of  the 
east.  The  troubles  which  at  that  time 
agitated  the  western  parts  of  the  empire, 
prevented  the  emperor  from  checking  the 
insolence  and  ambition  of  this  princess, 
who  boasted  to  be  sprung  from  the  Ptole- 
mies of  Egypt.  Aurelian  was  no  sooner 
invested  with  the  imperial  purple  than  he 
marched  into  the  east,  determined  to  pun- 
ish the  pride  of  Zenobia.  He  well  knew 
her  valor,  and  he  was  not  ignorant  that 
in  her  wars  against  the  Persians,  she  had 
distinguished  herself  no  less  than  Odena- 
tus. She  was  the  mistress  of  the  east, 
Egypt  acknowledged  her  power,  and  all 
the  provinces  of  Asia  Minor  were  subject 
to  her  command.  When  Aurelian  ap- 
proached the  plains  of  Syria,  the  Palmy- 
rean  queen  appeared  at  the  head  of  seven 
hundred  thousand  men.  She  bore  the 
labors  of  the  field  like  the  meanest  of  her 
soldiers,  and  walked  on  foot  fearless  of 
danger.  Two  battles  were  fought ;  the 
courage  of  the  queen  gained  the  superiori- 
ty, but  an  imprudent  evolution  of  the  Pal- 
myrean  cavalry  ruined  her  cause  ;  and 
while  they  pursued  with  spirit  the  flying 
enemy,  the  Roman  infantry  suddenly  fell 
upon  the  main  body  of  Zenobia's  army, 
and  the  defeat  was  inevitable.  The  queen 
fled  to  Palmyra,  determined  to  support  a 
siege.  Aurelian  followed  her,  and  after 
he  had  almost  exhausted  his  stores,  he 
proposed  terms  of  accommodation,  which 
were  rejected  with  disdain  by  the  warlike 
princess.  Her  hopes  of  victory  however 
soon  vanished,  and  though  she  harassed 
the  Romans  night  and  day  by  continual 
sallies  from  her  walls,  and  the  working 
of  her  military  engines,  she  despaired  of 
success  when"  she  heard  that  the  armies 
which  were  marching  to  her  relief  from 
Armenia,  Persia,  and  the  east,  had  partly 
been  defeated  and  partly  bribed  from  her 
allegiance.  She  fled  from  Palmyra  in  the 
night,  but  Aurelian,  who  was  apprized  of 
her  escape,   pursued    her,  and  she  was 


caught  as  she  was  crossing  the  river  Eu- 
phrates. She  was  brought  into  the  pre- 
sence of  Aurelian,  and  though  the  soldiers 
were  clamorous  for  her  death,  she  was  re- 
served to  adorn  the  triumph  of  the  con- 
queror. She  was  treated  with  great  hu- 
manity, and  Aurelian  gave  her  large  pos- 
sessions near  Tibur,  where  she  was  per- 
mitted to  live  the  rest  of  her  days  in  peace, 
with  all  the  grandeur  and  majesty  which 
became  a  queen  of  the  east,  and  a  warlike 
princess.  Her  children  were  patronised 
by  the  emperor,  and  married  to  persons  of 
the  first  distinction  at  Rome.  Zenobia 
has  been  admired  not  only  for  her  military 
abilities,  but  also  for  her  literary  talents. 
She  was  acquainted  with  every  branch  of 
useful  learning,  and  spoke  with  fluency 
the  language  of  the  Egyptians,  the  Greeks, 
and  the  Latins.  She  composed  an  abridge- 
ment of  the  history  of  the  oriental  nations, 
and  of  Egypt,  which  was  greatly  com- 
mended by  the  ancients.  She  received 
no  less  honor  from  the  patronage  she  af- 
forded to  the  celebrated  Longinus,  who 
was  one  of  her  favorites,  and  who  taught 
her  the  Greek  tongue.  She  has  also  been 
praised  for  her  great  chastity,  and  her 
constancy,  though  she  betrayed  too  often 
her  propensities  to  cruelty  and  intoxica- 
tion when  in  the  midst  of  her  officers. 
She  fell  into  the  hands  of  Aurelian  about 
the  two  hundred  and  seventy-third  year 

of  the  Christian  era. A  town  of  Syria, 

on  the  Euphrates. 

Zenobii  insula,  small  islands  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Arabian  gulf. 

Zenodorus,  a  sculptor  in  the  age  of 
Nero.  He  made  a  statue  of  Mercury,  as 
also  a  colossus  for  the  emperor,  which  was 
one  hundred  and  ten  or  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  high,  and  which  was  conse- 
crated to  the  sun.  The  head  of  this  co- 
lossus was  sometime  after  broken  by  Ves- 
pasian, who  placed  there  the  head  of  an 
Apollo  surrounded  with  seven  beams, 
each  of  which  was  seven  feet  and  a  half 
long.  From  this  famous  colossus  the  mo- 
dern coliseum,  whose  ruins  are  now  so 
much  admired  at  Rome,  took  its  name. 

Zenodotia,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia, 
near  Nicephorium. 

Zenodotus,  a  native  of  TroBzene,  who 
wrote  an  history  of  Umbria. A  gram- 
marian of  Alexandria,  in  the  age  of  Ptole- 
my Soter,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  to 
take  care  of  the  celebrated  library  of  Alex- 
andria.    He  died  B.  C.  245. 

Zenothemis,  a  Greek  writer. 

Zephtrium,  a  promontory  of  Magna 
Grsecia  towards  the  Ionian  sea,  whence, 
according  to  some,  the  Locrians  are  called 

Epizephyrii. A  town  of  Cilicia. A 

cape  of  Crete,  now  San  Zuane of  Pon- 

tus. 

Zefhyrum,  a  promontory  in  the  island 
of  Cvprus,  where  Venus  had  a  templa 


2E 


430 


21 


built  by  Ptolemy  Philadelphia,  whence 
she  was  called  Zephyria.  It  was  in  this 
temple  that  Arsinoe  made  an  offering  of 
her  hair  to  the  goddess  of  beauty. 

Zephykus,  one  of  the  winds,  son  of  As- 
treus  and  Aurora,  the  same  as  the  Favonius 
of  the  Latins.  He  married  a  nymph  called 
Chloris,  or  Flora,  by  whom  he  had  a  son 
called  Carpos.  Zephyr  was  said  to  pro- 
duce flowers  and  fruits  by  the  sweetness 
of  his  breath.  He  had  a  temple  at  Athens, 
where  he  was  represented  as  a  young  man 
of  delicate  form,  with  two  wings  on  his 
shoulders,  and  with  his  head  covered  with 
all  sorts  of  flowers.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  the  same  as  the  west  wind. 

Zerynthus,  a  town  of  Samothrace,  with 
a  cave  sacred  to  Hecate.  The  epithet  of 
Zerynthius  is  applied  to  Apollo,  and  also 
to  Venus. 

Zethes,  Zetes,  or  Zetus,  a  son  of  Bo- 
reas, king  of  Thrace  and  Orithya,  who 
accompanied,  with  his  brother  Calais,  the 
Argonauts  to.  Colchis.  In  Bithynia  the 
two  brothers,  who  are  represented  with 
wings,  delivered  Phineus  from  the  contin- 
ual persecution  of  the  Harpies,  and  drove 
these  monsters  as  far  as  the  islands  called 
Strophades,  where  at  last  they  were  stop- 
ped by  Iris,  who  promised  them  that  Phin- 
eus should  no  longer  be  tormented  by 
them.  They  were  both  killed,  as  some  say, 
by  Hercules  during  the  Argonautic  expe- 
dition, and  were  changed  into  those  winds 
which  generally  blow  eight  or  ten  days 
before  the  dog-star  appears,  and  are  called 
Prodromi  by  the  Greeks.  Their  sister  Cle- 
opatra married  Phineus  king  of  Bithynia. 

Zetta,  a  town  of  Africa,  near  Thapsus, 
now  Zerbi. 

Zetus,  or  Zethus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Antiope,  brother  to  Amphion.  The  two 
brothers  were  born  on  mount  Cithseron, 
where  Antiope  had  fled  to  avoid  the  re- 
sentment of  her  father  Nycteus.  When 
they  had  attained  the  years  of  manhood, 
they  collected  a  number  of  their  friends  to 
avenge  the  injuries  which  their  mother 
had  suffered  from  Lycus,  the  successor  of 
Nycteus  on  the  Xhrone  of  Thebes,  and  his 
wife  Dirce.  Lycus  was  put  to  death,  and 
his  wife  tied  to  the  tail  of  a  wild  bull,  that 
dragged  her  over  rocks  and  precipices  till 
she  died.  The  crown  of  Thebes  was 
seized  by  the  two  brothers,  not  only  as 
the  reward  of  this  victory,  but  as  their  in- 
heritance, and  Zethus  surrounded  the  cap- 
ital of  his  dominions  with  a  strong  wall, 
while  his  brother  amused  himself  with 
playing  on  his  lyre.  Music  and  verses 
were  disagreeable  to  Zethus,  and  accord- 
ing to  some,  he  prevailed  upon  his  brother, 
no  longer  to  pursue  so  unproductive  a 
study. 

Zeugis,  a  portion  of  Africa,  in  which 
Carthage  was.  The  other  division  was 
called  Byzacium. 


Zeugma,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  western  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  where 
was  a  well  known  passage  across  the 
river.  It  was  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  Roman  empire,  and  in  Pliny's  age  a 
chain  of  iron  was  said  to  extend  across  it. 
A  town  of  Dacia. 

Zeus,  a  name  of  Jupiter  among  the 
Greeks,  expressive  of  his  being  the  fa- 
ther of  mankind,  and  by  whom  all  things 
live. 

Zeuxidamus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  of  the 
family  of  the  Proclidae.  He  was  father  of 
Archidamus,  and  grandson  of  Theopom- 
pus,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Archi- 
damus. 

Zeuxidas,  a  praetor  of  the  Achsean 
league,  deposed  because  he  had  proposed 
to  his  countrymen  an  alliance  with  the 
Romans. 

Zeuxippe,  a  daughter  of  Eridanus, 
mother  of  Butes,  one  of  the  Argonauts. 
A  daughter  of  Laomedon.  She  mar- 
ried Sicyon,  who  after  his  father-in-law's 
death  became  king  of  that  city  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, which  from  him  has  been  call- 
ed Sicyon. 

Zeuxis,  a  celebrated  painter,  born  at 
Heraclea,  which  some  suppose  to  be  the 
Heraclea  of  Sicily.  He  flourished  about 
four  hundred  and  sixty-eight  years  before 
the  Christian  era,  and  was  the  disciple 
of  Apollodorus,  and  contemporary  with 
Parrhasius.  In  the  art  of  painting  he  not 
only  surpassed  all  his  contemporaries, 
but  also  his  master,  and  became  so  sensi- 
ble, and  at  the  same  time  so  proud  of  the 
value  of  his  pieces,  that  he  refused  to  sell 
them,  observing  that  no  sum  of  money, 
however  great,  was  sufficient  to  buy  them. 
His  most  celebrated  paintings  were  his 
Jupiter  sitting  on  a  throne,  surrounded  by 
the  gods  ;  his  Hercules  strangling  the  ser- 
pents in  the  presence  of  his  affrighted  pa- 
rents; his  modest  Penelope ;  and  his  Helen, 
which  was  afterwards  placed  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Juno  Lacinia,  in  Italy.  He  paint- 
ed grapes,  and  formed  an  idea  of  the  good- 
ness of  his  piece  from  the  birds  which 
came  to  eat  the  fruit  on  the  canvass.  But 
he  soon  acknowledged  that  the  whole  was 
an  ill  executed  piece,  as  the  figure  of  the 
man  who  carried  the  grapes  was  not  done 
with  sufficient  expression  to  terrify  the 
birds.  According  to  some,  Zeuxis  died 
from  laughing  at  a  comical  picture  he 
had  made  of  an  old  woman. 

Zeuxo,  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

Zilia,  or  Zeus,  a  town  in  Mauritania, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Zimara,  a  town  of  Armenia  Minor, 
twelve  miles  from  the  sources  of  the  Eu- 
phrates. 

Zingfs,  a  promontory  of  ^Ethiopia,  near 
the  entrance  of  the  Red  sea,  now  cape 
Orfui. 

Zioberis,  a  river  of  Hvrcania, 


zo 


431 


ZO 


Zip-etis,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  who  died 
in  his  seventieth  year,  B.  C.  279. 
Zitha,  a  town  of  Mesopotamia. 
Ziza,  a  town  of  Arabia. 
Zoilus,  a  sophist  and  grammarian  of 
Amphipolis,  B.  C.  259.  He  rendered  him- 
self known  by  his  severe  criticisms  on  the 
works  of  Isocrates  and  Plato,  and  the 
poems  of  Homer,  for  which  he  received 
the  name  of  Homeromastiz,  or  the  chastiser 
of  Homer.  He  presented  his  criticisms  to 
Ptolemy  Philadelphia,  but  they  were  re- 
jected with  indignation,  though  the  au- 
thor declared  that  he  starved  for  want  of 
bread.  Some  say,  that  Zoilus  was  cruel- 
ly stoned  to  death  or  exposed  on  a  cross, 
by  order  of  Ptolemy,  while  others  support, 
that  he  was  burnt  alive  at  Smyrna.  The 
name  of  Zoilus  is  generally  applied  to  aus- 
tere critics.  The  works  of  this  unfortun- 
ate grammarian  are  lost. An  officer  in 

the  army  of  Alexander. 

Zoippus,  a  son-in-law  of  Hiero  of  Si- 
cily. 

Zoxa,  a  town  of  Africa of  Thrace 

on  the  ^Egean  sea,  where  the  woods 
are  said  toliave  followed  the  strains  of 
Drpheus. 

Zonaras,  one  of  the  Byzantine  histori- 
ans. 

ZoryRio,  one  of  Alexander's  officers 
eft  in  Greece  when  the  conqueror  was  in 
Asia. 

Zopyrion,  a  governor  of  Pontus,  who 
made  war  against  Scythia. 

Zopyrus,  a  Persian,  son  of  Megabyzus, 
who,  to  show  his  attachment  to  Darius 
the  son  of  Hystaspes,  while  he  besieged 
Babylon,  cut  off  his  ears  and  nose,  and 
fled  to  the  enemy,  telling  them  that  he  had 
received  such  a  treatment  from  his  royal 
master  because  he  had  advised  him  to 
raise  the  siege,  as  the  city  was  impregna- 
ble. This  was  credited  by  the  Babyloni- 
ans, and  Zopyrus  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  all  their  forees.  When  he  had 
totally  gained  their  confidence,  he  betray- 
ed the  city  into  the  hands  of  Darius,  for 
which  he  was  liberally  rewarded.  The 
regard  of  Darius  for  Zopyrus  could  never  be 
more  strongly  expressed  than  in  what  he 
ysed  often  to  say,  that  he  had  rather  have 
Zopyrus  not  mutilated  than  twenty  Baby- 
Ions. An  orator  of  Clazomenae. 

A  physician  in  the  age  of  Mithridates.  He 
gave  the  monarch  a  description  of  an  an- 
tidote which  would  prevail  against  all 
sorts  of  poisons.      The  experiment   was 

tried  upon  criminals,  and  succeeded. 

A  physician  in  the  age  of  Plutarch. 

An  officer  of  Argos,  who  cut  off  the  head 
of  Pyrrhus. A  man  appointed  mas- 
ter   of   Alcibiades,    by    Pericles. A 

physiognomist. A  rhetorician  of  Colo- 
phon. 
Zoroanda,  a  part  of  Taurus,  between 


Mesopotamia  and  Armenia,  near  which 
the  Tigris  flows. 

Zoroaster,  a  king  of  Bactria,  supposed 
to  have  lived  in  the  age  of  Ninus,  king  of 
Assyria,  sometime  before  the  Trojan  war. 
According  to  Justin,  he  first  invented 
magic,  or  the  doctrines  of  the  Magi,  and 
rendered  himself  known  by  his  deep  and 
acute  researches  in  philosophy,  the  origin 
of  the  world,  and  the  study  of  astronomy. 
He  was  respected  by  his  subjects  and 
contemporaries  for  his  abilities  as  a  mon- 
arch, a  lawgiver,  and  a  philosopher,  and 
though  many  of  his  doctrines  are  puerile 
and  ridiculous,  yet  his  followers  are  still 
found  in  numbers  in  the  wilds  of  Persia, 
and  the  extensive  provinces  of  India. 
Like  Pythagoras,  Zoroaster  admitted  no 
visible  object  of  devotion,  except  fire, 
which  he  considered  as  the  most  proper 
emblem  of  a  supreme  being ;  which  doc- 
trines seem  to  have  been  preserved  by 
Numa,  in  the  worship  and  ceremonies  he 
instituted  in  honor  of  Vesta.  According 
to  some  of  the  moderns,  the  doctrines,  the 
laws,  and  regulations  of  this  celebrated 
Bactrian  are  still  extant,  and  they  have 
been  lately  introduced  in  Europe  in  a 
French  translation  by  M.  Anquetil.  The 
age  of  Zoroaster  is  so  little  known,  that 
many  speak  of  two,  three,  four,  and  even 
six  lawgivers  of  that  name.  Some  au- 
thors, who  support  that  two  persons  only 
of  this  name  flourished,  described  the  first 
as  an  astronomer,  living  in  Babylon,  2459 
years  B.  C.  whilst  the  era  of  the  other,  who 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  native  of  Per- 
sia, and  the  restorer  of  the  religion  of  the 
Magi,  is  fixed  589,  and  by  some  519  years 
B.C. 

Zosimus,  an  officer  in  the  reign  of  The- 
odosius  the  younger,  about  the  year  410 
of  the  Christian  era.  He  wrote  the  histo- 
ry of  the  Roman  emperors  in  Greek,  from 
the  age  of  Augustus  to  the  beginning  of 
the  fifth  century,  of  which  only  the  five 
first  books  and  the  beginning  of  the  sixth 
are  extant.  In  the  first  of  these  he  is  very 
succinct  in  his  account  from  the  time  of 
Augustus  to  the  reign  of  Dioclesian,  but 
in  the  succeeding  he  becomes  more  dif- 
fuse and  interesting.  His  composition  is 
written  with  elegance,  but  not  much  fidel- 
ity, and  the  author  showed  his  malevo- 
lence against  the  Christians  in  his  histo- 
ry of  Constantine,  and  some  of  his  suc- 
cessors. 

Zosine,  the  wife  of  king  Tigranes,  led 
in  triumph  by  Pompey. 

Zoster,  a  town,  harbor,  and  promonto- 
ry of  Attica. 

Zosteria,  a  surname  of  Minerva.  She 
had  two  statues  under  that  name  in  the 
city  of  Thebes  in  Bceotia.  The  word  sig- 
nified girt,  or  armed  for  battle,  words  syn- 
onymous among  the  ancients. 


ZY 


432 


ZY 


Zotale,  a  place  near  Antiocha  in  Mar- 
giana,  where  the  Margus  was  divided  into 
small  streams. 

Zothraustes,  a  lawgiver  among  the 
Arimaspi. 

Zuchis,  a  lake  to  the  east  of  the  Syrtis 
Minor,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  fa- 
mous for  a  purple  dye,  and  salt  fish. 

Zycantes,  a  people  of  Africa. 


Zygia,  a  surname  of  Juno,  because  she 
presided  over  marriage.  She  is  the  same 
as  the  Pronuba  of  the  Latins. 

Zygii,  a  savage  nation  at  the  north  of 
Colchis. 

Zygopolis,  a  town  of  Cappadocia,  on 
the  borders  of  Colchis. 

Zygrit^:,  a  nation  of  Lybia. 


THE   END. 


HP8-.?* 


* 


• 


